In vivo efficacy studies of chromene-based compounds in triple-negative breast cancer - A systematic review

Halogenated 3-Nitro-2H-Chromenes as Potential Agents Against Multidrug-Resistant Bacteria

Introduction/Objectives: Nosocomial infections caused by S. aureus and S. epidermidis resistant strains are an important cause of morbidity and mortality worldwide. Due to the increasing rate of resistance to conventional antibiotics, the discovery of new antibiotic drugs is crucial to keep pace with the evolution of these pathogenic bacterial species. Methods: The 3-nitro-2H-chromene moiety is present in several compounds with potent antibacterial activity; based on these previous studies, we report herein the synthesis of 20 new 2-aryl-3-nitro-2H-chromene derivatives and the evaluation of their antibacterial potential in vitro. Results: Mono-halogenated nitrochromenes showed moderate anti-staphylococcal activity with MIC values of 8-32 μg/mL, whereas tri-halogenated 3-nitro-2H-chromenes displayed potent anti-staphylococcal activities with MIC values of 1-8 μg/mL. Notably, 2-(4-bromophenyl)-6-bromo-8-chloro-3-nitro-2H-chromene 5s was the best antibacterial agent in the series against multidrug-resistant strains of S. aureus and S. epidermidis with MIC values of 4 μg/mL and 1-4 μg/mL, respectively. Conclusions: nitrochromene 5s shows a good safety profile, so it can be considered as a lead for further development.

Regioselective 1,4-Addition of P(O)-H Species to In Situ-Formed 1-Benzopyrylium Ion from C3-Substituted 2H-Chromene Hemiketals to Construct C3-Functionalized C4-Phosphorylated 4H-Chromenes

Herein, we report the first example that P(O)-H species including H-phosphonates and H-phosphine oxides could participate in a highly regioselective 1,4-addition to in situ generated 1-benzopyrylium ion from C3-substituted 2H-chromene hemiketals, which provides a brand-new and effective approach for the synthesis of C4-phosphorylated 4H-chromenes with diverse C3-functionality (ketone, ester, sulfonyl, aryl, and alkyl groups). In total, the reaction features the use of inexpensive Zn(ClO4)2·6H2O as a catalyst, low catalyst loading (only 5 mol %), mild reaction conditions (60 °C, 10 min to 24 h), and broad substrate scope (46 examples) as well as good to high yields (>90% yield on average). More importantly, mechanistic experiments demonstrated the essential role of the C3-substituent on 2H-chromene hemiketals in stabilizing the in situ generated 1-benzopyrylium ion and the regioselective 1,4-addition control.

One-Pot Regio- and Diastereoselective Gold-Catalyzed Propargylation of in Situ Activated Chromones and Consecutive Cyclization

Herein, we report a gold-catalyzed propargylation of chromone derivatives by propargylsilanes. Chromones are synergistically activated by the silylium cation resulting from the gold activation of the propargylsilane. The reaction exclusively occurs at the C2-position of the chromone, and a single diastereoisomer is formed. Computational studies performed on the reaction mechanism rationalize the formation of the preferred diastereoisomer. Finally, a dual consecutive cascade reaction based on different gold catalysts enables the formation of complex tricyclic compounds.

Chromene-based compounds as drug candidates for renal and bladder cancer therapy - A systematic review

Renal (RC) and bladder cancers (BC) are common urological malignancies prevalent in the male population. Incidence and mortality rates are expected to increase in the near future. Drug toxicity and development of drug resistance in both diseases are major obstacles to achieve successful treatments. Chromenes are heterocyclic compounds constituted by a benzene ring fused to a pyran nucleus. Natural and synthetic chromene-based compounds have proven to be promising anticancer agents. Additionally, re-sensitization of cancer cells to classical treatments has also been demonstrated. Thus, the aim of this systematic review is to assess the potential of chromene-based compounds in the treatment of RC and BC. Study collection was performed in six different databases, to compile existing information on preclinical (in vitro and in vivo) and clinical studies developed to date. Overall, multiple chromene-based compounds showed potent anticancer effects, affecting several biological features such as reduction in cell viability, proliferation, migration and invasion in vitro, and induction of cell cycle arrest and cell death. Tumor volume and weight were generally decreased in vivo upon chromene-based treatment. Modest results have been obtained in two clinical trials, with reports of a partial response and two objective responses in RC patients. Thus, the chromene family can be considered an attractive chemical scaffold, harboring promising drug candidates for RC and BC therapeutics.

Precision arrows: Navigating breast cancer with nanotechnology siRNA

Nanotechnology-based drug delivery systems, including siRNA, present an innovative approach to treating breast cancer, which disproportionately affects women. These systems enable personalized and targeted therapies, adept at managing drug resistance and minimizing off-target effects. This review delves into the current landscape of nanotechnology-derived siRNA transport systems for breast cancer treatment, discussing their mechanisms of action, preclinical and clinical research, therapeutic applications, challenges, and future prospects. Emphasis is placed on the importance of targeted delivery and precise gene silencing in improving therapeutic efficacy and patient outcomes. The review addresses specific hurdles such as specificity, biodistribution, immunological reactions, and regulatory approval, offering potential solutions and avenues for future research. SiRNA drug delivery systems hold promise in revolutionizing cancer care and improving patient outcomes, but realizing their full potential necessitates ongoing research, innovation, and collaboration. Understanding the intricacies of siRNA delivery mechanisms is pivotal for designing effective cancer treatments, overcoming challenges, and advancing siRNA-based therapies for various diseases, including cancer. The article provides a comprehensive review of the methods involved in siRNA transport for therapeutic applications, particularly in cancer treatment, elucidating the complex journey of siRNA molecules from extracellular space to intracellular targets. Key mechanisms such as endocytosis, receptor-mediated uptake, and membrane fusion are explored, alongside innovative delivery vehicles and technologies that enhance siRNA delivery efficiency. Moreover, the article discusses challenges and opportunities in the field, including issues related to specificity, biodistribution, immune response, and clinical translation. By comprehending the mechanisms of siRNA delivery, researchers can design and develop more effective siRNA-based therapies for various diseases, including cancer.

Exploring chromone-2-carboxamide derivatives for triple-negative breast cancer targeting EGFR, FGFR3, and VEGF pathways: Design, synthesis, and preclinical insights

Chromone-based compounds have established cytotoxic, antiproliferative, antimetastatic, and antiangiogenic effects on various cancer cell types via modulating different molecular targets. Herein, 17 novel chromone-2-carboxamide derivatives were synthesized and evaluated for their in vitro anticancer activity against 15 human cancer cell lines. Among the tested cell lines, MDA-MB-231, the triple-negative breast cancer cell line, was found to be the most sensitive, where the N-(2-furylmethylene) (15) and the α-methylated N-benzyl (17) derivatives demonstrated the highest growth inhibition with GI50 values of 14.8 and 17.1 μM, respectively. In vitro mechanistic studies confirmed the significant roles of compounds 15 and 17 in the induction of apoptosis and suppression of EGFR, FGFR3, and VEGF protein levels in MDA-MB-231 cancer cells. Moreover, compound 15 exerted cell cycle arrest at both the G0-G1 and G2-M phases. The in vivo efficacy of compound 15 as an antitumor agent was further investigated in female mice bearing Solid Ehrlich Carcinoma. Notably, administration of compound 15 resulted in a marked decrease in both tumor weight and volume, accompanied by improvements in biochemical, hematological, histological, and immunohistochemical parameters that verified the repression of both angiogenesis and inflammation as additional Anticancer mechanisms. Moreover, the binding interactions of compounds 15 and 17 within the binding sites of all three target receptors (EGFR, FGFR3, and VEGF) were clearly illustrated using molecular docking.

Evaluation of antibacterial, cytotoxicity, and apoptosis activity of novel chromene-sulfonamide hybrids synthesized under solvent-free conditions and 3D-QSAR modeling studies

In this study, eleven novel chromene sulfonamide hybrids were synthesized by a convenient method in accordance with green chemistry. At first, chromene derivatives (1-9a) were prepared through the multi-component reaction between aryl aldehydes, malononitrile, and 3-aminophenol. Then, synthesized chromenes were reacted with appropriate sulfonyl chlorides by grinding method to give the corresponding chromene sulfonamide hybrids (1-11b). Synthesized hybrids were obtained in good to high yield and characterized by IR, 1HNMR, 13CNMR, CHN and melting point techniques. In addition, the broth microdilution assay was used to determine the minimal inhibitory concentration of newly synthesized chromene-sulfonamide hybrids. The MTT test was used to determine the cytotoxicity and apoptotic activity of the newly synthesized compounds against fibroblast L929 cells. The 3D‑QSAR analysis confirmed the experimental assays, demonstrating that our predictive model is useful for developing new antibacterial inhibitors. Consequently, molecular docking studies were performed to validate the findings of the 3D-QSAR analysis, confirming the potential binding interactions of the synthesized chromene-sulfonamide hybrids with the target enzymes. Molecular docking studies were employed to support the 3D-QSAR predictions, providing insights into the binding interactions between the newly synthesized chromene-sulfonamide hybrids and their target bacterial enzymes, thereby reinforcing the potential efficacy of these compounds as antibacterial agents. Also, some of the experimental outcomes supported or conflicted with the pharmacokinetic prediction (especially about compound carcinogenicity). The performance of ADMET predictor results was assessed. The work presented here proposes a computationally driven strategy for designing and discovering a new sulfonamide scaffold for bacterial inhibition.

Tandem phospha-Michael addition/cyclization/dehydration of 2-hydroxychalcones with H-phosphine oxides for the synthesis of 4-phosphorylated 4H-chromenes

A Hg(OTf)2-catalyzed tandem phospha-Michael addition/cyclization/dehydration of 2-hydroxychalcones with H-phosphine oxides is presented. This protocol provides a new and supplementary approach for the preparation of 4-phosphorylated 4H-chromenes in good yields (up to 99%). In addition, this domino reaction allows the successful construction of two new C-P and C-O bonds in a one-pot operation.

Direct Z-Scheme g-C3N5/Cu3TiO4 Heterojunction Enhanced Photocatalytic Performance of Chromene-3-Carbonitriles Synthesis under Visible Light Irradiation

In order to make the synthesis of pharmaceutically active carbonitriles efficient, environmentally friendly, and sustainable, the method is regularly examined. Here, we introduce a brand-new, very effective Cu3TiO4/g-C3N5 photocatalyst for the production of compounds containing chromene-3-carbonitriles. The direct Z-Scheme photo-generated charge transfer mechanism used by the Cu3TiO4/g-C3N5 photocatalyst results in a suppressed rate of electron-hole pair recombination and an increase in photocatalytic activity. Experiments showed that the current method has some advantages, such as using an environmentally friendly and sustainable photocatalyst, having a simple procedure, quick reaction times, a good product yield (82–94%), and being able to reuse the photocatalyst multiple times in a row without noticeably decreasing its photocatalytic performance.

A Newly Synthesized Derivative and a Natural Parent Molecule: Which Would Be More Beneficial as a Future Antitumor Candidate? Docking and In Vivo Study

Seeking for new effectual anticancer drugs is of great importance. In this study, a newly synthesized and well-characterized chromene derivative (ethyl 2-amino-4-phenyl-4H-benzo(h)chromene-3-carboxylate) "C" was prepared. Molecular docking studies were done. The new compound "C" in compare to the natural parent Quercetin "Q," as a well-known natural chromene derivative with antioxidant and antitumor activities, were tested for their antitumor activity against Ehrlich ascites carcinoma (EAC)-bearing mice. Both reduced ascites volume, decreased viable EAC cells, and prolonged EAC-bearing mice life span. They normalized troponin, creatine kinase-MB, lactate dehydrogenase, and urea levels, reversed liver enzyme activities towards normal, and increased antioxidant levels while reduced tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α) levels. Compared to each other, the new synthetic derivative "C" showed stronger antineoplastic effects than the natural parent "Q" may via the anti-inflammatory activities. Therefore, the newly synthesized chromene derivative is more promising as a future antitumor candidate than the natural parent molecule "Quercetin." Finally, our results encourage researchers to pay more attention to developing more novel natural-based derivatives that would be more beneficial as future therapeutics than their natural parents.

Crystal structure of C24H23NO3

C24H23NO3, orthorhombic, Pna21, a = 8.2490(11) Å, b = 15.886(2) Å, c = 16.218(2) Å, β = 99.465(2)°, Z = 4, V = 2096.4(5) Å3, R gt (F) = 0.0545, wR ref (F 2) = 0.1688, T = 273 K.

Water Mediated One-Pot, Stepwise Green Synthesis, Anti-Inflammatory and Analgesic Activities of (3-Amino-1-Phenyl-1H-Benzo[f]Chromen-2-yl) (1H-Indol-3-yl) Methanone Catalysed by L-Proline

AIM

The reactions were carried out by one pot three-component synthesis, 3-cyanoacetylindole (1) on reaction with aromatic aldehydes (2) and β-naphthol (3) in an aqueous medium in presence of L-proline as a catalyst under reflux for 30 min, resulted (3-amino-1-phenyl-1H-benzo[f]chromen-2-yl) (1H-indol-3-yl)methanone (4). The method has many advantages like short reaction times, good yields and simple workup procedure besides being green in nature. Pharmacological evaluation of title compounds was done for anti-inflammatory and analgesic activities. Anti-inflammatory activity was carried carrageenan-induced paw edema model in which indomethacin was used as standard and analgesic activity was evaluated by eddy's hot plate method using diclofenac as standard drug.

BACKGROUND

Benzopyrans or chromenes are an important class of heterocyclic compounds due to their broad spectrum of biological activity and a wide range of applications in medicinal chemistry. The chromene moiety is found in various natural products with interesting biological properties. Chromenes constitute the basic backbone of various types of polyphenols and are widely found in alkaloids, tocopherols, flavonoids and anthocyanins. Indoles are omnipresent in various bioactive compounds like alkaloids, agrochemicals and pharmaceuticals.

OBJECTIVE

To synthesize one-pot stepwise Green synthesis, anti-inflammatory and analgesic activities of 3-amino-1-phenyl-1H-benzo[f]chromen-2-yl) (1H-indol-3-yl)methanones Methods: The acute anti-inflammatory effect was evaluated by carrageenan-induced mice paw edema (Ma Rachchh et al., 2011). Edema was induced by injecting carrageenan (1% w/v, 0.1 ml) in the right hind paw of mice. The test compounds 1-12, indomethacin (10 mg/kg) and the vehicle were administered orally one hour before injection of carrageenan. Paw volume was measured with digital plethysmometer at 0, 30, 60, 90, 120 min after injection. Percentage increase =A-B/ A *100 Results: Carrageenan Induced paw edema model was used for Anti-inflammatory activity in which animals treated with standard (indomethacin) and test compounds showed a significant decrease in the paw edema. Analgesic activity was estimated by using Eddy's hot plate method; animals were treated with standard (diclofenac) and test compounds showed a significant increase in the reaction time.

CONCLUSION

A green, One-pot, step-wise and three-component synthesis of 3-amino-1-phenyl-1H-benzo[f]chromen-2-yl) (1H-indol-3-yl) methanone was achieved by using water as a solvent, L-proline as catalyst under reflux conditions. The reactions were carried out in eco-friendly conditions with shorter reaction times, easier workup and high yields. Anti-inflammatory activity was evaluated by carrageenan-induced paw edema model where significant anti-inflammatory activity is shown by all the test compounds (4a-l) when compared to standard drug. Analgesic activity was studied by Eddy's Hot plate method and Test compounds 4e, 4f, 4h, 4i, 4j, 4k, 4l showed significant activities when compared to the reference drug.

Asymmetric [4 + 2] cycloaddition synthesis of 4H-chromene derivatives facilitated by group-assisted-purification (GAP) chemistry

In this work, we present a strategy for the preparation of functionalized 4H-chromene derivatives via a Cs₂CO₃-catalyzed [4 + 2] cycloaddition of enantiopure chiral salicyl N-phosphonyl imines with allenoates. Fifteen examples were achieved in excellent yields and diastereoselectivity. The products were purified simply by washing the crude mixture with hexanes following the Group-Assisted Purification (GAP) chemistry/technology to bypass traditional separation methods. The absolute configuration was unambiguously determined by X-ray structure analysis.

A new asymmetric method for the synthesis of highly functionalized 4H-chromenes was developed via Group-Assisted Purification (GAP) chemistry and shown in good to high yield and excellent diastereoselectivity.

1,2,3-Triazole-Containing Compounds as Anti-Lung Cancer Agents: Current Developments, Mechanisms of Action, and Structure-Activity Relationship

Lung cancer is the most common malignancy and leads to around one-quarter of all cancer deaths. Great advances have been achieved in the treatment of lung cancer with novel anticancer agents and improved technology. However, morbidity and mortality rates remain extremely high, calling for an urgent need to develop novel anti-lung cancer agents. 1,2,3-Triazole could be readily interact with diverse enzymes and receptors in organisms through weak interaction. 1,2,3-Triazole can not only be acted as a linker to tether different pharmacophores but also serve as a pharmacophore. This review aims to summarize the recent advances in 1,2,3-triazole-containing compounds with anti-lung cancer potential, and their structure-activity relationship (SAR) together with mechanisms of action is also discussed to pave the way for the further rational development of novel anti-lung cancer candidates.

Recent Applications of Heteropolyacids and Related Compounds in Heterocycle Synthesis. Contributions between 2010 and 2020

Over the past two decades, polyoxometalates (POM) have received considerable attention as solid catalysts, due to their unique physicochemical characteristics, since, first, they have very strong Bronsted acidity, approaching the region of a superacid, and second, they are efficient oxidizers that exhibit rapid redox transformations under fairly mild conditions. Their structural mobility is also highlighted, since they are complex molecules that can be modified by changing their structure or the elements that compose them to model their size, charge density, redox potentials, acidity, and solubility. Finally, they can be used in substoichiometric amounts and reused without an appreciable loss of catalytic activity, all of which postulate them as versatile, economic and ecological catalysts. Therefore, in 2009, we wrote a review article highlighting the great variety of organic reactions, mainly in the area of the synthesis of bioactive heterocycles in which they can be used, and this new review completes that article with the contributions made in the same area for the period 2010 to 2020. The synthesized heterocycles to be covered include pyrimidines, pyridines, pyrroles, indoles, chromenes, xanthenes, pyrans, azlactones, azoles, diazines, azepines, flavones, and formylchromones, among others.

Tumor microenvironment characterization in triple-negative breast cancer identifies prognostic gene signature

We aimed to elucidate the landscape of tumor microenvironment (TME) in triple-negative breast cancer (TNBC). Cohorts from Gene Expression Omnibus database (N = 107) and METABRIC (N = 299) were used as the training set and validation set, respectively. TME was evaluated via single-sample gene set enrichment analysis, and unsupervised clustering was used for cluster identification. Consequently, TNBC was classified into two distinct TME clusters (Cluster 1 and Cluster 2) according to predefined immune-related terms. Cluster 1 was characterized by low immune infiltration with poor prognosis; whereas, Cluster 2 was characterized by high immune infiltration with better survival probability. Further, Cluster 1 had larger tumor volumes, while Cluster 2 had smaller tumor volumes. Finally, a TME signature for prognosis stratification in TNBC was developed and validated. In summary, we comprehensively evaluated the TME of TNBC and constructed a TME signature that correlated with prognosis. Our results provide new insights for the immunotherapy of TNBC.