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Yu H, Huang Z, Wu J, Zhao Z, Hua Y, Yang Y. Chlorin e6: a promising photosensitizer of anti-tumor and anti-inflammatory effects in PDT. Nanomedicine (Lond) 2025; 20:389-400. [PMID: 39877963 PMCID: PMC11812356 DOI: 10.1080/17435889.2025.2456450] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2024] [Accepted: 01/17/2025] [Indexed: 01/31/2025] Open
Abstract
Photodynamic therapy (PDT) involves the activation of photosensitizers (PSs) by visible laser light at the target site to catalyze the production of reactive oxygen species, resulting in tumor cell death and blood vessel closure. The efficacy of PDT depends on the PSs, the amount of oxygen, and the intensity of the excitation laser. PSs have been extensively researched, and great efforts have been made to develop an ideal photosensitizer. Chlorin-e6 is an FDA-approved second-generation PSs that has attracted widespread research interest in the medical field, especially with respect to antitumor and anti-inflammatory activity. Chlorin-e6 possesses the advantages of a large absorption coefficient, high strength, low residue in the body, and relatively high safety and thus has promising application prospects. Here we review the use of chlorin-e6 in PDT and discuss the prospects of further development of this technology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hairong Yu
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of New Drug Research and Clinical Pharmacy, Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, China
- Department of Pharmaceutics, School of Pharmacy, Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, China
| | - Ziling Huang
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of New Drug Research and Clinical Pharmacy, Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, China
- Department of Pharmaceutics, School of Pharmacy, Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, China
| | - Jiale Wu
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of New Drug Research and Clinical Pharmacy, Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, China
- Department of Pharmaceutics, School of Pharmacy, Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, China
| | - Ziming Zhao
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of New Drug Research and Clinical Pharmacy, Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, China
- Department of Pharmaceutics, School of Pharmacy, Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, China
| | - Yabing Hua
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of New Drug Research and Clinical Pharmacy, Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, China
- Department of Pharmaceutics, School of Pharmacy, Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, China
| | - Yihua Yang
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of New Drug Research and Clinical Pharmacy, Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, China
- Department of Pharmaceutics, School of Pharmacy, Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, China
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2
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Butler K, Brinker CJ, Leong HS. Bridging the In Vitro to In Vivo gap: Using the Chick Embryo Model to Accelerate Nanoparticle Validation and Qualification for In Vivo studies. ACS NANO 2022; 16:19626-19650. [PMID: 36453753 PMCID: PMC9799072 DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.2c03990] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2022] [Accepted: 10/17/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
We postulate that nanoparticles (NPs) for use in therapeutic applications have largely not realized their clinical potential due to an overall inability to use in vitro results to predict NP performance in vivo. The avian embryo and associated chorioallantoic membrane (CAM) has emerged as an in vivo preclinical model that bridges the gap between in vitro and in vivo, enabling rapid screening of NP behavior under physiologically relevant conditions and providing a rapid, accessible, economical, and more ethical means of qualifying nanoparticles for in vivo use. The CAM is highly vascularized and mimics the diverging/converging vasculature of the liver, spleen, and lungs that serve as nanoparticle traps. Intravital imaging of fluorescently labeled NPs injected into the CAM vasculature enables immediate assessment and quantification of nano-bio interactions at the individual NP scale in any tissue of interest that is perfused with a microvasculature. In this review, we highlight how utilization of the avian embryo and its CAM as a preclinical model can be used to understand NP stability in blood and tissues, extravasation, biocompatibility, and NP distribution over time, thereby serving to identify a subset of NPs with the requisite stability and performance to introduce into rodent models and enabling the development of structure-property relationships and NP optimization without the sacrifice of large populations of mice or other rodents. We then review how the chicken embryo and CAM model systems have been used to accelerate the development of NP delivery and imaging agents by allowing direct visualization of targeted (active) and nontargeted (passive) NP binding, internalization, and cargo delivery to individual cells (of relevance for the treatment of leukemia and metastatic cancer) and cellular ensembles (e.g., cancer xenografts of interest for treatment or imaging of cancer tumors). We conclude by showcasing emerging techniques for the utilization of the CAM in future nano-bio studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kimberly
S. Butler
- Molecular
and Microbiology, Sandia National Laboratories, Albuquerque, New Mexico 87123, United States
| | - C. Jeffrey Brinker
- Department
of Chemical and Biological Engineering and the Comprehensive Cancer
Center, The University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, New Mexico 87131, United States
| | - Hon Sing Leong
- Department
of Medical Biophysics, Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto M5G 1L7, Canada
- Biological
Sciences Platform, Sunnybrook Hospital, Toronto M4N 3M5, Canada
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3
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Joniová J, Wagnières G. The Chicken Embryo Chorioallantoic Membrane as an In Vivo Model for Photodynamic Therapy. Methods Mol Biol 2022; 2451:107-125. [PMID: 35505014 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-0716-2099-1_9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
For many decades the chicken embryo chorioallantoic membrane (CAM) has been used for research as an in vivo model in a large number of different fields, including toxicology, bioengineering, and cancer research. More specifically, the CAM is also a suitable and convenient model system in the field of photodynamic therapy (PDT), mainly due to the easy access of its membrane and the possibility of grafting or growing tumors on the membrane and, interestingly, to study the PDT effects on its dense vascular network. In addition, the CAM is simple to handle and cheap. Since the CAM is not innervated until later stages of the embryo development, its use in research is simplified compared to other in vivo models as far as ethical and regulatory issues are concerned. In this review different incubation and drug administration protocols of relevance for PDT are presented. Moreover, data regarding the propagation of light at different wavelengths and CAM development stages are provided. Finally, the effects induced by photobiomodulation on the CAM angiogenesis and its impact on PDT treatment outcome are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jaroslava Joniová
- Laboratory for Functional and Metabolic Imaging, Institute of Physics, Swiss Federal Institute of Technology (EPFL), Lausanne, Switzerland.
| | - Georges Wagnières
- Laboratory for Functional and Metabolic Imaging, Institute of Physics, Swiss Federal Institute of Technology (EPFL), Lausanne, Switzerland
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4
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Preis E, Schulze J, Gutberlet B, Pinnapireddy SR, Jedelská J, Bakowsky U. The chorioallantoic membrane as a bio-barrier model for the evaluation of nanoscale drug delivery systems for tumour therapy. Adv Drug Deliv Rev 2021; 174:317-336. [PMID: 33905805 DOI: 10.1016/j.addr.2021.04.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2021] [Revised: 03/29/2021] [Accepted: 04/20/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
In 2010, the European Parliament and the European Union adopted a directive on the protection of animals used for scientific purposes. The directive aims to protect animals in scientific research, with the final goal of complete replacement of procedures on live animals for scientific and educational purposes as soon as it is scientifically viable. Furthermore, the directive announces the implementation of the 3Rs principle: "When choosing methods, the principles of replacement, reduction and refinement should be implemented through a strict hierarchy of the requirement to use alternative methods." The visibility, accessibility, and the rapid growth of the chorioallantoic membrane (CAM) offers a clear advantage for various manipulations and for the simulation of different Bio-Barriers according to the 3R principle. The extensive vascularisation on the CAM provides an excellent substrate for the cultivation of tumour cells or tumour xenografts which could be used for the therapeutic evaluation of nanoscale drug delivery systems. The tumour can be targeted either by topical application, intratumoural injection or i.v. injection. Different application sites and biological barriers can be examined within a single model.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eduard Preis
- Department of Pharmaceutics and Biopharmaceutics, University of Marburg, Robert-Koch-Str. 4, 35037 Marburg, Germany
| | - Jan Schulze
- Department of Pharmaceutics and Biopharmaceutics, University of Marburg, Robert-Koch-Str. 4, 35037 Marburg, Germany
| | - Bernd Gutberlet
- Department of Pharmaceutics and Biopharmaceutics, University of Marburg, Robert-Koch-Str. 4, 35037 Marburg, Germany
| | - Shashank Reddy Pinnapireddy
- Department of Pharmaceutics and Biopharmaceutics, University of Marburg, Robert-Koch-Str. 4, 35037 Marburg, Germany; CSL Behring Innovation GmbH, Emil-von-Behring-Str. 76, 35041 Marburg, Germany
| | - Jarmila Jedelská
- Department of Pharmaceutics and Biopharmaceutics, University of Marburg, Robert-Koch-Str. 4, 35037 Marburg, Germany; Center for Tumor Biology and Immunology, Core Facility for Small Animal MRI, Hans-Meerwein Str. 3, 35043 Marburg, Germany
| | - Udo Bakowsky
- Department of Pharmaceutics and Biopharmaceutics, University of Marburg, Robert-Koch-Str. 4, 35037 Marburg, Germany.
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Mfouo-Tynga IS, Dias LD, Inada NM, Kurachi C. Features of third generation photosensitizers used in anticancer photodynamic therapy: Review. Photodiagnosis Photodyn Ther 2021; 34:102091. [PMID: 33453423 DOI: 10.1016/j.pdpdt.2020.102091] [Citation(s) in RCA: 122] [Impact Index Per Article: 30.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2020] [Revised: 10/08/2020] [Accepted: 10/30/2020] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
Cancer remains a main public health issue and the second cause of mortality worldwide. Photodynamic therapy is a clinically approved therapeutic option. Effective photodynamic therapy induces cancer damage and death through a multifactorial manner including reactive oxygen species-mediated damage and killing, vasculature damage, and immune defense activation. Anticancer efficiency depends on the improvement of photosensitizers drugs used in photodynamic therapy, their selectivity, enhanced photoproduction of reactive species, absorption at near-infrared spectrum, and drug-delivery strategies. Both experimental and clinical studies using first- and second-generation photosensitizers had pointed out the need for developing improved photosensitizers for photodynamic applications and achieving better therapeutic outcomes. Bioconjugation and encapsulation with targeting moieties appear as a main strategies for the development of photosensitizers from their precursors. Factors influencing cellular biodistribution and uptake are briefly discussed, as well as their roles as cancer diagnostic and therapeutic (theranostics) agents. The two-photon photodynamic approach using third-generation photosensitizers is present as an attempt in treating deeper tumors. Although significant advances had been made over the last decade, the development of next-generation photosensitizers is still mainly in the developmental stage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ivan S Mfouo-Tynga
- São Carlos Institute of Physics, University of São Paulo, 13566-590, São Carlos, Brazil.
| | - Lucas D Dias
- São Carlos Institute of Physics, University of São Paulo, 13566-590, São Carlos, Brazil
| | - Natalia M Inada
- São Carlos Institute of Physics, University of São Paulo, 13566-590, São Carlos, Brazil
| | - Cristina Kurachi
- São Carlos Institute of Physics, University of São Paulo, 13566-590, São Carlos, Brazil
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6
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Liu R, Gao Y, Liu N, Suo Y. Nanoparticles loading porphyrin sensitizers in improvement of photodynamic therapy for ovarian cancer. Photodiagnosis Photodyn Ther 2020; 33:102156. [PMID: 33352314 DOI: 10.1016/j.pdpdt.2020.102156] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2020] [Revised: 11/15/2020] [Accepted: 12/14/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Ovarian cancer, the malignant tumor with the highest mortality rate in gynecological tumors, leads to a poor prognosis due to tumor metastasis. At present, the main treatment for ovarian cancer is the combination of cytoreduction surgery and chemotherapy. But the surgery is insufficient to solve the extensive transfer of tumor in the abdominal cavity and a large proportion of ovarian cancer cases have shown resistance to chemotherapy. Photodynamic therapy (PDT) is a viable treatment option for a wide range of applications, especially in malignant tumors. Porphyrin sensitizers, as the most widely used photosensitive agents, have the following advantages: short photosensitive period and high singlet oxygen production. However, most studies have found that it is difficult to achieve high loading rates of photosensitive agents, thus effective concentration in target tissue is suboptimal and the lethal ability is greatly reduced. In this article, we review several studies that nanoparticles loading porphyrin sensitizers for photodynamic therapy of ovarian cancer. METHODS We collected relevant literature from PUBMED and reviewed their research content. RESULTS The application of nanotechnology to PDT in ovarian cancer can reduce the non-specific toxicity of photosensitive agents and increase stability and delivery efficiency. CONCLUSIONS The combination with nanotechnology can cover the shortcomings of photodynamic therapy, but the specific efficacy still needs a large number of experiments to prove.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rui Liu
- Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Shanxi Provincial Peoples Hospital, Taiyuan, China.
| | - Yanxia Gao
- Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Shanxi Provincial Peoples Hospital, Taiyuan, China.
| | - Nannan Liu
- Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Shanxi Provincial Peoples Hospital, Taiyuan, China.
| | - Yuping Suo
- Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Shanxi Provincial Peoples Hospital, Taiyuan, China.
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7
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Victorelli FD, Cardoso VMDO, Ferreira NN, Calixto GMF, Fontana CR, Baltazar F, Gremião MPD, Chorilli M. Chick embryo chorioallantoic membrane as a suitable in vivo model to evaluate drug delivery systems for cancer treatment: A review. Eur J Pharm Biopharm 2020; 153:273-284. [PMID: 32580050 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejpb.2020.06.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2020] [Revised: 06/10/2020] [Accepted: 06/15/2020] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
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8
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Majerník M, Jendželovský R, Fedoročko P. Potentiality, Limitations, and Consequences of Different Experimental Models to Improve Photodynamic Therapy for Cancer Treatment in Relation to Antiangiogenic Mechanism. Cancers (Basel) 2020; 12:cancers12082118. [PMID: 32751731 PMCID: PMC7463805 DOI: 10.3390/cancers12082118] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2020] [Revised: 07/24/2020] [Accepted: 07/28/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The relevance of experimentally gained information represents a long-term debating issue in the field of molecular biology research. The loss of original conditions in the in vitro environment affects various biological mechanisms and cellular interactions. Consequently, some biochemical mechanisms are lost or critically altered. Analyses in these modified conditions could, therefore, distort the relevancy of experimentally gained information. In some cases, the similarities with original conditions are so small that utilization of simpler in vitro models seems impossible, or could occur in a very limited way. To conclude, the study of more complex phenomena places higher demands on the complexity of the experimental model. The latest information highlights the fact that the tumor angiogenesis mechanism has very complex features. This complexity can be associated with a wide range of angiogenic factors expressed by a variety of malignant and non-malignant cells. Our article summarizes the results from various experimental models that were utilized to analyze a photodynamic therapy effect on tumor angiogenic mechanisms. Additionally, based on the latest information, we present the most important attributes and limitations of utilized experimental models. We also evaluate the essential problems associated with angiogenic mechanism induction after photodynamic therapy application.
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9
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Yakavets I, Millard M, Zorin V, Lassalle HP, Bezdetnaya L. Current state of the nanoscale delivery systems for temoporfin-based photodynamic therapy: Advanced delivery strategies. J Control Release 2019; 304:268-287. [PMID: 31136810 DOI: 10.1016/j.jconrel.2019.05.035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2019] [Revised: 05/21/2019] [Accepted: 05/23/2019] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Enthusiasm for photodynamic therapy (PDT) as a promising technique to eradicate various cancers has increased exponentially in recent decades. The majority of clinically approved photosensitizers are hydrophobic in nature, thus, the effective delivery of photosensitizers at the targeted site is the main hurdle associated with PDT. Temoporfin (mTHPC, medicinal product name: Foscan®), is one of the most potent clinically approved photosensitizers, is not an exception. Successful temoporfin-PDT requires nanoscale delivery systems for selective delivery of photosensitizer. Over the last 25 years, the number of papers on nanoplatforms developed for mTHPC delivery such as conjugates, host-guest inclusion complexes, lipid-and polymer-based nanoparticles and carbon nanotubes is burgeoning. However, none of them appeared to be "ultimate". The present review offers the description of different challenges and achievements in nanoparticle-based mTHPC delivery focusing on the synergetic combination of various nano-platforms to improve temoporfin delivery at all stages of biodistribution. Furthermore, the association of different nanoparticles in one nanoplatform might be considered as an advanced strategy allowing the combination of several treatment modalities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ilya Yakavets
- Centre de Recherche en Automatique de Nancy, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique UMR 7039, Université de Lorraine, Campus Sciences, Boulevard des Aiguillette, 54506 Vandoeuvre-lès-Nancy, France; Research Department, Institut de Cancérologie de Lorraine, 6 avenue de Bourgogne, 54519 Vandoeuvre-lès-Nancy, France; Laboratory of Biophysics and Biotechnology, Belarusian State University, 4 Nezavisimosti Avenue, 220030 Minsk, Belarus.
| | - Marie Millard
- Centre de Recherche en Automatique de Nancy, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique UMR 7039, Université de Lorraine, Campus Sciences, Boulevard des Aiguillette, 54506 Vandoeuvre-lès-Nancy, France; Research Department, Institut de Cancérologie de Lorraine, 6 avenue de Bourgogne, 54519 Vandoeuvre-lès-Nancy, France.
| | - Vladimir Zorin
- Laboratory of Biophysics and Biotechnology, Belarusian State University, 4 Nezavisimosti Avenue, 220030 Minsk, Belarus; International Sakharov Environmental Institute, Belarusian State University, Dauhabrodskaja 23, 220030 Minsk, Belarus.
| | - Henri-Pierre Lassalle
- Centre de Recherche en Automatique de Nancy, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique UMR 7039, Université de Lorraine, Campus Sciences, Boulevard des Aiguillette, 54506 Vandoeuvre-lès-Nancy, France; Research Department, Institut de Cancérologie de Lorraine, 6 avenue de Bourgogne, 54519 Vandoeuvre-lès-Nancy, France.
| | - Lina Bezdetnaya
- Centre de Recherche en Automatique de Nancy, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique UMR 7039, Université de Lorraine, Campus Sciences, Boulevard des Aiguillette, 54506 Vandoeuvre-lès-Nancy, France; Research Department, Institut de Cancérologie de Lorraine, 6 avenue de Bourgogne, 54519 Vandoeuvre-lès-Nancy, France.
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10
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Plenagl N, Duse L, Seitz BS, Goergen N, Pinnapireddy SR, Jedelska J, Brüßler J, Bakowsky U. Photodynamic therapy - hypericin tetraether liposome conjugates and their antitumor and antiangiogenic activity. Drug Deliv 2019; 26:23-33. [PMID: 30691327 PMCID: PMC6352941 DOI: 10.1080/10717544.2018.1531954] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Photodynamic therapy (PDT) is an established noninvasive tumor treatment. The hydrophobic natural occurring pigment hypericin shows a lot of attractive properties for the application in PDT. Hence, the administration to biological systems or patients requires the formulation in drug carriers enabling sufficient bioavailability. Therefore, free hypericin was encapsulated by the thin film hydration method or a hypericin-hydroxypropyl-β-cyclodextrin inclusion complex (Hyp-HPβCD) was incorporated by dehydration-rehydration vesicle method in either conventional or ultra-stable tetraether lipid (TEL) liposomes. The hydrodynamic diameter of the prepared nanoformulations ranged between 127 and 212 nm. These results were confirmed by atomic force microscopy. All liposomes showed a good stability under physiological conditions. TEL liposomes which tend to build more rigid bilayers, generate higher encapsulation efficiencies than their conventional counterparts. Furthermore, the suitability for intravenous application was confirmed by hemocompatibility studies resulting in a hemolytic potential less than 20% and a coagulation time less than 50 sec. The uptake of liposomal hypericin into human ovarian carcinoma cells (SK-OV-3) was confirmed using confocal microscopy and further characterized by pathway studies. It was demonstrated that the lipid composition and intraliposomal hypericin localization influenced the anti-vascular effect in the chorioallantoic membrane (CAM). While hypericin TEL liposomes exhibit substantial destruction of the microvasculature drug-in-cyclodextrin TEL liposomes showed no effect. Nevertheless, both formulations yielded severe photocytotoxicity in SK-OV-3 cells in a therapeutic dosage range. Conclusively, hypericin TEL liposomes would be perfectly suited for anti-vascular targeting while Hyp-HPβCD TEL liposomes could deliver the photosensitizer to the tumor site in a more protected manner.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nikola Plenagl
- a Department of Pharmaceutics and Biopharmaceutics , University of Marburg , Marburg , Germany
| | - Lili Duse
- a Department of Pharmaceutics and Biopharmaceutics , University of Marburg , Marburg , Germany
| | | | - Nathalie Goergen
- a Department of Pharmaceutics and Biopharmaceutics , University of Marburg , Marburg , Germany
| | | | - Jarmila Jedelska
- a Department of Pharmaceutics and Biopharmaceutics , University of Marburg , Marburg , Germany
| | - Jana Brüßler
- a Department of Pharmaceutics and Biopharmaceutics , University of Marburg , Marburg , Germany
| | - Udo Bakowsky
- a Department of Pharmaceutics and Biopharmaceutics , University of Marburg , Marburg , Germany
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Assessing Configurational Sampling in the Quantum Mechanics/Molecular Mechanics Calculation of Temoporfin Absorption Spectrum and Triplet Density of States. Molecules 2018; 23:molecules23112932. [PMID: 30424014 PMCID: PMC6278509 DOI: 10.3390/molecules23112932] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2018] [Revised: 11/05/2018] [Accepted: 11/06/2018] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The absorption properties of Temoporfin, a second-generation photosensitizer employed in photodynamic therapy, are calculated with an electrostatic-embedding quantum mechanics/molecular mechanics (QM/MM) scheme in methanol. The suitability of several ensembles of geometries generated by different sampling techniques, namely classical-molecular-dynamics (MD) and QM/MM-MD thermal sampling, Wigner quantum sampling and a hybrid protocol, which combines the thermal and quantum approaches, is assessed. It is found that a QM description of the chromophore during the sampling is needed in order to achieve a good agreement with respect to the experimental spectrum. Such a good agreement is obtained with both QM/MM-MD and Wigner samplings, demonstrating that a proper description of the anharmonic motions of the chromophore is not relevant in the computation of the absorption properties. In addition, it is also found that solvent organization is a rather fast process and a long sampling is not required. Finally, it is also demonstrated that the same exchange-correlation functional should be employed in the sampling and in the computation of the excited states properties to avoid unphysical triplet states with relative energies close or below 0 eV.
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12
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Mahmoud G, Jedelská J, Omar SM, Strehlow B, Schneider M, Bakowsky U. Stabilized tetraether lipids based particles guided prophyrins photodynamic therapy. Drug Deliv 2018; 25:1526-1536. [PMID: 29996694 PMCID: PMC6058496 DOI: 10.1080/10717544.2018.1482970] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2018] [Revised: 05/28/2018] [Accepted: 05/28/2018] [Indexed: 11/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Photodynamic therapy (PDT) that involves ergonomically delivered light in the presence of archetypical photosensitizer such as Protoporphyrin IX (PpIX) is a time-honored missile strategy in cancer therapeutics. Yet, the premature release of PpIX is one of the most abundant dilemma encounters the therapeutic outcomes of PDT due to associated toxicity and redistribution to serum proteins. In this study, ultrastable tetraether lipids (TELs) based liposomes were developed. PpIX molecules were identified to reside physically in the monolayer; thereby the inherent π-π stacking that leads to aggregation of PpIX in aqueous milieu was dramatically improved. TEL29.9 mol% and TEL62mol% based liposomes revealed PpIX sustained release diffusion pattern from spherical particles as confirmed by converged fitting to Baker & Lonsdale model. Stability in presence of human serum albumins, a key element for PDT accomplishment was emphasized. The epitome candidates were selected for vascular photodynamic (vPDT) in in-Ovo chick chorioallantoic membrane. Profoundly, TEL62mol% based liposomes proved to be the most effective liposomes that demonstrated localized effect within the irradiated area without eliciting quiescent vasculatures damages. Cellular photodynamic therapy (cPDT) revealed that various radiant exposure doses of 134, 202, 403 or 672 mJ.cm-2 could deliberately modulate the photo-responses of PpIX in TEL-liposomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gihan Mahmoud
- Department of Pharmaceutics and Biopharmaceutics, University of Marburg, Marburg, Germany
- Department of Pharmaceutics and Industrial Pharmacy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Helwan University, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Jarmila Jedelská
- Department of Pharmaceutics and Biopharmaceutics, University of Marburg, Marburg, Germany
| | - Samia Mohamed Omar
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Faculty of Pharmacy, Ahram Canadian University, Giza, Egypt
| | - Boris Strehlow
- Department of Pharmaceutics and Biopharmaceutics, University of Marburg, Marburg, Germany
| | - Marc Schneider
- Department of Pharmacy, Biopharmaceutics and Pharmaceutical Technology, Saarland University, Saarbrücken, Germany
| | - Udo Bakowsky
- Department of Pharmaceutics and Biopharmaceutics, University of Marburg, Marburg, Germany
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13
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Gheewala T, Skwor T, Munirathinam G. Photosensitizers in prostate cancer therapy. Oncotarget 2018; 8:30524-30538. [PMID: 28430624 PMCID: PMC5444762 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.15496] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2016] [Accepted: 02/06/2017] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Abstract
The search for new therapeutics for the treatment of prostate cancer is ongoing with a focus on the balance between the harms and benefits of treatment. New therapies are being constantly developed to offer treatments similar to radical therapies, with limited side effects. Photodynamic therapy (PDT) is a promising strategy in delivering focal treatment in primary as well as post radiotherapy prostate cancer. PDT involves activation of a photosensitizer (PS) by appropriate wavelength of light, generating transient levels of reactive oxygen species (ROS). Several photosensitizers have been developed with a focus on treating prostate cancer like mTHPC, motexafin lutetium, padoporfin and so on. This article will review newly developed photosensitizers under clinical trials for the treatment of prostate cancer, along with the potential advantages and disadvantages in delivering focal therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Taher Gheewala
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Illinois, College of Medicine, Rockford, IL, USA
| | - Troy Skwor
- Department of Chemical and Biological Sciences, Rockford University, Rockford, IL, USA
| | - Gnanasekar Munirathinam
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Illinois, College of Medicine, Rockford, IL, USA
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14
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Mahmoud G, Jedelská J, Strehlow B, Omar S, Schneider M, Bakowsky U. Photo-responsive tetraether lipids based vesicles for prophyrin mediated vascular targeting and direct phototherapy. Colloids Surf B Biointerfaces 2017; 159:720-728. [DOI: 10.1016/j.colsurfb.2017.08.049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2017] [Revised: 08/01/2017] [Accepted: 08/25/2017] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
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Gaio E, Scheglmann D, Reddi E, Moret F. Uptake and photo-toxicity of Foscan®, Foslip® and Fospeg® in multicellular tumor spheroids. JOURNAL OF PHOTOCHEMISTRY AND PHOTOBIOLOGY B-BIOLOGY 2016; 161:244-52. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jphotobiol.2016.05.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2015] [Revised: 04/20/2016] [Accepted: 05/09/2016] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
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Mahmoud G, Jedelská J, Strehlow B, Bakowsky U. Bipolar tetraether lipids derived from thermoacidophilic archaeon Sulfolobus acidocaldarius for membrane stabilization of chlorin e6 based liposomes for photodynamic therapy. Eur J Pharm Biopharm 2015; 95:88-98. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejpb.2015.04.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2014] [Revised: 04/06/2015] [Accepted: 04/13/2015] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
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Xie H, Svenmarker P, Axelsson J, Gräfe S, Kyriazi M, Bendsoe N, Andersson-Engels S, Svanberg K. Pharmacokinetic and biodistribution study following systemic administration of Fospeg®--a Pegylated liposomal mTHPC formulation in a murine model. JOURNAL OF BIOPHOTONICS 2015; 8:142-152. [PMID: 24375973 DOI: 10.1002/jbio.201300133] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2013] [Revised: 11/01/2013] [Accepted: 11/15/2013] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
Fospeg® is a newly developed photosensitizer formulation based on meso-tetra(hydroxyphenyl)chlorin (mTHPC), with hydrophilic liposomes to carry the hydrophobic photosensitizer to the target tissue. In this study the pharmacokinetics and biodistribution of Fospeg® were investigated by high performance liquid chromatography at various times (0.5-18 hours) following systemic i.v. administration. As a model an experimental HT29 colon tumor in NMRI nu/nu mice was employed. Our study indicates a higher plasma peak concentration, a longer circulation time and a better tumor-to-skin ratio than those of Foslip®, another liposomal mTHPC formulation. Data from ex vivo tissue fluorescence and reflectance imaging exhibit good correlation with chemical extraction. Our results have shown that optical imaging provides the potential for fluorophore quantification in biological tissues.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haiyan Xie
- Department of Physics, Lund University, P.O. Box 118, 22100, Lund, Sweden.
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Abstract
Disease heterogeneity within and between patients necessitates a patient-focused approach to cancer treatment. This exigency forms the basis for the medical practice termed personalized medicine. An emerging, important component of personalized medicine is theranostics. Theranostics describes the co-delivery of therapeutic and imaging agents in a single formulation. Co-delivery enables noninvasive, real-time visualization of drug fate, including drug pharmacokinetic and biodistribution profiles and intratumoral accumulation. These technological advances assist drug development and ultimately may translate to improved treatment planning at the bedside. Nanocarriers are advantageous for theranostics as their size and versatility enables integration of multiple functional components in a single platform. This chapter focuses on recent developments in advanced lipid theranostic nanomedicine from the perspective of the "all-in-one" or the "one-for-all" approach. The design paradigm of "all-in-one" is the most common approach for assembling theranostic lipid nanoparticles, where the advantages of theranostics are achieved by combining multiple components that each possesses a specific singular function for therapeutic activity or imaging contrast. We will review lipoprotein nanoparticles and liposomes as representatives of the "all-in-one" approach. Complementary to the "all-in-one" approach is the emerging paradigm of the "one-for-all" approach where nanoparticle components are intrinsically multifunctional. We will discuss the "one-for-all" approach using porphysomes as a representative. We will further discuss how the concept of "one-for-all" might overcome the regulatory hurdles facing theranostic lipid nanomedicine.
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Huntosova V, Stroffekova K, Wagnieres G, Novotova M, Nichtova Z, Miskovsky P. Endosomes: guardians against [Ru(Phen)3]2+ photo-action in endothelial cells during in vivo pO2 detection? Metallomics 2014; 6:2279-89. [PMID: 25371090 DOI: 10.1039/c4mt00190g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Phototoxicity is a side-effect of in vitro and in vivo oxygen partial pressure (pO2) detection by luminescence lifetime measurement methods. Dichlorotris(1,10-phenanthroline)-ruthenium(ii) hydrate ([Ru(Phen)3]2+) is a water soluble pO2 probe associated with low phototoxicity, which we investigated in vivo in the chick's chorioallantoic membrane (CAM) after intravenous or topical administration and in vitro in normal human coronary artery endothelial cells (HCAEC). In vivo, the level of intravenously injected [Ru(Phen)3]2+ decreases within several minutes, whereas the maximum of its biodistribution is observed during the first 2 h after topical application. Both routes are followed by convergence to almost identical "intra/extra-vascular" levels of [Ru(Phen)3]2+. In vitro, we observed that [Ru(Phen)3]2+ enters cells via endocytosis and is then redistributed. None of the studied conditions induced modification of lysosomal or mitochondrial membranes without illumination. No nuclear accumulation was observed. Without illumination [Ru(Phen)3]2+ induces changes in endoplasmic reticulum (ER)-to-Golgi transport. The phototoxic effect of [Ru(Phen)3]2+ leads to more marked ultrastructural changes than administration of [Ru(Phen)3]2+ only (in the dark). These could lead to disruption of Ca2+ homeostasis accompanied by mitochondrial changes or to changes in secretory pathways. In conclusion, we have demonstrated that the intravenous injection of [Ru(Phen)3]2+ into the CAM model mostly leads to extracellular localization of [Ru(Phen)3]2+, while its topical application induces intracellular localization. We have shown in vivo that [Ru(Phen)3]2+ induces minimal photo-damage after illumination with light doses larger by two orders of magnitude than those used for pO2 measurements. This low phototoxicity is due to the fact that [Ru(Phen)3]2+ enters endothelial cells via endocytosis and is then redistributed towards peroxisomes and other endosomal and secretory vesicles before it is eliminated via exocytosis. Cellular response to [Ru(Phen)3]2+, survival or death, depends on its intracellular concentration and oxidation-reduction properties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Veronika Huntosova
- Center for Interdisciplinary Biosciences, Faculty of Sciences, University of PJ Safarik in Kosice, Jesenna 5, 041 54 Kosice, Slovakia.
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Bonnet S. Shifting the Light Activation of Metallodrugs to the Red and Near-Infrared Region in Anticancer Phototherapy. COMMENT INORG CHEM 2014. [DOI: 10.1080/02603594.2014.979286] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
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The chicken chorioallantoic membrane model in biology, medicine and bioengineering. Angiogenesis 2014; 17:779-804. [PMID: 25138280 DOI: 10.1007/s10456-014-9440-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 318] [Impact Index Per Article: 28.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2014] [Accepted: 08/13/2014] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Abstract
The chicken chorioallantoic membrane (CAM) is a simple, highly vascularized extraembryonic membrane, which performs multiple functions during embryonic development, including but not restricted to gas exchange. Over the last two decades, interest in the CAM as a robust experimental platform to study blood vessels has been shared by specialists working in bioengineering, development, morphology, biochemistry, transplant biology, cancer research and drug development. The tissue composition and accessibility of the CAM for experimental manipulation, makes it an attractive preclinical in vivo model for drug screening and/or for studies of vascular growth. In this article we provide a detailed review of the use of the CAM to study vascular biology and response of blood vessels to a variety of agonists. We also present distinct cultivation protocols discussing their advantages and limitations and provide a summarized update on the use of the CAM in vascular imaging, drug delivery, pharmacokinetics and toxicology.
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Conte C, Ungaro F, Mazzaglia A, Quaglia F. Photodynamic Therapy for Cancer: Principles, Clinical Applications, and Nanotechnological Approaches. NANO-ONCOLOGICALS 2014. [DOI: 10.1007/978-3-319-08084-0_5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/04/2022]
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Garrier J, Reshetov V, Gräfe S, Guillemin F, Zorin V, Bezdetnaya L. Factors affecting the selectivity of nanoparticle-based photoinduced damage in free and xenografted chorioallantoïc membrane model. J Drug Target 2013; 22:220-231. [PMID: 24286254 DOI: 10.3109/1061186x.2013.860981] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Photodynamic therapy (PDT) is a minimally invasive treatment modality for selective destruction of tumours. Critical anatomical structures, like blood vessels in close proximity to the tumour, could be harmed during PDT. PURPOSE This study aims to discriminate the photoinduced response of normal and cancerous tissues to photodamage induced by liposomal formulations of meta-tetra(hydroxyphenyl)chlorin (mTHPC). METHODS Normal vascular and cancerous tissues were represented, respectively, by free and xenografted in vivo model of chick chorioallantoïc membrane (CAM). Eggs received an intravenous administration of plain (Foslip®) or stabilised formulations (Fospeg®). Drug release and liposome destruction were, respectively, determined by photoinduced quenching and nanoparticle tracking analysis. PDT was performed at different drug-light intervals (DLI) with further assessment of photothrombic activity, tumoritropism and photoinduced necrosis. RESULTS Compared to Foslip®, Fospeg® demonstrated significantly higher stability, slower drug release, better tumoricidal effect and lower damage to the normal vasculature at already 1 h DLI. DISCUSSION This work suggests that nanoparticle-based PDT selectivity could be optimised by analyzing the photoinduced damage of healthy and tumour tissues. CONCLUSION In fine, Fospeg® appeared to be the ideal candidate in clinical context due to its potential to destroy tumours and reduce vascular damage to normal tissues at short DLI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julie Garrier
- a Université de Lorraine, CRAN UMR 7039, Vandœuvre-lès-Nancy France.,b CNRS, CRAN, UMR 7039 Vandœuvre-lès-Nancy France.,c Institut de Cancérologie de Lorraine Vandœuvre-lès-Nancy France
| | - Vadzim Reshetov
- a Université de Lorraine, CRAN UMR 7039, Vandœuvre-lès-Nancy France.,b CNRS, CRAN, UMR 7039 Vandœuvre-lès-Nancy France.,c Institut de Cancérologie de Lorraine Vandœuvre-lès-Nancy France.,d Laboratory of Biophysics and Biotechnology, Physics Faculty, Belarusian State University Minsk Belarus
| | - Susanna Gräfe
- e Biolitec Research GmbH, Research & Development Jena Germany
| | - François Guillemin
- a Université de Lorraine, CRAN UMR 7039, Vandœuvre-lès-Nancy France.,b CNRS, CRAN, UMR 7039 Vandœuvre-lès-Nancy France.,c Institut de Cancérologie de Lorraine Vandœuvre-lès-Nancy France
| | - Vladimir Zorin
- d Laboratory of Biophysics and Biotechnology, Physics Faculty, Belarusian State University Minsk Belarus
| | - Lina Bezdetnaya
- a Université de Lorraine, CRAN UMR 7039, Vandœuvre-lès-Nancy France.,b CNRS, CRAN, UMR 7039 Vandœuvre-lès-Nancy France.,c Institut de Cancérologie de Lorraine Vandœuvre-lès-Nancy France
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de Visscher SAHJ, Witjes MJH, van der Vegt B, de Bruijn HS, van der Ploeg-van den Heuvel A, Amelink A, Sterenborg HJCM, Roodenburg JLN, Robinson DJ. Localization of liposomal mTHPC formulations within normal epithelium, dysplastic tissue, and carcinoma of oral epithelium in the 4NQO-carcinogenesis rat model. Lasers Surg Med 2013; 45:668-78. [PMID: 24174342 DOI: 10.1002/lsm.22197] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 10/09/2013] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVE Foslip and Fospeg are liposomal formulations of the photosensitizer mTHPC (Foscan), which is used for photodynamic therapy (PDT) of malignancies. Literature suggests that liposomal mTHPC formulations have better properties and increased tumor uptake compared to Foscan. To investigate this, we used the 4NQO-induced carcinogen model to compare the localization of the different mTHPC formulations within normal, precancerous, and cancerous tissue. In contrast to xenograft models, the 4NQO model closely mimics the carcinogenesis of human oral dysplasia. MATERIALS AND METHODS Fifty-four rats drank water with the carcinogen 4NQO. When oral examination revealed tumor, the rats received 0.15 mg/kg mTHPC (Foscan, Foslip, or Fospeg). At 2, 4, 8, 24, 48, or 96 hours after injection the rats were sacrificed. Oral tissue was sectioned for HE slides and for fluorescence confocal microscopy. The HE slides were scored on the severity of dysplasia by the epithelial atypia index (EAI). The calibrated fluorescence intensity per formulation or time point was correlated to EAI. RESULTS Fospeg showed higher mTHPC fluorescence in normal and tumor tissue compared to both Foscan and Foslip. Significant differences in fluorescence between tumor and normal tissue were found for all formulations. However, at 4, 8, and 24 hours only Fospeg showed a significant difference. The Pearson's correlation between EAI and mTHPC fluorescence proved weak for all formulations. CONCLUSION In our induced carcinogenesis model, Fospeg exhibited a tendency for higher fluorescence in normal and tumor tissue compared to Foslip and Foscan. In contrast to Foscan and Foslip, Fospeg showed significantly higher fluorescence in tumor versus normal tissue at earlier time points, suggesting a possible clinical benefit compared to Foscan. Low correlation between grade of dysplasia and mTHPC fluorescence was found.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sebastiaan A H J de Visscher
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, The Netherlands
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Reshetov V, Lassalle HP, François A, Dumas D, Hupont S, Gräfe S, Filipe V, Jiskoot W, Guillemin F, Zorin V, Bezdetnaya L. Photodynamic therapy with conventional and PEGylated liposomal formulations of mTHPC (temoporfin): comparison of treatment efficacy and distribution characteristics in vivo. Int J Nanomedicine 2013; 8:3817-31. [PMID: 24143087 PMCID: PMC3797282 DOI: 10.2147/ijn.s51002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
A major challenge in the application of a nanoparticle-based drug delivery system for anticancer agents is the knowledge of the critical properties that influence their in vivo behavior and the therapeutic performance of the drug. The effect of a liposomal formulation, as an example of a widely-used delivery system, on all aspects of the drug delivery process, including the drug’s behavior in blood and in the tumor, has to be considered when optimizing treatment with liposomal drugs, but that is rarely done. This article presents a comparison of conventional (Foslip®) and polyethylene glycosylated (Fospeg®) liposomal formulations of temoporfin (meta-tetra[hydroxyphenyl]chlorin) in tumor-grafted mice, with a set of comparison parameters not reported before in one model. Foslip® and Fospeg® pharmacokinetics, drug release, liposome stability, tumor uptake, and intratumoral distribution are evaluated, and their influence on the efficacy of the photodynamic treatment at different light–drug intervals is discussed. The use of whole-tumor multiphoton fluorescence macroscopy imaging is reported for visualization of the in vivo intratumoral distribution of the photosensitizer. The combination of enhanced permeability and retention-based tumor accumulation, stability in the circulation, and release properties leads to a higher efficacy of the treatment with Fospeg® compared to Foslip®. A significant advantage of Fospeg® lies in a major decrease in the light–drug interval, while preserving treatment efficacy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vadzim Reshetov
- Université de lorraine, centre de Recherche en Automatique de Nancy, Campus Sciences, Vandœuvre-lès-Nancy, France ; Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Centre de Recherche en Automatique de Nancy, France ; Laboratory of Biophysics and Biotechnology, Physics Faculty, Belarusian State University, Minsk, Belarus
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Skupin-Mrugalska P, Piskorz J, Goslinski T, Mielcarek J, Konopka K, Düzgüneş N. Current status of liposomal porphyrinoid photosensitizers. Drug Discov Today 2013; 18:776-84. [PMID: 23591149 DOI: 10.1016/j.drudis.2013.04.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2013] [Revised: 04/02/2013] [Accepted: 04/09/2013] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
The complete eradication of various targets, such as infectious agents or cancer cells, while leaving healthy host cells untouched, is still a great challenge faced in the field of medicine. Photodynamic therapy (PDT) seems to be a promising approach for anticancer treatment, as well as to combat various dermatologic and ophthalmic diseases and microbial infections. The application of liposomes as delivery systems for porphyrinoids has helped overcome many drawbacks of conventional photosensitizers and facilitated the development of novel effective photosensitizers that can be encapsulated in liposomes. The development, preclinical studies and future directions for liposomal delivery of conventional and novel photosensitizers are reviewed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paulina Skupin-Mrugalska
- Department of Inorganic and Analytical Chemistry, Poznan University of Medical Sciences, Grunwaldzka 6, 60-780 Poznan, Poland.
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Moret F, Scheglmann D, Reddi E. Folate-targeted PEGylated liposomes improve the selectivity of PDT with meta-tetra(hydroxyphenyl)chlorin (m-THPC). Photochem Photobiol Sci 2013; 12:823-34. [DOI: 10.1039/c3pp25384h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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Comparative characterization of the cellular uptake and photodynamic efficiency of Foscan® and Fospeg in a human prostate cancer cell line. Photodiagnosis Photodyn Ther 2012. [DOI: 10.1016/j.pdpdt.2012.03.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
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Kuntsche J, Decker C, Fahr A. Analysis of liposomes using asymmetrical flow field-flow fractionation: Separation conditions and drug/lipid recovery. J Sep Sci 2012; 35:1993-2001. [DOI: 10.1002/jssc.201200143] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Christiane Decker
- Department of Pharmaceutical Technology; Friedrich Schiller University Jena; Jena; Germany
| | - Alfred Fahr
- Department of Pharmaceutical Technology; Friedrich Schiller University Jena; Jena; Germany
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de Visscher SAHJ, Kaščáková S, de Bruijn HS, van den Heuvel AVDP, Amelink A, Sterenborg HJCM, Robinson DJ, Roodenburg JLN, Witjes MJH. Fluorescence localization and kinetics of mTHPC and liposomal formulations of mTHPC in the window-chamber tumor model. Lasers Surg Med 2012; 43:528-36. [PMID: 21761424 DOI: 10.1002/lsm.21082] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVE Foslip® and Fospeg® are liposomal formulations of the photosensitizer mTHPC, intended for use in Photodynamic Therapy (PDT) of malignancies. Foslip consists of mTHPC encapsulated in conventional liposomes, Fospeg consists of mTHPC encapsulated in pegylated liposomes. Possible differences in tumor fluorescence and vasculature kinetics between Foslip, Fospeg, and Foscan® were studied using the rat window-chamber model. MATERIAL AND METHODS In 18 rats a dorsal skin fold window chamber was installed and a mammary carcinoma was transplanted in the subcutaneous tissue. The dosage used for intravenous injection was 0.15 mg/kg mTHPC for each formulation. At seven time-points after injection (5 minutes to 96 hours) fluorescence images were made with a CCD. The achieved mTHPC fluorescence images were corrected for tissue optical properties and autofluorescence by the ratio fluorescence imaging technique of Kascakova et al. Fluorescence intensities of three different regions of interest (ROI) were assessed; tumor tissue, vasculature, and surrounding connective tissue. RESULTS The three mTHPC formulations showed marked differences in their fluorescence kinetic profile. After injection, vascular mTHPC fluorescence increased for Foslip and Fospeg but decreased for Foscan. Maximum tumor fluorescence is reached at 8 hours for Fospeg and at 24 hours for Foscan and Foslip with overall higher fluorescence for both liposomal formulations. Foscan showed no significant difference in fluorescence intensity between surrounding tissue and tumor tissue (selectivity). However, Fospeg showed a trend toward tumor selectivity at early time points, while Foslip reached a significant difference (P < 0.05) at these time points. CONCLUSIONS Our results showed marked differences in fluorescence intensities of Fospeg, Foslip, and Foscan, which suggest overall higher bioavailability for the liposomal formulations. Pegylated liposomes seemed most promising for future application; as Fospeg showed highest tumor fluorescence at the earlier time points.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sebastiaan A H J de Visscher
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Division of Oncology, University Medical Center Groningen, The Netherlands.
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Petri A, Alexandratou E, Kyriazi M, Rallis M, Roussis V, Yova D. Combination of Fospeg-IPDT and a natural antioxidant compound prevents photosensitivity in a murine prostate cancer tumour model. Photodiagnosis Photodyn Ther 2011; 9:100-8. [PMID: 22594979 DOI: 10.1016/j.pdpdt.2011.11.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2011] [Revised: 11/08/2011] [Accepted: 11/16/2011] [Indexed: 10/14/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The aim of the present research was to investigate the potential use of a natural compound rich in antioxidant agents, derived from Pinus halepensis (P. halepensis), to prevent PDT induced photosensitivity. The present research progressed in two levels. The first one evolved the optimization of Fospeg-interstitial photodynamic therapy (IPDT) in a prostate cancer animal model. In the second one, P. halepensis bark extract, was evaluated for its potential use to prevent photosensitivity. METHODS Two sets of experiments were performed, IPDT only and IPDT in the presence of antioxidant. For both of them, Fospeg was administrated intravenously to SCID mice bearing prostate cancer, followed by IPDT after 6 h. For the IPDT+antioxidant experiments, P. halepensis was injected intratumourously 1 h prior the tumour illumination. Treatment outcome was monitored twice a week by an imaging system and by measuring tumour dimensions using a caliper. Photosensitivity was assessed by monitoring erythema of the tail using the imaging system. RESULTS IPDT with Fospeg and 15 J total light energy is a therapeutic scheme that can eliminate tumours in the murine model of prostate cancer. Two months after complete tumour remission no tumour recurrence was observed. Also, the cosmetic outcome of the research was excellent. The major drawback of this treatment scheme was that 90% of the animals developed photosensitivity. The addition of P. halepensis bark extract resulted in prevention of the photosensitivity, leaving PDT outcome unaffected. CONCLUSIONS The combined use of PDT and the used antioxidant agent could broaden the implementation of photodynamic therapy, by eliminating photosensitivity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aspasia Petri
- Laboratory of Biomedical Optics and Applied Biophysics, School of Electrical and Computer Engineering, National Technical University of Athens, Iroon Politechniou 9, Zografou Campus, 15780 Athens, Greece.
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Senge MO. mTHPC--a drug on its way from second to third generation photosensitizer? Photodiagnosis Photodyn Ther 2011; 9:170-9. [PMID: 22594988 DOI: 10.1016/j.pdpdt.2011.10.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 84] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2011] [Accepted: 10/07/2011] [Indexed: 10/15/2022]
Abstract
5,10,15,20-Tetrakis(3-hydroxyphenyl)chlorin (mTHPC, Temoporfin) is a widely investigated second generation photosensitizer. Its initial use in solution form (Foscan®) is now complemented by nanoformulations (Fospeg®, Foslip®) and new chemical derivatives related to the basic hydroxyphenylporphyrin framework. Advances in formulation, chemical modifications and targeting strategies open the way for third generation photosensitizers and give an illustrative example for the developmental process of new photoactive drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mathias O Senge
- Medicinal Chemistry, Institute of Molecular Medicine, Trinity Centre for Health Sciences, Trinity College Dublin, St James's Hospital, Dublin 8, Ireland.
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Senge MO, Brandt JC. Temoporfin (Foscan®, 5,10,15,20-tetra(m-hydroxyphenyl)chlorin)--a second-generation photosensitizer. Photochem Photobiol 2011; 87:1240-96. [PMID: 21848905 DOI: 10.1111/j.1751-1097.2011.00986.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 231] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
This review traces the development and study of the second-generation photosensitizer 5,10,15,20-tetra(m-hydroxyphenyl)chlorin through to its acceptance and clinical use in modern photodynamic (cancer) therapy. The literature has been covered up to early 2011.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mathias O Senge
- Medicinal Chemistry, Institute of Molecular Medicine, Trinity Centre for Health Sciences, Trinity College Dublin, St. James's Hospital, Dublin 8, Ireland.
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Reza Saboktakin M, Tabatabaie RM, Maharramov A, Ali Ramazanov M. Synthesis and in vitro studies of biodegradable modified chitosan nanoparticles for photodynamic treatment of cancer. Int J Biol Macromol 2011; 49:1059-65. [PMID: 21907233 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2011.08.031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2011] [Revised: 08/25/2011] [Accepted: 08/28/2011] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
Abstract
The main aim of this research is to study the in vitro photocytotoxicity and cellular uptake of biodegradable polymeric nanoparticles loaded with photosensitizer mTHPP. As the first part of a continued research on conversion of N-sulfonato-N,O-carboxymethylchitosan (NOCCS) to useful biopolymer-based materials, large numbers of carboxylic functional groups were introduced onto NOCCS by grafting with polymethacrylic acid (PMAA). The free radical graft copolymerization was carried out at 70°C, bis-acrylamide as a cross-linking agent and persulfate as an initiator. These results show that the nanoparticles have high loading capacity and stability. These nanoparticles are suitable as carriers for photodynamic therapy in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohammad Reza Saboktakin
- Nanostructured Materials Synthesis Lab., International Research Institute of Arian Chemie Gostar, Tabriz, Iran.
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Cellular and molecular effects of the liposomal mTHPC derivative Foslipos in prostate carcinoma cells in vitro. Photodiagnosis Photodyn Ther 2011; 8:86-96. [DOI: 10.1016/j.pdpdt.2011.02.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2010] [Revised: 02/23/2011] [Accepted: 02/25/2011] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
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Bugaj AM. Targeted photodynamic therapy--a promising strategy of tumor treatment. Photochem Photobiol Sci 2011; 10:1097-109. [PMID: 21547329 DOI: 10.1039/c0pp00147c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 194] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Targeted therapy is a new promising therapeutic strategy, created to overcome growing problems of contemporary medicine, such as drug toxicity and drug resistance. An emerging modality of this approach is targeted photodynamic therapy (TPDT) with the main aim of improving delivery of photosensitizer to cancer tissue and at the same time enhancing specificity and efficiency of PDT. Depending on the mechanism of targeting, we can divide the strategies of TPDT into "passive", "active" and "activatable", where in the latter case the photosensitizer is activated only in the target tissue. In this review, contemporary strategies of TPDT are described, including new innovative concepts, such as targeting assisted by peptides and aptamers, multifunctional nanoplatforms with navigation by magnetic field or "photodynamic molecular beacons" activatable by enzymes and nucleic acid. The imperative of introducing a new paradigm of PDT, focused on the concepts of heterogeneity and dynamic state of tumor, is also called for.
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Compagnin C, Moret F, Celotti L, Miotto G, Woodhams JH, MacRobert AJ, Scheglmann D, Iratni S, Reddi E. Meta-tetra(hydroxyphenyl)chlorin-loaded liposomes sterically stabilised with poly(ethylene glycol) of different length and density: characterisation, in vitro cellular uptake and phototoxicity. Photochem Photobiol Sci 2011; 10:1751-9. [DOI: 10.1039/c1pp05163f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
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Reshetov V, Kachatkou D, Shmigol T, Zorin V, D'Hallewin MA, Guillemin F, Bezdetnaya L. Redistribution of meta-tetra(hydroxyphenyl)chlorin (m-THPC) from conventional and PEGylated liposomes to biological substrates. Photochem Photobiol Sci 2011; 10:911-9. [DOI: 10.1039/c0pp00303d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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Nowak-Sliwinska P, van Beijnum JR, van Berkel M, van den Bergh H, Griffioen AW. Vascular regrowth following photodynamic therapy in the chicken embryo chorioallantoic membrane. Angiogenesis 2010; 13:281-92. [PMID: 20842454 PMCID: PMC2980622 DOI: 10.1007/s10456-010-9185-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2010] [Accepted: 08/30/2010] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Photodynamic therapy (PDT) induces damage to the endothelium, which can lead to increased vascular permeability and, under intensive PDT conditions, even to platelet aggregation, vasoconstriction, and blood flow stasis. Eventually, ischemia, hypoxia, and inflammation can occur, resulting in angiogenesis. We studied the sequence of the vascular events after Visudyne®-PDT in the chicken chorioallantoic membrane (CAM) at day 11 of development. Using epi-fluorescence microscopy, we monitored the regrowth of capillaries in the PDT treated area. Immediately after irradiation, the treatment resulted in blood flow arrest. And 24 h post PDT, sprouting of new blood vessels was observed at the edge of the PDT zone. Neovessels looping out from the edge of the PDT zone gave rise to specialized endothelial tip structures guiding the vessels towards the center of the treated area. At 48 h almost all of the treated area was repopulated with functional but morphologically altered vasculature. These observations also showed reperfusion of some of the vessels that had been closed by the PDT treatment. CAM samples were immunohistochemically stained for Ki-67 showing proliferation of endothelial cells in the PDT area. Also, several markers of immature and angiogenic blood vessels, such as αVβ3-integrin, vimentin and galectin-1, were found to be enhanced in the PDT area, while the endothelial maturation marker intercellular adhesion molecule (ICAM)-1 was found to be suppressed. These results demonstrate that the new vascular bed is formed by both neo-angiogenesis and reperfusion of existing vessels. Both the quantitative real-time RT–PCR profile and the response to pharmacological treatment with Avastin®, an inhibitor of angiogenesis, suggest that angiogenesis occurs after PDT. The observed molecular profiling results and the kinetics of gene regulation may enable optimizing combination therapies involving PDT for treatment of cancer and other diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patrycja Nowak-Sliwinska
- Medical Photonics Group, Institute of Bioengineering, Swiss Federal Institute of Technology (EPFL), Station 6, 1015 Lausanne, Switzerland.
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Kuntsche J, Freisleben I, Steiniger F, Fahr A. Temoporfin-loaded liposomes: Physicochemical characterization. Eur J Pharm Sci 2010; 40:305-15. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejps.2010.04.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2010] [Revised: 04/08/2010] [Accepted: 04/10/2010] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
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Peng CL, Yang LY, Luo TY, Lai PS, Yang SJ, Lin WJ, Shieh MJ. Development of pH sensitive 2-(diisopropylamino)ethyl methacrylate based nanoparticles for photodynamic therapy. NANOTECHNOLOGY 2010; 21:155103. [PMID: 20332561 DOI: 10.1088/0957-4484/21/15/155103] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/29/2023]
Abstract
Photodynamic therapy is an effective treatment for tumors that involves the administration of light-activated photosensitizers. However, most photosensitizers are insoluble and non-specific. To target the acid environment of tumor sites, we synthesized three poly(ethylene glycol) methacrylate-co-2-(diisopropylamino)ethyl methacrylate (PEGMA-co-DPA) copolymers capable of self-assembly to form pH sensitive nanoparticles in an aqueous environment, as a means of encapsulating the water-insoluble photosensitizer, meso-tetra(hydroxyphenyl)chlorin (m-THPC). The critical aggregation pH of the PEGMA-co-DPA polymers was 5.8-6.6 and the critical aggregation concentration was 0.0045-0.0089 wt% at pH 7.4. Using solvent evaporation, m-THPC loaded nanoparticles were prepared with a high drug encapsulation efficiency (approximately 89%). Dynamic light scattering and transmission electron microscopy revealed the spherical shape and 132 nm diameter of the nanoparticles. The in vitro release rate of m-THPC at pH 5.0 was faster than at pH 7.0 (58% versus 10% m-THPC released within 48 h, respectively). The in vitro photodynamic therapy efficiency was tested with the HT-29 cell line. m-THPC loaded PEGMA-co-DPA nanoparticles exhibited obvious phototoxicity in HT-29 colon cancer cells after light irradiation. The results indicate that these pH sensitive nanoparticles are potential carriers for tumor targeting and photodynamic therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cheng-Liang Peng
- Isotope Application Division, Institute of Nuclear Energy Research, PO Box 3-27, Longtan, Taoyuan 325, Taiwan
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Compagnin C, Baù L, Mognato M, Celotti L, Miotto G, Arduini M, Moret F, Fede C, Selvestrel F, Rio Echevarria IM, Mancin F, Reddi E. The cellular uptake of meta-tetra(hydroxyphenyl)chlorin entrapped in organically modified silica nanoparticles is mediated by serum proteins. NANOTECHNOLOGY 2009; 20:345101. [PMID: 19652275 DOI: 10.1088/0957-4484/20/34/345101] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
Nanosized objects made of various materials are gaining increasing attention as promising vehicles for the delivery of therapeutic and diagnostic agents for cancer. Photodynamic therapy (PDT) appears to offer a very attractive opportunity to implement drug delivery systems since no release of the sensitizer is needed to obtain the therapeutic effect and the design of the nanovehicle should be much easier. The aim of our study was to investigate the use of organic-modified silica nanoparticles (NPs) for the delivery of the second-generation photosensitizer meta-tetra(hydroxyphenyl)chlorin (mTHPC) to cancer cells in vitro. mTHPC was entrapped in NPs (approximately 33 nm diameter) in a monomeric form which produced singlet oxygen with a high efficiency. In aqueous media with high salt concentrations, the NPs underwent aggregation and precipitation but their stability could be preserved in the presence of foetal bovine serum. The cellular uptake, localization and phototoxic activity of mTHPC was determined comparatively in human oesophageal cancer cells after its delivery by the NPs and the standard solvent ethanol/poly(ethylene glycol) 400/water (20:30:50, by vol). The NP formulation reduced the cellular uptake of mTHPC by about 50% in comparison to standard solvent while it did not affect the concentration-dependent photokilling activity of mTHPC and its intracellular localization. Fluorescence resonance energy transfer measurements, using NPs with mTHPC physically entrapped and a cyanine covalently linked, and ultracentrifugation experiments indicated that mTHPC is transferred from NPs to serum proteins when present in the medium. However, the coating of the NP surface with poly(ethylene glycol) largely prevented the transfer to proteins. In conclusion, mTHPC is rapidly transferred from the uncoated nanoparticles to the serum proteins and then internalized by the cells as a protein complex, irrespective of its modality of delivery.
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Saw CLL, Heng PWS, Liew CV. Chick chorioallantoic membrane as an in situ biological membrane for pharmaceutical formulation development: a review. Drug Dev Ind Pharm 2009; 34:1168-77. [PMID: 18663656 DOI: 10.1080/03639040801974295] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
The use of animals in research has always been a debatable issue. Over the past few decades, efforts have been made to reduce, replace, and refine experiments for ethical use of experimental animals. The use of chick chorioallantoic membrane (CAM) was one of the proposed alternatives to the Draize rabbit ocular irritation test with several advantages including simplicity, rapidity, sensitivity, ease of performance, and cost-effectiveness. The recent use of CAM in the development of pharmaceuticals and testing models to mimic human tissue, including drug transport across CAM, will be discussed in this review.
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Zeisser-Labouèbe M, Delie F, Gurny R, Lange N. Screening of nanoparticulate delivery systems for the photodetection of cancer in a simple and cost-effective model. Nanomedicine (Lond) 2009; 4:135-43. [PMID: 19193181 DOI: 10.2217/17435889.4.2.135] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
AIMS In urology, fluorescence-based imaging methods have been proven to significantly improve the detection of small, barely visible tumors and reduce the recurrence rate. Under ethical and economical pressure, new effective screening systems have to be developed to exploit and assess novel strategies for fluorescence photodetection in other areas. For this purpose, the chorioallantoic membrane (CAM) of the developing chick embryo is an attractive alternative model to the mammalian models. MATERIALS & METHODS Hypericin encapsulated into nanoparticles for the photodetection of ovarian metastases was evaluated in the CAM model with respect to vascular extravazation and tumor targeting and compared with free drug following intravenous administration. RESULTS To validate the CAM model as a valuable screening system for photodetection of cancer, we drew a comparison with results obtained on a conventional rodent model. CONCLUSION Rodent and CAM models led to the same conclusion regarding the benefits of nanoencapsulation to improve selective accumulation of drug in ovarian micrometastases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Magali Zeisser-Labouèbe
- Department of Pharmaceutics & Biopharmaceutics, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Geneva, University of Lausanne, 30, Quai E Ansermet, CH-1211 Geneva 4, Switzerland
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Kachatkou D, Sasnouski S, Zorin V, Zorina T, D’Hallewin MA, Guillemin F, Bezdetnaya L. Unusual Photoinduced Response of mTHPC Liposomal Formulation (Foslip). Photochem Photobiol 2009; 85:719-24. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1751-1097.2008.00466.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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Lassalle HP, Dumas D, Gräfe S, D'Hallewin MA, Guillemin F, Bezdetnaya L. Correlation between in vivo pharmacokinetics, intratumoral distribution and photodynamic efficiency of liposomal mTHPC. J Control Release 2009; 134:118-24. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jconrel.2008.11.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2008] [Revised: 11/07/2008] [Accepted: 11/12/2008] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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Hofman JW, Carstens MG, van Zeeland F, Helwig C, Flesch FM, Hennink WE, van Nostrum CF. Photocytotoxicity of mTHPC (temoporfin) loaded polymeric micelles mediated by lipase catalyzed degradation. Pharm Res 2008; 25:2065-73. [PMID: 18597164 PMCID: PMC2515570 DOI: 10.1007/s11095-008-9590-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2008] [Accepted: 04/03/2008] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE To study the in vitro photocytotoxicity and cellular uptake of biodegradable polymeric micelles loaded with the photosensitizer mTHPC, including the effect of lipase-catalyzed micelle degradation. METHODS Micelles of mPEG750-b-oligo(epsilon-caprolactone)5 (mPEG750-b-OCL5) with a hydroxyl (OH), benzoyl (Bz) or naphthoyl (Np) end group were formed and loaded with mTHPC by the film hydration method. The cellular uptake of the loaded micelles, and their photocytotoxicity on human neck squamous carcinoma cells in the absence and presence of lipase were compared with free and liposomal mTHPC (Fospeg). RESULTS Micelles composed of mPEG750-b-OCL5 with benzoyl and naphtoyl end groups had the highest loading capacity up to 30% (w/w), likely due to pi-pi interactions between the aromatic end group and the photosensitizer. MTHPC-loaded benzoylated micelles (0.5 mg/mL polymer) did not display photocytotoxicity or any mTHPC-uptake by the cells, in contrast to free and liposomal mTHPC. After dilution of the micelles below the critical aggregation concentration (CAC), or after micelle degradation by lipase, photocytotoxicity and cellular uptake of mTHPC were restored. CONCLUSION The high loading capacity of the micelles, the high stability of mTHPC-loaded micelles above the CAC, and the lipase-induced release of the photosensitizer makes these micelles very promising carriers for photodynamic therapy in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jan-Willem Hofman
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Utrecht Institute for Pharmaceutical Sciences (UIPS), Utrecht University, P.O. Box 80.082, 3508 TB Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Myrra G. Carstens
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Utrecht Institute for Pharmaceutical Sciences (UIPS), Utrecht University, P.O. Box 80.082, 3508 TB Utrecht, The Netherlands
- Division of Drug Delivery Technology, Leiden/Amsterdam Center for Drug Research (LACDR), Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Femke van Zeeland
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Utrecht Institute for Pharmaceutical Sciences (UIPS), Utrecht University, P.O. Box 80.082, 3508 TB Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Conny Helwig
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Utrecht Institute for Pharmaceutical Sciences (UIPS), Utrecht University, P.O. Box 80.082, 3508 TB Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Frits M. Flesch
- Department of Biomedical Analysis, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Utrecht Institute for Pharmaceutical Sciences (UIPS), Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Wim E. Hennink
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Utrecht Institute for Pharmaceutical Sciences (UIPS), Utrecht University, P.O. Box 80.082, 3508 TB Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Cornelus F. van Nostrum
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Utrecht Institute for Pharmaceutical Sciences (UIPS), Utrecht University, P.O. Box 80.082, 3508 TB Utrecht, The Netherlands
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Debefve E, Pegaz B, van den Bergh H, Wagnières G, Lange N, Ballini JP. Video monitoring of neovessel occlusion induced by photodynamic therapy with verteporfin (Visudyne), in the CAM model. Angiogenesis 2008; 11:235-43. [PMID: 18324477 PMCID: PMC2494573 DOI: 10.1007/s10456-008-9106-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2008] [Accepted: 02/13/2008] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
The aim of the present study was to monitor photodynamic angioocclusion with verteporfin in capillaries. Details of this process were recorded under a microscope in real-time using a high-sensitivity video camera. A procedure was developed based on intravenous (i.v.) injection of a light-activated drug, Visudyne®, into the chorioallantoic membrane (CAM) of a 12-day-old chicken embryo. The effect of light activation was probed after 24 h by i.v. injection of a fluorescent dye (FITC dextran), and analysis of its fluorescence distribution. The angioocclusive effect was graded based on the size of the occluded vessels, and these results were compared with clinical observations. The time-resolved thrombus formation taking place in a fraction of the field of view was video recorded using a Peltier-cooled CCD camera. This vessel occlusion in the CAM model was reproducible and, in many ways, similar to that observed in the clinical use of verteporfin. The real-time video recording permitted the monitoring of platelet aggregation and revealed size-selective vascular closure as well as some degree of vasoconstriction. Platelets accumulated at intravascular junctions within seconds after verteporfin light activation, and capillaries were found to be closed 15 min later at the applied conditions. Larger-diameter vessels remained patent. Repetition of these data with a much more sensitive camera revealed occlusion of the treated area after 5 min with doses of verteporfin and light similar to those used clinically. Consequently, newly developed light-activated drugs can now be studied under clinically relevant conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- E Debefve
- Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne, EPFL-ENAC-LPAS, 1015, Lausanne, Switzerland
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50
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Svensson J, Johansson A, Gräfe S, Gitter B, Trebst T, Bendsoe N, Andersson-Engels S, Svanberg K. Tumor selectivity at short times following systemic administration of a liposomal temoporfin formulation in a murine tumor model. Photochem Photobiol 2008; 83:1211-9. [PMID: 17880517 DOI: 10.1111/j.1751-1097.2007.00146.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Meso-tetra(hydroxyphenyl)chlorin (mTHPC) (INN: Temoporfin) is one of the most potent photodynamically active substances in clinical use. Treatment protocols for Temoporfin-mediated photodynamic therapy often rely on drug-light intervals of several days in order for the photosensitizer to accumulate within the target tissue, though tumor selectivity is limited. Here, the mTHPC localization was studied at 2-8 h following systemic administration of a liposomal Temoporfin formulation (0.15 mg kg(-1) b.w.) in HT29 human colon adenocarcinoma in NMRI nu/nu mice. Photosensitizer distribution within tumor and internal organs was investigated by means of high performance liquid chromatography following chemical extraction, as well as in situ fluorescence imaging and point-monitoring fluorescence spectroscopy. For tumor tissue, the Temoporfin concentrations at 4 h (0.16+/-0.024 ng mg(-1)) and 8 h (0.18+/-0.064 ng mg(-1)) were significantly higher than at 2 h (0.08+/-0.026 ng mg(-1)). The average tumor-to-muscle and the tumor-to-skin selectivity were 6.6 and 2, respectively, and did not vary significantly with time after photosensitizer injection. In plasma, the Temoporfin concentration was low (0.07+/-0.07 ng mg(-1)) and showed no significant variation with time. Our results indicate a rapid biodistribution and clearance from the bloodstream. Within the same type of organ, data from both fluorescence methods generally exhibited a significant correlation with the extraction results.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jenny Svensson
- Department of Physics, Lund University, and Department of Dermatology, Lund University Hospital, Lund, Sweden.
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