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Jia W, Pang Y, Zhao C, Cai Y, Zhang Y, Liu C, Fang L. Low drug load, high retention mometasone furoate cream with polyglyceryl - 3 oleate as a chemical enhancer: Formulation development, in vivo and in vitro evaluation and molecular mechanisms. Int J Pharm 2024; 659:124284. [PMID: 38810934 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpharm.2024.124284] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2024] [Revised: 05/08/2024] [Accepted: 05/26/2024] [Indexed: 05/31/2024]
Abstract
The study aimed to create a low loading, high retention, easier to apply O/W mometasone furoate (MF) cream using a chemical enhancer (CE) approach to provide more options for patients with atopic dermatitis (AD) and to investigate molecular mechanisms of its increased release and retention. A Box-Behnken design determined the optimal formulation based on stability and in vitro skin retention. Evaluations included appearance, rheological properties, irritation, in vivo tissue distribution and pharmacodynamics. Molecular mechanisms of enhanced release were studied using high-speed centrifugation, molecular dynamics and rheology. The interaction between the CE, MF and skin was studied by tape stripping, CLSM, ATR-FTIR and SAXS. The formulation was optimized to contain 0.05% MF and used 10% polyglyceryl-3 oleate (POCC) as the CE. There was no significant difference from Elocon® cream in in vivo retention and pharmacodynamics but increased in vivo retention by 3.14-fold and in vitro release by 1.77-fold compared to the basic formulation. POCC reduced oil phase cohesive energy density, enhancing drug mobility and release. It disrupted skin lipid phases, aiding drug entry and formed hydrogen bonds, prolonging retention. This study highlights POCC as a CE in the cream, offering insights for semi-solid formulation development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenxuan Jia
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, 103 Wenhua Road, Shenyang 110016, China.
| | - Yu Pang
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, 103 Wenhua Road, Shenyang 110016, China.
| | - Chenyu Zhao
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, 103 Wenhua Road, Shenyang 110016, China.
| | - Yu Cai
- Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines of the Changbai Mountain, Ministry of Education, College of Pharmacy, Yanbian University, 977 Gongyuan Road, Yanji 133002, China.
| | - Yang Zhang
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, 103 Wenhua Road, Shenyang 110016, China.
| | - Chao Liu
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, 103 Wenhua Road, Shenyang 110016, China.
| | - Liang Fang
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, 103 Wenhua Road, Shenyang 110016, China.
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Hong S, Maitra P, Kadoya K, Abdolvahabi A, Rowe JM, Mehta RC. Quantitative Confocal Raman Microspectroscopy to Evaluate Skin Penetration of Topically Applied Substances. J Invest Dermatol 2024:S0022-202X(24)00194-5. [PMID: 38522570 DOI: 10.1016/j.jid.2024.01.035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2023] [Revised: 01/16/2024] [Accepted: 01/26/2024] [Indexed: 03/26/2024]
Affiliation(s)
- Soonjin Hong
- Skincare R&D, Allergan Aesthetics, Irvine, California, USA
| | | | - Kuniko Kadoya
- Skincare R&D, Allergan Aesthetics, Irvine, California, USA
| | | | - Joshua M Rowe
- Local Delivery and Translational Science, AbbVie, Irvine, California, USA
| | - Rahul C Mehta
- Skincare R&D, Allergan Aesthetics, Irvine, California, USA
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Miguel RDA, Hirata AS, Salata GC, Apolinário AC, Barroso VM, Ishida K, La Clair JJ, Fenical W, Martins TS, Costa-Lotufo LV, Lopes LB. Topical delivery of seriniquinone for treatment of skin cancer and fungal infections is enabled by a liquid crystalline lamellar phase. Eur J Pharm Sci 2024; 192:106635. [PMID: 37952683 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejps.2023.106635] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2023] [Revised: 10/23/2023] [Accepted: 11/10/2023] [Indexed: 11/14/2023]
Abstract
Seriniquinone (SQ) was initially described by our group as an antimelanoma drug candidate and now also as an antifungal drug candidate. Despite its promising in vitro effects, SQ translation has been hindered by poor water-solubility. In this paper, we described the challenging nanoformulation process of SQ, which culminated in the selection of a phosphatidylcholine-based lamellar phase (PLP1). Liposomes and nanostructured lipid carriers were also evaluated but failed to encapsulate the compound. SQ-loaded PLP1 (PLP1-SQ) was characterized for the presence of sedimented or non-dissolved SQ, rheological and thermal behavior, and irritation potential with hen's egg test on the chorioallantoic membrane (HET-CAM). PLP1 influence on transepidermal water loss (TEWL) and skin penetration of SQ was assessed in a porcine ear skin model, while biological activity was evaluated against melanoma cell lines (SK-MEL-28 and SK-MEL-147) and C. albicans SC5314. Despite the presence of few particles of non-dissolved SQ (observed under the microscope 2 days after formulation obtainment), PLP1 tripled SQ retention in viable skin layers compared to SQ solution at 12 h. This effect did not seem to relate to formulation-induced changes on the barrier function, as no increases in TEWL were observed. No sign of vascular toxicity in the HET-CAM model was observed after cutaneous treatment with PLP1. SQ activity was maintained on melanoma cells after 48 h-treatment (IC50 values of 0.59-0.98 µM) whereas the minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) against C. albicans after 24 h-treatment was 32-fold higher. These results suggest that a safe formulation for SQ topical administration was developed, enabling further in vivo studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rodrigo Dos A Miguel
- Department of Pharmacology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Amanda S Hirata
- Department of Pharmacology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Giovanna C Salata
- Department of Pharmacology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Alexsandra C Apolinário
- Department of Pharmacology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Vinicius M Barroso
- Department of Microbiology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Kelly Ishida
- Department of Microbiology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - James J La Clair
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California, La Jolla, San Diego, CA, United States
| | - William Fenical
- Center for Marine Biotechnology and Biomedicine, Scripps Institution of Oceanography, University of California, La Jolla, San Diego, CA, United States
| | - Tereza S Martins
- Department of Chemistry, Federal University of Sao Paulo, Diadema, SP, Brazil
| | - Leticia V Costa-Lotufo
- Department of Pharmacology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, SP, Brazil; Department of Human Biology, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa.
| | - Luciana B Lopes
- Department of Pharmacology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, SP, Brazil.
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Viegas J, Dias S, Carvalho AM, Sarmento B. Characterization of a human lesioned-skin model to assess the influence of skin integrity on drug permeability. Biomed Pharmacother 2023; 169:115841. [PMID: 37944442 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2023.115841] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2023] [Revised: 10/15/2023] [Accepted: 11/01/2023] [Indexed: 11/12/2023] Open
Abstract
The stratum corneum (SC) is the skin's outermost layer, organized by clusters of corneocytes among a lipid matrix, acting as a barrier. This "brick and mortar" organization is modified in many skin diseases. We proposed a lesioned-skin model for assessing the permeability of topical formulations and the impact of skin integrity on the permeability of molecules. We anticipate that removal of the SC compromises the skin barrier function, making it more permeable, affecting the biopharmaceutics of topical formulations. By stripping with 25 strips (Corneofix®), the thickness of the SC was considerably reduced, exposing the viable epidermis. Transversal and upper views of the skin by electronic microscopy and histology confirm the removal of the SC. After, we evaluated the permeability of tacrolimus (Protopic®, 0.1 % and 0.03 %) by HPLC-UV. The non-lesioned skin presented 20-25 % of tacrolimus in the SC and no drug permeated through the skin's inner layers. Contrary, the lesioned-skin model allowed the permeation of tacrolimus to the epidermis, dermis, and also in the receptor medium. These results highlight the importance of using diseased skin tissue as opposed to normal skin when assessing the permeability of pharmaceutical formulations for local topical delivery, closely mimicking the occurred events in clinical scenario.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juliana Viegas
- i3S - Instituto de Investigação e Inovação em Saúde, Universidade do Porto, Rua Alfredo Allen 208, 4200-135 Porto, Portugal
| | - Sofia Dias
- i3S - Instituto de Investigação e Inovação em Saúde, Universidade do Porto, Rua Alfredo Allen 208, 4200-135 Porto, Portugal; INEB - Instituto de Engenharia Biomédica, Universidade do Porto, Rua Alfredo Allen 208, 4200-135 Porto, Portugal; ICBAS - Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas Abel Salazar, Universidade do Porto, Rua de Jorge Viterbo Ferreira 228, 4050-313 Porto, Portugal
| | - Ana Margarida Carvalho
- i3S - Instituto de Investigação e Inovação em Saúde, Universidade do Porto, Rua Alfredo Allen 208, 4200-135 Porto, Portugal; INEB - Instituto de Engenharia Biomédica, Universidade do Porto, Rua Alfredo Allen 208, 4200-135 Porto, Portugal; ICBAS - Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas Abel Salazar, Universidade do Porto, Rua de Jorge Viterbo Ferreira 228, 4050-313 Porto, Portugal
| | - Bruno Sarmento
- i3S - Instituto de Investigação e Inovação em Saúde, Universidade do Porto, Rua Alfredo Allen 208, 4200-135 Porto, Portugal; INEB - Instituto de Engenharia Biomédica, Universidade do Porto, Rua Alfredo Allen 208, 4200-135 Porto, Portugal; IUCS-CESPU - Instituto Universitário de Ciências da Saúde, Rua Central de Gandra 1317, 4585-116 Gandra, Portugal.
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Hamadeh A, Najjar A, Troutman J, Edginton A. Enhancement of Skin Permeability Prediction through PBPK Modeling, Bayesian Inference, and Experiment Design. Pharmaceutics 2023; 15:2667. [PMID: 38140008 PMCID: PMC10747907 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics15122667] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2023] [Revised: 11/14/2023] [Accepted: 11/18/2023] [Indexed: 12/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Physiologically based pharmacokinetic (PBPK) models of skin absorption are a powerful resource for estimating drug delivery and chemical risk of dermatological products. This paper presents a PBPK workflow for the quantification of the mechanistic determinants of skin permeability and the use of these quantities in the prediction of skin absorption in novel contexts. A state-of-the-art mechanistic model of dermal absorption was programmed into an open-source modeling framework. A sensitivity analysis was performed to identify the uncertain compound-specific, individual-specific, and site-specific model parameters that impact permeability. A Bayesian Markov Chain Monte Carlo algorithm was employed to derive distributions of these parameters given in vitro experimental permeability measurements. Extrapolations to novel contexts were generated by simulating the model following its update with samples drawn from the learned distributions as well as parameters that represent the intended scenario. This algorithm was applied multiple times, each using a unique set of permeability measurements sourced under experimental contexts that differ in terms of the compound, vehicle pH, skin sample anatomical site, and the number of compounds under which each subject's skin samples were tested. Among the data sets used in this study, the highest accuracy and precision in the extrapolated permeability was achieved in those that include measurements conducted under multiple vehicle pH levels and in which individual subjects' skin samples are tested under multiple compounds. This work thus identifies factors for consideration in the design of experiments for the purpose of training dermal models to robustly estimate drug delivery and chemical risk.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abdullah Hamadeh
- School of Pharmacy, University of Waterloo, Kitchener, ON N2G 1C5, Canada;
- Systems In Silico Ltd., Waterloo, ON N2K 0B5, Canada
| | | | | | - Andrea Edginton
- School of Pharmacy, University of Waterloo, Kitchener, ON N2G 1C5, Canada;
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Dartora VFC, Passos JS, Osorio B, Hung RC, Nguyen M, Wang A, Panitch A. Chitosan hydrogels with MK2 inhibitor peptide-loaded nanoparticles to treat atopic dermatitis. J Control Release 2023; 362:591-605. [PMID: 37660990 DOI: 10.1016/j.jconrel.2023.08.061] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2022] [Revised: 08/05/2023] [Accepted: 08/31/2023] [Indexed: 09/05/2023]
Abstract
Atopic dermatitis (AD) is a chronic inflammatory skin disorder that lacks ideal long-term treatment options due to a series of side effects, such as skin atrophy, related to the most common treatment prescribed to manage moderate-to-severe AD. In this study, a cell-penetrating MK2 inhibitor peptide YARA (YARAAARQARAKALNRQGLVAA) was loaded into hollow thermo-responsive pNIPAM nanoparticles (NP), which were further incorporated into chitosan hydrogels (H-NP-YARA) to promote local drug delivery, improve moisture and the anti-inflammatory activity. The NPs exhibited high loading efficiency (>50%) and the hydrogel remained porous following NP incorporation as observed by scanning electron microscopy (SEM). Both nanoparticles and hydrogels were able to improve the release of YARA and sustained release to up to 120 h. The hydrogels and NPs delivered 2 and 4-fold more YARA into viable skin layers of porcine skin in vitro at 12 h post-application than the non-encapsulated compound in intact and impaired barrier conditions. Furthermore, the YARA-loaded NPs (NP-YARA) and H-NP-YARA treatment decreased the levels of inflammatory cytokines up to 20 time-fold compared with the non-treated group of human keratinocytes under inflammatory conditions. Consistent with the results in cell culture, the loading of YARA in NP reduced the levels of IL-1β, IL-6, and TNF-α up to 3.3 times in an ex vivo skin culture model after induction of inflammation. A further decrease of up to 17 times-fold was observed with H-NP-YARA treatment compared to the drug in solution. Our data collectively suggest that chitosan hydrogel containing YARA-loaded nanoparticles is a promising new formulation for the topical treatment of AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vanessa F C Dartora
- Biomedical Engineering Graduate Group, University of California Davis, Davis, CA, USA; Wallace H. Coulter Department of Biomedical Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology and Emory University, USA
| | - Julia Sapienza Passos
- Biomedical Engineering Graduate Group, University of California Davis, Davis, CA, USA; Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Department of Pharmacology, University of Sao Paulo, Brazil
| | - Blanca Osorio
- Biomedical Engineering Graduate Group, University of California Davis, Davis, CA, USA
| | - Ruei-Chun Hung
- Biomedical Engineering Graduate Group, University of California Davis, Davis, CA, USA; Wallace H. Coulter Department of Biomedical Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology and Emory University, USA
| | - Michael Nguyen
- Biomedical Engineering Graduate Group, University of California Davis, Davis, CA, USA
| | - Aijun Wang
- Biomedical Engineering Graduate Group, University of California Davis, Davis, CA, USA; Department of Surgery, University of California Davis, Sacramento, CA, USA; Institute for Pediatric Regenerative Medicine, Shriners Hospitals for Children, Sacramento, CA, USA
| | - Alyssa Panitch
- Biomedical Engineering Graduate Group, University of California Davis, Davis, CA, USA; Department of Surgery, University of California Davis, Sacramento, CA, USA; Wallace H. Coulter Department of Biomedical Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology and Emory University, USA.
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Pereira MN, Nogueira LL, Cunha-Filho M, Gratieri T, Gelfuso GM. Methodologies to Evaluate the Hair Follicle-Targeted Drug Delivery Provided by Nanoparticles. Pharmaceutics 2023; 15:2002. [PMID: 37514188 PMCID: PMC10383440 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics15072002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2023] [Revised: 07/16/2023] [Accepted: 07/20/2023] [Indexed: 07/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Nanotechnology has been investigated for treatments of hair follicle disorders mainly because of the natural accumulation of solid nanoparticles in the follicular openings following a topical application, which provides a drug "targeting effect". Despite the promising results regarding the therapeutic efficacy of topically applied nanoparticles, the literature has often presented controversial results regarding the targeting of hair follicle potential of nanoformulations. A closer look at the published works shows that study parameters such as the type of skin model, skin sections analyzed, employed controls, or even the extraction methodologies differ to a great extent among the studies, producing either unreliable results or precluding comparisons altogether. Hence, the present study proposes to review different skin models and methods for quantitative and qualitative analysis of follicular penetration of nano-entrapped drugs and their influence on the obtained results, as a way of providing more coherent study protocols for the intended application.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maíra N Pereira
- Laboratory of Food, Drug, and Cosmetics (LTMAC), School of Health Sciences, University of Brasilia, Brasilia 70910-900, DF, Brazil
| | - Luma L Nogueira
- Laboratory of Food, Drug, and Cosmetics (LTMAC), School of Health Sciences, University of Brasilia, Brasilia 70910-900, DF, Brazil
| | - Marcilio Cunha-Filho
- Laboratory of Food, Drug, and Cosmetics (LTMAC), School of Health Sciences, University of Brasilia, Brasilia 70910-900, DF, Brazil
| | - Tais Gratieri
- Laboratory of Food, Drug, and Cosmetics (LTMAC), School of Health Sciences, University of Brasilia, Brasilia 70910-900, DF, Brazil
| | - Guilherme M Gelfuso
- Laboratory of Food, Drug, and Cosmetics (LTMAC), School of Health Sciences, University of Brasilia, Brasilia 70910-900, DF, Brazil
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8
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Zhang Y, Liu X, Yu G, Gui H, Chi J, Liu S, Fang L, Liu M. Innovative insight into the mechanism of enantioselective skin permeation for chiral drugs. Expert Opin Drug Deliv 2023; 20:1643-1656. [PMID: 38112192 DOI: 10.1080/17425247.2023.2294877] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2023] [Accepted: 11/24/2023] [Indexed: 12/21/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES A profound comprehension of the molecular mechanisms underpinning the enantioselective transdermal permeation of chiral drugs is critical in the design and assessment of transdermal preparations. The primary objective of this study is to investigate the distinct skin permeation behaviors exhibited by enantiomers of non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) and elucidate the intricate molecular mechanism at play. METHODS In vitro and in vivo transdermal permeation studies of chiral NSAIDs were performed using transdermal patch and solution system. Chiral interaction between NSAIDs enantiomers and synthesized chiral ceramide present in the skin was characterized to clarify the different transdermal behaviors. RESULTS The S-enantiomers of NSAIDs exhibited higher permeability through the skin than R-enantiomer in vitro (1.5-fold) and in vivo (2.0-fold), which was attributed to a stronger interaction between S-enantiomer and ceramide caused by more favorable spatial conformations. S-enantiomer required lower activation energy (24.4 kJ/mol) and Gibbs energy (43.3 kJ/mol), which was favorable in forming the H-bond with ceramide in the skin, resulting in more permeation. CONCLUSION This research furnished an innovative comprehension of the molecular underpinnings governing the enantioselective permeation of drug enantiomers through the skin, fostering the minimization of undesired enantiomer ingestion (distomers) and amplifying therapeutic efficiency.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yang Zhang
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang, Liaoning, China
| | - Xiaowen Liu
- Key Laboratory of Structure-Based Drug Design and Discovery of Ministry of Education, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang, Liaoning, China
| | - Guojing Yu
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang, Liaoning, China
| | - Hongzhe Gui
- Key Laboratory of Structure-Based Drug Design and Discovery of Ministry of Education, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang, Liaoning, China
| | - Jingteng Chi
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang, Liaoning, China
| | - Shuhan Liu
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang, Liaoning, China
| | - Liang Fang
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang, Liaoning, China
| | - Mingzhe Liu
- Key Laboratory of Structure-Based Drug Design and Discovery of Ministry of Education, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang, Liaoning, China
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Ling J, Du Y, Sheng Y, Wang W, Wu H, Chen G, Lv H. Influence of cryopreservation methods of ex vivo rat and pig skin on the results of in vitro permeation test. Eur J Pharm Biopharm 2023:S0939-6411(23)00157-1. [PMID: 37327914 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejpb.2023.06.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2023] [Revised: 06/01/2023] [Accepted: 06/09/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
In vitro permeation test (IVPT) is a frequently used method for in vitro assessment of topical preparations and transdermal drug delivery systems. However, the storage of ex vivo skin for IVPT remains a challenge. Here, two cryopreservation media were chosen to preserve rat and pig skin at -20 °C and -80 °C for further IVPT, namely, 10% DMSO and 10% GLY. The skin viability test confirmed that the skin protective capacity of 10% DMSO and 10% GLY was almost equal. The results of skin viability and IVPT showed that the skin viability and permeability of rat skin in 10%DMSO or 10% GLY were maintained for at least 7 and 30 days at -20 °C and -80 °C compared to fresh skin, respectively; in contrast, those of porcine skin were just maintained for less than 7 days at -20 °C and -80 °C. These results indicated that ex vivo skin for IVPT preserved at -80 °C in 10% DMSO or 10% GLY was optimal. Furthermore, skin permeability was independent of skin barrier integrity. Our study provides reference conditions for preserving IVPT skin, and skin viability can be a potential indicator of IVPT skin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiawei Ling
- Department of Pharmaceutics, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 211198, China
| | - Yanan Du
- Department of Pharmaceutics, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 211198, China
| | - Yuze Sheng
- Department of Pharmaceutics, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 211198, China
| | - Weiqin Wang
- Department of Pharmaceutics, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 211198, China
| | - Hangyi Wu
- Department of Pharmaceutics, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 211198, China
| | - Guorong Chen
- Department of Pharmaceutics, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 211198, China
| | - Huixia Lv
- Department of Pharmaceutics, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 211198, China.
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Vitória Pupo Silvestrini A, Garcia Praça F, Nani Leite M, Carvalho de Abreu Fantini M, Andrey Cipriani Frade M, Vitória Lopes Badra Bentley M. Liquid crystalline nanoparticles enable a multifunctional approach for topical psoriasis therapy by co-delivering triptolide and siRNAs. Int J Pharm 2023; 640:123019. [PMID: 37149114 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpharm.2023.123019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2023] [Revised: 04/27/2023] [Accepted: 05/01/2023] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
Abstract
Liquid crystalline nanoparticles (LCNs) are an attractive drugs topical delivery system due to the great internal ordering, wide interfacial area and structural similarities with the skin. In this work, LCNs were designed to encapsulate triptolide (TP) and to complex on its surface small interfering RNAs (siRNA) targeting TNF-α and IL-6, aiming at topical co-delivery and regulating multi-targets in psoriasis. These multifunctional LCNs showed appropriate physicochemical properties for topical application, such as a mean size of 150 nm, low polydispersion, TP encapsulation greater than 90% and efficient complexation with siRNA. The internal reverse hexagonal mesostructure of LCNs was confirmed by SAXS while their morphology was assessed by cryo-TEM. In vitro permeation studies revealed an increase of more than 20-fold in the distribution of TP through the porcine epidermis/dermis was achieved after the application of LCN-TP or LCN TP in hydrogel. In cell culture, LCNs showed good compatibility and rapid internalization, which was attributed to macropinocytosis and caveolin-mediated endocytosis. Anti-inflammatory potential of multifunctional LCNs was assessed by reducing of TNF-α, IL-6, IL-1β and TGF-β1 levels in LPS-stimulated macrophages. These results support the hypothesis that the co-delivery of TP and siRNAs by LCNs may be a new strategy for psoriasis topical therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana Vitória Pupo Silvestrini
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences of Ribeirao Preto, University of Sao Paulo, 14040-903, Ribeirao Preto, SP, Brazil
| | - Fabíola Garcia Praça
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences of Ribeirao Preto, University of Sao Paulo, 14040-903, Ribeirao Preto, SP, Brazil
| | - Marcel Nani Leite
- Division of Dermatology, Department of Internal Medicine, Ribeirão Preto Medical School, University of São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, SP, Brazil
| | | | - Marco Andrey Cipriani Frade
- Division of Dermatology, Department of Internal Medicine, Ribeirão Preto Medical School, University of São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, SP, Brazil
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Promjan S, Boonme P. Itraconazole-loaded microemulsions: formulation, characterization, and dermal delivery using shed snakeskin as the model membrane. Pharm Dev Technol 2023; 28:51-60. [PMID: 36547258 DOI: 10.1080/10837450.2022.2162082] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Microemulsions (MEs) were developed for dermal delivery of 1% w/w itraconazole (ITZ). Solubility of ITZ in various oils was investigated and clove oil was selected as oil phase. Pseudoternary phase diagrams were constructed by titration method. The system containing clove oil as oil phase, Tween®80 as surfactant, and 1:1 mixture of water and polyethylene glycol 400 as aqueous phase provided the largest ME region. It was selected for the formulation development of ITZ-loaded MEs. Physicochemical stability was evaluated at 4 °C, room temperature (25 °C), and 45 °C for three months. In vitro permeation and retention studies were assessed using shed snakeskin as a model membrane. Antifungal activity was investigated by agar diffusion method. Results indicated that incorporation of ITZ in the selected MEs did not affect physical properties. Physicochemical data after storage periods revealed that the most suitable storage temperature was 4 °C. Skin permeation and retention data indicated that water-in-oil (w/o) ITZ-loaded MEs had superior dermal delivery of ITZ than oil-in-water (o/w) ITZ-loaded ME and ITZ-oily solution. Moreover, w/o ITZ-loaded MEs showed larger inhibition zones against C. albicans and T. rubrum than a commercial gel. Therefore, w/o ITZ-loaded MEs possibly provided effective dermal delivery and antifungal activity to treat superficial fungal infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Saratsanan Promjan
- Department of Pharmaceutical Technology and Drug Delivery System Excellence Center, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Prince of Songkla University, Songkhla, Thailand
| | - Prapaporn Boonme
- Department of Pharmaceutical Technology and Drug Delivery System Excellence Center, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Prince of Songkla University, Songkhla, Thailand
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Luna-Canales IC, Delgado-Buenrostro NL, Chirino YI, Nava-Arzaluz G, Piñón-Segundo E, Martínez-Cruz G, Ganem-Rondero A. Curcumin-loaded microemulsion: formulation, characterization, and in vitro skin penetration. Drug Dev Ind Pharm 2023; 49:42-51. [PMID: 36803628 DOI: 10.1080/03639045.2023.2182121] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/22/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Formulation of curcumin in a microemulsion with a high loading capacity and that favors its penetration into the skin. SIGNIFICANCE Take advantage of the properties of microemulsions to promote the penetration of curcumin into the skin, with the aim of enhancing its therapeutic effects. METHODS Curcumin was formulated in microemulsions based on oleic acid (oil phase), Tween® 80 (surfactant), and Transcutol® HP (cosurfactant). The microemulsion formation area was mapped by constructing pseudo-ternary diagrams for surfactant:co-surfactant ratios 1:1, 1:2, and 2:1. Microemulsions were characterized through measurements of specific weight, refractive index, conductivity, viscosity, droplet size, and in vitro skin permeation studies. RESULTS Nine microemulsions were prepared and characterized, showing clear, stable formulations with globule size dependent on the proportion of the components. The microemulsion with the highest loading capacity (60 mg/mL), based on Tween® 80, Transcutol® HP, oleic acid, and water (40:40:10:10) was able to penetrate the viable epidermis, finding a total amount of curcumin in the receptor medium at 24 h of 10.17 ± 9.7 µg/cm2. The distribution of curcumin in the skin, visualized by confocal laser scanning microscopy, showed that the maximum amount was located between 20 and 30 µm. CONCLUSION The inclusion of curcumin in a microemulsion allows its passage into and through the skin. The localization of curcumin, especially in the viable epidermis, would be important for those cases where local conditions are sought to be treated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Irene Carolina Luna-Canales
- Laboratorio de Investigación y Posgrado en Tecnología Farmacéutica (L-322, Campo 1), Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Cuautitlán Izcalli, Mexico
| | | | - Yolanda I Chirino
- Laboratorio 10, Unidad de Biomedicina, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Tlalnepantla, Mexico
| | - Guadalupe Nava-Arzaluz
- Laboratorio de Investigación y Posgrado en Tecnología Farmacéutica (L-322, Campo 1), Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Cuautitlán Izcalli, Mexico
| | - Elizabeth Piñón-Segundo
- Laboratorio de Sistemas Farmacéuticos de Liberación Modificada (L-13, UIM), Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Cuautitlán Izcalli, Mexico
| | - Graciela Martínez-Cruz
- Laboratorio de Reometría, Nave 3000, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Cuautitlán Izcalli, Mexico
| | - Adriana Ganem-Rondero
- Laboratorio de Investigación y Posgrado en Tecnología Farmacéutica (L-322, Campo 1), Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Cuautitlán Izcalli, Mexico
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Li H, Wang J, Xu Q, Tian S, Yang W. Design and Evaluation of Glimepiride Hydrogel for Transdermal Delivery. Drug Dev Ind Pharm 2022; 48:397-405. [PMID: 36048002 DOI: 10.1080/03639045.2022.2120493] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Abstract
The solubility of glimepiride (GM) was improved from 1.6 μg/mL to 22.0 mg/mL when GM and meglumine (MU) complexes were prepared. Therefore, transdermal hydrogels of GM Carbopol (GM-CP) and GM hydroxypropyl methylcellulose pullulan (GM-HPMC-Pu) were prepared successfully utilizing the improved drug solubility by GM-MU. Based on single factor experiment and response surface methodology, two kinds of hydrogel formulations were optimized by drug release studies in vitro. The optimized GM-CP hydrogel was composed of GM, the mixture of azone and oleic acid (1:1, 2.6%, v/v) and carbopol 940 (1%, w/v). The GM-HPMC-Pu hydrogel was developed using GM, HPMC (3.5%, w/v), Pu (1.5%, w/v), glycerol (5%, v/v), azone (2.9%, v/v) and oleic acid (2.6%, v/v). The study of hydrogels in vivo was performed using rabbits. The results indicated that the drug could sustain release from GM-CP or GM-HPMC-Pu hydrogel and maintain the high plasma concentration for 48 h. Compared with commercial GM tablet, the relative bioavailability of GM-CP and GM-HPMC-Pu hydrogel reached up 48% and 133%, respectively. Moreover, the drug release in vitro could well predict its absorption in vivo. There was a good correlation (R2 ≥0.966) in GM hydrogel between the drug release in vitro and transdermal absorption in vivo. Therefore, a novel GM hydrogel dosage form may be considered to design.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haiying Li
- College of Pharmaceutical Sciences & Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Quality Control of Hebei Province, Hebei University, Baoding 071002, PR China
| | - Jiajia Wang
- College of Pharmaceutical Sciences & Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Quality Control of Hebei Province, Hebei University, Baoding 071002, PR China
| | - Qianru Xu
- College of Pharmaceutical Sciences & Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Quality Control of Hebei Province, Hebei University, Baoding 071002, PR China
| | - Shuya Tian
- College of Pharmaceutical Sciences & Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Quality Control of Hebei Province, Hebei University, Baoding 071002, PR China
| | - Wenzhi Yang
- College of Pharmaceutical Sciences & Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Quality Control of Hebei Province, Hebei University, Baoding 071002, PR China
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Mousa IA, Hammady TM, Gad S, Zaitone SA, El-Sherbiny M, Sayed OM. Formulation and Characterization of Metformin-Loaded Ethosomes for Topical Application to Experimentally Induced Skin Cancer in Mice. Pharmaceuticals (Basel) 2022; 15:ph15060657. [PMID: 35745575 PMCID: PMC9227071 DOI: 10.3390/ph15060657] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2022] [Revised: 05/16/2022] [Accepted: 05/19/2022] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
To achieve the best treatment of skin cancer, drug penetration inside the deepest layers of the skin is an important scientific interest. We designed an ethosome formulation that serves as a carrier for metformin and measured the in vitro skin permeation. We also aimed to measure the antitumor activity of the optimal ethosomal preparation when applied topically to chemically induced skin cancer in mice. We utilized a statistical Box–Behnken experimental design and applied three variables at three levels: lecithin concentration, cholesterol concentration and a mixture of ethanol and isopropyl alcohol concentrations. All formulations were prepared to calculate the entrapment efficiency %, zeta potential, size of the vesicles and drug release % after 1, 2, 4, 8 and 24 h. The size of the vesicles for the formulations was between 124 ± 14.2 nm and 560 ± 127 nm, while the entrapment efficiency was between 97.8 ± 0.23% and 99.4 ± 0.24%, and the drug release % after 8 h was between 38 ± 0.82% and 66 ± 0.52%. All formulations were introduced into the Box–Behnken software, which selected three formulations; then, one was assigned as an optimal formula. The in vivo antitumor activity of metformin-loaded ethosomal gel on skin cancer was greater than the antitumor activity of the gel preparation containing free metformin. Lower lecithin, high ethanol and isopropyl alcohol and moderate cholesterol contents improved the permeation rate. Overall, we can conclude that metformin-loaded ethosomes are a promising remedy for treating skin cancers, and more studies are warranted to approve this activity in other animal models of skin cancers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ibrahim A. Mousa
- General Authority of Health Care, Ismailia Governorate, Ismailia 11517, Egypt;
| | - Taha M. Hammady
- Department of Pharmaceutics and Industrial Pharmacy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Suez Canal University, Ismailia 41522, Egypt;
| | - Shadeed Gad
- Department of Pharmaceutics and Industrial Pharmacy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Suez Canal University, Ismailia 41522, Egypt;
- Correspondence: (S.G.); or (S.A.Z.); Tel.: +20-1003934422 (S.G.); Fax: +20-643230741 (S.G.)
| | - Sawsan A. Zaitone
- Department of Pharmacology & Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Suez Canal University, Ismailia 41522, Egypt
- Department of Pharmacology & Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Tabuk, Tabuk 71491, Saudi Arabia
- Correspondence: (S.G.); or (S.A.Z.); Tel.: +20-1003934422 (S.G.); Fax: +20-643230741 (S.G.)
| | - Mohamed El-Sherbiny
- Department of Basic Medical Sciences, College of Medicine, AlMaarefa University, Riyadh P.O. Box 71666, Saudi Arabia;
- Department of Anatomy, Faculty of Medicine, Mansoura University, Mansoura 3155, Egypt
| | - Ossama M. Sayed
- Department of Pharmaceutics and Industrial Pharmacy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Sinai University, Kantra 41636, Egypt;
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Liu Y, Liu C, Jia W, Xu W, Quan P, Fang L. The Molecular Mechanism of Propylene Glycol Monocaprylate on Skin Retention: Probing the Dual Roles on the Molecular Mobility and Collagen Connection in Roflumilast Cream. AAPS PharmSciTech 2022; 23:136. [PMID: 35534759 DOI: 10.1208/s12249-022-02284-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2022] [Accepted: 04/18/2022] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
The present work was to construct a roflumilast (ROF) cream for the treatment of psoriasis and clarify the dual roles of propylene glycol monocaprylate (PGM) in both molecular mobility of the cream, and drug-skin miscibility via drug-PGM-ceramide and drug-PGM-collagen intermolecular interaction. The cream formulation was screened through the stability study and in vitro skin administration study, optimized by Plackett-Burman and Box-Behnken design, and finally verified by the in vivo tissue distribution study. PGM demonstrated a significant drug skin retention enhancement effect (Rmax in vivo = 19.5 μg/g). It increased the molecular mobility of the oil phase of the cream by decreasing the molecular interaction of oil molecules proven by the rheology study (Ec = 3.73 × 10-4 mJ·m-3). More importantly, because of the good stratum corneum (SC) compatibility (∆H = - 403.88 J/g), PGM promoted an orderly flow of SC lipids (X-ray scattering, ΔLPP = 1.18 nm) and entered the viable epidermis/dermis (VE/DE) in large quantities (RPGM = 1186 μg/g), acting as a bridge to connect the drug to collagen through two H-bonds (LengthH-bond = 2.846 Å and 3.313 Å), thus increasing the miscibility of drug and VE/DE significantly (∆H = - 310.10 J/g, Emix = 21.66 kcal/mol). In this study, a ROF cream was developed successfully and the effect of PGM on the skin retention was clarified at molecular level.
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16
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Champmartin C, Chedik L, Marquet F, Cosnier F. Occupational exposure assessment with solid substances: choosing a vehicle for in vitro percutaneous absorption experiments. Crit Rev Toxicol 2022; 52:294-316. [PMID: 36125048 DOI: 10.1080/10408444.2022.2097052] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
Percutaneous occupational exposure to industrial toxicants can be assessed in vitro on excised human or animal skins. Numerous factors can significantly influence skin permeation of chemicals and the flux determination. Among them, the vehicle used to solubilize the solid substances is a tricky key step. A "realistic surrogate" that closely matches the exposure scenario is recommended in first intention. When direct transposition of occupational exposure conditions to in vitro experiments is impossible, it is recommended that the vehicle used does not affect the skin barrier (in particular in terms of structural integrity, composition, or enzymatic activity). Indeed, any such effect could alter the percutaneous absorption of substances in a number of ways, as we will see. Potential effects are described for five monophasic vehicles, including the three most frequently used: water, ethanol, acetone; and two that are more rarely used, but are realistic: artificial sebum and artificial sweat. Finally, we discuss a number of criteria to be verified and the associated tests that should be performed when choosing the most appropriate vehicle, keeping in mind that, in the context of occupational exposure, the scientific quality of the percutaneous absorption data provided, and how they are interpreted, may have long-range consequences. From the narrative review presented, we also identify and discuss important factors to consider in future updates of the OECD guidelines for in vitro skin absorption experiments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Catherine Champmartin
- French National Research and Safety Institute for the Prevention of Occupational Accidents and Diseases (INRS), Vandoeuvre-les-Nancy Cedex, France
| | - Lisa Chedik
- French National Research and Safety Institute for the Prevention of Occupational Accidents and Diseases (INRS), Vandoeuvre-les-Nancy Cedex, France
| | - Fabrice Marquet
- French National Research and Safety Institute for the Prevention of Occupational Accidents and Diseases (INRS), Vandoeuvre-les-Nancy Cedex, France
| | - Frédéric Cosnier
- French National Research and Safety Institute for the Prevention of Occupational Accidents and Diseases (INRS), Vandoeuvre-les-Nancy Cedex, France
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17
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Silva IR, Lima FA, Reis ECO, Ferreira LAM, Goulart GAC. Stepwise Protocols for Preparation and Use of Porcine Ear Skin for in Vitro Skin Permeation Studies Using Franz Diffusion Cells. Curr Protoc 2022; 2:e391. [PMID: 35290730 DOI: 10.1002/cpz1.391] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
The skin, the largest organ of the body, is an attractive route of topical and systemic drug administration. During the development of topical formulations, in vitro skin permeation studies using biological membranes mounted in Franz diffusion cells are a useful tool to assess the permeation of substances through the skin, and are recommended by the Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development (OECD). Among the types of biological membranes used in such studies, porcine ear skin has been identified as the most promising, due to its similarities to human skin and its greater accessibility as compared to human skin. To standardize techniques for the preparation and use of porcine ear skin as biological membrane, here we present systematic procedures for the selection of porcine ears, their cleaning, the removal of skin from cartilage, its transformation into membranes, and its use for the in vitro assessment of the permeation of drugs from topical formulations. © 2022 Wiley Periodicals LLC. Basic Protocol 1: Obtaining porcine ear membranes Basic Protocol 2: Preparation of membranes from porcine ear skin and use of membranes for in vitro skin permeation studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Izabela R Silva
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Faculty of Pharmacy, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Flávia A Lima
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Faculty of Pharmacy, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Eduardo C O Reis
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Faculty of Pharmacy, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Lucas A M Ferreira
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Faculty of Pharmacy, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Gisele A C Goulart
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Faculty of Pharmacy, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Brazil
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18
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Ravuri HG, Satake N, Balmanno A, Skinner J, Kempster S, Mills PC. Pharmacokinetic Evaluation of a Novel Transdermal Ketoprofen Formulation in Healthy Dogs. Pharmaceutics 2022; 14:pharmaceutics14030646. [PMID: 35336020 PMCID: PMC8953954 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics14030646] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2022] [Revised: 03/11/2022] [Accepted: 03/13/2022] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Dogs undergo various surgical procedures such as castration, ovariohysterectomy, and other orthopedic procedures, which are known to cause inflammation and pain. Non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) are very effective analgesics for alleviating postoperative pain in veterinary medicine. Ketoprofen is currently approved in Australia and the United States for treating different painful conditions in dogs. This study evaluated the pharmacokinetic parameters of ketoprofen after intravenous (IV) and transdermal (TD) administration in healthy dogs. A novel transdermal ketoprofen (TDK) formulation containing 20% ketoprofen, dissolved in a combination of 45:45% isopropanol and Transcutol, along with 10% eucalyptus oil, was developed and evaluated for in vitro dermal permeation using Franz diffusion cells. A crossover study was then conducted to determine the pharmacokinetic parameters of the formulation in six dogs following IV ketoprofen (1 mg/kg) and TDK (10 mg/kg) administration. A liquid chromatography–mass spectrometry (LC-M/MS) method was used to measure plasma concentrations of ketoprofen over time, and a non-compartmental analysis determined the pharmacokinetic parameters. The mean terminal elimination half-life (T½ h), AUC0-t (µg·h/mL), and mean residence time (MRT, h) between IV and TDK groups were 4.69 ± 1.33 and 25.77 ± 22.15 h, 15.75 ± 7.72 and 8.13 ± 4.28 µg·h/mL, and 4.86 ± 1.81 and 41.63 ± 32.33 h, respectively. The calculated bioavailability (F%) was ~7%, with a lag time of 30 min to achieve effective plasma concentrations after the application of TDK.
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Affiliation(s)
- Halley Gora Ravuri
- School of Veterinary Science, The University of Queensland, Gatton, QLD 4343, Australia
| | - Nana Satake
- School of Veterinary Science, The University of Queensland, Gatton, QLD 4343, Australia
| | - Alexandra Balmanno
- School of Veterinary Science, The University of Queensland, Gatton, QLD 4343, Australia
| | - Jazmine Skinner
- School of Agriculture and Environment, University of Southern Queensland, Toowoomba, QLD 4350, Australia
| | - Samantha Kempster
- School of Veterinary Science, The University of Queensland, Gatton, QLD 4343, Australia
| | - Paul C Mills
- School of Veterinary Science, The University of Queensland, Gatton, QLD 4343, Australia
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Enhancing the Bioavailability and Efficacy of Vismodegib for the Control of Skin Cancer: In Vitro and In Vivo Studies. Pharmaceuticals (Basel) 2022; 15:ph15020126. [PMID: 35215238 PMCID: PMC8874937 DOI: 10.3390/ph15020126] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/24/2021] [Revised: 01/14/2022] [Accepted: 01/19/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Skin cancer is the most frequent cancer throughout the world. Vismodegib (VSD) is a hedgehog blocker approved for the prevention and treatment of skin cancer. VSD, however, is poorly bioavailable and has been linked to side effects. This work focused on designing a nano-invasome gel as a vehicle for enhancing the permeation, bioavailability, and efficacy of VSD. Additionally, the combined effect of terpenes and ethanol was studied on the permeation of VSD compared with liposomes. The prepared VSD-loaded invasomes (VLI) formulation included cineole (1%v/v), cholesterol (0.15%w/w), phospholipid (2%w/w), and ethanol (3%v/v) and displayed an entrapment efficiency of 87.73 ± 3.82%, a vesicle size of 188.27 ± 3.25 nm, and a steady-state flux of 9.83 ± 0.11 µg/cm2/h. The VLI formulation was vigorously stirred into a carbopol base before being characterized in vivo to investigate the permeation, bioavailability, and efficacy of VSD. The VLI gel enhanced the dermal permeation of VSD and, as a result, had 3.59 times higher bioavailability with excellent antitumor action as compared to oral VSD. In summary, as an alternative to oral administration for skin cancer treatment, invasomes are efficient carriers for delivering VSD and enhancing its transdermal flux into deep skin layers.
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Optimization and Transfollicular Delivery of Finasteride-Loaded Proniosomes for Hair Growth Stimulation in C57BL/6Mlac Mice. Pharmaceutics 2021; 13:pharmaceutics13122177. [PMID: 34959458 PMCID: PMC8706991 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics13122177] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2021] [Revised: 12/08/2021] [Accepted: 12/11/2021] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
The study aimed to develop the finasteride-loaded proniosome (FLP) to enhance the transfollicular delivery of finasteride (FN). The response surface methodology (RSM) combined with central composite design (CCD) with three independent variables (FN concentrations, total lipid content, and cholesterol content) was used to optimize the FLP preparation. The particles size, zeta potential, entrapment efficiency, and drug loading capacity of the FLP were analyzed. The transfollicular delivery of the optimum formulation was investigated in vitro. In vivo hair growth stimulation study was performed on C57BL/6Mlac mice dorsal areas. The Draize primary skin irritation test for erythema and edema was performed in the New Zealand white rabbit skin. The optimum FLP consists of 5.0 mM of FN, 10.1 mM of total lipid content, and 50.0% of the cholesterol in the total lipid. The prepared proniosome delivered the FN significantly (p < 0.05), compared to the naked finasteride solution in a dose- and time-dependent manner. The FLP treatment significantly increases the number and size of hair follicles in a dose-dependent manner. The efficiency of 1% FLP was comparable to the 2% minoxidil solution. The FLP exhibited no skin irritation after 72 h. Therefore, the results demonstrated that the FLP could stimulate hair growth via a transfollicular delivery system.
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Varrica C, Carvalheiro M, Faria-Silva C, Eleutério C, Sandri G, Simões S. Topical Allopurinol-Loaded Nanostructured Lipid Carriers: A Novel Approach for Wound Healing Management. Bioengineering (Basel) 2021; 8:bioengineering8120192. [PMID: 34940345 PMCID: PMC8698943 DOI: 10.3390/bioengineering8120192] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2021] [Revised: 11/22/2021] [Accepted: 11/24/2021] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Nanostructured lipid carriers (NLC) have been widely studied as delivery systems for a variety of routes, including the skin. Their composition results in an imperfect lipid matrix, allowing increased drug encapsulation. Allopurinol (AP), a xanthine oxidase inhibitor, is characterized by low water solubility and high melting point, which has hampered its use through the topical route. In this work, AP was incorporated in a NLC formulation to enhance drug-carrier association and skin delivery as a topical approach to treat wounds. AP-NLC system was characterized in terms of size, charge, rheological behavior, and in vitro skin permeation. The in vitro cytotoxicity was evaluated using HaCaT cells. The wound healing efficacy of the AP-NLC formulation on animal skin lesions was evaluated in male Wistar rats. The AP-NLC presented a mean size of 193 ± 15 nm with a PdI of 0.240 ± 0.02, zeta potential values around −49.6 mV, and an encapsulation efficiency of 52.2%. The AP-NLC formulation presented an adequate profile to be used topically, since epidermal and dermal drug retention were achieved. No reduction in HaCaT cells viability was observed at the tested concentrations (AP < 10 μg/mL). The in vivo application of the AP-NLC formulation resulted in the regeneration of skin lesions when compared with non-treated controls.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carla Varrica
- Department of Drug Sciences, University of Pavia, 27100 Pavia, Italy; (C.V.); (G.S.)
| | - Manuela Carvalheiro
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Universidade de Lisboa, 1649-003 Lisboa, Portugal; (M.C.); (C.F.-S.); (C.E.)
| | - Catarina Faria-Silva
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Universidade de Lisboa, 1649-003 Lisboa, Portugal; (M.C.); (C.F.-S.); (C.E.)
| | - Carla Eleutério
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Universidade de Lisboa, 1649-003 Lisboa, Portugal; (M.C.); (C.F.-S.); (C.E.)
| | - Giuseppina Sandri
- Department of Drug Sciences, University of Pavia, 27100 Pavia, Italy; (C.V.); (G.S.)
| | - Sandra Simões
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Universidade de Lisboa, 1649-003 Lisboa, Portugal; (M.C.); (C.F.-S.); (C.E.)
- Correspondence:
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Sangboonruang S, Semakul N, Obeid MA, Ruano M, Kitidee K, Anukool U, Pringproa K, Chantawannakul P, Ferro VA, Tragoolpua Y, Tragoolpua K. Potentiality of Melittin-Loaded Niosomal Vesicles Against Vancomycin-Intermediate Staphylococcus aureus and Staphylococcal Skin Infection. Int J Nanomedicine 2021; 16:7639-7661. [PMID: 34819727 PMCID: PMC8606986 DOI: 10.2147/ijn.s325901] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2021] [Accepted: 10/28/2021] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Staphylococcus aureus is an important human pathogen, especially causing skin and soft tissue infections (SSTIs). Over the decades, the infections caused by antibiotic-resistant strains have often become life-threatening. Consequently, exploration and development of competent approaches to combat these serious circumstances are urgently required. Methods The antibacterial activity of melittin (Mel) on S. aureus, methicillin-resistant S. aureus (MRSA) and clinical isolates of vancomycin-intermediate S. aureus (VISA) was investigated by minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) and time-killing assays. The localization of Mel on the bacterial cell was visualized by confocal laser scanning microscopy and its effect on the membrane was indicated based on propidium iodide uptake. The non-ionic surfactant vesicle (NISV) or niosome nanocarrier was established for Mel loading (Mel-loaded NISV) by the thin-film hydration method. Physicochemical and in vitro biological properties of Mel-loaded NISVs were characterized. The cellular uptake of Mel-loaded NISVs was evaluated by holotomography analysis. In addition, an ex vivo study was conducted on a porcine ear skin model to assess the permeation ability of Mel-loaded NISVs and their potential to inhibit bacterial skin infection. Results The effective inhibitory activity of Mel on skin pathogens was demonstrated. Among the tested strains, VISA was most susceptible to Mel. Regarding to its function, Mel targeted the bacterial cell envelope and disrupted cell membrane integrity. Mel-loaded NISVs were successfully fabricated with a nano-size of 120-200 nm and entrapment efficiency of greater than 90%. Moreover, Mel-loaded NISVs were taken up and accumulated in the intracellular space. Meanwhile, Mel was released and distributed throughout the cytosol and nucleus. Mel-loaded NISVs efficiently inhibited the growth of bacteria, particularly MRSA and VISA. Importantly, they not only penetrated epidermal and dermal skin layers, but also reduced the bacterial growth in infected skin. Conclusion Mel-loaded NISVs have a great potential to exhibit antibacterial activity. Therapeutic application of Mel-loaded NISVs could be further developed as an alternative platform for the treatment of skin infection via dermal and transdermal delivery.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Natthawat Semakul
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai, Thailand
| | - Mohammad A Obeid
- Department of Pharmaceutics and Pharmaceutical Technology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Yarmouk University, Irbid, Jordan
| | - Marta Ruano
- Strathclyde Institute of Pharmacy and Biomedical Sciences, University of Strathclyde, Glasgow, UK
| | - Kuntida Kitidee
- Center for Research and Innovation, Faculty of Medical Technology, Mahidol University, Salaya, Nakhon Pathom, Thailand
| | - Usanee Anukool
- Division of Clinical Microbiology, Department of Medical Technology, Faculty of Associated Medical Sciences, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai, Thailand.,Infectious Diseases Research Unit (IDRU), Faculty of Associated Medical Sciences, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai, Thailand
| | - Kidsadagon Pringproa
- Department of Veterinary Biosciences and Veterinary Public Health, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai, Thailand
| | - Panuwan Chantawannakul
- Division of Microbiology, Department of Biology, Faculty of Sciences, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai, Thailand
| | - Valerie A Ferro
- Strathclyde Institute of Pharmacy and Biomedical Sciences, University of Strathclyde, Glasgow, UK
| | - Yingmanee Tragoolpua
- Division of Microbiology, Department of Biology, Faculty of Sciences, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai, Thailand
| | - Khajornsak Tragoolpua
- Division of Clinical Microbiology, Department of Medical Technology, Faculty of Associated Medical Sciences, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai, Thailand.,Infectious Diseases Research Unit (IDRU), Faculty of Associated Medical Sciences, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai, Thailand
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Iyer A, Jyothi VGSS, Agrawal A, Khatri DK, Srivastava S, Singh SB, Madan J. Does skin permeation kinetics influence efficacy of topical dermal drug delivery system?: Assessment, prediction, utilization, and integration of chitosan biomacromolecule for augmenting topical dermal drug delivery in skin. J Adv Pharm Technol Res 2021; 12:345-355. [PMID: 34820308 PMCID: PMC8588922 DOI: 10.4103/japtr.japtr_82_21] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2021] [Revised: 06/28/2021] [Accepted: 07/19/2021] [Indexed: 11/04/2022] Open
Abstract
Skin permeation is an integral part of penetration of topical therapeutics. Zero order in addition to Higuchi permeation kinetic is usually preferred in topical drug delivery cargo. Penetration of therapeutic entities through epidermal barrier is a major challenge for scientific fraternity. Furthermore, penetration of therapeutic entities determines the transportation and ultimately therapeutic efficacy of topical dermal dosage forms. Apart from experimentation models, mathematical equations, in silico docking, molecular dynamics (MDs), and artificial neural network (Neural) techniques are being used to assess free energies and prediction of electrostatic attractions in order to predict the permeation phenomena of therapeutic entities. Therefore, in the present review, we have summarized the significance of kinetic equations, in silico docking, MDs, and ANN in assessing and predicting the penetration behavior of topical therapeutics through dermal dosage form. In addition, the role of chitosan biomacromolecule in modulating permeation of topical therapeutics in skin has also been illustrated using computational techniques.
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Affiliation(s)
- Akshaya Iyer
- Department of Pharmaceutics, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research, Hyderabad, Telangana, India
| | - Vaskuri G S Sainaga Jyothi
- Department of Pharmaceutics, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research, Hyderabad, Telangana, India
| | - Aashruti Agrawal
- Department of Pharmaceutics, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research, Hyderabad, Telangana, India
| | - Dharmendra Kumar Khatri
- Department of Biological Science, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research, Hyderabad, Telangana, India
| | - Saurabh Srivastava
- Department of Pharmaceutics, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research, Hyderabad, Telangana, India
| | - Shashi Bala Singh
- Department of Biological Science, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research, Hyderabad, Telangana, India
| | - Jitender Madan
- Department of Pharmaceutics, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research, Hyderabad, Telangana, India
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Suzuki IL, de Araujo MM, Bagnato VS, Bentley MVLB. TNFα siRNA delivery by nanoparticles and photochemical internalization for psoriasis topical therapy. J Control Release 2021; 338:316-329. [PMID: 34437914 DOI: 10.1016/j.jconrel.2021.08.039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2020] [Revised: 07/29/2021] [Accepted: 08/21/2021] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Psoriasis is a chronic inflammatory skin disease that presents increased expression of tumor necrosis factor α (TNFα), a proinflammatory cytokine. The discovery of RNA interference (RNAi), mediated by short interfering RNA (siRNA), made it possible for the expression of some genes to be eliminated. However, for its application, it is necessary to use carriers that can protect siRNA and release it in the target cells. Herein, we developed a delivery system for siRNA based on hybrid polymer-lipid nanoparticles (PLNs) and combined this system with photochemical internalization (PCI), photoactivating the photosensitizer TPPS2a, to optimize the endosomal escape of TNFα siRNA in the cytoplasm, aiming to use the system as a topical formulation to treat psoriasis. The PLNs composed of 2.0% of Compritol® 888 ATO (lipid), 1.5% of poloxamer 188 and 0.1% of the cationic polymer poly(allylamine hydrochloride) showed an average nanoparticle size of 142 nm, a zeta potential of +25 mV, and the ability to efficiently coencapsulate TPPS2a and complexed siRNA. In addition, these materials did not present cellular toxicity and showed high cellular uptake. In vitro delivery studies using porcine skin model revealed that the PLNs delivered siRNA and TPPS2a into the skin. The efficacy was verified using an in vivo psoriasis animal (hairless mouse) model induced by imiquimod (IMQ) cream. The results revealed that PLN-TPPS2a-TNFα siRNA combined with PCI resulted in a decrease in the levels of TNFα, showing the efficiency of the treatment to silence this cytokine in psoriatic lesions, which was accompanied by a reduction in the redness and scaling of the mouse skin. The results showed the potential of the developed PLNs in combined silencing gene therapy and PCI for topical treatment of psoriasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Isabella Luiz Suzuki
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences of Ribeirao Preto, University of Sao Paulo, Av. do Café, s/n, 14040-903 Ribeirão Preto, SP, Brazil
| | - Margarete Moreno de Araujo
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences of Ribeirao Preto, University of Sao Paulo, Av. do Café, s/n, 14040-903 Ribeirão Preto, SP, Brazil
| | - Vanderlei Salvador Bagnato
- Physics Institute of São Carlos, University of São Paulo, Brazil; Hagler Institute for Advanced Studies, Texas A&M University, College Station, USA
| | - Maria Vitoria Lopes Badra Bentley
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences of Ribeirao Preto, University of Sao Paulo, Av. do Café, s/n, 14040-903 Ribeirão Preto, SP, Brazil.
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The Impact of Improving Dermal Permeation on the Efficacy and Targeting of Liposome Nanoparticles as a Potential Treatment for Breast Cancer. Pharmaceutics 2021; 13:pharmaceutics13101633. [PMID: 34683926 PMCID: PMC8540317 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics13101633] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2021] [Revised: 09/28/2021] [Accepted: 10/03/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Breast cancer is the most frequent malignancy in women. This work focuses on developing deformable liposomes as a potential carrier for breast cancer treatment and studying the impact of improving dermal permeation on the efficacy and targeting of liposomes. Raloxifene (RXF), an oestrogen antagonist, was used as a model drug. Using Box-Behnken design, different formulations of RXF-loaded deformable liposome (RLDL) were prepared using different propylene glycol, phospholipid and cholesterol concentrations. The percentage of entrapment efficiency (Y1), particle size (Y2), zeta potential (Y3) and steady-state flux (Y4) of the prepared formulations were all evaluated. Y1 and Y4 were significantly increased and Y2 and Y3 were significantly decreased when the propylene glycol concentration was increased. The optimization was obtained and the optimum formulation was that including phospholipid (1.40% w/w), cholesterol (0.15% w/w) and propylene glycol (10% v/v). The selected optimum formulation displayed a % EE of 78.34 ± 1.04% with a steady-state flux of 4.21 ± 0.02 µg/cm2/h. In order to investigate bioavailability, antitumor effectiveness and permeation, the optimum formulation was selected and included in a carbopol gel. The optimum gel formulation had 2.77 times higher bioavailability and, as a result, considerable antitumor action as compared to oral RXF. In conclusion, optimum RLDL gel may be an effective breast cancer treatment.
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Gamal A, Saeed H, El-Ela FIA, Salem HF. Improving the Antitumor Activity and Bioavailability of Sonidegib for the Treatment of Skin Cancer. Pharmaceutics 2021; 13:1560. [PMID: 34683853 PMCID: PMC8537379 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics13101560] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2021] [Revised: 09/10/2021] [Accepted: 09/16/2021] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Throughout the United States and the world, skin cancer is the most frequent form of cancer. Sonidegib (SNG) is a hedgehog inhibitor that has been used for skin cancer treatment. However, SNG has low bioavailability and is associated with resistance. The focus of this work is to enhance bioavailability, anti-tumor efficacy and targeting of SNG via developing ethosome gel as a potential treatment for skin cancer. SNG-loaded ethosomes formulation was prepared and characterized in vitro by %entrapment efficiency (%EE), vesicle size, morphology, %release and steady-state flux. The results showed that the prepared formulation was spherical nanovesicles with a %EE of 85.4 ± 0.57%, a particle size of 199.53 ± 4.51 nm and a steady-state flux of 5.58 ± 0.08 µg/cm2/h. In addition, SNG-loaded ethosomes formulation was incorporated into carbopol gel to study the anti-tumor efficacy, localization and bioavailability in vivo. Compared with oral SNG, the formulation showed 3.18 times higher relative bioavailability and consequently significant anti-tumor activity. In addition, this formulation showed a higher rate of SNG penetration in the skin's deep layers and passive targeting in tumor cells. Briefly, SNG-loaded ethosome gel can produce desirable therapeutic benefits for treatment of skin cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amr Gamal
- Department of Pharmaceutics and Industrial Pharmacy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Beni-Suef University, Beni-Suef 625617, Egypt;
| | - Haitham Saeed
- Clinical Pharmacy Department, Faculty of Pharmacy, Beni-Suef University, Beni-Suef 625617, Egypt;
| | - Fatma I. Abo El-Ela
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Beni-Suef University, Beni-Suef 625617, Egypt;
| | - Heba F. Salem
- Department of Pharmaceutics and Industrial Pharmacy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Beni-Suef University, Beni-Suef 625617, Egypt;
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Ossowicz-Rupniewska P, Rakoczy R, Nowak A, Konopacki M, Klebeko J, Świątek E, Janus E, Duchnik W, Wenelska K, Kucharski Ł, Klimowicz A. Transdermal Delivery Systems for Ibuprofen and Ibuprofen Modified with Amino Acids Alkyl Esters Based on Bacterial Cellulose. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:6252. [PMID: 34200719 PMCID: PMC8229522 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22126252] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2021] [Revised: 06/07/2021] [Accepted: 06/09/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The potential of bacterial cellulose as a carrier for the transport of ibuprofen (a typical example of non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs) through the skin was investigated. Ibuprofen and its amino acid ester salts-loaded BC membranes were prepared through a simple methodology and characterized in terms of structure and morphology. Two salts of amino acid isopropyl esters were used in the research, namely L-valine isopropyl ester ibuprofenate ([ValOiPr][IBU]) and L-leucine isopropyl ester ibuprofenate ([LeuOiPr][IBU]). [LeuOiPr][IBU] is a new compound; therefore, it has been fully characterized and its identity confirmed. For all membranes obtained the surface morphology, tensile mechanical properties, active compound dissolution assays, and permeation and skin accumulation studies of API (active pharmaceutical ingredient) were determined. The obtained membranes were very homogeneous. In vitro diffusion studies with Franz cells were conducted using pig epidermal membranes, and showed that the incorporation of ibuprofen in BC membranes provided lower permeation rates to those obtained with amino acids ester salts of ibuprofen. This release profile together with the ease of application and the simple preparation and assembly of the drug-loaded membranes indicates the enormous potentialities of using BC membranes for transdermal application of ibuprofen in the form of amino acid ester salts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paula Ossowicz-Rupniewska
- Department of Chemical Organic Technology and Polymeric Materials, Faculty of Chemical Technology and Engineering, West Pomeranian University of Technology in Szczecin, Piastów Ave. 42, 71-065 Szczecin, Poland; (J.K.); (E.Ś.); (E.J.)
| | - Rafał Rakoczy
- Department of Chemical and Process Engineering, Faculty of Chemical Technology and Engineering, West Pomeranian University of Technology in Szczecin, Piastów Ave. 42, 71-065 Szczecin, Poland; (R.R.); (M.K.)
| | - Anna Nowak
- Department of Cosmetic and Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Pomeranian Medical University in Szczecin, Powstańców Wielkopolskich Ave. 72, 70-111 Szczecin, Poland; (A.N.); (W.D.); (Ł.K.); (A.K.)
| | - Maciej Konopacki
- Department of Chemical and Process Engineering, Faculty of Chemical Technology and Engineering, West Pomeranian University of Technology in Szczecin, Piastów Ave. 42, 71-065 Szczecin, Poland; (R.R.); (M.K.)
| | - Joanna Klebeko
- Department of Chemical Organic Technology and Polymeric Materials, Faculty of Chemical Technology and Engineering, West Pomeranian University of Technology in Szczecin, Piastów Ave. 42, 71-065 Szczecin, Poland; (J.K.); (E.Ś.); (E.J.)
| | - Ewelina Świątek
- Department of Chemical Organic Technology and Polymeric Materials, Faculty of Chemical Technology and Engineering, West Pomeranian University of Technology in Szczecin, Piastów Ave. 42, 71-065 Szczecin, Poland; (J.K.); (E.Ś.); (E.J.)
| | - Ewa Janus
- Department of Chemical Organic Technology and Polymeric Materials, Faculty of Chemical Technology and Engineering, West Pomeranian University of Technology in Szczecin, Piastów Ave. 42, 71-065 Szczecin, Poland; (J.K.); (E.Ś.); (E.J.)
| | - Wiktoria Duchnik
- Department of Cosmetic and Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Pomeranian Medical University in Szczecin, Powstańców Wielkopolskich Ave. 72, 70-111 Szczecin, Poland; (A.N.); (W.D.); (Ł.K.); (A.K.)
| | - Karolina Wenelska
- Department of Nanomaterials Physicochemistry, Faculty of Chemical Technology and Engineering, West Pomeranian University of Technology in Szczecin, Piastów Ave. 45, 70-311 Szczecin, Poland;
| | - Łukasz Kucharski
- Department of Cosmetic and Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Pomeranian Medical University in Szczecin, Powstańców Wielkopolskich Ave. 72, 70-111 Szczecin, Poland; (A.N.); (W.D.); (Ł.K.); (A.K.)
| | - Adam Klimowicz
- Department of Cosmetic and Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Pomeranian Medical University in Szczecin, Powstańców Wielkopolskich Ave. 72, 70-111 Szczecin, Poland; (A.N.); (W.D.); (Ł.K.); (A.K.)
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Resistivity Technique for the Evaluation of the Integrity of Buccal and Esophageal Epithelium Mucosa for In Vitro Permeation Studies: Swine Buccal and Esophageal Mucosa Barrier Models. Pharmaceutics 2021; 13:pharmaceutics13050643. [PMID: 33946622 PMCID: PMC8147247 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics13050643] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2021] [Revised: 04/01/2021] [Accepted: 04/02/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Permeation assays are important for the development of topical formulations applied on buccal mucosa. Swine buccal and esophageal epithelia are usually used as barriers for these assays, while frozen epithelia have been used to optimize the experimental setup. However, there is no consensus on these methods. In transdermal studies, barrier integrity has been evaluated by measuring electrical resistance (ER) across the skin, which has been demonstrated to be a simple, fast, safe, and cost-effective method. Therefore, the aims here were to investigate whether ER might also be an effective method to evaluate buccal and esophageal epithelium mucosa integrity for in vitro permeation studies, and to establish a cut-off ER value for each epithelium mucosa model. We further investigated whether buccal epithelium could be substituted by esophageal epithelium in transbuccal permeation studies, and whether their permeability and integrity were affected by freezing at -20 °C for 3 weeks. Fresh and frozen swine buccal and esophageal epithelia were mounted in Franz diffusion cells and were then submitted to ER measurement. Permeation assays were performed using lidocaine hydrochloride as a hydrophilic drug model. ER was shown to be a reliable method for evaluating esophageal and buccal epithelia. The esophageal epithelium presented higher permeability compared to the buccal epithelium. For both epithelia, freezing and storage led to decreased electrical resistivity and increased permeability. We conclude that ER may be safely used to confirm tissue integrity when it is equal to or above 3 kΩ for fresh esophageal mucosa, but not for buccal epithelium mucosa. However, the use of esophageal epithelium in in vitro transmucosal studies could overestimate the absorption of hydrophilic drugs. In addition, fresh samples are recommended for these experiments, especially when hydrophilic drugs are involved.
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Leite MN, Viegas JSR, Praça FSG, de Paula NA, Ramalho LNZ, Bentley MVLB, Frade MAC. Ex vivo model of human skin (hOSEC) for assessing the dermatokinetics of the anti-melanoma drug Dacarbazine. Eur J Pharm Sci 2021; 160:105769. [PMID: 33610737 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejps.2021.105769] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2020] [Revised: 02/05/2021] [Accepted: 02/15/2021] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Alternative models to replace animals in experimental studies remain a challenge in testing the effectiveness of dermatologic and cosmetic drugs. We proposed a model of human organotypic skin explant culture (hOSEC) to assess the profile of cutaneous drug skin distribution, adopting dacarbazine as a model, and respective new methodologies for dermatokinetic analysis. The viability tests were evaluated in primary keratinocytes and fibroblasts, and skin by MTT and TTC assays, respectively. Then, dacarbazine was applied to the culture medium, and the hOSEC method was applied to verify the dynamics of skin distribution of dacarbazine and determine its dermatokinetic profile. The results of cell and tissue viability showed that both were considered viable. The dermatokinetic results indicated that dacarbazine can be absorbed through the skin, reaching a concentration of 36.36 µg/mL (18,18%) of the initial dose (200 µg/mL) after 12 h in culture. Histological data showed that the skin maintained its structure throughout the tested time that the hOSEC method was applied. No apoptotic cells were observed in the epidermal and dermal layers. No visible changes in the dermo-epidermal junction and no inflammatory processes with the recruitment of defense cells were observed. Hence, these findings suggest that the hOSEC concept as an alternative ex vivo model for assessing the dynamics of skin distribution of drugs, such as dacarbazine, and determining their respective dermatokinetic profiles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marcel Nani Leite
- Division of Dermatology - Wound Healing & Hansen's Disease Lab, Department of Internal Medicine, Ribeirão Preto Medical School, University of São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, São Paulo, Brazil.
| | - Juliana Santos Rosa Viegas
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences of Ribeirão Preto, University of São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, São Paulo, Brazil.
| | - Fabíola Silva Garcia Praça
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences of Ribeirão Preto, University of São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, São Paulo, Brazil.
| | - Natália Aparecida de Paula
- Division of Dermatology - Wound Healing & Hansen's Disease Lab, Department of Internal Medicine, Ribeirão Preto Medical School, University of São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, São Paulo, Brazil.
| | - Leandra Náira Zambelli Ramalho
- Department of Pathology and Legal Medicine, Ribeirão Preto Medical School, University of São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, São Paulo, Brazil.
| | | | - Marco Andrey Cipriani Frade
- Division of Dermatology - Wound Healing & Hansen's Disease Lab, Department of Internal Medicine, Ribeirão Preto Medical School, University of São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, São Paulo, Brazil.
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Mohan V, Wairkar S. Current regulatory scenario and alternative surrogate methods to establish bioequivalence of topical generic products. J Drug Deliv Sci Technol 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jddst.2020.102090] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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31
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Giacone DV, Dartora VFMC, de Matos JKR, Passos JS, Miranda DAG, de Oliveira EA, Silveira ER, Costa-Lotufo LV, Maria-Engler SS, Lopes LB. Effect of nanoemulsion modification with chitosan and sodium alginate on the topical delivery and efficacy of the cytotoxic agent piplartine in 2D and 3D skin cancer models. Int J Biol Macromol 2020; 165:1055-1065. [PMID: 32987080 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2020.09.167] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2020] [Revised: 08/24/2020] [Accepted: 09/20/2020] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
Due to the limited options for topical management of skin cancer, this study aimed at developing and evaluating nanoemulsions (NE) for topical delivery of the cytotoxic agent piplartine (piperlongumine). NEs were modified with chitosan or sodium alginate, and the effects on the physicochemical properties, piplartine delivery and formulation efficacy were evaluated. The nanoemulsion droplets displayed similar size (96-112 nm), but opposite charge; the polysaccharides improved piplartine penetration into and across the skin (1.3-1.9-fold) in a similar manner, increasing the ratio "drug in the skin/receptor phase" by 1.4-1.5-fold compared to the plain NE and highlighting their relevance for cutaneous localization. Oleic acid addition to the chitosan-containing NE further increased drug penetration (~1.9-2.0-fold), as did increases in drug content from 0.5 to 1%. The cytotoxicity of piplartine was ~2.8-fold higher when the drug was incorporated in the chitosan-containing NE compared to its solution (IC50 = 14.6 μM) against melanoma cells. The effects of this nanocarrier on 3D melanoma tissues were concentration-related; at 1%, piplartine elicited marked epidermis destruction. These results support the potential applicability of the chitosan-modified nanoemulsion containing piplartine as a new strategy for local management of skin cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniela V Giacone
- Institute of Biomedical Sciences, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | | | | | - Julia S Passos
- Institute of Biomedical Sciences, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Daniel A G Miranda
- Institute of Biomedical Sciences, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Erica A de Oliveira
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Edilberto R Silveira
- Department of Inorganic and Organic Chemistry, Federal University of Ceará, Fortaleza, CE, Brazil
| | | | | | - Luciana B Lopes
- Institute of Biomedical Sciences, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, SP, Brazil.
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Al-Akayleh F, Adwan S, Khanfar M, Idkaidek N, Al-Remawi M. A Novel Eutectic-Based Transdermal Delivery System for Risperidone. AAPS PharmSciTech 2020; 22:4. [PMID: 33221990 DOI: 10.1208/s12249-020-01844-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2020] [Revised: 10/01/2020] [Accepted: 10/07/2020] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
This paper reports for the first time the possible formation of a novel room temperature therapeutic deep eutectic solvent (THEDES) of risperidone (RIS) with some fatty acids, namely capric acid (C10; CA), lauric acid (C12; LA), and myristic acid (C14; MA). All mixtures of RIS and MA yielded a solid or pasty-like solid and were readily discarded. Some of the prepared THEDESs from RIS and CA or LA have spontaneously transformed into a transparent liquid, without any precipitate at room temperature by simple physical mixing of the components. From the DSC thermograms, phase diagrams of the eutectic systems were constructed and the lowest obtained melting point for a RIS:CA mixture was 17°C at 40:60% w/w ratio. While 22°C was recorded as the lowest melting point for RIS:LA at a ratio of 30:70% w/w, solubility improvement of RIS was up to 70,000-fold compared with water. Freeze-drying microscopy provided valuable information regarding the phase change and transitions the drug undergoes as a function of temperature and it clarifies the interpretation of the DSC results and provides valuable evidence of drug crystals co-melting within the fatty acid base. The presence of natural fatty acid as one component of THEDES and the depression in the melting point significantly (P < 0.05) enhanced RIS skin permeation. Rheological studies showed a viscosity temperature dependency of the DES and well fitted to the Arrhenius equation. Application of the obtained THEDES on the shaved skin of rats revealed the absence of any irritation or edema effects.
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Silva-Alvarez AF, Ferreira MP, Vicentini FTMC, Pedrazzi V, de Freitas O. A New Approach to Ex Vivo Permeation Studies in In-Situ Film-Forming Systems. AAPS PharmSciTech 2020; 21:257. [PMID: 32895787 DOI: 10.1208/s12249-020-01799-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2020] [Accepted: 08/18/2020] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
The skin is the largest human organ and an important topical route. Even with some challenges, it is an important ally in medication administration, mainly because it is painless and easy-to-apply. Semisolid formulations are the most used dosage forms for drug administration via this delivery route and can be optimized when transformed into a film, favoring on-site maintenance, and promoting drug permeation. However, in situ film-forming systems are difficult to assess and characterize using Franz-type diffusion cells once this apparatus is ideal to formulations without transition phases. The present study proposed a different method to characterize these formulations and provide complementary data on drug and penetration enhancer behaviors, as close as possible to real application conditions. This characterization method allowed us to analyze drug concentration on three necessary occasions: remaining in the polymer film, stratum corneum using adhesive tape, and skin to check where drugs will have a desirable effect. As a proof-of-concept, the proposed ex vivo permeation method was used to evaluate a film-forming system containing lidocaine and prilocaine. We could also evaluate transition phases of drug compositions and quantify drugs at key times after application. Hence, the developed method may be used to provide complementary data to the Franz diffusion cell method, in terms of drug and penetration enhancer behaviors incorporated into film-forming delivery systems.
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Taofiq O, Barreiro MF, Ferreira ICFR. The Role of Bioactive Compounds and other Metabolites from Mushrooms against Skin Disorders- A Systematic Review Assessing their Cosmeceutical and Nutricosmetic Outcomes. Curr Med Chem 2020; 27:6926-6965. [PMID: 32238131 DOI: 10.2174/0929867327666200402100157] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2019] [Revised: 11/19/2019] [Accepted: 12/15/2019] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
Bioactive compounds derived from mushrooms have been shown to present promising potential as cosmeceutical or nutricosmetic ingredients. Scientific data reviewed herein showed that extracts prepared from medicinal and edible mushrooms and their individual metabolites presented antiinflammatory, antioxidant, photoprotective, antimicrobial, anti-tyrosinase, anti-elastase, and anticollagenase activities. These metabolites can be utilised as ingredients to suppress the severity of Inflammatory Skin Diseases, offer photoprotection to the skin, and correct Hyperpigmentation. However, studies regarding the molecular mechanism behind the mentioned bioactivities are still lacking. Challenges associated with the use of mushroom extracts and their associated metabolites as cosmeceutical and nutricosmetic ingredients include several steps from the fruiting bodies to the final product: extraction optimization, estimation of the efficacy and safety claims, the use of micro and nanocarriers to allow for controlled release and the pros and cons associated with the use of extracts vs individual compounds. This systematic review highlights that mushrooms contain diverse biomolecules that can be sustainably used in the development of nutricosmetic and cosmeceutical formulations. Reports regarding stability, compatibility, and safety assessment, but also toxicological studies are still needed to be considered. Furthermore, some of the constraints and limitations hindering the development of this type of ingredients still require long-term studies to achieve major breakthroughs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Oludemi Taofiq
- Centro de Investigacao de Montanha (CIMO), Instituto Politecnico de Braganca, Campus de Santa Apolonia, 5300-253 Braganca, Portugal
| | - Maria Filomena Barreiro
- Centro de Investigacao de Montanha (CIMO), Instituto Politecnico de Braganca, Campus de Santa Apolonia, 5300-253 Braganca, Portugal
| | - Isabel C F R Ferreira
- Centro de Investigacao de Montanha (CIMO), Instituto Politecnico de Braganca, Campus de Santa Apolonia, 5300-253 Braganca, Portugal
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Control of basal cell carcinoma via positively charged ethosomes of Vismodegib: In vitro and in vivo studies. J Drug Deliv Sci Technol 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jddst.2020.101556] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
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Viegas JSR, Praça FG, Caron AL, Suzuki I, Silvestrini AVP, Medina WSG, Del Ciampo JO, Kravicz M, Bentley MVLB. Nanostructured lipid carrier co-delivering tacrolimus and TNF-α siRNA as an innovate approach to psoriasis. Drug Deliv Transl Res 2020; 10:646-660. [DOI: 10.1007/s13346-020-00723-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
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de Oliveira JK, Ueda-Nakamura T, Corrêa AG, Petrilli R, Lopez RFV, Nakamura CV, Auzely-Velty R. Liposome-based nanocarrier loaded with a new quinoxaline derivative for the treatment of cutaneous leishmaniasis. MATERIALS SCIENCE & ENGINEERING. C, MATERIALS FOR BIOLOGICAL APPLICATIONS 2020; 110:110720. [PMID: 32204033 DOI: 10.1016/j.msec.2020.110720] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2018] [Revised: 01/24/2020] [Accepted: 02/03/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
The use of nanocarriers for drug delivery is a strategy aimed to improve therapeutic indices through changes in their pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic characteristics. Liposomes are well-investigated nanocarriers for drug delivery to macrophage-targeted therapy, the main hosts of intracellular pathogens of some infectious diseases, such as leishmaniasis. In this study, we developed hyaluronic acid (HA)-coated liposomes by different methods that can encapsulate a new quinoxaline derivative, the LSPN331, to increase its solubility and improve its bioavailability. The surface modification of liposomes and their physicochemical characteristics may depend on the coating method, which may be a critical parameter with regard to the route of administration of the antileishmanial drug. Liposomes with identical phospholipid composition containing the same drug were developed, and different biological responses were verified, and our hypothesis is that it is related to the type of modification of the surface. Different physicochemical characterization techniques (dynamic light scattering, transmission electron microscopy and UV-vis quantification of labeled-HA) were used to confirm the successful modification of liposomes as well as their stability upon storage. The encapsulation of LSPN331 was performed using HPLC method, and the entrapment efficiency (EE%) was satisfatory in all formulations, considering results of similar formulations in the literature. Furthermore, in vitro and in vivo studies were carried out to evaluate the efficacy against the parasite Leishmania amazonensis. The in vitro activity was maintained or even improved and HA-coated liposomes showed the ability to target to the site of action by the proposed routes of administration, topically and intravenously. Both formulations are promising for future tests of antileishmania activity in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Tânia Ueda-Nakamura
- Programa de Pós Graduação em Ciências Farmacêuticas, Universidade Estadual de Maringá, Maringá, PR, Brazil
| | | | - Raquel Petrilli
- Faculdade de Ciências Farmacêuticas de Ribeirão Preto USP, Ribeirão Preto, SP, Brazil
| | | | - Celso Vataru Nakamura
- Programa de Pós Graduação em Ciências Farmacêuticas, Universidade Estadual de Maringá, Maringá, PR, Brazil.
| | - Rachel Auzely-Velty
- Centre de Recherches sur les Macromolécules Végétales, Cermav, Université Grenoble Alpes, Grenoble, France.
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Praça FG, Viegas JSR, Peh HY, Garbin TN, Medina WSG, Bentley MVLB. Microemulsion co-delivering vitamin A and vitamin E as a new platform for topical treatment of acute skin inflammation. MATERIALS SCIENCE & ENGINEERING. C, MATERIALS FOR BIOLOGICAL APPLICATIONS 2020; 110:110639. [PMID: 32204073 DOI: 10.1016/j.msec.2020.110639] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2019] [Revised: 11/06/2019] [Accepted: 01/03/2020] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
In this study, we developed a water-in-oil microemulsion containing vitamin A (retinol) and vitamin E (α-tocopherol), which serves as a multifunctional nanosystem that co-delivers antioxidants and displayed additive effect against acute skin inflammation. Microemulsion (ME) was prepared by mixing a surfactant blend (Tween 80 and propylene glycol, 5:1) with isopropyl myristate and water (ratio of 50:40:10, respectively). Vitamin A (0.05% w/w concentration) and/or vitamin E (0.1% w/w concentration) were incorporated into the surfactant mixture of ME by stirring with a magnetic stirrer for 30 min. This multifunctional ME displayed physical stability, with low cytotoxicity in 3T3 cell line, as well as cellular internalization into the cytosol. In vivo treatments using ME delivering α-tocopherol reduced dermal expression of TNF-α by 1.3-fold (p < 0.01), when compared to unloaded ME treatment group. When retinol was added into the ME containing α-tocopherol, it further reduced TNF-α expression by 2-fold (p < 0.001), suggesting the additive effect of vitamin E and vitamin A in the treatment against skin inflammation. In conclusion, we successfully developed the use of water-in-oil ME to pack both vitamin E and vitamin A, and demonstrated for the first time its anti-inflammatory potential when applied topically to TPA-induced inflamed skin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fabíola Garcia Praça
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences of Ribeirão Preto, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Juliana Santos Rosa Viegas
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences of Ribeirão Preto, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Hong Yong Peh
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | | | | | - Maria Vitoria Lopes Badra Bentley
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences of Ribeirão Preto, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, São Paulo, Brazil
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F AG, Sayed OM, Abo El-Ela FI, Kharshoum RM, Salem HF. Treatment of Basal Cell Carcinoma Via Binary Ethosomes of Vismodegib: In Vitro and In Vivo Studies. AAPS PharmSciTech 2020; 21:51. [PMID: 31900659 DOI: 10.1208/s12249-019-1574-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2019] [Accepted: 10/18/2019] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Vismodegib (VMD) is a hedgehog inhibitor which indicated for basal cell skin cancer (BCC). This work focuses on investigating the influence of isopropyl alcohol additive for topical delivering and targeting of VMD-loaded binary ethosomes for BCC treatment. Different binary ethosome formulae were prepared based on Box-Behnken design using different concentrations of phospholipid (A), cholesterol (B) and isopropyl alcohol/total alcohol ratio (C). The prepared formulae were characterized for %entrapment efficiency (R1), vesicle size (R2), %release (R3) and steady-state flux (R4). Increasing A, B and C resulted in significant increase of R1 and R2 and significant decrease of R3 and R4. The optimization was achieved and the optimum formula was selected to investigate its anti-tumour efficacy in vivo. The optimum formula showed a localized VMD and consequently a significant anti-tumour activity compared with oral VMD. Briefly, VMD-loaded binary ethosome gel could be an effective treatment of BCC with lower side effects. Graphical abstract.
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40
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Quality and equivalence of topical products: A critical appraisal. Eur J Pharm Sci 2019; 148:105082. [PMID: 31626969 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejps.2019.105082] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2019] [Revised: 09/17/2019] [Accepted: 09/18/2019] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
The approval of topical generic products is essentially governed by clinical endpoint studies. Is this the most efficient approach to document bioequivalence in these particular dosage forms? This issue has sparked multiple discussions among different stakeholders - academia, industry and several regulatory agencies - in the active pursuit for new and robust surrogate methodologies. This mini review attempts to critically discuss this topic in light of the recently issued European regulatory requirements within the proposed modular framework for bioequivalence assessment.
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Carvalho VFM, Salata GC, de Matos JKR, Costa-Fernandez S, Chorilli M, Steiner AA, de Araujo GLB, Silveira ER, Costa-Lotufo LV, Lopes LB. Optimization of composition and obtainment parameters of biocompatible nanoemulsions intended for intraductal administration of piplartine (piperlongumine) and mammary tissue targeting. Int J Pharm 2019; 567:118460. [PMID: 31247278 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpharm.2019.118460] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2019] [Revised: 05/27/2019] [Accepted: 06/23/2019] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
As a new strategy for treatment of ductal carcinoma in situ, biocompatible and bioadhesive nanoemulsions for intraductal administration of the cytotoxic agent piplartine (piperlongumine) were optimized in this study. To confer bioadhesive properties, the nanoemulsion was modified with chitosan or hyaluronic acid. Tricaprylin was selected as the nanoemulsion non-polar phase due to its ability to dissolve larger drug amounts compared to isopropyl myristate and monocaprylin. Use of phosphatidylcholine as sole surfactant did not result in a homogeneous nanoemulsion, while its association with polysorbate 80 and glycerol (in a surfactant blend) led to the formation of nanoemulsions with droplet size of 76.5 ± 1.2 nm. Heating the aqueous phase to 50 °C enabled sonication time reduction from 20 to 10 min. Inclusion of either chitosan or hyaluronic acid resulted in nanoemulsions with similar in vitro bioadhesive potential, and comparable ability to prolong mammary tissue retention (to 120 h) in vivo without causing undesirable histological alterations. Piplartine was stable in both nanoemulsions for 60 days; however, the size of loaded NE-HA was maintained at a similar range for longer periods of time, suggesting that this nanoemulsion may be a stronger candidate for intraductal delivery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vanessa F M Carvalho
- Department of Pharmacology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Giovanna C Salata
- Department of Pharmacology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Jenyffer K R de Matos
- Department of Pharmacology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Sandra Costa-Fernandez
- Department of Pharmacology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Marlus Chorilli
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences at Araraquara, São Paulo State University, Araraquara, SP, Brazil
| | - Alexandre A Steiner
- Department of Immunology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | | | - Edilberto R Silveira
- Department of Inorganic and Organic Chemistry, Federal University of Ceará, Fortaleza, CE, Brazil
| | - Leticia V Costa-Lotufo
- Department of Pharmacology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Luciana B Lopes
- Department of Pharmacology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, SP, Brazil.
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Savić V, Ilić T, Nikolić I, Marković B, Čalija B, Cekić N, Savić S. Tacrolimus-loaded lecithin-based nanostructured lipid carrier and nanoemulsion with propylene glycol monocaprylate as a liquid lipid: Formulation characterization and assessment of dermal delivery compared to referent ointment. Int J Pharm 2019; 569:118624. [PMID: 31419461 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpharm.2019.118624] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2019] [Revised: 08/08/2019] [Accepted: 08/12/2019] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Nanostructured lipid carriers (NLC) and nanoemulsions (NE) are colloid carriers which could improve dermal delivery of tacrolimus. The aims of this study were to evaluate effects of different formulation and process parameters on physicochemical characteristics and stability of lecithin-based NLC with glyceryl palmitostearate as solid and propylene glycol monocaprylate as liquid lipid and to compare the influence of different inner structure of tacrolimus-loaded NLC and corresponding NE on physicochemical characteristics, stability, entrapment efficiency, in vitro drug release and overall skin performance. Solid/liquid lipid ratio, total amount of lipids, homogenization pressure and cooling after the preparation were identified as critical variables in NLC development. Moreover, tacrolimus-loaded NLC emerged as more stabile carrier than NE. Differential stripping performed on porcine ear skin revealed significantly higher tacrolimus amount in stratum corneum from nanocarriers compared to referent ointment (Protopic®). Similarly the highest amount of tacrolimus in hair follicles was obtained using NLC (268.54 ± 92.38 ng/cm2), followed by NE (128.17 ± 48.87 ng/cm2) and Protopic® (77.61 ± 43.25 ng/cm2). Contrary, the highest permeation rate through full-thickness porcine ear skin was observed for Protopic®, implying that the selection of experimental setup is critical for reliable skin performance assessment. Overall, developed NLC could be suggested as promising carrier in a form of lotion for tacrolimus dermal delivery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vedrana Savić
- Department of Pharmaceutical Technology and Cosmetology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Belgrade, Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Tanja Ilić
- Department of Pharmaceutical Technology and Cosmetology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Belgrade, Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Ines Nikolić
- Department of Pharmaceutical Technology and Cosmetology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Belgrade, Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Bojan Marković
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Belgrade, Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Bojan Čalija
- Department of Pharmaceutical Technology and Cosmetology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Belgrade, Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Nebojša Cekić
- Faculty of Technology, University of Niš, Leskovac, Serbia; DCP Hemigal, Leskovac, Serbia
| | - Snežana Savić
- Department of Pharmaceutical Technology and Cosmetology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Belgrade, Belgrade, Serbia.
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43
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Kang JH, Chon J, Kim YI, Lee HJ, Oh DW, Lee HG, Han CS, Kim DW, Park CW. Preparation and evaluation of tacrolimus-loaded thermosensitive solid lipid nanoparticles for improved dermal distribution. Int J Nanomedicine 2019; 14:5381-5396. [PMID: 31409994 PMCID: PMC6645695 DOI: 10.2147/ijn.s215153] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2019] [Accepted: 06/27/2019] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: Tacrolimus (TCR), also known as FK-506, is a biopharmaceutics classification system (BCS) class II drug that is insoluble in water because of its high log P values. After dermal application, TCR remains in the stratum corneum and passes through the skin layers with difficulty. Purpose: The objectives of this study were to develop and evaluate solid lipid nanoparticles (SLNs) with thermosensitive properties to improve penetration and retention. Methods: We prepared TCR-loaded thermosensitive solid lipid nanoparticles (TCR-SLNs) with different types of surfactants on the shell of the particle, which conferred the advantages of enhancing skin permeation and distribution. We also characterized them from a physic point of view and performed in vitro and in vivo evaluations. Results: The TCR contained in the prepared TCR-SLN was in an amorphous state and entrapped in the particles with a high loading efficiency. The assessment of ex vivo skin penetration using excised rat dorsal skin showed that the TCR-SLNs penetrated to a deeper layer than the reference product (0.1% Protopic®). In addition, the in vivo skin penetration test demonstrated that TCR-SLNs delivered more drug into deeper skin layers than the reference product. FT-IR images also confirmed drug distribution of TCR-SLNs into deeper layers of the skin. Conclusion: These results revealed the potential application of thermosensitive SLNs for the delivery of difficult-to-permeate, poorly water-soluble drugs into deep skin layers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ji-Hyun Kang
- College of Pharmacy, Chungbuk National University, Cheongju, Republic of Korea
| | - Jinmann Chon
- School of Medicine, Kyung Hee University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Young-Il Kim
- College of Pharmacy, Chungbuk National University, Cheongju, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyo-Jung Lee
- College of Pharmacy, Chungbuk National University, Cheongju, Republic of Korea
| | - Dong-Won Oh
- College of Pharmacy, Chungbuk National University, Cheongju, Republic of Korea
| | - Hong-Goo Lee
- College of Pharmacy, Chungbuk National University, Cheongju, Republic of Korea
| | - Chang-Soo Han
- College of Pharmacy, Chungbuk National University, Cheongju, Republic of Korea
| | - Dong-Wook Kim
- Department of Pharmaceutical Engineering, Cheongju University, Cheongju, Republic of Korea
| | - Chun-Woong Park
- College of Pharmacy, Chungbuk National University, Cheongju, Republic of Korea
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44
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Mushroom ethanolic extracts as cosmeceuticals ingredients: Safety and ex vivo skin permeation studies. Food Chem Toxicol 2019; 127:228-236. [DOI: 10.1016/j.fct.2019.03.045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/27/2018] [Revised: 03/14/2019] [Accepted: 03/23/2019] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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45
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Mojeiko G, de Brito M, Salata GC, Lopes LB. Combination of microneedles and microemulsions to increase celecoxib topical delivery for potential application in chemoprevention of breast cancer. Int J Pharm 2019; 560:365-376. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpharm.2019.02.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2018] [Revised: 01/23/2019] [Accepted: 02/06/2019] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
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46
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Lai YJ, Hsu KD, Huang TJ, Hsieh CW, Chan YH, Cheng KC. Anti-Melanogenic Effect from Submerged Mycelial Cultures of Ganoderma weberianum. MYCOBIOLOGY 2019; 47:112-119. [PMID: 30988994 PMCID: PMC6450578 DOI: 10.1080/12298093.2019.1568680] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2018] [Revised: 12/25/2018] [Accepted: 01/02/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Compounds from Lingzhi has been demonstrated the ability for inhibiting tyrosinase (a key enzyme in melanogenesis) activity. In this study, we investigated the anti-melanogenic activity from the submerged mycelial culture of Ganoderma weberianum and elucidated the skin lightening mechanism by B16-F10 murine melanoma cells. From the cellular context, several fractionated mycelium samples exhibited anti-melanogenic activity by reducing more than 40% extracellular melanin content of B16-F10 melanoma cells. In particular, the fractionated chloroform extract (CF-F3) inhibited both secreted and intracellular melanin with the lowest dosage (25 ppm). Further analysis demonstrated that CF-F3 inhibited cellular tyrosinase activity without altering its protein expression. Taken together, our study has demonstrated that the chemical extracts from submerged mycelial culture of G. weberianum have the potential to serve as an alternative anti-melanogenic agent.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ying-Jang Lai
- Department of Food Science, National Quemoy University, Kinmen, Taiwan
| | - Kai-Di Hsu
- Institute of Biotechnology, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Tzu-Jung Huang
- Graduate Institute of Food Science Technology, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Chang-Wei Hsieh
- Department of Food Science and Biotechnology, National Chung Hsing University, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Yu-Hin Chan
- Institute of Biotechnology, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Kuan-Chen Cheng
- Institute of Biotechnology, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
- Graduate Institute of Food Science Technology, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
- Department of Medical Research, China Medical University Hospital, China Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan
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47
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Carvalho VFM, Giacone DV, Costa-Lotufo LV, Silveira ER, Lopes LB. Development of a method for quantitative determination of the cytotoxic agent piplartine (piperlongumine) in multiple skin layers. Biomed Chromatogr 2019; 33:e4386. [PMID: 30238489 DOI: 10.1002/bmc.4386] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2018] [Revised: 09/07/2018] [Accepted: 09/13/2018] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
This study reports the development of a simple and reproducible method, with high rates of recovery, to extract the cytotoxic agent piplartine from skin layers, and a sensitive and rapid UV-HPLC method for its quantification. Considering the potential of piplartine for topical treatment of skin cancer, this method may find application for formulation development and pharmacokinetics studies to assess cutaneous bioavailability. Porcine skin was employed as a model for human tissue. Piplartine was extracted from the stratum corneum (SC) and remaining viable skin layers (VS) using methanol, vortex homogenization and bath sonication, and subsequently assayed by HPLC using a C18 column, and 1:1 (v/v) acetonitrile-water (adjusted to pH 4.0 with acetic acid 0.1%) as mobile phase. The quantification limit of piplartine was 0.2 μg/mL (0.6 μm), and the assay was linear up to 5 μg/mL (15.8 μm), with within-day and between-days assay coefficients of variation and relative errors <15%. Piplartine recovery from SC and VS varied from 86 to 96%. The method was suitable to assay samples from skin penetration studies, enabling detection of differences in cutaneous delivery in different skin compartments resulting from treatment with various formulations and time periods.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vanessa F M Carvalho
- Department of Pharmacology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Daniela V Giacone
- Department of Pharmacology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Leticia V Costa-Lotufo
- Department of Pharmacology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Edilberto Rocha Silveira
- Department of Inorganic and Organic Chemistry, Federal University of Ceará, Fortaleza, Ceará, Brazil
| | - Luciana B Lopes
- Department of Pharmacology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
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48
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Full-Thickness Intraoral Mucosa Barrier Models for In Vitro Drug-Permeation Studies Using Microneedles. J Pharm Sci 2018; 108:1756-1764. [PMID: 30553821 DOI: 10.1016/j.xphs.2018.12.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2018] [Revised: 11/13/2018] [Accepted: 12/04/2018] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
The use of permeation enhancers such as microneedles (MNs) to increase drug penetration across intraoral mucosa has increased in recent years. Permeation studies, commonly performed using vertical diffusion cells, are a well-established way to preview formulations and enhance their performance during the development stage. However, to our knowledge, the existing intraoral mucosa barrier models do not permit permeation using MN-pretreated mucosa due to their insufficient thickness. Therefore, the objective of this study was to develop a barrier model using thick palate tissues to perform in vitro permeation studies, with physical enhancement of the permeability of intraoral mucosa by pretreatment with MNs. The adapted Franz-type cells used in the permeation experiments were validated (cell dimensions and volume, sealing effectiveness, stirring and dissolution efficiency, temperature control, and establishment of uniaxial flux). Commercially available MNs were used in the palatal mucosa. Optical images of the mucosa were acquired to analyze the microperforations created. In vitro permeation studies were conducted with the MN-pretreated mucosa. This work presents a new in vitro method for the evaluation of MNs as permeation enhancers, with the aim of improving the absorption of drug formulations topically applied within the oral cavity.
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49
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Hybrid in vitro diffusion cell for simultaneous evaluation of hair and skin decontamination: temporal distribution of chemical contaminants. Sci Rep 2018; 8:16906. [PMID: 30443008 PMCID: PMC6237820 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-35105-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2018] [Accepted: 10/22/2018] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Most casualty or personnel decontamination studies have focused on removing contaminants from the skin. However, scalp hair and underlying skin are the most likely areas of contamination following airborne exposure to chemicals. The aim of this study was to investigate the interactions of contaminants with scalp hair and underlying skin using a hybrid in vitro diffusion cell model. The in vitro hybrid test system comprised “curtains” of human hair mounted onto sections of excised porcine skin within a modified diffusion cell. The results demonstrated that hair substantially reduced underlying scalp skin contamination and that hair may provide a limited decontamination effect by removing contaminants from the skin surface. This hybrid test system may have application in the development of improved chemical incident response processes through the evaluation of various hair and skin decontamination strategies.
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50
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Back PI, Furtado LR, Nemitz MC, Balestrin LA, Fachel FNS, Gomes HM, Schuh RS, Moreira JC, von Poser GL, Teixeira HF. Skin Permeation and Oxidative Protection Effect of Soybean Isoflavones from Topical Nanoemulsions-a Comparative Study of Extracts and Pure Compounds. AAPS PharmSciTech 2018; 19:3029-3039. [PMID: 30084071 DOI: 10.1208/s12249-018-1133-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2018] [Accepted: 07/19/2018] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Soybean isoflavone-rich extracts have been considered as promising skin antiaging products due to their antioxidant activity. This study investigates the effect of soybean isoflavone forms on porcine ear skin permeation/retention from topical nanoemulsions and their potential in protecting skin against oxidative damage caused by UVA/UVB light. Soybean non-hydrolyzed (SNHE) and hydrolyzed (SHE) extracts, mainly composed of genistin and genistein, were produced. Nanoemulsions containing SNHE (NESNHE) and SHE (NESHE) were prepared by spontaneous emulsification procedure and yielded monodispersed nanoemulsions. A delay of isoflavone release was observed after extracts incorporation into nanoemulsions when compared to a propyleneglycol dispersion of pure compounds. An increase of isoflavone skin retention from nanoemulsions was also achieved. However, from extracts, a higher amount of genistin (NESNHE) and a lower amount of genistein (NESHE) were detected in the skin in comparison to pure isoflavones. Finally, the protection of porcine ear skin by formulations against UVA/UVB oxidative stress was evaluated. Extract-loaded nanoemulsions offered better skin protection than pure isoflavones. Skin lipids were similarly protected by NESHE and NESNHE, whereas skin proteins were more protected by NESNHE. Overall, nanoemulsions containing isoflavone-rich soybean extracts may be considered a better topical formulation aiming skin protection from UVA/UVB oxidative damage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patricia Inês Back
- Departamento de Produção e Controle de Medicamentos, Faculdade de Farmácia, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Av. Ipiranga 2752, Porto Alegre, RS, CEP 90610-000, Brazil
| | - Luisa Rodrigues Furtado
- Departamento de Produção e Controle de Medicamentos, Faculdade de Farmácia, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Av. Ipiranga 2752, Porto Alegre, RS, CEP 90610-000, Brazil
| | - Marina Cardoso Nemitz
- Curso de Farmácia, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Macaé, RJ, 27930-560, Brazil
| | - Lucélia Albarello Balestrin
- Departamento de Produção e Controle de Medicamentos, Faculdade de Farmácia, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Av. Ipiranga 2752, Porto Alegre, RS, CEP 90610-000, Brazil
| | - Flávia Nathiely Silveira Fachel
- Departamento de Produção e Controle de Medicamentos, Faculdade de Farmácia, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Av. Ipiranga 2752, Porto Alegre, RS, CEP 90610-000, Brazil
| | - Henrique Mautone Gomes
- Departamento de Bioquímica da Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Rua Ramiro Barcelos 2600, Porto Alegre, RS, CEP 90035-003, Brazil
| | - Roselena Silvestri Schuh
- Departamento de Produção e Controle de Medicamentos, Faculdade de Farmácia, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Av. Ipiranga 2752, Porto Alegre, RS, CEP 90610-000, Brazil
| | - José Cláudio Moreira
- Departamento de Bioquímica da Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Rua Ramiro Barcelos 2600, Porto Alegre, RS, CEP 90035-003, Brazil
| | - Gilsane Lino von Poser
- Departamento de Produção de Matéria-Prima, Faculdade de Farmácia, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Av. Ipiranga 2752, Porto Alegre, RS, CEP 90610-000, Brazil
| | - Helder Ferreira Teixeira
- Departamento de Produção e Controle de Medicamentos, Faculdade de Farmácia, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Av. Ipiranga 2752, Porto Alegre, RS, CEP 90610-000, Brazil.
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