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Dong W, Ni C, Li X, Yu L, Yan X. Preparation and antifouling performance of tin-free self-polishing antifouling coatings based on side-chain suspended indole derivative structural resins. MARINE POLLUTION BULLETIN 2024; 208:116931. [PMID: 39278177 DOI: 10.1016/j.marpolbul.2024.116931] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2024] [Revised: 08/07/2024] [Accepted: 09/01/2024] [Indexed: 09/17/2024]
Abstract
Tin-free self-polishing antifouling coatings have the highest market share since organotin self-polishing antifouling coatings have been banned. However, its high dependence on cuprous oxide was found to have caused potential harm to the environment, making it necessary to improve the functionality of the resin. In this paper, a zinc acrylate resin with side chain hanging indole derivative structure was prepared by using N-(1H-5-bromoindole-3-methylene) (BIAM) with good biological activity as functional monomer. The functional resin with good antifouling performance was selected by antibacterial and algae inhibition experiments. The results showed that when the BIAM content was 9 %, the inhibition rates of the resin on E. coli and Prymnesium parvum reached 98 % and 90 %, respectively. Tin-free self-polishing antifouling coatings were prepared using the above resins as film-forming materials. The anti-protein adsorption performance and antifouling performance of the coating were tested by anti-protein adsorption experiment and real sea hanging plate experiment. The results showed that the coating containing indole derivative structure had good anti-protein adsorption performance and antifouling performance, and the higher the BIAM content, the better the anti-protein adsorption performance and marine antifouling performance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenjian Dong
- Physical Oceanography Laboratory/IAOS and Frontiers Science Center for Deep Ocean Multispheres and Earth System/Sanya Oceanographic Institution, Ocean University of China, Qingdao/Sanya, China
| | - Chunhua Ni
- Physical Oceanography Laboratory/IAOS and Frontiers Science Center for Deep Ocean Multispheres and Earth System/Sanya Oceanographic Institution, Ocean University of China, Qingdao/Sanya, China
| | - Xia Li
- Physical Oceanography Laboratory/IAOS and Frontiers Science Center for Deep Ocean Multispheres and Earth System/Sanya Oceanographic Institution, Ocean University of China, Qingdao/Sanya, China.
| | - Liangmin Yu
- Physical Oceanography Laboratory/IAOS and Frontiers Science Center for Deep Ocean Multispheres and Earth System/Sanya Oceanographic Institution, Ocean University of China, Qingdao/Sanya, China
| | - Xuefeng Yan
- Physical Oceanography Laboratory/IAOS and Frontiers Science Center for Deep Ocean Multispheres and Earth System/Sanya Oceanographic Institution, Ocean University of China, Qingdao/Sanya, China
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2
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Soon ZY, Kim T, Jung JH, Kim M. Metals and suspended solids in the effluents from in-water hull cleaning by remotely operated vehicle (ROV): Concentrations and release rates into the marine environment. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2023; 460:132456. [PMID: 37708650 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2023.132456] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2023] [Revised: 08/15/2023] [Accepted: 08/30/2023] [Indexed: 09/16/2023]
Abstract
An increase in the use of ROVs for in-water hull cleaning (IWC) has led to the need to understand the risks to the marine environment posed by the release of IWC effluents. The primary objective of this research is to investigate the characteristics of wastewater generated during IWC, specifically concerning suspended solids (SS) and metal concentrations, and their release rates and total load to the environment. The IWC effluents contain substantial amounts of SS and metals, with Cu and Zn being the most prevalent. These metals are predominantly associated with fine antifouling paint particles, posing a potential risk of secondary pollution upon release into the marine environment. While the treatment systems demonstrated effectiveness in reducing SS and particulate metals, achieving complete removal of dissolved and particulate metals below ambient levels proved to be challenging. To mitigate environmental risks, this study proposes, based on the particle size analysis, the implementation of multistage filtration systems with an optimal filtration pore size for the effluent treatment. In conclusion, we highlight the potential environmental risks of IWC activities. As most metals have a strong affinity towards particles in wastewater, effective removal of particles is essential to alleviate environmental stress at IWC sites.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhi Yang Soon
- Risk Assessment Research Center, Korea Institute of Ocean Science and Technology, 41 Jangmok 1-gil, Geoje 53201, Republic of Korea; Ocean Science, University of Science and Technology, 217 Gajeong-ro, Daejeon 34113, Republic of Korea; Chesapeake Biological Laboratory, University of Maryland Center for Environmental Science, 146 Williams St., Solomons, MD 20688, United States
| | - Taekhyun Kim
- Risk Assessment Research Center, Korea Institute of Ocean Science and Technology, 41 Jangmok 1-gil, Geoje 53201, Republic of Korea; Ocean Science, University of Science and Technology, 217 Gajeong-ro, Daejeon 34113, Republic of Korea
| | - Jee-Hyun Jung
- Risk Assessment Research Center, Korea Institute of Ocean Science and Technology, 41 Jangmok 1-gil, Geoje 53201, Republic of Korea; Ocean Science, University of Science and Technology, 217 Gajeong-ro, Daejeon 34113, Republic of Korea
| | - Moonkoo Kim
- Risk Assessment Research Center, Korea Institute of Ocean Science and Technology, 41 Jangmok 1-gil, Geoje 53201, Republic of Korea; Ocean Science, University of Science and Technology, 217 Gajeong-ro, Daejeon 34113, Republic of Korea.
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3
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Lim YK, Kim M, Yoon JN, Soon ZY, Shin K, Baek SH. Effect of wastewater from the in-water cleaning of ship hulls on attached and unattached microalgae. MARINE POLLUTION BULLETIN 2023; 194:115273. [PMID: 37454603 DOI: 10.1016/j.marpolbul.2023.115273] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2023] [Revised: 06/08/2023] [Accepted: 07/05/2023] [Indexed: 07/18/2023]
Abstract
Environmental spills of in-water hull cleaning wastewater (HCW) containing heavy metals and biocides is inevitable, and the effects of HCW on microalgae are unknown. To investigate this, we conducted microcosm experiments by adding HCW to natural seawater. HCW samples were obtained from two different cleaning methods (soft: sponge, hard: brush), and 5 % or 10 % were added to natural seawater as treatments. Dissolved Cu concentrations were 5 to 10 times higher in the treatments than those in the control. There were significant differences in growth of unattached microalgae depending on HCW dose (chlorophyll a: 34.1 ± 0.8 μg L-1 in control vs. 12.6 ± 4.3 μg L-1 in treatments). Conversely, the biomass of attached microalgae increased with HCW dose, which was associated with most of the nutrient reduction later in the experiment, rather than unattached microalgae. Our findings suggest that HCW can significantly impact microalgal community, especially depending on spill volume.
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Affiliation(s)
- Young Kyun Lim
- Ecological Risk Research Department, KIOST (Korea Institute of Ocean Science and Technology), Geoje 53201, Republic of Korea
| | - Moonkoo Kim
- Ecological Risk Research Department, KIOST (Korea Institute of Ocean Science and Technology), Geoje 53201, Republic of Korea; Department of Ocean Science, University of Science and Technology, Daejeon 34113, Republic of Korea
| | - Ji Nam Yoon
- Ecological Risk Research Department, KIOST (Korea Institute of Ocean Science and Technology), Geoje 53201, Republic of Korea
| | - Zhi Yang Soon
- Ecological Risk Research Department, KIOST (Korea Institute of Ocean Science and Technology), Geoje 53201, Republic of Korea; Chesapeake Biological Laboratory, University of Maryland Center for Environmental Science, Solomons, MD 20688, United States
| | - Kyoungsoon Shin
- Ballast Water Research Center, KIOST (Korea Institute of Ocean Science and Technology), Geoje 53201, Republic of Korea
| | - Seung Ho Baek
- Ecological Risk Research Department, KIOST (Korea Institute of Ocean Science and Technology), Geoje 53201, Republic of Korea; Department of Ocean Science, University of Science and Technology, Daejeon 34113, Republic of Korea.
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4
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Ravi P, Kumaresan S, Danaraj J, Uthirakrishnan U, Pandian S, Sivaramakrishnan R, Prakasam SB, Pugazhendhi A. Anti-fouling potential and in-silico analysis of carotenoid and fatty acids from Rauvolfia tetraphylla L. ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH 2023; 231:116158. [PMID: 37201709 DOI: 10.1016/j.envres.2023.116158] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2023] [Revised: 04/24/2023] [Accepted: 05/14/2023] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
Study investigated the antifouling potential ofRauvolfia tetraphyllaL. fruit, leaf and stem extracts against the marine fouling organisms throughin-vitroand in-silicoapproach. Methanolic crude extract of R. tetraphylla L.leaf exhibited maximum antibacterial potential against six fouling organisms isolated from Parangipettai coast and was further taken up for column fractionation. Twenty-four fractions were obtained, among which five fractions showed inhibitory efficiency against microfoulers of Bacillus megaterium. The active compounds present in the bioactive fraction were identified by FTIR, GC-MS and NMR (13C; 1H). The bioactive compounds that exhibited maximum antifouling activity were identified as Lycopersene (80%), Hexadecanoic acid; 1, 2-Benzenedicarboxylic acid, dioctyl ester; Heptadecene - (8) - carbonic acid - (1) and Oleic acid. Molecular docking studies of the potent anti-fouling compounds Lycopersene, Hexadecanoic acid, 1, 2-Benzenedicarboxylic acid, dioctyl ester and Oleic acid showed the binding energy of 6.6, - 3.8, -5.3 and -5.9 (Kcal/mol) and hence these compounds will act as a potential biocide to control the aquatic foulers. Moreover, further studies need to carry out in terms of toxicity, field assessment and clinical trial in order to take these biocides for a patent.
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Affiliation(s)
- Prasanth Ravi
- Environmental Science Laboratory, Centre of Advanced Study in Marine Biology, Faculty of Marine Sciences, Annamalai University, Parangipettai, 608502, Chidambaram, Cuddalore District, Tamilnadu, India
| | - Subasankari Kumaresan
- Department of Biotechnology, Dhanalakshmi Srinivasan Arts and Science College for Women (Affiliated to Bharadhidasan University), Trichy, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Jeyapragash Danaraj
- Centre for Ocean Research (DST-FIST Sponsored Centre), MoES - Earth Science and Technology Cell (Marine Biotechnological Studies), Col. Dr. Jeppiaar Research Park, Sathyabama Institute of Science and Technology, Chennai, 600 119, Tamil Nadu, India.
| | - Ushani Uthirakrishnan
- Department of Biotechnology, Karpaga Vinayaga College of Engineering and Technology, Chengalpattu, 603 308, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Sureshkumar Pandian
- Environmental Science Laboratory, Centre of Advanced Study in Marine Biology, Faculty of Marine Sciences, Annamalai University, Parangipettai, 608502, Chidambaram, Cuddalore District, Tamilnadu, India
| | - Ramachandran Sivaramakrishnan
- Laboratory of Cyanobacterial Biotechnology, Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Science, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, 10330, Thailand
| | - Sebastin Belcia Prakasam
- School of Energy and Environmental Science, Madurai Kamaraj University, Madurai, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Arivalagan Pugazhendhi
- School of Engineering, Lebanese American University, Byblos, Lebanon; University Centre for Research & Development, Department of Civil Engineering, Chandigarh University, Mohali 140103, India.
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5
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Bonsu DNO, Higgins D, Simon C, Goodwin CS, Henry JM, Austin JJ. Quantitative PCR overestimation of DNA in samples contaminated with tin. J Forensic Sci 2023. [PMID: 37326229 DOI: 10.1111/1556-4029.15312] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2023] [Revised: 05/25/2023] [Accepted: 06/01/2023] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
Metals can pose challenges while conducting forensic DNA analysis. The presence of metal ions in evidence-related DNA extracts can degrade DNA or inhibit PCR as applied to DNA quantification (real-time PCR or qPCR) and/or STR amplification, leading to low success in STR profiling. Different metal ions were spiked into 0.2 and 0.5 ng of human genomic DNA in an "inhibition study" and the impact was evaluated by qPCR using the Quantifiler™ Trio DNA Quantification Kit (Thermo Fisher Scientific) and an in-house SYBR Green assay. This study reports on a contradictory finding specific to tin (Sn) ions, which caused at least a 38,000-fold overestimation of DNA concentration when utilizing Quantifiler Trio. This was explained by the raw and multicomponent spectral plots, which indicated that Sn suppresses the Quantifiler Trio passive reference dye (Mustang Purple™, MP) at ion concentrations above 0.1 mM. This effect was not observed when DNA was quantified using SYBR Green with ROX™ as the passive reference, nor when DNA was extracted and purified prior to Quantifiler Trio. The results show that metal contaminants can interfere with qPCR-based DNA quantification in unexpected ways and may be assay dependent. The results also highlight the importance of qPCR as a quality check to determine steps for sample cleanup prior to STR amplification that may be similarly impacted by metal ions. Forensic workflows should recognize the risk of inaccurate DNA quantification of samples that are collected from substrates containing tin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dan Nana Osei Bonsu
- Chemistry and Forensic Sciences, Griffith University, Nathan, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
- Forensic Research Group, Australian Centre for Ancient DNA (ACAD), School of Biological Sciences, The University of Adelaide, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia
| | - Denice Higgins
- Forensic Research Group, Australian Centre for Ancient DNA (ACAD), School of Biological Sciences, The University of Adelaide, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia
- School of Dentistry, Health and Medical Sciences, The University of Adelaide, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia
| | - Claire Simon
- Forensic Science SA, Attorney-General's Department, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia
| | | | - Julianne M Henry
- Forensic Science SA, Attorney-General's Department, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia
| | - Jeremy J Austin
- Forensic Research Group, Australian Centre for Ancient DNA (ACAD), School of Biological Sciences, The University of Adelaide, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia
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Jeong H, Araújo DF, Knœry J, Briant N, Ra K. Isotopic (Cu, Zn, and Pb) and elemental fingerprints of antifouling paints and their potential use for environmental forensic investigations. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2023; 322:121176. [PMID: 36731740 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2023.121176] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2022] [Revised: 01/22/2023] [Accepted: 01/29/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
Antifouling paints (APs) are one of the important sources of Cu and Zn contamination in coastal environments. This study applied for the first-time a multi-isotope (Cu, Zn, and Pb) and multi-elemental characterization of different AP brands to improve their tracking in marine environments. The Cu and Zn contents of APs were shown to be remarkably high ∼35% and ∼8%, respectively. The δ65CuAE647, δ66ZnIRMM3702, and 206Pb/207Pb of the APs differed depending on the manufacturers and color (-0.16 to +0.36‰, -0.34 to +0.03‰, and 1.1158 to 1.2140, respectively). A PCA analysis indicates that APs, tires, and brake pads have also distinct elemental fingerprints. Combining isotopic and elemental ratios (e.g., Zn/Cu) allows to distinguish the environmental samples. Nevertheless, a first attempt to apply this approach in highly urbanized harbor areas demonstrates difficulties in source apportionments, because the sediment was chemically and isotopically homogeneous. The similarity of isotope ranges between the harbor and non-exhaust traffic emission sources suggests that most metals are highly affected by urban runoff, and that APs are not the main contributors of these metals. It is suspected that AP-borne contamination should be punctual rather than dispersed, because of APs low solubility properties. Nevertheless, this study shows that the common coastal anthropogenic sources display different elemental and isotopic fingerprints, hence the potential for isotope source tracking applications in marine environments. Further study cases, combined with laboratory experiments to investigate isotope fractionation during releasing the metal sources are necessary to improve non-traditional isotope applications in environmental forensics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hyeryeong Jeong
- Ifremer, CCEM-Unité Contamination Chimique des Ecosystèmes Marins (CCEM), F-44300, Nantes, France; Marine Environmental Research Center, Korea Institute of Ocean Science and Technology (KIOST), Busan, 49111, South Korea.
| | - Daniel F Araújo
- Ifremer, CCEM-Unité Contamination Chimique des Ecosystèmes Marins (CCEM), F-44300, Nantes, France
| | - Joël Knœry
- Ifremer, CCEM-Unité Contamination Chimique des Ecosystèmes Marins (CCEM), F-44300, Nantes, France
| | - Nicolas Briant
- Ifremer, CCEM-Unité Contamination Chimique des Ecosystèmes Marins (CCEM), F-44300, Nantes, France
| | - Kongtae Ra
- Marine Environmental Research Center, Korea Institute of Ocean Science and Technology (KIOST), Busan, 49111, South Korea; Department of Ocean Science (Oceanography), KIOST School, University of Science and Technology (UST), Daejeon, 34113, South Korea
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7
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Antibacterial-renew dual-function anti-biofouling strategy: Self-assembled Schiff-base metal complex coatings built from natural products. J Colloid Interface Sci 2023; 629:496-507. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jcis.2022.08.178] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2022] [Revised: 08/26/2022] [Accepted: 08/29/2022] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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8
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Beyer J, Song Y, Tollefsen KE, Berge JA, Tveiten L, Helland A, Øxnevad S, Schøyen M. The ecotoxicology of marine tributyltin (TBT) hotspots: A review. MARINE ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH 2022; 179:105689. [PMID: 35777303 DOI: 10.1016/j.marenvres.2022.105689] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2021] [Revised: 06/17/2022] [Accepted: 06/20/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Tributyltin (TBT) was widely used as a highly efficient biocide in antifouling paints for ship and boat hulls. Eventually, TBT containing paints became globally banned when TBT was found to cause widespread contamination and non-target adverse effects in sensitive species, with induced pseudohermaphroditism in female neogastropods (imposex) being the best-known example. In this review, we address the history and the status of knowledge regarding TBT pollution and marine TBT hotspots, with a special emphasis on the Norwegian coastline. The review also presents a brief update on knowledge of TBT toxicity in various marine species and humans, highlighting the current understanding of toxicity mechanisms relevant for causing endocrine disruption in marine species. Despite observations of reduced TBT sediment concentrations in many marine sediments over the recent decades, contaminant hotspots are still prevalent worldwide. Consequently, efforts to monitor TBT levels and assessment of potential effects in sentinel species being potentially susceptible to TBT in these locations are still highly warranted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jonny Beyer
- Norwegian Institute for Water Research (NIVA), Økernveien 94, NO-0579, Oslo, Norway.
| | - You Song
- Norwegian Institute for Water Research (NIVA), Økernveien 94, NO-0579, Oslo, Norway
| | - Knut Erik Tollefsen
- Norwegian Institute for Water Research (NIVA), Økernveien 94, NO-0579, Oslo, Norway
| | - John Arthur Berge
- Norwegian Institute for Water Research (NIVA), Økernveien 94, NO-0579, Oslo, Norway
| | - Lise Tveiten
- Norwegian Institute for Water Research (NIVA), Økernveien 94, NO-0579, Oslo, Norway
| | | | - Sigurd Øxnevad
- Norwegian Institute for Water Research (NIVA), Økernveien 94, NO-0579, Oslo, Norway
| | - Merete Schøyen
- Norwegian Institute for Water Research (NIVA), Økernveien 94, NO-0579, Oslo, Norway
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Qiu H, Feng K, Gapeeva A, Meurisch K, Kaps S, Li X, Yu L, Mishra YK, Adelung R, Baum M. Functional Polymer Materials for Modern Marine Biofouling Control. Prog Polym Sci 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.progpolymsci.2022.101516] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
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10
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Nautical Tourism in Marine Protected Areas (MPAs): Evaluating an Impact of Copper Emission from Antifouling Coating. SUSTAINABILITY 2021. [DOI: 10.3390/su132111897] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
Copper (Cu) has a narrow range between optimal concentrations as a micronutrient critical for phytoplankton growth and concentrations potentially toxic to living organisms. This sensitivity indicates an ecosystem vulnerability that threatens not only nature but also human health due to bioaccumulation. An important source of elevated Cu concentrations in coastal environments are biocides used as antifouling protection on ships. A pilot study conducted in the Marine Protected Area (MPA) of the Krka Estuary (Croatia) over a period of 16 months investigated the relationship between ship traffic and Cu concentrations. The aim was to contribute to more informed environmental management by assessing the associated risks. In the study presented here, Cu concentrations were monitored, analyzed, and correlated with vessel traffic. Observations revealed that the seasonal increase in maritime traffic caused by nautical tourism was associated with an increase in Cu concentrations of more than five times, posing a toxicity risk to the environment. In order to understand the distribution of copper emissions, a mapping of maritime traffic was carried out by counting transits, radar imagery, and drone photography. This approach has proven sufficient to identify the potential risks to the marine environment and human health, thus providing an effective assessment tool for marine stakeholders.
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Soon ZY, Jung JH, Loh A, Yoon C, Shin D, Kim M. Seawater contamination associated with in-water cleaning of ship hulls and the potential risk to the marine environment. MARINE POLLUTION BULLETIN 2021; 171:112694. [PMID: 34242954 DOI: 10.1016/j.marpolbul.2021.112694] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2021] [Revised: 06/29/2021] [Accepted: 06/30/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
In-water cleaning can clear-off foulants from ship hulls to prevent transportation of non-indigenous species and reduce hull friction and consequent fuel use. However, during cleaning, antifouling paint residues containing toxic substances can be released into the environment. To understand the potential risks of in-water hull cleaning, cleaning effluents were collected and analyzed for total suspended solid (TSS), particle size distribution, and metal concentrations. TSS concentrations were 97.3-249 mg/L, corresponding to release rates of 12.9-37.5 g/m2 from the hull surface. Particles with sizes of ≥8 μm contributed 75-94% of the TSS. Average Cu and Zn concentrations in the effluents were 209 μg/L and 1510 μg/L, respectively, which were used for risk assessment in two port scenarios. Although the risks vary with the scale of the hull cleaning and the ports, in-water cleaning poses clear risks to marine environments, unless the effluents are recovered or treated before being released.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhi Yang Soon
- Risk Assessment Research Center, Korea Institute of Ocean Science and Technology, 41 Jangmok 1-gil, Geoje 53201, Republic of Korea; Department of Ocean Science, University of Science and Technology, 217 Gajeong-ro, Daejeon 34113, Republic of Korea
| | - Jee-Hyun Jung
- Risk Assessment Research Center, Korea Institute of Ocean Science and Technology, 41 Jangmok 1-gil, Geoje 53201, Republic of Korea; Department of Ocean Science, University of Science and Technology, 217 Gajeong-ro, Daejeon 34113, Republic of Korea
| | - Andrew Loh
- Risk Assessment Research Center, Korea Institute of Ocean Science and Technology, 41 Jangmok 1-gil, Geoje 53201, Republic of Korea
| | - Cheolho Yoon
- Ochang Center, Korea Basic Science Institute, 162 Yeongudanji-ro, Cheongju 28119, Republic of Korea
| | - Dongju Shin
- Risk Assessment Research Center, Korea Institute of Ocean Science and Technology, 41 Jangmok 1-gil, Geoje 53201, Republic of Korea; Department of Ocean Science, University of Science and Technology, 217 Gajeong-ro, Daejeon 34113, Republic of Korea
| | - Moonkoo Kim
- Risk Assessment Research Center, Korea Institute of Ocean Science and Technology, 41 Jangmok 1-gil, Geoje 53201, Republic of Korea; Department of Ocean Science, University of Science and Technology, 217 Gajeong-ro, Daejeon 34113, Republic of Korea.
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12
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Takarina ND, Purwiyanto AIS, Suteja Y. Cadmium (Cd), Copper (Cu), and Zinc (Zn) levels in commercial and non-commercial fishes in the Blanakan River Estuary, Indonesia: A preliminary study. MARINE POLLUTION BULLETIN 2021; 170:112607. [PMID: 34182305 DOI: 10.1016/j.marpolbul.2021.112607] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2021] [Revised: 05/28/2021] [Accepted: 06/03/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
The Blanakan River Estuary, located on the northern coast of West Java, receives heavy metals from anthropogenic activities nearby. This study investigates Cu, Cd, and Zn metals in water and their accumulation in fish (commercial and non-commercial). The samples (water and fish) were collected from seven sampling stations. The metals concentration in the surface water of the Blanakan River Estuary has exceeded the limit allowed by the Indonesian government. The average metal concentration sequence in commercial and non-commercial fish was Zn > Cu > Cd. In general, it was found that the concentration of Zn and Cd (Cu) metals in fish had (had not) exceeded the limits allowed by the FAO/WHO. Based on Bioconcentration Factor (BCF) value, all of fishes species have a low ability to accumulate heavy metals (BCF <1000). Based on Estimated Daily Intake (EDI), all fish species have a low risk for health, both for adult and children.
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Affiliation(s)
- Noverita Dian Takarina
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Mathematics and Natural Sciences, Universitas Indonesia. Gedung E, Kampus UI Depok, Depok, 16424, Indonesia.
| | - Anna Ida Sunaryo Purwiyanto
- Marine Science Department, Faculty of Mathematics and Natural Science, Sriwijaya University, Palembang, Indonesia.
| | - Yulianto Suteja
- Marine Science Department, Faculty of Marine and Fisheries, Udayana University Indonesia. Jl. Raya Kampus Universitas Udayana, Bukit Jimbaran, Bali, Indonesia.
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13
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Norén A, Karlfeldt Fedje K, Strömvall AM, Rauch S, Andersson-Sköld Y. Low impact leaching agents as remediation media for organotin and metal contaminated sediments. JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT 2021; 282:111906. [PMID: 33472101 DOI: 10.1016/j.jenvman.2020.111906] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2020] [Revised: 12/23/2020] [Accepted: 12/24/2020] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
All over the world, elevated levels of metals and the toxic compound tributyltin (TBT) and its degradation products are found in sediments, especially close to areas associated with shipping and anthropogenic activities. Ports require regular removal of sediments. As a result, large volumes of often contaminated sediments must be managed. The aim of this study was to investigate enhanced leaching as a treatment method for organotin (TBT) and metal (Cu and Zn) contaminated marine sediments. Thus, enabling the possibility to reuse these cleaner masses e.g. in construction. In addition to using acid and alkaline leaching agents that extract the OTs and metals but reduce the management options post treatment, innovative alternatives such as EDDS, hydroxypropyl cellulose, humic acid, iron colloids, ultra-pure Milli-Q water, saponified tall oil ("soap"), and NaCl were tested. Organotin removal ranged from 36 to 75%, where the most efficient leaching agent was Milli-Q water, which was also the leaching agent achieving the highest removal rate for TBT (46%), followed by soap (34%). The TBT reduction accomplished by Milli-Q water and soap leaching enabled a change in Swedish sediment classification from the highest class to the second highest class. The highest reduction of Zn was in HPC leached samples (39% removal) and Cu in EDDS leached samples (33% removal). Although high metal and OT leaching were achieved, none of the investigated leaching agents are sufficiently effective for the removal of both metals and OTs. The results of this study indicate that leaching with ultra-clean water, such as Milli-Q water, may be sufficient to treat TBT contaminated sediments and potentially allow mass reuse.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Norén
- Department of Architecture and Civil Engineering, Water Environment Technology, Chalmers University of Technology, SE-412 96, Gothenburg, Sweden.
| | - Karin Karlfeldt Fedje
- Department of Architecture and Civil Engineering, Water Environment Technology, Chalmers University of Technology, SE-412 96, Gothenburg, Sweden; Recycling and Waste Management, Renova AB, Box 156, SE-401 22, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Ann-Margret Strömvall
- Department of Architecture and Civil Engineering, Water Environment Technology, Chalmers University of Technology, SE-412 96, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Sebastien Rauch
- Department of Architecture and Civil Engineering, Water Environment Technology, Chalmers University of Technology, SE-412 96, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Yvonne Andersson-Sköld
- Swedish National Road and Transport Research Institute (VTI), Box 8072, SE-402 78, Gothenburg, Sweden; Department of Architecture and Civil Engineering, Geology and Geotechnics, Chalmers University of Technology, SE-412 96, Gothenburg, Sweden
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14
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Martínez-Vázquez RM, de Pablo Valenciano J, Caparrós Martínez JL. Marinas and sustainability: Directions for future research. MARINE POLLUTION BULLETIN 2021; 164:112035. [PMID: 33515830 DOI: 10.1016/j.marpolbul.2021.112035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2020] [Revised: 01/08/2021] [Accepted: 01/09/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Marinas have ceased to be ports dedicated exclusively to recreational boating and nautical sports. Nowadays, marinas offer a variety of services that complement the tourist offering of its locality in addition to auxiliary activities that arise from its main activity. There are considerable economic and social resources generated by these types of facilities that benefit their localities, but they can also have negative effects such as compromising the sustainability of the environment. The objective of this article is to examine the terms related to changes in the ecosystem derived from marinas through the Keywords Plus and the Author Keywords extracted from the WoS database and obtain results that explain how several themes have evolved and how these concepts relate to each other and to other variables. In this way, it will be possible to critically examine the selection of terms that appear in scientific documents. The results show that pollution, antifouling paints, and invasive species are the terms of greatest concern and on which particular emphasis should be placed for future lines of research.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Jaime de Pablo Valenciano
- Faculty of Economics and Business, University of Almería, Ctra. De Sacramento, s/n, 04120 Almería, Spain.
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15
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Elmas S, Skipper K, Salehifar N, Jamieson T, Andersson GG, Nydén M, Leterme SC, Andersson MR. Cyclic Copper Uptake and Release from Natural Seawater-A Fully Sustainable Antifouling Technique to Prevent Marine Growth. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2021; 55:757-766. [PMID: 33337864 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.0c06231] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Unwanted growth of fouling organisms on underwater surfaces is an omnipresent challenge for the marine industry, costing billions of dollars every year in the transportation sector alone. Copper, the most widely used biocide in antifouling paints, is at the brink of a total ban in being used in antifouling coatings, as it has become an existential threat to nontargeted species due to anthropogenic copper inputs into protected waters. In the current study, using a porous and cross-linked poly(ethylene imine) structure under marine and fouling environments, available copper from natural seawater was absorbed and electrochemically released back as a potent biocide at 1.3 V vs Ag|AgCl, reducing marine growth by 94% compared to the control electrode (coupon) at 0 V. The coating can also function as an electrochemical copper sensor enabling real-time monitoring of the electrochemical uptake and release of copper ions from natural seawater. This allows tailoring of the electrochemical program to the changing marine environments, i.e., when the vessels move from high-copper-contaminated waters to coastal regions with low concentrations of copper.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sait Elmas
- Flinders Institute for NanoScale Science & Technology, College of Science & Engineering, Flinders University, Sturt Road, Bedford Park, SA 5042, Australia
| | - Karuna Skipper
- Flinders Institute for NanoScale Science & Technology, College of Science & Engineering, Flinders University, Sturt Road, Bedford Park, SA 5042, Australia
| | - Nahideh Salehifar
- Flinders Institute for NanoScale Science & Technology, College of Science & Engineering, Flinders University, Sturt Road, Bedford Park, SA 5042, Australia
- MEMS&NEMS Laboratory, Faculty of New Sciences & Technologies, University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran
| | - Tamar Jamieson
- Flinders Institute for NanoScale Science & Technology, College of Science & Engineering, Flinders University, Sturt Road, Bedford Park, SA 5042, Australia
| | - Gunther G Andersson
- Flinders Institute for NanoScale Science & Technology, College of Science & Engineering, Flinders University, Sturt Road, Bedford Park, SA 5042, Australia
| | - Magnus Nydén
- Faculty of Science and Engineering, Macquarie University, 7 Wally's Walk, Macquarie Park, NSW 2109, Australia
| | - Sophie C Leterme
- Flinders Institute for NanoScale Science & Technology, College of Science & Engineering, Flinders University, Sturt Road, Bedford Park, SA 5042, Australia
| | - Mats R Andersson
- Flinders Institute for NanoScale Science & Technology, College of Science & Engineering, Flinders University, Sturt Road, Bedford Park, SA 5042, Australia
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Gu Y, Yu L, Mou J, Wu D, Xu M, Zhou P, Ren Y. Research Strategies to Develop Environmentally Friendly Marine Antifouling Coatings. Mar Drugs 2020; 18:E371. [PMID: 32708476 PMCID: PMC7404020 DOI: 10.3390/md18070371] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2020] [Revised: 07/15/2020] [Accepted: 07/16/2020] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
There are a large number of fouling organisms in the ocean, which easily attach to the surface of ships, oil platforms and breeding facilities, corrode the surface of equipment, accelerate the aging of equipment, affect the stability and safety of marine facilities and cause serious economic losses. Antifouling coating is an effective method to prevent marine biological fouling. Traditional organic tin and copper oxide coatings are toxic and will contaminate seawater and destroy marine ecology and have been banned or restricted. Environmentally friendly antifouling coatings have become a research hotspot. Among them, the use of natural biological products with antifouling activity as antifouling agents is an important research direction. In addition, some fouling release coatings without antifoulants, biomimetic coatings, photocatalytic coatings and other novel antifouling coatings have also developed rapidly. On the basis of revealing the mechanism of marine biofouling, this paper reviews the latest research strategies to develop environmentally friendly marine antifouling coatings. The composition, antifouling characteristics, antifouling mechanism and effects of various coatings were analyzed emphatically. Finally, the development prospects and future development directions of marine antifouling coatings are forecasted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yunqing Gu
- College of Metrology &Measurement Engineering, China Jiliang University, Hangzhou 310018, China; (Y.G.); (L.Y.); (D.W.); (M.X.); (P.Z.)
| | - Lingzhi Yu
- College of Metrology &Measurement Engineering, China Jiliang University, Hangzhou 310018, China; (Y.G.); (L.Y.); (D.W.); (M.X.); (P.Z.)
| | - Jiegang Mou
- College of Metrology &Measurement Engineering, China Jiliang University, Hangzhou 310018, China; (Y.G.); (L.Y.); (D.W.); (M.X.); (P.Z.)
| | - Denghao Wu
- College of Metrology &Measurement Engineering, China Jiliang University, Hangzhou 310018, China; (Y.G.); (L.Y.); (D.W.); (M.X.); (P.Z.)
| | - Maosen Xu
- College of Metrology &Measurement Engineering, China Jiliang University, Hangzhou 310018, China; (Y.G.); (L.Y.); (D.W.); (M.X.); (P.Z.)
| | - Peijian Zhou
- College of Metrology &Measurement Engineering, China Jiliang University, Hangzhou 310018, China; (Y.G.); (L.Y.); (D.W.); (M.X.); (P.Z.)
| | - Yun Ren
- Zhijiang College, Zhejiang University of Technology, Shaoxing 312030, China;
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Cánovas CR, Basallote MD, Borrego P, Millán-Becerro R, Pérez-López R. Metal partitioning and speciation in a mining-impacted estuary by traditional and passive sampling methods. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2020; 722:137905. [PMID: 32197167 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2020.137905] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2020] [Revised: 03/09/2020] [Accepted: 03/11/2020] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
This study deals with the metal partitioning and bioavailability of metal/loids in the estuary Ria of Huelva (SW Spain) which is strongly affected by historical mining and industrial activities. To address this issue, traditional (i.e., grab samples) and passive sampling (i.e., diffusive gradient in thin films, DGTs) was carried out in the outer part of the estuary during different tidal cycles in order to determine the dissolved and particulate metal/loid concentrations. The dissolved concentrations exceeded, by several orders of magnitude, those reported in other estuaries worldwide that are affected by anthropogenic activities. A spatial pattern was observed in the metal distribution; a decrease seaward was recorded for some of the elements associated with mining (e.g., Cu, Zn, and Cd), the opposite tendency is observed for others associated with harbor emissions (e.g., Sn, Ni, or Pb). A different metal/loid partitioning pattern was also observed; Fe, and to a lesser extent Pb and Sn, were chiefly found in the particulate matter, while the rest of the elements were mainly found in the dissolved form. The bioavailability of the metal/loids was studied by speciation using both geochemical modeling and DGTs; while concentrations in DGTs supported metal/loid speciation for Zn, Cd, Mn, Co, As, and Sb according to their affinity to form strong or weak complexes, some discrepancies were observed for other elements such as Cu, V, Fe, and Pb, which are prone to forming strong complexes. The main reason behind the unexpectedly high Fe and Pb DGTs concentrations may be associated with their presence in the colloidal particles passing through the DGT. There was a strong positive correlation between dissolved and DGT concentrations for Cd and Mn, and to a lesser extent for Fe and Cu, highlighting the direct relationship between the concentrations in water and availability to living organisms in the estuary.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carlos Ruiz Cánovas
- Department of Earth Sciences and Research Center on Natural Resources, Health and the Environment, University of Huelva, Campus 'El Carmen', Fuerzas Armadas s/n, 21071 Huelva, Spain..
| | - Maria Dolores Basallote
- Department of Earth Sciences and Research Center on Natural Resources, Health and the Environment, University of Huelva, Campus 'El Carmen', Fuerzas Armadas s/n, 21071 Huelva, Spain
| | - Pedro Borrego
- Department of Earth Sciences and Research Center on Natural Resources, Health and the Environment, University of Huelva, Campus 'El Carmen', Fuerzas Armadas s/n, 21071 Huelva, Spain
| | - Ricardo Millán-Becerro
- Department of Earth Sciences and Research Center on Natural Resources, Health and the Environment, University of Huelva, Campus 'El Carmen', Fuerzas Armadas s/n, 21071 Huelva, Spain
| | - Rafael Pérez-López
- Department of Earth Sciences and Research Center on Natural Resources, Health and the Environment, University of Huelva, Campus 'El Carmen', Fuerzas Armadas s/n, 21071 Huelva, Spain
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18
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Caballero-Gallardo K, Alcala-Orozco M, Barraza-Quiroz D, De la Rosa J, Olivero-Verbel J. Environmental risks associated with trace elements in sediments from Cartagena Bay, an industrialized site at the Caribbean. CHEMOSPHERE 2020; 242:125173. [PMID: 31698215 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2019.125173] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2019] [Revised: 10/18/2019] [Accepted: 10/20/2019] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
Cartagena Bay (CB) is an industrialized site in the Caribbean. The aim of this study was to evaluate contamination patterns by trace elements in sediments from CB. Sediment samples from twelve sites in CB, and three at the Grand Marsh of Santa Marta (GMSM), a reference site, were collected during dry and rainy seasons. Forty-four trace elements were evaluated employing ICP-MS, and mercury (Hg) was measured using a Hg analyzer. Most contaminated sites corresponded to stations related to repair and maintenance of ships, with high concentrations of Cr, Cu, As and Cd; as well as in areas where cargo transshipment centers and cruise ship terminals operate, which showed elevated levels of Ba. Stations receiving inputs from petrochemical and fertilizer plants displayed high content of Pb. At the station where an extinct chlor-alkali plant was located, a high total Hg level was found, highlighting its persistence. At least 70% of the samples presented Cr, Cu, and As concentrations that were ≥ Threshold Effect Level, < Probable Effect Level, ≥ Effects Range Low and < Effects Range Medium, suggesting adverse biological effects could occur occasionally. Potential Ecological risk values revealed that only Hg and Cd may generate deleterious effects to the aquatic life. However, with few exceptions, sediment samples from CB can be considered as moderately to heavily contaminated, as shown by the Igeo. In short, the principles of ecosystem-based management should be implemented along Cartagena Bay to guarantee safe levels of trace elements in sediments and a better quality of this estuary.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karina Caballero-Gallardo
- Environmental and Computational Chemistry Group, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zaragocilla Campus, University of Cartagena, Cartagena, 130015, Colombia
| | - Maria Alcala-Orozco
- Environmental and Computational Chemistry Group, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zaragocilla Campus, University of Cartagena, Cartagena, 130015, Colombia
| | - Diana Barraza-Quiroz
- Environmental and Computational Chemistry Group, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zaragocilla Campus, University of Cartagena, Cartagena, 130015, Colombia
| | - Jesus De la Rosa
- Associate Unit CSIC - University of Huelva ''Atmospheric Pollution'', Center for Research in Sustainable Chemistry (CIQSO), University of Huelva, E21071, Huelva, Spain
| | - Jesus Olivero-Verbel
- Environmental and Computational Chemistry Group, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zaragocilla Campus, University of Cartagena, Cartagena, 130015, Colombia.
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19
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Soroldoni S, Vieira da Silva S, Castro ÍB, de Martinez Gaspar Martins C, Leães Pinho GL. Antifouling paint particles cause toxicity to benthic organisms: Effects on two species with different feeding modes. CHEMOSPHERE 2020; 238:124610. [PMID: 31450112 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2019.124610] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2019] [Revised: 08/09/2019] [Accepted: 08/17/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Antifouling paint particles (APPs) are residues generated primarily during maintenance of vessels and marine structures, and usually occur in boat maintenance areas that are adjacent to aquatic environments, such as estuaries. APPs end up in sediment layers after their release into aquatic systems and represent a threat to benthic invertebrates, which have different habitat and feeding modes. Thus, the aim of the present study was to evaluate the toxicity of APPs-spiked sediment to the benthic microcrustaceans Monokalliapseudes schubarti (a tanaid) and Hyalella azteca (an amphipod), testing whole sediment and elutriate solutions under estuarine conditions. Whole sediment spiked with APPs was more toxic to these organisms than the elutriate solution. This toxicity was attributed to the high concentrations of Cu and Zn metals quantified in the APPs. During the whole sediment test, M. schubarti was more sensitive than H. azteca. M. schubarti is an infauna organism, and its interaction with sediments (e.g. by ingestion of sediment particles) makes it more susceptible to compounds released from APPs than H. azteca, which tends to interact with these compounds at the sediment-water interface. In addition, in tests with sediment elutriate and without sediment, M. schubarti was not affected, while elutriate with 1.50% APPs showed to be significantly toxic to H. azteca. Moreover, these results indicate that APPs act as continuous and localized sources of metals to benthic organisms, highlighting the importance of better APP management and disposal practices in boat maintenance areas to avoid local aquatic contamination.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sanye Soroldoni
- Instituto de Oceanografia, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande (FURG), Av. Itália s/n, Campus Carreiros, C.P. 474, 96201-900, Rio Grande, RS, Brazil.
| | - Samantha Vieira da Silva
- Instituto de Oceanografia, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande (FURG), Av. Itália s/n, Campus Carreiros, C.P. 474, 96201-900, Rio Grande, RS, Brazil
| | - Ítalo Braga Castro
- Instituto do Mar, Universidade Federal de São Paulo (UNIFESP), Rua Carvalho de Mendonça, 144, 11070-100, Santos, SP, Brazil
| | - Camila de Martinez Gaspar Martins
- Intituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande (FURG), Av. Itália s/n, Campus Carreiros, C.P. 474, 96201-900, Rio Grande, RS, Brazil
| | - Grasiela Lopes Leães Pinho
- Instituto de Oceanografia, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande (FURG), Av. Itália s/n, Campus Carreiros, C.P. 474, 96201-900, Rio Grande, RS, Brazil
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20
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Molino C, Angeletti D, Oldham VE, Goodbody-Gringley G, Buck KN. Effect of marine antifouling paint particles waste on survival of natural Bermuda copepod communities. MARINE POLLUTION BULLETIN 2019; 149:110492. [PMID: 31437615 DOI: 10.1016/j.marpolbul.2019.110492] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2019] [Revised: 08/02/2019] [Accepted: 08/02/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Marine antifouling paints (MAPs) are widely used to prevent organisms from fouling vessel hulls. When scraped from vessels as part of regular maintenance, MAP particles discharged into the seawater become a source of toxic substances, like copper (Cu), to the environment, and biocides leaching from them are known to cause toxic effects on non-target organisms. We investigated the toxicity of MAP particles collected from a Bermuda boatyard on local copepod communities using two experiments. Copepod survival, Chlorophyll a and total dissolved Cu concentrations were measured before and after MAP particles addition. In an acute toxicity test, the addition of 0.3 g/L of MAP particles resulted in 0% copepods survival within 88 h and increased dissolved Cu by 1.8 μM. A significant inverse relationship was observed between copepod survival and MAP particles quantity, highlighting the toxic effects of MAP particles from boat maintenance on copepod communities in the surrounding seawater.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chiara Molino
- Bermuda Institute of Ocean Sciences, 17 Biological Station, Ferry Reach, St. George's GE 01, Bermuda; Department of Ecological and Biological Sciences, Ichthyogenic Experimental Marine Center (CISMAR), Tuscia University, Borgo Le Saline, 01016 Tarquinia, VT, Italy.
| | - Dario Angeletti
- Department of Ecological and Biological Sciences, Ichthyogenic Experimental Marine Center (CISMAR), Tuscia University, Borgo Le Saline, 01016 Tarquinia, VT, Italy
| | - Véronique E Oldham
- Bermuda Institute of Ocean Sciences, 17 Biological Station, Ferry Reach, St. George's GE 01, Bermuda
| | | | - Kristen N Buck
- Bermuda Institute of Ocean Sciences, 17 Biological Station, Ferry Reach, St. George's GE 01, Bermuda
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21
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Agostini VO, Macedo AJ, Muxagata E, Pinho GLL. Surface coatings select their micro and macrofouling communities differently on steel. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2019; 254:113086. [PMID: 31479812 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2019.113086] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2019] [Revised: 07/17/2019] [Accepted: 08/20/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Previous studies have shown the effect of surface coatings on biofouling; however, they did not take into account the interaction of the micro and macrofouling communities, the effect of substrate orientation and the zooplankton-zoobenthic coupling together. Therefore, the aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of Zn- and Cu2O-based coatings on micro and macrofouling on steel surfaces, while also observing the role of substrate orientation and zooplankton supply. An experiment was carried out in the Patos Lagoon Estuary in southern Brazil for three months between spring and summer, where ASTM-36 steel plates represented different coatings (Zn- and/or Cu2O-based) and orientations (vertical and horizontal). To assess the zooplankton supply, sampling was carried out weekly using a 200 μm plankton net. Zn-based coating positively affected microfouling density compared to uncoated surfaces. The same pattern was observed with macrofouling, associated with vagile fauna preference, which represented 70% of the settled macrofoulers. Cu2O-based antifouling painted surfaces showed the highest microfouling density inhibition, while Zn + Cu2O-based coating did not affect the bacteria adhesion but showed lower density compared to Zn-based coating alone. The coatings combination showed the highest invertebrate inhibition. In this way, the macrofouling community was more sensitive than microfouling was to the antifouling coatings tested. The substrate orientation only affected macrofouling, horizontal surfaces being more attractive than vertical. Meroplankton, tychoplankton and holoplankton were recorded on the surfaces, although their representation in plankton was not proportional to the recruits recorded on the substrates. This was probably due to fast dispersion, the interactions of other factors and/or ecological succession stage. Surface coating, substrate orientation, and zooplankton supply interacted with the biofouling process on steel in different ways depending on the organism evaluated. Therefore, copper oxide- and zinc-based coatings were not suitable as coatings to avoid the total biofouling establishment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vanessa Ochi Agostini
- Laboratório de Microcontaminantes Orgânicos e Ecotoxicologia Aquática - Instituto de Oceanografia da Universidade Federal do Rio Grande (FURG), Programa de Pós-graduação em Oceanologia (PPGO), Caixa Postal, 474, CEP: 96203-900 Rio Grande, RS, Brazil; Post-Doctoral Fellow - Programa Nacional de Pós-Doutorado da Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (PNPD-CAPES), Brazil.
| | - Alexandre José Macedo
- Laboratório de Biofilmes e Diversidade Microbiana - Faculdade de Farmácia e Centro de Biotecnologia da Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS), Programa de Pós-Graduação em Biologia Celular e Molecular (PPGBCM), Av. Ipiranga, 2752, Bairro Azenha, 90610-000, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
| | - Erik Muxagata
- Laboratório de Zooplâncton - Instituto de Oceanografia da Universidade Federal do Rio Grande (FURG), Programa de Pós-graduação em Oceanografia Biológica (PPGOB), Caixa Postal, 474, CEP: 96203-900 Rio Grande, RS, Brazil
| | - Grasiela Lopes Leães Pinho
- Laboratório de Microcontaminantes Orgânicos e Ecotoxicologia Aquática - Instituto de Oceanografia da Universidade Federal do Rio Grande (FURG), Programa de Pós-graduação em Oceanologia (PPGO), Caixa Postal, 474, CEP: 96203-900 Rio Grande, RS, Brazil
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22
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Feng K, Ni C, Yu L, Zhou W, Li X. Synthesis and evaluation of acrylate resins suspending indole derivative structure in the side chain for marine antifouling. Colloids Surf B Biointerfaces 2019; 184:110518. [PMID: 31581054 DOI: 10.1016/j.colsurfb.2019.110518] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2019] [Revised: 09/18/2019] [Accepted: 09/20/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
A novel indole derivative (N-(1H-2-phenyl-indole-3-ylmethyl) acrylamide, NPI) synthesized by a Friedel-Crafts alkylation reaction was identified using IR spectroscopy, 1H NMR, 13C NMR and elemental analysis. The inhibitory effect of this novel indole derivative on bacteria and marine algae was studied. The results showed that the inhibition ratios of the indole derivative against Escherichia coli and Staphylococcus aureus were 95.93% and 94.91%, respectively, and the indole derivative possessed prominent inhibitory activity against Phaeodactylum tricornutum, Nitzschia Closterium and Skeletonema costatum. These findings indicate that the indole derivative has high biological activity. Subsequently, the indole derivative was introduced to acrylate resins by free-radical polymerization. The resulting acrylate resins were subjected to self-polishing, anti-algal and antifouling test, the results of which indicated that acrylate resins containing the synthesized indole derivative could exhibit significant antifouling properties because of the combination of the biofouling resistance of the indole derivative and the self-polishing properties of acrylate. This work provides an academic foundation for studying environmentally friendly and highly efficient antifouling coatings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kang Feng
- Key Laboratory of Marine Chemistry Theory and Technology, Ministry of Education, Ocean University of China, Qingdao 266003, China
| | - Chunhua Ni
- Key Laboratory of Marine Chemistry Theory and Technology, Ministry of Education, Ocean University of China, Qingdao 266003, China
| | - Liangmin Yu
- Key Laboratory of Marine Chemistry Theory and Technology, Ministry of Education, Ocean University of China, Qingdao 266003, China; Open Studio for Marine Corrosion and Protection, Pilot National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology (Qingdao), Qingdao 266237, China
| | - Wenjun Zhou
- Key Laboratory of Marine Chemistry Theory and Technology, Ministry of Education, Ocean University of China, Qingdao 266003, China
| | - Xia Li
- Key Laboratory of Marine Chemistry Theory and Technology, Ministry of Education, Ocean University of China, Qingdao 266003, China; Open Studio for Marine Corrosion and Protection, Pilot National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology (Qingdao), Qingdao 266237, China.
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Watermann B, Eklund B. Can the input of biocides and polymeric substances from antifouling paints into the sea be reduced by the use of non-toxic hard coatings? MARINE POLLUTION BULLETIN 2019; 144:146-151. [PMID: 31179981 DOI: 10.1016/j.marpolbul.2019.04.059] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2018] [Revised: 04/08/2019] [Accepted: 04/23/2019] [Indexed: 05/14/2023]
Abstract
Antifouling coatings are used to protect boat hulls from fouling organisms. The paints are designed to release biocides and by this prevent fouling organisms to attach. Until now the simultaneous release of the bulk plastic material has been over-looked. In this study the amount of antifouling paints on ships and leisure boats in Scandinavian countries and Germany has been compared and a calculation of the release of micro plastics has been performed. The result shows that use of a biocide-free hard coating will completely reduce outlet of biocides and the input of polymers will dramatically be reduced from at the most 5% in comparison to traditional paints where the release rate of plastics is estimated to be 70-85%. The advantage for the boat owners will be large since the hard maintenance work will be reduced, release of micro plastics will be low and thus lead to an improved environment.
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24
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Zaborska A, Siedlewicz G, Szymczycha B, Dzierzbicka-Głowacka L, Pazdro K. Legacy and emerging pollutants in the Gulf of Gdańsk (southern Baltic Sea) - loads and distribution revisited. MARINE POLLUTION BULLETIN 2019; 139:238-255. [PMID: 30686425 DOI: 10.1016/j.marpolbul.2018.11.060] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2018] [Revised: 11/22/2018] [Accepted: 11/23/2018] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Coastal marine areas of densely populated countries are exposed to a wide array of human activities having an impact on their ecological status. The Baltic Sea is particularly susceptible to pollution by hazardous substances (limited water exchange, shallowness, and large catchment area). Polish media regularly reports ecological catastrophes in the Gulf of Gdańsk area caused by eg. shipwrecks leaking. Thus, there is a need of a broad scientific based report on recent contaminant loads and distribution. In this review paper, we report loads of contaminants from different obvious and non-obvious sources. We also gather data on legacy and new emerging contaminant concentrations measured in the Gulf of Gdańsk within the last decade (2008-2018). The paper also includes available biological effect measurements performed recently as well as a summary of needs and gaps to be filled for the development of reliable risk assessment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Agata Zaborska
- Institute of Oceanology, Polish Academy of Sciences, Powstańców Warszawy street 55, 81-712 Sopot, Poland.
| | - Grzegorz Siedlewicz
- Institute of Oceanology, Polish Academy of Sciences, Powstańców Warszawy street 55, 81-712 Sopot, Poland
| | - Beata Szymczycha
- Institute of Oceanology, Polish Academy of Sciences, Powstańców Warszawy street 55, 81-712 Sopot, Poland
| | - Lidia Dzierzbicka-Głowacka
- Institute of Oceanology, Polish Academy of Sciences, Powstańców Warszawy street 55, 81-712 Sopot, Poland
| | - Ksenia Pazdro
- Institute of Oceanology, Polish Academy of Sciences, Powstańców Warszawy street 55, 81-712 Sopot, Poland
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25
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Lagerström M, Yngsell D, Eklund B, Ytreberg E. Identification of commercial and recreational vessels coated with banned organotin paint through screening of tin by portable XRF. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2019; 362:107-114. [PMID: 30236930 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2018.09.038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2018] [Revised: 08/22/2018] [Accepted: 09/12/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
The most effective biocide used historically in antifouling paints is tributyltin (TBT). However, due to its extreme toxicity to non-target organisms and its persistence in the environment, the use of TBT and other organotin compounds (OTCs) was restricted in EU on leisure boats and ships in 1989 and 2003, respectively. Nevertheless, studies worldwide still report TBT to be released from both ships and leisure boats. Here, we present a new application for a field portable X-ray fluorescence spectrometer (XRF) used for screening for organotin paint through measurements of tin (Sn) on leisure boats and ships. Measurements on ships built after the restrictions showed concentrations of up to 68 μg Sn/cm2, likely due to impurities of inorganic Sn, as shown through chemical analysis of 21 organotin-free paints. A threshold value of 100 μg Sn/cm2 is suggested, where exceedance indicates presence of OTCs. Screening with the XRF method showed 10% of the commercial vessels (n = 30) and 23-29% of leisure boats (n = 693, investigated in this and in a previous study) to hold concentrations exceeding 100 μg Sn/cm2. The XRF technique presented here provides a useful tool for quick screening and identification of vessels holding banned organotin paint.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Lagerström
- Department of Mechanics and Maritime Sciences, Chalmers University of Technology, SE 412 96, Gothenburg, Sweden.
| | - Daniel Yngsell
- Department of Mechanics and Maritime Sciences, Chalmers University of Technology, SE 412 96, Gothenburg, Sweden.
| | - Britta Eklund
- Department of Environmental Science and Analytical Chemistry (ACES), Stockholm University, SE-106 91, Stockholm, Sweden.
| | - Erik Ytreberg
- Department of Mechanics and Maritime Sciences, Chalmers University of Technology, SE 412 96, Gothenburg, Sweden.
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26
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Eklund B, Watermann B. Persistence of TBT and copper in excess on leisure boat hulls around the Baltic Sea. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2018; 25:14595-14605. [PMID: 29532372 PMCID: PMC5973951 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-018-1614-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2017] [Accepted: 02/25/2018] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
A handheld XRF-analyzer specially calibrated for measurements of metals on plastic boat hulls has been used on leisure boats in Denmark (DK), Finland (FI), and Germany (DE). The results on tin and copper are presented as μg metal/cm2. Tin is a proxy for the occurrence of organotin compounds on the boat. Two or three sites were visited in each country and between 25 and 90 boats were measured at each site. Every boat was measured at six to eight places, and the results are presented both as mean and median values. Linear regression of mean to median values of the 377 data pairs shows high relationship with R2 = 0.9566 for tin and R2 of 0.9724 for copper and thus both ways of calculation may be used. However, for regulative use, it is suggested that all individual measurements on each boat should be presented and used for decisions of removal or sealing of boat hulls. The results are compared with published data from different parts of Sweden, i.e., boats in fresh water, brackish water, and salt water. The results show that tin with mean values > 50 μg Sn/cm2 is still found on 42, 24, and 23% of the boats in DK, FI, and DE, respectively. The corresponding percentages based on median values are 38, 22, and 18% for DK, FI, and DE, respectively. The variation among boats is high with a maximum mean value of 2000 μg Sn/cm2. As comparison, one layer of an old TBT antifouling paint Hempels Hard racing superior, corresponds to 300 μg Sn/cm2. The percentage of boats with tin > 400 μg Sn/cm2 content based on mean values was 10% in DK, 5% in FI, and 1% in DE. The corresponding median values were 9, 6, and 1% for DK, FI, and DE. Copper, > 100 μg Cu/cm2, was detected on all measured boats in DK and in DE and on all but 3% of the FI boats. One layer of Hempels MilleXtra corresponds to ̴ 4000 μg Cu/cm2. The recommendation on the can is to apply two layers. The proportion of boats with higher mean copper values than 8000 μg Cu/cm2 was 51, 56, and 61 for boats in DK, FI, and DE, respectively. The proportion based on median values > 8000 μg Cu/cm2 was 50, 54, and 61% for DK, FI, and DE. The conclusion is that many leisure boats around the Baltic Sea still display or possess antifouling paints containing organotin compounds and that more than half of the boats have more copper than needed for one boat season according to the paint producers. Much of these known toxic compounds will probably be released into the environment and harm the biota. The calibrated XRF-method, intended for area measurements on boat hulls, is an easy and cheap way to detect boats with organotin compounds and high copper content. We recommend environmental authorities to use this method for identification of such boats and to use the results for requesting measures to minimize further leakage to the environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Britta Eklund
- Department of Environmental Science and Analytical Chemistry, ACES, Stockholm University, Stockholm, Sweden.
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27
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Batista-Andrade JA, Caldas SS, Batista RM, Castro IB, Fillmann G, Primel EG. From TBT to booster biocides: Levels and impacts of antifouling along coastal areas of Panama. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2018; 234:243-252. [PMID: 29179127 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2017.11.063] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2017] [Revised: 11/15/2017] [Accepted: 11/19/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Antifouling biocides in surface sediments and gastropod tissues were assessed for the first time along coastal areas of Panama under the influence of maritime activities, including one of the world's busiest shipping zones: the Panama Canal. Imposex incidence was also evaluated in five muricid species distributed along six coastal areas of Panama. This TBT-related biological alteration was detected in three species, including the first report in Purpura panama. Levels of organotins (TBT, DBT, and MBT) in gastropod tissues and surficial sediments ranged from <5 to 104 ng Sn g-1 and <1-149 ng Sn g-1, respectively. In addition, fresh TBT inputs were observed in areas considered as moderate to highly contaminated mainly by inputs from fishing and leisure boats. Regarding booster biocides, TCMTB and dichlofluanid were not detected in any sample, while irgarol 1051, diuron and DCOIT levels ranged from <0.08 to 2.8 ng g-1, <0.75-14.1 ng g-1, and <0.38-81.6 ng g-1, respectively. The highest level of TBT (149 ng Sn g-1) and irgarol 1051 (2.8 ng g-1), as well as relevant level of DCOIT (5.7 ng g-1), were detected in a marina used by recreational boats. Additionally, relatively high diuron values (14.1 ng g-1) were also detected in the Panama Canal associate to a commercial port. DCOIT concentrations were associated with the presence of antifouling paint particles in sediments obtained nearby shipyard or boat maintenance sites. The highest levels of TBT, irgarol 1051, and diuron exceeded international sediment quality guidelines indicating that toxic effects could be expected in coastal areas of Panama. Thus, the simultaneous impacts produced by new and old generations of antifouling paints highlight a serious environmental issue in Panamanian coastal areas.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jahir Antonio Batista-Andrade
- Post-graduate Program in Technological and Environmental Chemistry, Escola de Química e Alimentos, Laboratório de Análises de Compostos Orgânicos e Metais (LACOM), Universidade Federal do Rio Grande - FURG, Rio Grande, RS 96201-900, Brazil
| | - Sergiane Souza Caldas
- Post-graduate Program in Technological and Environmental Chemistry, Escola de Química e Alimentos, Laboratório de Análises de Compostos Orgânicos e Metais (LACOM), Universidade Federal do Rio Grande - FURG, Rio Grande, RS 96201-900, Brazil
| | - Rodrigo Moço Batista
- Laboratório de Microcontaminantes Orgânicos e Ecotoxicologia Aquática (CONECO), Instituto de Oceanografia, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande - FURG, Rio Grande, RS 96203-900, Brazil
| | - Italo Braga Castro
- Departamento de Ciências do Mar, Universidade Federal de São Paulo, Santos, SP 11030-400, Brazil
| | - Gilberto Fillmann
- Laboratório de Microcontaminantes Orgânicos e Ecotoxicologia Aquática (CONECO), Instituto de Oceanografia, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande - FURG, Rio Grande, RS 96203-900, Brazil
| | - Ednei Gilberto Primel
- Post-graduate Program in Technological and Environmental Chemistry, Escola de Química e Alimentos, Laboratório de Análises de Compostos Orgânicos e Metais (LACOM), Universidade Federal do Rio Grande - FURG, Rio Grande, RS 96201-900, Brazil.
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28
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Gustavsson BM, Magnér J, Carney Almroth B, Eriksson MK, Sturve J, Backhaus T. Chemical monitoring of Swedish coastal waters indicates common exceedances of environmental thresholds, both for individual substances as well as their mixtures. MARINE POLLUTION BULLETIN 2017; 122:409-419. [PMID: 28693810 DOI: 10.1016/j.marpolbul.2017.06.082] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2017] [Revised: 06/27/2017] [Accepted: 06/29/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Chemical pollution was monitored and assessed along the Swedish west coast. 62 of 172 analyzed organic chemicals were detected in the water phase of at least one of five monitored sites. A Concentration Addition based screening-level risk assessment indicates that all sites are put at risk from chemical contamination, with total risk quotients between 2 and 9. Only at one site did none of the individual chemicals exceeded its corresponding environmental threshold (PNEC, EQS). The monitoring data thus demonstrate a widespread blanket of diffuse pollution, with no clear trends among sites. Further issues critical for the environmental chemical risk assessment include the challenges to achieve sufficiently low levels of detection, especially for hormones and cypermethrin (a pyrethroid insecticide), the appropriate consideration of non-detects and the limited availability of reliable PNECs and EQS values.
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Affiliation(s)
- B Mikael Gustavsson
- University of Gothenburg, Department of Biological and Environmental Sciences, Sweden.
| | - Jörgen Magnér
- IVL - Swedish Environmental Research Institute, Sweden
| | | | - Martin K Eriksson
- Chalmers University of Technology, Department of Mechanics and Maritime Sciences, Sweden
| | - Joachim Sturve
- University of Gothenburg, Department of Biological and Environmental Sciences, Sweden
| | - Thomas Backhaus
- University of Gothenburg, Department of Biological and Environmental Sciences, Sweden
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29
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Lagerström M, Strand J, Eklund B, Ytreberg E. Total tin and organotin speciation in historic layers of antifouling paint on leisure boat hulls. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2017; 220:1333-1341. [PMID: 27836476 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2016.11.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2016] [Revised: 10/14/2016] [Accepted: 11/01/2016] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
Despite their ban on small vessels in 1989 in the EU, organotin compounds (OTCs) are still being released into the environment due to their presence in historic paint layers on leisure boats. 23 paint samples scraped from recreational boats from three countries around the Baltic Sea were analyzed for total tin (Sn) and OTCs. Two antifouling paint products were also subjected to the same analyses. A new method for the detection of Sn in paint flake samples was developed and found to yield more accurate results compared to four different acid digestion methods. A new method was also developed for the extraction of OTCs from ground paint flakes. This endeavor revealed that existing methods for organotin analysis of sediment may not have full recoveries of OTCs if paint flakes are present in the sample. The hull paint samples had Sn concentrations ranging from 25 to 18,000 mg/kg paint and results showed that tributyltin (TBT) was detected in all samples with concentrations as high as 4.7 g (as Sn)/kg paint. TBT was however not always the major OTC. Triphenyltin (TPhT) was abundant in many samples, especially in those originating from Finland. Several other compounds such as monobutyltin (MBT), dibutyltin (DBT), tetrabutyltin (TeBT), monophenyltin (MPhT) and diphenyltin (DPhT) were also detected. These could be the result of degradation occurring on the hull or of impurities in the paint products as they were also identified in the two analyzed paint products. A linear correlation (r2 = 0.934) was found between the total tin content and the sum of all detected OTCs. The detection of tin can therefore be used to indicate the presence of OTCs on leisure boats.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Lagerström
- Department of Environmental Science and Analytical Chemistry (ACES), Stockholm University, SE-106 91, Stockholm, Sweden.
| | - Jakob Strand
- Department of Bioscience, Aarhus University, Fredriksborgsvej 399, 4000 Roskilde, Denmark.
| | - Britta Eklund
- Department of Environmental Science and Analytical Chemistry (ACES), Stockholm University, SE-106 91, Stockholm, Sweden.
| | - Erik Ytreberg
- Department of Shipping and Marine Technology, Chalmers University of Technology, SE 412 96, Gothenburg, Sweden.
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30
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Bighiu MA, Eriksson-Wiklund AK, Eklund B. Biofouling of leisure boats as a source of metal pollution. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2017; 24:997-1006. [PMID: 27766522 PMCID: PMC5219026 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-016-7883-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2015] [Accepted: 10/10/2016] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
The release of harmful metals from antifouling paints to water bodies is a well-known problem. In this study, we measured both the amount of biofouling growth on leisure boats during one season as well as the concentration of metals accumulated by the biofouling matrix. Furthermore, the efficiency of antifouling paints and mechanical boat cleaning as well as the effect of hull colour on biofouling were evaluated. Unlike paint residues, biofouling waste has never been regarded as a source of metal contamination and has previously been neglected in the scientific literature. Our results revealed that the biofouling waste contained very high concentrations of metals, up to 28,000 mg copper/kg dw and 171,000 mg zinc/kg dw, which exceeds the guidance values for least sensitive land use in Sweden by factors of 140 and 340, respectively. This observation is important because the contaminated biofouling waste is commonly disposed of in boatyard soils at the end of each season, thus increasing the levels of metal pollution. Moreover, there was no significant difference in the amount of biofouling if the boats were coated with copper or zinc containing paints or no paint at all, indicating that biocide paints might not be necessary in low-salinity areas such as the Stockholm archipelago. For boats that were not painted at all during the season, those washed on boat washers (mechanically) had on average half of the amount of biofouling compared to boats that were not cleaned mechanically. The results of the study indicate the importance of proper management of biofouling waste as well as the use of more environmentally friendly removal methods for biofouling such as boat washers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Alexandra Bighiu
- Department of Environmental Science and Analytical Chemistry, Stockholm University, 10691, Stockholm, Sweden.
| | | | - Britta Eklund
- Department of Environmental Science and Analytical Chemistry, Stockholm University, 10691, Stockholm, Sweden
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