1
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Szychowski KA, Skóra B. Triclosan affects steroidogenesis in mouse primary astrocytes in vitro with engagement of Sirtuin 1 and 3. J Steroid Biochem Mol Biol 2024; 243:106586. [PMID: 39013540 DOI: 10.1016/j.jsbmb.2024.106586] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2024] [Revised: 07/10/2024] [Accepted: 07/12/2024] [Indexed: 07/18/2024]
Abstract
Triclosan (TCS) is a widely used antimicrobial, antifungal, and antiviral agent. To date, it has been reported that TCS can enter the human body and disrupt hormonal homeostasis. Therefore, the aim of our paper was to evaluate the impact of TCS on astrocytes, i.e. a crucial population of cells responsible for steroid hormone production. Our data showed that, in mouse primary astrocyte cultures, TCS can act as an endocrine disrupting chemical through destabilization of the production or secretion of progesterone (P4), testosterone (T), and estradiol (E2). TCS affects the mRNA expression of enzymes involved in neurosteroidogenesis, such as Cyp17a1, 17β-Hsd, and Cyp19a1. Our data showed that a partial PPARγ agonist (honokiol) prevented changes in Cyp17a1 mRNA expression caused by TCS. Similarly, honokiol inhibited TCS-stimulated P4 release. However, rosiglitazone (classic PPARγ agonist) or GW9662 (PPARγ antagonist) had a much stronger effect. Therefore, we believe that the changes observed in the P4, T, and E2 levels are a result of dysregulation of the activity of the aforementioned enzymes, whose expression can be affected by TCS through a Pparγ-dependent pathway. TCS was found to decrease the aryl hydrocarbon receptor (AhR) and Sirtuin 3 protein levels, which may be the result of the activation of the these proteins. Since our study showed dysregulation of the production or secretion of neurosteroids in astrocytes, it can be concluded that TCS reaching the brain may contribute to the development of neurodegenerative diseases in which an abnormal amount of neurosteroids is observed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Konrad A Szychowski
- Department of Biotechnology and Cell Biology, Medical College, University of Information Technology and Management in Rzeszow, Sucharskiego 2, Rzeszow 35-225, Poland.
| | - Bartosz Skóra
- Department of Biotechnology and Cell Biology, Medical College, University of Information Technology and Management in Rzeszow, Sucharskiego 2, Rzeszow 35-225, Poland
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2
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Xie L, Wu Q, Li K, Khan MAS, Zhang A, Sinha B, Li S, Chang SL, Brody DL, Grinstaff MW, Zhou S, Alterovitz G, Liu P, Wang X. Tryptophan Metabolism in Alzheimer's Disease with the Involvement of Microglia and Astrocyte Crosstalk and Gut-Brain Axis. Aging Dis 2024; 15:2168-2190. [PMID: 38916729 PMCID: PMC11346405 DOI: 10.14336/ad.2024.0134] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2024] [Accepted: 05/03/2024] [Indexed: 06/26/2024] Open
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD) is an age-dependent neurodegenerative disease characterized by extracellular Amyloid Aβ peptide (Aβ) deposition and intracellular Tau protein aggregation. Glia, especially microglia and astrocytes are core participants during the progression of AD and these cells are the mediators of Aβ clearance and degradation. The microbiota-gut-brain axis (MGBA) is a complex interactive network between the gut and brain involved in neurodegeneration. MGBA affects the function of glia in the central nervous system (CNS), and microbial metabolites regulate the communication between astrocytes and microglia; however, whether such communication is part of AD pathophysiology remains unknown. One of the potential links in bilateral gut-brain communication is tryptophan (Trp) metabolism. The microbiota-originated Trp and its metabolites enter the CNS to control microglial activation, and the activated microglia subsequently affect astrocyte functions. The present review highlights the role of MGBA in AD pathology, especially the roles of Trp per se and its metabolism as a part of the gut microbiota and brain communications. We (i) discuss the roles of Trp derivatives in microglia-astrocyte crosstalk from a bioinformatics perspective, (ii) describe the role of glia polarization in the microglia-astrocyte crosstalk and AD pathology, and (iii) summarize the potential of Trp metabolism as a therapeutic target. Finally, we review the role of Trp in AD from the perspective of the gut-brain axis and microglia, as well as astrocyte crosstalk, to inspire the discovery of novel AD therapeutics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lushuang Xie
- Department of Neurosurgery, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
- Acupuncture and Moxibustion College, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, Sichuan, 610075, China
| | - Qiaofeng Wu
- Acupuncture and Moxibustion College, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, Sichuan, 610075, China
| | - Kelin Li
- Department of Neurosurgery, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
- Department of Chemistry, Boston University, Boston, MA 02215, USA
| | - Mohammed A S Khan
- Department of Neurosurgery, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Andrew Zhang
- Biomedical Cybernetics Laboratory, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Bharati Sinha
- Department of Neurosurgery, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Sihui Li
- Acupuncture and Moxibustion College, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, Sichuan, 610075, China
| | - Sulie L Chang
- Department of Biological Sciences, Institute of NeuroImmune Pharmacology, Seton Hall University, South Orange, NJ 07079, USA
| | - David L Brody
- Department of Neurology, Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences, Bethesda, MD 20814, USA
| | - Mark W Grinstaff
- Department of Chemistry, Boston University, Boston, MA 02215, USA
| | - Shuanhu Zhou
- Harvard Medical School, Harvard Stem Cell Institute, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Gil Alterovitz
- Biomedical Cybernetics Laboratory, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Pinghua Liu
- Department of Chemistry, Boston University, Boston, MA 02215, USA
| | - Xin Wang
- Department of Neurosurgery, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
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3
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Wei Y, Xiong Y, Liao Q, Yang Y, Tian T, Guo X, Dong S, Zhu J, Zhang Y, Li B, Xu Z, Zhu W, Ge G. Design, synthesis and structure-activity relationship of 1,8-naphthalimide derivatives as highly potent hCYP1B1 inhibitors. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2024; 107:129776. [PMID: 38692523 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2024.129776] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2024] [Revised: 04/25/2024] [Accepted: 04/27/2024] [Indexed: 05/03/2024]
Abstract
Human cytochrome P450 1B1 enzyme (hCYP1B1), a member of hCYP1 subfamily, plays a crucial role in multiple diseases by participating in many metabolic pathways. Although a suite of potent hCYP1B1 inhibitors have been previously reported, most of them also act as aryl hydrocarbon receptor (AhR) agonists that can up-regulate the expression of hCYP1B1 and then counteract their inhibitory potential in living systems. This study aimed to develop novel efficacious hCYP1B1 inhibitors that worked well in living cells but without AhR agonist effects. For these purposes, a series of 1,8-naphthalimide derivatives were designed and synthesized, and their structure-activity relationships (SAR) as hCYP1B1 inhibitors were analyzed. Following three rounds SAR studies, several potent hCYP1B1 inhibitors were discovered, among which compound 3n was selected for further investigations owing to its extremely potent anti-hCYP1B1 activity (IC50 = 0.040 nM) and its blocking AhR transcription activity in living cells. Inhibition kinetic analyses showed that 3n potently inhibited hCYP1B1 via a mix inhibition manner, showing a Ki value of 21.71 pM. Docking simulations suggested that introducing a pyrimidine moiety to the hit compound (1d) facilitated 3n to form two strong interactions with hCYP1B1/heme, viz., the C-Br⋯π halogen bond and the N-Fe coordination bond. Further investigations demonstrated that 3n (5 μM) could significantly reverse the paclitaxel (PTX) resistance in H460/PTX cells, evidenced by the dramatically reduced IC50 values, from 632.6 nM (PTX alone) to 100.8 nM (PTX plus 3n). Collectively, this study devised a highly potent hCYP1B1 inhibitor (3n) without AhR agonist effect, which offered a promising drug candidate for overcoming hCYP1B1-associated drug resistance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yueyue Wei
- School of Chinese Materia Medica, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing 210046, China; State Key Laboratory of Drug Research, Drug Discovery and Design Center, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 201203, China
| | - Yuan Xiong
- Shanghai Frontiers Science Center of TCM Chemical Biology, Institute of Interdisciplinary Integrative Medicine Research, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai 201203, China
| | - Qingyi Liao
- School of Chinese Materia Medica, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing 210046, China; State Key Laboratory of Drug Research, Drug Discovery and Design Center, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 201203, China
| | - Ya Yang
- Shanghai Frontiers Science Center of TCM Chemical Biology, Institute of Interdisciplinary Integrative Medicine Research, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai 201203, China
| | - Tian Tian
- Shanghai Frontiers Science Center of TCM Chemical Biology, Institute of Interdisciplinary Integrative Medicine Research, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai 201203, China
| | - Xiqian Guo
- School of Resources and Environmental Engineering, Shanghai Polytechnic University, Shanghai 201209, China
| | - Sanfeng Dong
- State Key Laboratory of Drug Research, Drug Discovery and Design Center, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 201203, China
| | - Jianming Zhu
- School of Resources and Environmental Engineering, Shanghai Polytechnic University, Shanghai 201209, China
| | - Yong Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Drug Research, Drug Discovery and Design Center, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 201203, China
| | - Bo Li
- State Key Laboratory of Drug Research, Drug Discovery and Design Center, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 201203, China
| | - Zhijian Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Drug Research, Drug Discovery and Design Center, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 201203, China
| | - Weiliang Zhu
- School of Chinese Materia Medica, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing 210046, China; State Key Laboratory of Drug Research, Drug Discovery and Design Center, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 201203, China.
| | - Guangbo Ge
- Shanghai Frontiers Science Center of TCM Chemical Biology, Institute of Interdisciplinary Integrative Medicine Research, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai 201203, China.
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Xie B, Liu Y, Chen C, Velkov T, Tang S, Shen J, Dai C. Colistin Induces Oxidative Stress and Apoptotic Cell Death through the Activation of the AhR/CYP1A1 Pathway in PC12 Cells. Antioxidants (Basel) 2024; 13:827. [PMID: 39061896 PMCID: PMC11273690 DOI: 10.3390/antiox13070827] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2024] [Revised: 07/08/2024] [Accepted: 07/09/2024] [Indexed: 07/28/2024] Open
Abstract
Colistin is commonly regarded as the "last-resort" antibiotic for combating life-threatening infections caused by multidrug-resistant (MDR) gram-negative bacteria. Neurotoxicity is a potential adverse event associated with colistin application in clinical settings, yet the exact molecular mechanisms remain unclear. This study examined the detrimental impact of colistin exposure on PC12 cells and the associated molecular mechanisms. Colistin treatment at concentrations of 0-400 μM decreased cell viability and induced apoptotic cell death in both time- and concentration-dependent manners. Exposure to colistin triggered the production of reactive oxygen species (ROS) and caused oxidative stress damage in PC12 cells. N-acetylcysteine (NAC) supplementation partially mitigated the cytotoxic and apoptotic outcomes of colistin. Evidence of mitochondrial dysfunction was observed through the dissipation of membrane potential. Additionally, colistin treatment upregulated the expression of AhR and CYP1A1 mRNAs in PC12 cells. Pharmacological inhibition of AhR (e.g., using α-naphthoflavone) or intervention with the CYP1A1 gene significantly decreased the production of ROS induced by colistin, subsequently lowering caspase activation and cell apoptosis. In conclusion, our findings demonstrate, for the first time, that the activation of the AhR/CYP1A1 pathway contributes partially to colistin-induced oxidative stress and apoptosis, offering insights into the cytotoxic effects of colistin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Baofu Xie
- National Key Laboratory of Veterinary Public Health and Safety, College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Yue Liu
- National Key Laboratory of Veterinary Public Health and Safety, College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Chunhong Chen
- National Key Laboratory of Veterinary Public Health and Safety, College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Tony Velkov
- Department of Pharmacology, Biodiscovery Institute, Monash University Clayton, Melbourne, VIC 3800, Australia
| | - Shusheng Tang
- National Key Laboratory of Veterinary Public Health and Safety, College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Jianzhong Shen
- National Key Laboratory of Veterinary Public Health and Safety, College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Chongshan Dai
- National Key Laboratory of Veterinary Public Health and Safety, College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China
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5
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Kosińska K, Szychowski KA. Current state of knowledge of triclosan (TCS)-dependent reactive oxygen species (ROS) production. ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH 2024; 250:118532. [PMID: 38401681 DOI: 10.1016/j.envres.2024.118532] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2024] [Revised: 02/19/2024] [Accepted: 02/20/2024] [Indexed: 02/26/2024]
Abstract
Triclosan (TCS) is widely used in a number of industrial and personal care products. This molecule can induce reactive oxygen species (ROS) production in various cell types, which results in diverse types of cell responses. Therefore, the aim of the present study was to summarize the current state of knowledge of TCS-dependent ROS production and the influence of TCS on antioxidant enzymes and pathways. To date, the TCS mechanism of action has been widely investigated in non-mammalian organisms that may be exposed to contaminated water and soil, but there are also in vivo and in vitro studies on plants, algae, mammalians, and humans. This literature review has revealed that mammalian organisms are more resistant to TCS than non-mammalian organisms and, to obtain a toxic effect, the effective TCS dose must be significantly higher. The TCS-dependent increase in the ROS level causes damage to DNA, protein, and lipids, which together with general oxidative stress leads to cell apoptosis or necrosis and, in the case of cancer cells, faster oncogenesis and even initiation of oncogenic transformation in normal human cells. The review presents the direct and indirect TCS action through different receptor pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karolina Kosińska
- Department of Biotechnology and Cell Biology, Medical College, University of Information Technology and Management in Rzeszow, Sucharskiego 2, 35-225 Rzeszow, Poland
| | - Konrad A Szychowski
- Department of Biotechnology and Cell Biology, Medical College, University of Information Technology and Management in Rzeszow, Sucharskiego 2, 35-225 Rzeszow, Poland.
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6
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Fu B, Chen T, Jiang B, Feng H, Zhu Z, Li M, Zhang G, Jiang Y. 6PPDQ induces cardiomyocyte senescence via AhR/ROS-mediated autophagic flux blockage. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2024; 349:123872. [PMID: 38604309 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2024.123872] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2024] [Revised: 03/10/2024] [Accepted: 03/24/2024] [Indexed: 04/13/2024]
Abstract
Recently, attention has been drawn to the adverse outcomes of N-(1,3-Dimethylbutyl)-N'-phenyl-p-phenylenediamine quinone (6PPDQ) on human health, but its cardiac toxicity has been relatively understudied. This work aims to investigate the effects of 6PPDQ on differentiated H9c2 cardiomyocytes. Our findings demonstrated that exposure to 6PPDQ altered cellular morphology and disrupted the expression of cardiac-specific markers. Significantly, 6PPDQ exposure led to cardiomyocyte senescence, characterized by elevated β-Galactosidase activity, upregulation of cell cycle inhibitor, induction of DNA double-strand breaks, and remodeling of Lamin B1. Furthermore, 6PPDQ hindered autophagy flux by promoting the formation of autophagosomes while inhibiting the degradation of autolysosomes. Remarkably, restoration of autophagic flux using rapamycin counteracted 6PPDQ-induced cardiomyocyte senescence. Additionally, our study revealed that 6PPDQ significantly increased the ROS production. However, ROS scavenger effectively reduced the blockage of autophagic flux and cardiomyocyte senescence caused by 6PPDQ. Furthermore, we discovered that 6PPDQ activated the Aryl hydrocarbon receptor (AhR) signaling pathway. AhR antagonist was found to reverse the blockage of autophagy and alleviate cardiac senescence, while also reducing ROS levels in 6PPDQ-treated group. In conclusion, our research unveils that exposure to 6PPDQ induces ROS overproduction through AhR activation, leading to disruption of autophagy flux and ultimately contributing to cardiomyocyte senescence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Baoqiang Fu
- MOE Key Laboratory of Geriatric Disease and Immunology, Suzhou Medical College of Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu Province, 215123, China
| | - Tao Chen
- MOE Key Laboratory of Geriatric Disease and Immunology, Suzhou Medical College of Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu Province, 215123, China
| | - Bin Jiang
- The First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, 215006, China
| | - Haobin Feng
- MOE Key Laboratory of Geriatric Disease and Immunology, Suzhou Medical College of Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu Province, 215123, China
| | - Ziyu Zhu
- MOE Key Laboratory of Geriatric Disease and Immunology, Suzhou Medical College of Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu Province, 215123, China
| | - Min Li
- MOE Key Laboratory of Geriatric Disease and Immunology, Suzhou Medical College of Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu Province, 215123, China
| | - Guoxing Zhang
- MOE Key Laboratory of Geriatric Disease and Immunology, Suzhou Medical College of Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu Province, 215123, China
| | - Yan Jiang
- MOE Key Laboratory of Geriatric Disease and Immunology, Suzhou Medical College of Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu Province, 215123, China.
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7
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Jiang Y, Zhang M, Li J, Hu K, Chen T. AHR/cyp1b1 signaling-mediated extrinsic apoptosis contributes to 6PPDQ-induced cardiac dysfunction in zebrafish embryos. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2024; 345:123467. [PMID: 38311157 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2024.123467] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2024] [Revised: 01/24/2024] [Accepted: 01/28/2024] [Indexed: 02/10/2024]
Abstract
N-(1,3-dimethylbutyl)-N'-phenyl-p-phenylenediamine-quinone (6PPDQ) has raised significant concerns due to its widespread distribution and high toxicity to aquatic organisms. However, the cardiac developmental toxicity of 6PPDQ and the underlying mechanisms remain unclear. In this study, we observed no notable alterations in heart morphology or embryo survival in zebrafish embryos exposed to 6PPDQ (0.2-2000 μg/L) up to 3 days post-fertilization (dpf). However, concentrations at 2 μg/L or higher induced cardiac dysfunctions, leading to lethal effects at later stages (6-8 dpf). We further found that the aryl hydrocarbon receptor (AHR) inhibitor CH22351 attenuated 6PPDQ-induced cardiac dysfunctions, implicating the involvement of AHR signal pathway. Moreover, 6PPDQ exposure led to an overproduction of reactive oxygen species (ROS) and an upregulation of genes associated with oxidative stress (sod1, sod2, and nrf2a). This was accompanied by an increase in oxidative DNA damage and the induction of p53-dependent extrinsic apoptosis. Co-exposure to the ROS scavenger N-acetylcysteine effectively counteracted the DNA damage and apoptosis induced by 6PPDQ. Importantly, inhibition of AHR or its downstream target cyp1b1 attenuated 6PPDQ-induced oxidative stress, DNA damage, and apoptosis. In conclusion, our results provide evidence that 6PPDQ induces oxidative stress through the AHR/cyp1b1 signaling pathway, leading to DNA damage and extrinsic apoptosis, ultimately resulting in cardiac dysfunction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yan Jiang
- Suzhou Medical College of Soochow University, Suzhou, China; MOE Education Key Laboratory of Geriatric Diseases and Immunology, Suzhou, China
| | - Mingxuan Zhang
- Suzhou Medical College of Soochow University, Suzhou, China; MOE Education Key Laboratory of Geriatric Diseases and Immunology, Suzhou, China
| | - Jinhao Li
- Suzhou Medical College of Soochow University, Suzhou, China
| | - Keqi Hu
- Department of Science and Education, Guangdong Second Provincial General Hospital, Guangzhou, China
| | - Tao Chen
- Suzhou Medical College of Soochow University, Suzhou, China; MOE Education Key Laboratory of Geriatric Diseases and Immunology, Suzhou, China.
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8
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Huang R, Duan J, Huang W, Cheng Y, Zhu B, Li F. Inhibition of CYP1A1 Alleviates Colchicine-Induced Hepatotoxicity. Toxins (Basel) 2024; 16:35. [PMID: 38251251 PMCID: PMC10818746 DOI: 10.3390/toxins16010035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2023] [Revised: 12/05/2023] [Accepted: 12/20/2023] [Indexed: 01/23/2024] Open
Abstract
Colchicine, a natural compound extracted from Colchicum autumnale, is a phytotoxin, but interestingly, it also has multiple pharmacological activities. Clinically, colchicine is widely used for the treatment of gouty arthritis, familial Mediterranean fever, cardiovascular dysfunction and new coronary pneumonia. However, overdose intake of colchicine could cause lethal liver damage, which is a limitation of its application. Therefore, exploring the potential mechanism of colchicine-induced hepatotoxicity is meaningful. Interestingly, it was found that CYP1A1 played an important role in the hepatotoxicity of colchicine, while it might also participate in its metabolism. Inhibition of CYP1A1 could alleviate oxidative stress and pyroptosis in the liver upon colchicine treatment. By regulating CYP1A1 through the CASPASE-1-GSDMD pathway, colchicine-induced liver injury was effectively relieved in a mouse model. In summary, we concluded that CYP1A1 may be a potential target, and the inhibition of CYP1A1 alleviates colchicine-induced liver injury through pyroptosis regulated by the CASPASE-1-GSDMD pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruoyue Huang
- Department of Gastroenterology & Hepatology, Laboratory of Metabolomics and Drug-Induced Liver Injury, State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy, and Frontiers Science Center for Disease-Related Molecular Network, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China
| | - Jingyi Duan
- Department of Gastroenterology & Hepatology, Laboratory of Metabolomics and Drug-Induced Liver Injury, State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy, and Frontiers Science Center for Disease-Related Molecular Network, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China
| | - Wen Huang
- Laboratory of Ethnopharmacology, Tissue-Orientated Property of Chinese Medicine Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, West China School of Medicine, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China
| | - Yan Cheng
- Department of Gastroenterology & Hepatology, Laboratory of Metabolomics and Drug-Induced Liver Injury, State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy, and Frontiers Science Center for Disease-Related Molecular Network, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China
- Academician Workstation, Jiangxi University of Chinese Medicine, Nanchang 330004, China
| | - Beiwei Zhu
- School of Food Science and Technology, Dalian Polytechnic University, Dalian 116034, China;
- National Engineering Research Center of Seafood, Dalian 116034, China
| | - Fei Li
- Department of Gastroenterology & Hepatology, Laboratory of Metabolomics and Drug-Induced Liver Injury, State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy, and Frontiers Science Center for Disease-Related Molecular Network, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China
- State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Health and Multimorbidity, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China
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9
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Li Y, Xiang S, Hu L, Qian J, Liu S, Jia J, Cui J. In vitro metabolism of triclosan and chemoprevention against its cytotoxicity. CHEMOSPHERE 2023; 339:139708. [PMID: 37536533 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2023.139708] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2022] [Revised: 07/12/2023] [Accepted: 07/30/2023] [Indexed: 08/05/2023]
Abstract
Triclosan (TCS), a broad-spectrum antibacterial chemical, has been extensively used in personal daily care items, household commodities, and clinical medications; therefore, humans are at risk of being exposed to TCS in their daily lives. This chemical also accumulated in food chains, and potential risks were associated with its metabolism in vivo. The aim of this study was to investigate the difference in metabolic profile of TCS by hepatic P450 enzymes and extrahepatic P450s, and also identify chemical structures of its metabolites. The results showed that RLM mediated the hydroxylation and cleavage of the ether moiety of TCS, resulting in phenolic metabolites that are more polar than the parent compound, including 4-chlorocatechol, 2,4-dichlorophenol and monohydroxylated triclosan. The major metabolite of CYP1A1 and CYP1B1 mediated TCS metabolism is 4-chlorochol. We also performed molecular docking experiments to investigate possible binding modes of TCS in the active sites of human CYP1B1, CYP1A1, and CYP3A4. In addition to in vitro experiments, we further examined the cytotoxic effects of TCS on HepG2 cells expressing hepatic P450 and MCF-7/1B1 cells expressing CYP1B1. It exhibited significant cytotoxicity on HepG2, MCF-10A and MCF-7/1B1 cells, with IC50 values of 70 ± 10 μM, 20 ± 10 μM and 60 ± 20 μM, respectively. The co-incubation of TCS with glutathione (GSH) as a chemopreventive agent could reduce the cytotoxicity of TCS in vitro. The chemopreventive effects of GSH might be ascribed to the promotion of TCS efflux mediated by membrane transporter MRP1 and also its antioxidant property, which partially neutralized the oxidative stress of TCS on mammalian cells. This study contributed to our understanding of the relationship between the P450 metabolism and the toxicity of TCS. It also had implications for the use of specific chemopreventive agents against the toxicity of TCS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yubei Li
- School of China-UK Low Carbon College, Shanghai Jiaotong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Shouyan Xiang
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Shanghai Jiaotong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Liuyin Hu
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Shanghai Jiaotong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Jiajun Qian
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Shanghai Jiaotong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Shuoguo Liu
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Shanghai Jiaotong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Jinping Jia
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Shanghai Jiaotong University, Shanghai, China; School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Shanghai Jiaotong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Jiahua Cui
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Shanghai Jiaotong University, Shanghai, China.
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10
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Liang Y, Li L, Zhang H, Dai Q, Xie G, Lei B, Yang Z, Cai Z. Long-term percutaneous triclosan exposure induces thyroid damage in mice: Interpretation of toxicity mechanism from metabolic and proteomic perspectives. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2023; 454:131532. [PMID: 37121033 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2023.131532] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2023] [Revised: 04/23/2023] [Accepted: 04/26/2023] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
Triclosan (TCS) is an antiseptic incorporated in consumer goods and personal care products that can be absorbed via the skin, raising public health concerns for its continuous detection in human biofluids and tissues. Epidemiology has associated TCS exposure with thyroid function disturbances and decreasing serum thyroid hormone (TH) levels, but the underlying mechanism remains unclear. In this study, we revealed hypothyroidism and histological alternation in the thyroid of mice with chronic percutaneous exposure to TCS, indicating a TCS-caused thyroid impairment. Subsequently, multi-omics approaches were performed to investigate the molecular mechanism of the thyroid in response to long-term dermal TCS exposure. We discovered that TCS interfered with the TH synthesis as indicated by the changes in the levels of the synthetic materials for TH (iodide, Tg, and H2O2) and affected TH release by the downregulation of lysosomal enzymes. The upregulation of glycolysis, tricarboxylic acid cycle, fatty acid, amino acid metabolism, and adenine salvage in the thyroid was also observed after TCS exposure. All these changes led to the elevation of ATP, serving as a rescue for the decreasing thyroid functions. Together, our study demonstrated TCS-induced thyroid damage and identified the interrupted pathways, providing meaningful insight into the molecular mechanisms underpinning the potential health influence of TCS in humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanshan Liang
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental and Biological Analysis, Department of Chemistry, Hong Kong Baptist University, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region, China; Food Science and Technology Program, Beijing Normal University-Hong Kong Baptist University United International College, Guangdong, Zhuhai, China
| | - Leiguang Li
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental and Biological Analysis, Department of Chemistry, Hong Kong Baptist University, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region, China
| | - Hongna Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental and Biological Analysis, Department of Chemistry, Hong Kong Baptist University, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region, China; Department of Occupational and Environmental Health, School of Public Health, Qingdao University, Qingdao, China
| | - Qingyuan Dai
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental and Biological Analysis, Department of Chemistry, Hong Kong Baptist University, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region, China; Food Science and Technology Program, Beijing Normal University-Hong Kong Baptist University United International College, Guangdong, Zhuhai, China
| | - Guangshan Xie
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental and Biological Analysis, Department of Chemistry, Hong Kong Baptist University, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region, China
| | - Bo Lei
- Food Science and Technology Program, Beijing Normal University-Hong Kong Baptist University United International College, Guangdong, Zhuhai, China
| | - Zhu Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental and Biological Analysis, Department of Chemistry, Hong Kong Baptist University, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region, China.
| | - Zongwei Cai
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental and Biological Analysis, Department of Chemistry, Hong Kong Baptist University, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region, China.
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11
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Pullaguri N, Umale A, Bhargava A. Neurotoxic mechanisms of triclosan: The antimicrobial agent emerging as a toxicant. J Biochem Mol Toxicol 2023; 37:e23244. [PMID: 36353933 DOI: 10.1002/jbt.23244] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2021] [Revised: 09/12/2022] [Accepted: 10/11/2022] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Several scientific studies have suggested a link between increased exposure to pollutants and a rise in the number of neurodegenerative disorders of unknown origin. Notably, triclosan (an antimicrobial agent) is used in concentrations ranging from 0.3% to 1% in various consumer products. Recent studies have also highlighted triclosan as an emerging toxic pollutant due to its increasing global use. However, a definitive link is missing to associate the rising use of triclosan and the growing number of neurodegenerative disorders or neurotoxicity. In this article, we present systematic scientific evidence which are otherwise scattered to suggest that triclosan can indeed induce neurotoxic effects, especially in vertebrate organisms including humans. Mechanistically, triclosan affected important developmental and differentiation genes, structural genes, genes for signaling receptors and genes for neurotransmitter controlling enzymes. Triclosan-induced oxidative stress impacting cellular proteins and homeostasis which triggers apoptosis. Though the scientific evidence collated in this article unequivocally indicates that triclosan can cause neurotoxicity, further epidemiological studies may be needed to confirm the effects on humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Narasimha Pullaguri
- Department of Biotechnology, Indian Institute of Technology Hyderabad (IITH), Kandi, Telangana, India
| | - Ashwini Umale
- Department of Biotechnology, Indian Institute of Technology Hyderabad (IITH), Kandi, Telangana, India
| | - Anamika Bhargava
- Department of Biotechnology, Indian Institute of Technology Hyderabad (IITH), Kandi, Telangana, India
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12
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Skóra B, Matuszewska P, Masicz M, Sikora K, Słomczewska M, Sołtysek P, Szychowski KA. Crosstalk between the aryl hydrocarbon receptor (AhR) and the peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma (PPARγ) as a key factor in the metabolism of silver nanoparticles in neuroblastoma (SH-SY5Y) cells in vitro. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol 2023; 458:116339. [PMID: 36473513 DOI: 10.1016/j.taap.2022.116339] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2022] [Revised: 11/20/2022] [Accepted: 12/02/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
The potential usefulness of silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) in anticancer therapy has been postulated for many years. However, little is known to date about the exact impact of such NPs on intracellular detoxication pathways. Therefore, the aim of this study was to determine the impact of AgNPs on the AhR-PPARγ-CYP1A1 pathway in neuroblastoma (SH-SY5Y) cells. The obtained results showed a decrease in the metabolic activity of the SH-SY5Y cells at the 50 and 100 μg/mL concentrations with an increase in caspase-3 activity. An increase in the intercellular ROS production was observed at the 1 and 10 μg/mL concentrations. The co-treatment of the AgNP-treated cells with the AhR and PPARγ inhibitors abolished the effect of the tested AgNPs in the SH-SY5Y cells. In turn, the CYP1A1 activity assay showed a decrease in this parameter in the AgNP-treated cells. Moreover, the gene expression analysis demonstrated that AgNPs were able to increase the AhR and CYP1A1 mRNA expression and decrease the PPARγ gene expression after the 6-h treatment. In turn, an increase in the AhR and PPARγ protein expression was observed after 24 h. Summarizing, the study shows for the first time that AgNPs with a 5-nm diameter size are able to exert a cytotoxic effect on SH-SH5Y cells in a ROS-dependent manner affect the AhR-PPARγ-CYP1A1 pathway inter alia by inhibiting the activity of CYP1A1. This is important due to given present research approaches using such NPs as enhancer agents in the modern PPARγ inhibitor-based anticancer therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bartosz Skóra
- Department of Biotechnology and Cell Biology, Medical College, University of Information Technology and Management, St. Sucharskiego 2, 35-225 Rzeszow, Poland.
| | - Paulina Matuszewska
- Medical Biotechnology Student's Science Group "Helisa", Medical College, University of Information Technology and Management, St. Sucharskiego 2, 35-225 Rzeszow, Poland
| | - Martyna Masicz
- Medical Biotechnology Student's Science Group "Helisa", Medical College, University of Information Technology and Management, St. Sucharskiego 2, 35-225 Rzeszow, Poland
| | - Karolina Sikora
- Medical Biotechnology Student's Science Group "Helisa", Medical College, University of Information Technology and Management, St. Sucharskiego 2, 35-225 Rzeszow, Poland
| | - Magnolia Słomczewska
- Medical Biotechnology Student's Science Group "Helisa", Medical College, University of Information Technology and Management, St. Sucharskiego 2, 35-225 Rzeszow, Poland
| | - Paulina Sołtysek
- Medical Biotechnology Student's Science Group "Helisa", Medical College, University of Information Technology and Management, St. Sucharskiego 2, 35-225 Rzeszow, Poland
| | - Konrad A Szychowski
- Department of Biotechnology and Cell Biology, Medical College, University of Information Technology and Management, St. Sucharskiego 2, 35-225 Rzeszow, Poland
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13
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Dai XY, Lin J, Zhu SY, Guo JY, Cui JG, Li JL. Atrazine-induced oxidative damage via modulating xenobiotic-sensing nuclear receptors and cytochrome P450 systems in cerebrum and antagonism of lycopene. Food Chem Toxicol 2022; 170:113462. [DOI: 10.1016/j.fct.2022.113462] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2022] [Revised: 09/17/2022] [Accepted: 10/04/2022] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
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14
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Selvam P, Cheng CM, Dahms HU, Ponnusamy VK, Sun YY. AhR Mediated Activation of Pro-Inflammatory Response of RAW 264.7 Cells Modulate the Epithelial-Mesenchymal Transition. TOXICS 2022; 10:toxics10110642. [PMID: 36355934 PMCID: PMC9696907 DOI: 10.3390/toxics10110642] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2022] [Revised: 10/12/2022] [Accepted: 10/24/2022] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
Pulmonary fibrosis, a chronic lung disease caused by progressive deterioration of lung tissue, is generated by several factors including genetic and environmental ones. In response to long-term exposure to environmental stimuli, aberrant tissue repair and epithelial cell-to- mesenchymal cell transition (EMT) trigger the subsequent progression of pulmonary fibrotic diseases. The Aryl hydrocarbon receptor (AhR) is a transcription factor that is activated by ligands providing lung dysfunction when activated by environmental toxins, such as polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons. Our previous study demonstrated that AhR mediates α-SMA expression by directly binding to the α-SMA (fibroblast differentiation marker) promoter, suggesting the role of AhR in mediating fibrogenic progression. Here we follow the hypothesis that macrophage infiltrated microenvironments may trigger inflammation and subsequent fibrosis. We studied the expression of cytokines in RAW 264.7 cells by AhR activation through an ELISA assay. To investigate molecular events, migration, western blotting and zymography assays were carried out. We found that AhR agonists such as TCDD, IP and FICZ, promote the migration and induce inflammatory mediators such as TNF-α and G-CSF, MIP-1α, MIP-1β and MIP-2. These cytokines arbitrate EMT marker expression such as E-cadherin, fibronectin, and vimentin in pulmonary epithelial cells. Expression of proteins of MMPs in mouse macrophages was determined by zymography, showing the caseinolytic activity of MMP-1 and the gelatinolytic action of MMP-2 and MMP-9. Taken together, the present study showed that AhR activated macrophages create an inflammatory microenvironment which favours the fibrotic progression of pulmonary epithelial cells. Such production of inflammatory factors was accomplished by affecting the Wnt/β-catenin signalling pathway, thereby creating a microenvironment which enhances the epithelial-mesenchymal transition, leading to fibrosis of the lung.
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Affiliation(s)
- Padhmavathi Selvam
- Department of Medicinal and Applied Chemistry, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung City 807, Taiwan
- Department of Biomedical Science and Environmental Biology, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung City 807, Taiwan
| | - Chih-Mei Cheng
- Department of Biomedical Science and Environmental Biology, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung City 807, Taiwan
- Department of Medical Research, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung 804, Taiwan
| | - Hans-Uwe Dahms
- Department of Biomedical Science and Environmental Biology, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung City 807, Taiwan
- Research Center for Precision Environmental Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung City 807, Taiwan
- Department of Marine Biotechnology and Resources, National Sun Yat-Sen University, Kaohsiung City 804, Taiwan
| | - Vinoth Kumar Ponnusamy
- Department of Medicinal and Applied Chemistry, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung City 807, Taiwan
- Research Center for Precision Environmental Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung City 807, Taiwan
| | - Yu-Yo Sun
- Institute of BioPharmaceutical Sciences, National Sun Yat-Sen University, Kaohsiung City 804, Taiwan
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15
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Marques AC, Mariana M, Cairrao E. Triclosan and Its Consequences on the Reproductive, Cardiovascular and Thyroid Levels. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms231911427. [PMID: 36232730 PMCID: PMC9570035 DOI: 10.3390/ijms231911427] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2022] [Revised: 09/23/2022] [Accepted: 09/26/2022] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Hygiene is essential to avoid diseases, and this is thanks to daily cleaning and disinfection habits. Currently, there are numerous commercial products containing antimicrobial agents, and although they are efficient in disinfecting, it is still not known the effect of the constant use of these products on human health. In fact, a massive use of disinfectants has been observed due to COVID-19, but the possible adverse effects are not yet known. Triclosan is one of the antimicrobial agents used in cosmetic products, toothpaste, and disinfectants. This compound is an endocrine disruptor, which means it can interfere with hormonal function, with its estrogenic and androgenic activity having already been stated. Even if the use of triclosan is well-regulated, with the maximum allowed concentration in the European Union of 0.3% (m/m), its effects on human health are still uncertain. Studies in animals and humans suggest the possibility of harmful health outcomes, particularly for the reproductive system, and in a less extent for the cardiovascular and thyroid functions. Thus, the purpose of this review was to analyse the possible implications of the massive use of triclosan, mainly on the reproductive and cardiovascular systems and on the thyroid function, both in animals and humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana C. Marques
- Health Sciences Research Centre (CICS-UBI), University of Beira Interior, 6200-506 Covilhã, Portugal
- Faculty of Health Sciences (FCS-UBI), University of Beira Interior, 6200-506 Covilhã, Portugal
| | - Melissa Mariana
- Health Sciences Research Centre (CICS-UBI), University of Beira Interior, 6200-506 Covilhã, Portugal
- Faculty of Health Sciences (FCS-UBI), University of Beira Interior, 6200-506 Covilhã, Portugal
| | - Elisa Cairrao
- Health Sciences Research Centre (CICS-UBI), University of Beira Interior, 6200-506 Covilhã, Portugal
- Faculty of Health Sciences (FCS-UBI), University of Beira Interior, 6200-506 Covilhã, Portugal
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +351-275-329-049
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16
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Jacobs MN, Kubickova B, Boshoff E. Candidate Proficiency Test Chemicals to Address Industrial Chemical Applicability Domains for in vitro Human Cytochrome P450 Enzyme Induction. FRONTIERS IN TOXICOLOGY 2022; 4:880818. [PMID: 35795225 PMCID: PMC9252529 DOI: 10.3389/ftox.2022.880818] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2022] [Accepted: 04/25/2022] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Cytochrome P450 (CYP) enzymes play a key role in the metabolism of both xenobiotics and endogenous chemicals, and the activity of some CYP isoforms are susceptible to induction and/or inhibition by certain chemicals. As CYP induction/inhibition can bring about significant alterations in the level of in vivo exposure to CYP substrates and metabolites, CYP induction/inhibition data is needed for regulatory chemical toxicity hazard assessment. On the basis of available human in vivo pharmaceutical data, a draft Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development Test Guideline (TG) for an in vitro CYP HepaRG test method that is capable of detecting the induction of four human CYPs (CYP1A1/1A2, 2B6, and 3A4), has been developed and validated for a set of pharmaceutical proficiency chemicals. However to support TG adoption, further validation data was requested to demonstrate the ability of the test method to also accurately detect CYP induction mediated by industrial and pesticidal chemicals, together with an indication on regulatory uses of the test method. As part of "GOLIATH", a European Union Horizon-2020 funded research project on metabolic disrupting chemical testing approaches, work is underway to generate supplemental validated data for an additional set of chemicals with sufficient diversity to allow for the approval of the guideline. Here we report on the process of proficiency chemical selection based on a targeted literature review, the selection criteria and considerations required for acceptance of proficiency chemical selection for OECD TG development (i.e. structural diversity, range of activity, relevant chemical sectors, global restrictions etc). The following 13 proposed proficiency chemicals were reviewed and selected as a suitable set for use in the additional validation experiments: tebuconazole, benfuracarb, atrazine, cypermethrin, chlorpyrifos, perfluorooctanoic acid, bisphenol A, N,N-diethyl-m-toluamide, benzo-[a]-pyrene, fludioxonil, malathion, triclosan, and caffeine. Illustrations of applications of the test method in relation to endocrine disruption and non-genotoxic carcinogenicity are provided.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miriam Naomi Jacobs
- Centre for Radiation, Chemical and Environmental Hazards (CRCE), Department of Toxicology, Public Health England (PHE), Harwell Science and Innovation Campus, Chilton, United Kingdom
| | - Barbara Kubickova
- Centre for Radiation, Chemical and Environmental Hazards (CRCE), Department of Toxicology, Public Health England (PHE), Harwell Science and Innovation Campus, Chilton, United Kingdom
| | - Eugene Boshoff
- Centre for Radiation, Chemical and Environmental Hazards (CRCE), Department of Toxicology, Public Health England (PHE), Harwell Science and Innovation Campus, Chilton, United Kingdom
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17
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Nataraj B, Maharajan K, Malafaia G, Hemalatha D, Ahmed MAI, Ramesh M. Gene expression profiling in liver of zebrafish exposed to ethylhexyl methoxycinnamate and its photoproducts. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2022; 826:154046. [PMID: 35217044 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2022.154046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/24/2021] [Revised: 02/16/2022] [Accepted: 02/17/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
In recent decades, the ecotoxicological potential of organic ultraviolet filters (OU-VFs) has received growing attention. However, the toxicity of its photoproducts or transformation products on freshwater vertebrates has been little explored. Therefore, the aim of the present study is to evaluate the possible adverse effects of ethylhexyl methoxycinnamate (EHMC) and its photoproducts [2-ethylhexanol (2-EH) and 4-methoxybenzaldehyde (4-MBA)] on the expression of stress-responsive and antioxidant genes. For this, zebrafish (Danio rerio) adults were exposed to pollutants at an environmentally relevant concentration (3 μg/L) and evaluated after 7, 14, and 21 days of exposure. The results of the principal component analysis (PCA) and two-way repeated measures (RM) ANOVA revealed that EHMC, 2-EH, and 4-MBA exposure caused significant downregulation of the genes hsp70, nrf2, cyp1a, ahr, sod1, sod2, cat, gstp1, gpx1a, gss, and gsr (on all trial days) in the liver of the animals. On the other hand, taken together, our data did not show significant differences between the effects induced by EHMC and its photoproducts. The genes evaluated in the present study play a major role in regulating the defensive antioxidant response against EHMC and its photoproducts. Additionally, our study provides an insight into the mechanisms of those OU-VFs in freshwater fish.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bojan Nataraj
- Unit of Toxicology, Department of Zoology, School of Life Sciences, Bharathiar University, Coimbatore 641046, India
| | - Kannan Maharajan
- Unit of Toxicology, Department of Zoology, School of Life Sciences, Bharathiar University, Coimbatore 641046, India; Biology Institute, Qilu University of Technology (Shandong Academy of Sciences), 28789 East Jingshi Road, Jinan 250103, Shandong Province, PR China
| | - Guilherme Malafaia
- Post-Graduation Program in Environmental Sciences, Federal University of Goiás, Goiânia, GO, Brazil; Post-Graduation Program in Ecology, Conservation and Biodiversity, Federal University of Uberlândia, Uberlândia, MG, Brazil; Post-Graduation Program in Biotechnology and Biodiversity, Federal University of Goiás, Goiânia, GO, Brazil
| | - Devan Hemalatha
- Department of Zoology, PSG College of Arts & Science, Coimbatore, Tamil Nadu - 641014, India
| | | | - Mathan Ramesh
- Unit of Toxicology, Department of Zoology, School of Life Sciences, Bharathiar University, Coimbatore 641046, India.
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18
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Blaškovičová J, Labuda J. Effect of Triclosan and Silver Nanoparticles on DNA Damage Investigated with DNA-Based Biosensor. SENSORS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2022; 22:s22124332. [PMID: 35746113 PMCID: PMC9228991 DOI: 10.3390/s22124332] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2022] [Revised: 06/06/2022] [Accepted: 06/06/2022] [Indexed: 05/07/2023]
Abstract
Triclosan (TCS) is a broad-spectrum antimicrobial agent widely used in personal care, healthcare, and clinical practice. One of the most important aspects of toxicological profiling of compounds is their interaction with DNA. In human cells, TCS causes a significant reduction in DNA methylation. The involvement of TCS in chromosomal aberrations, DNA damage, and strand breaks, as well as DNA damage from TCS degradation products, was reported. AgNPs share similarities with TCS in terms of antimicrobial properties, enter the body after exposure, and are used even together with TCS in oral care products. Therefore, their mutual effect on the DNA is of interest. In this study, the electrochemical behavior of TCS on a glassy carbon electrode (GCE) and the biosensor with salmon sperm dsDNA (DNA/GCE), DNA damage by TCS present in phosphate buffer solution pH 7.4 and an additional effect of the immobilized AgNP layer on such DNA damage have been investigated. Two different sizes of AgNPs (about 15 and 37 nm) were tested. Using square-wave voltammetric signals of nucleobases, the portion of survived DNA was 64% in the presence of 15 nm AgNPs compared to 55% in its absence. The protective effect of AgNPs on DNA against TCS-induced DNA damage was found.
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19
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Szychowski KA, Skóra B, Wójtowicz AK. Involvement of sirtuins (Sirt1 and Sirt3) and aryl hydrocarbon receptor (AhR) in the effects of triclosan (TCS) on production of neurosteroids in primary mouse cortical neurons cultures. PESTICIDE BIOCHEMISTRY AND PHYSIOLOGY 2022; 184:105131. [PMID: 35715069 DOI: 10.1016/j.pestbp.2022.105131] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2022] [Revised: 05/18/2022] [Accepted: 05/20/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Epidemiological studies have shown the presence of triclosan (TCS) in the brain due to its widespread use as an antibacterial ingredient. One of the confirmed mechanisms of its action is the interaction with the aryl hydrocarbon receptor (AhR). In nerve cells, sirtuins (Sirt1 and Sirt3) act as cellular sensors detecting energy availability and modulate metabolic processes. Moreover, it has been found that Sirt1 inhibits the activation of estrogen receptors, regulates the androgen receptor, and may interact with the AhR receptor. It is also known that Sirt3 stimulates the production of estradiol (E2) via the estradiol receptor β (Erβ). Therefore, the aim of the present study was to evaluate the effect of TCS alone or in combination with synthetic flavonoids on the production of neurosteroids such as progesterone (P4), testosterone (T), and E2 in primary neural cortical neurons in vitro. The contribution of Sirt1 and Sirt3 as well as AhR to these TCS-induced effects was investigated as well. The results of the experiments showed that both short and long exposure of neurons to TCS increased the expression of the Sirt1 and Sirt3 proteins in response to AhR stimulation. After an initial increase in the production of all tested neurosteroids, TCS acting for a longer time lowered their levels in the cells. This suggests that TCS activating AhR as well as Sirt1 and Sirt3 in short time intervals stimulates the levels of P4, T, and E2 in neurons, and then the amount of neurosteroids decreases despite the activation of AhR and the increase in the expression of the Sirt1 and Sirt3 proteins. The use of both the AhR agonist and antagonist prevented changes in the expression of Sirt1, Sirt3, and AhR and the production of P4, T, and E2, which confirmed that this receptor is a key in the mechanism of the TCS action.
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Affiliation(s)
- Konrad A Szychowski
- Department of Biotechnology and Cell Biology, Medical College, University of Information Technology and Management in Rzeszow, Sucharskiego 2, 35-225 Rzeszow, Poland.
| | - Bartosz Skóra
- Department of Biotechnology and Cell Biology, Medical College, University of Information Technology and Management in Rzeszow, Sucharskiego 2, 35-225 Rzeszow, Poland
| | - Anna K Wójtowicz
- Department of Nutrition, Animal Biotechnology and Fisheries, Faculty of Animal Sciences, University of Agriculture, Adama Mickiewicza 24/28, 30-059 Kraków, Poland
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20
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Sinicropi MS, Iacopetta D, Ceramella J, Catalano A, Mariconda A, Pellegrino M, Saturnino C, Longo P, Aquaro S. Triclosan: A Small Molecule with Controversial Roles. Antibiotics (Basel) 2022; 11:735. [PMID: 35740142 PMCID: PMC9220381 DOI: 10.3390/antibiotics11060735] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2022] [Revised: 05/25/2022] [Accepted: 05/27/2022] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Triclosan (TCS), a broad-spectrum antimicrobial agent, has been widely used in personal care products, medical products, plastic cutting boards, and food storage containers. Colgate Total® toothpaste, containing 10 mM TCS, is effective in controlling biofilm formation and maintaining gingival health. Given its broad usage, TCS is present ubiquitously in the environment. Given its strong lipophilicity and accumulation ability in organisms, it is potentially harmful to biohealth. Several reports suggest the toxicity of this compound, which is inserted in the class of endocrine disrupting chemicals (EDCs). In September 2016, TCS was banned by the U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) and the European Union in soap products. Despite these problems, its application in personal care products within certain limits is still allowed. Today, it is still unclear whether TCS is truly toxic to mammals and the adverse effects of continuous, long-term, and low concentration exposure remain unknown. Indeed, some recent reports suggest the use of TCS as a repositioned drug for cancer treatment and cutaneous leishmaniasis. In this scenario it is necessary to investigate the advantages and disadvantages of TCS, to understand whether its use is advisable or not. This review intends to highlight the pros and cons that are associated with the use of TCS in humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Stefania Sinicropi
- Department of Pharmacy, Health and Nutritional Sciences, University of Calabria, 87036 Arcavacata di Rende, Italy; (M.S.S.); (D.I.); (J.C.); (M.P.); (S.A.)
| | - Domenico Iacopetta
- Department of Pharmacy, Health and Nutritional Sciences, University of Calabria, 87036 Arcavacata di Rende, Italy; (M.S.S.); (D.I.); (J.C.); (M.P.); (S.A.)
| | - Jessica Ceramella
- Department of Pharmacy, Health and Nutritional Sciences, University of Calabria, 87036 Arcavacata di Rende, Italy; (M.S.S.); (D.I.); (J.C.); (M.P.); (S.A.)
| | - Alessia Catalano
- Department of Pharmacy-Drug Sciences, University of Bari Aldo Moro, 70126 Bari, Italy
| | - Annaluisa Mariconda
- Department of Science, University of Basilicata, 85100 Potenza, Italy; (A.M.); (C.S.)
| | - Michele Pellegrino
- Department of Pharmacy, Health and Nutritional Sciences, University of Calabria, 87036 Arcavacata di Rende, Italy; (M.S.S.); (D.I.); (J.C.); (M.P.); (S.A.)
| | - Carmela Saturnino
- Department of Science, University of Basilicata, 85100 Potenza, Italy; (A.M.); (C.S.)
| | - Pasquale Longo
- Department of Chemistry and Biology, University of Salerno, Via Giovanni Paolo II 132, 84084 Fisciano, Italy;
| | - Stefano Aquaro
- Department of Pharmacy, Health and Nutritional Sciences, University of Calabria, 87036 Arcavacata di Rende, Italy; (M.S.S.); (D.I.); (J.C.); (M.P.); (S.A.)
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21
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Szychowski KA, Skóra B, Bar M, Piechowiak T. Triclosan (TCS) affects the level of DNA methylation in the human oral squamous cell carcinoma (SCC-15) cell line in a nontoxic concentration. Biomed Pharmacother 2022; 149:112815. [PMID: 35286965 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2022.112815] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2022] [Revised: 03/06/2022] [Accepted: 03/08/2022] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The oral cancer is presumably caused by genetic factors and exposure to substances derived from cosmetics and disinfectants. Triclosan (TCS) is widely spread in many consumer products and oral care products. Since TCS can affect DNA methylation, which is one of the key mechanisms of gene expression that may lead to cancerogenesis, it is necessary to study this mechanism in oral cell carcinoma. The aim of the present study was to evaluate the impact of TCS on metabolic parameters, oxidative stress, gene expression, and DNA methylation and hydroxymethylation in the SCC-15 cell line. The experiments have shown TCS toxicity to SCC-15 cells only in the highest concentrations of 50 and 100 µM. TCS in a wide range of concentrations increases ROS production and caspase-3 activity. Our experiments have shown that TCS in the nontoxic concentrations of 10 µM exerts an impact on SOD2 mRNA expression and SOD activity in the SCC-15 cell line. Finally, our experiments have demonstrated that 6-h treatment with TCS decreases the mRNA expression of DNMT3A and DNMT3B. After 72-h exposure to TCS, an increased level of 5-methylcytosine and 5-hydroxymethylcytosine was observed in the SCC-15 cell line, but it was abolished by the NAC treatment. However, it is very likely that these results can be an effect of TET enzyme activity, especially in the case of the decrease in 5mC and the increase in 5hmC after the 48-h exposure to TCS, which was accompanied with a decrease in the mRNA expression of DNMT3A and DNMT3B.
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Affiliation(s)
- Konrad A Szychowski
- Department of Biotechnology and Cell Biology, Medical College, University of Information Technology and Management in Rzeszow, Sucharskiego 2, 35-225 Rzeszow, Poland.
| | - Bartosz Skóra
- Department of Biotechnology and Cell Biology, Medical College, University of Information Technology and Management in Rzeszow, Sucharskiego 2, 35-225 Rzeszow, Poland
| | - Monika Bar
- Department of Biotechnology and Cell Biology, Medical College, University of Information Technology and Management in Rzeszow, Sucharskiego 2, 35-225 Rzeszow, Poland
| | - Tomasz Piechowiak
- Department of Chemistry and Food Toxicology, Institute of Food Technology and Nutrition, University of Rzeszow, Cwiklinskiej 1a, 35-601 Rzeszow, Poland
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22
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Dar OI, Aslam R, Sharma S, Jia AQ, Kaur A, Faggio C. Biomolecular alterations in the early life stages of four food fish following acute exposure of Triclosan. ENVIRONMENTAL TOXICOLOGY AND PHARMACOLOGY 2022; 91:103820. [PMID: 35123018 DOI: 10.1016/j.etap.2022.103820] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2021] [Revised: 01/15/2022] [Accepted: 01/20/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
We investigated the effect of acute concentrations of triclosan (TCS; 96 h exposure and 10d post exposure) on the free amino acid, primary (SDS-PAGE) and secondary (FT-IR) structure of proteins in the embryos/larvae of Cyprinus carpio, Ctenopharyngodon idella, Labeo rohita and Cirrhinus mrigala. A concentration dependent increase in free amino acids, upregulation of polypeptides (100 and 70 kDa in C. carpio, C. idella and L. rohita, 55, 45, 36 kda in C. idella and L. rohita and 22 kDa in all the fish) and a decline in percent area of all the selected peaks of the FT-IR spectra was observed after exposure and recovery period. The decline in percent area was greatest for L. rohita at peak 1080 - 1088 cm-1 (-75.99%) after exposure and at peak 2854 - 2855 cm-1 (-53.59%) after recovery. Curve fitting analysis revealed a decrease in α-helices and increase in β-sheets in all fish after exposure and recovery period. The results suggest that TCS elicits alterations in biomolecules of fish embryos.
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Affiliation(s)
- Owias Iqbal Dar
- Aquatic Toxicology Lab, Department of Zoology, Guru Nanak Dev University, Amritsar, Punjab 143005 India.
| | - Raouf Aslam
- Department of Processing and Food Engineering, Punjab Agricultural University, Ludhiana, Punjab 141004, India
| | - Sunil Sharma
- Aquatic Toxicology Lab, Department of Zoology, Guru Nanak Dev University, Amritsar, Punjab 143005 India
| | - Ai-Qun Jia
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, State Key Laboratory of Marine Resource Utilization in South China Sea, Hainan University, Haikou 570228, China
| | - Arvinder Kaur
- Aquatic Toxicology Lab, Department of Zoology, Guru Nanak Dev University, Amritsar, Punjab 143005 India.
| | - Caterina Faggio
- Department of Chemical, Biological, Pharmaceutical and Environmental Sciences University of Messina, Italy.
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23
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Sharma S, Dar OI, Singh K, Thakur S, Kesavan AK, Kaur A. Genomic markers for the biological responses of Triclosan stressed hatchlings of Labeo rohita. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2021; 28:67370-67384. [PMID: 34254240 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-021-15109-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2021] [Accepted: 06/21/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Triclosan (TCS) used commonly in pharmaceuticals and personal care products has become the most common pollutant in water. Three-day-old hatchlings of an indigenous fish, Labeo rohita, were given 96h exposure to a nonlethal (60 μg L-1) and two moderately lethal concentrations (67 and 97 μg L-1) of TCS and kept for 10 days of recovery for recording transcriptomic alterations in antioxidant/detoxification (SOD, GST, CAT, GPx, GR, CYP1a and CYP3a), metabolic (LDH, ALT and AST) and neurological (AchE) genes and DNA damage. The data were subjected to principal component analysis (PCA) for obtaining biomarkers for the toxicity of TCS. Hatchlings were highly sensitive to TCS (96h LC50 = 126 μg L-1 and risk quotient = 40.95), 96h exposure caused significant induction of CYP3a, AChE and ALT but suppression of all other genes. However, expression of all the genes increased significantly (except for a significant decline in ALT) after recovery. Concentration-dependent increase was also observed in DNA damage [Tail Length (TL), Tail Moment (TM), Olive Tail Moment (OTM) and Percent Tail DNA (TDNA)] after 96 h. The damage declined significantly over 96h values at 60 and 67 μg L-1 after recovery, but was still several times more than control. TCS elicited genomic alterations resulted in 5-11% mortality of exposed hatchlings during the recovery period. It is evident that hatchlings of L. rohita are a potential model and PCA shows that OTM, TL, TM, TDNA, SOD and GR (association with PC1 during exposure and recovery) are the biomarkers for the toxicity of TCS. Graphical abstract.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sunil Sharma
- Aquatic Toxicology Lab, Department of Zoology, Guru Nanak Dev University, Amritsar, Punjab, 143005, India
| | - Owias Iqbal Dar
- Aquatic Toxicology Lab, Department of Zoology, Guru Nanak Dev University, Amritsar, Punjab, 143005, India
| | - Kirpal Singh
- Aquatic Toxicology Lab, Department of Zoology, Guru Nanak Dev University, Amritsar, Punjab, 143005, India
| | - Sharad Thakur
- Molecular Microbiology Lab, Department of Molecular Biology and Biochemistry, Guru Nanak Dev University, Amritsar, Punjab, 143005, India
| | - Anup Kumar Kesavan
- Molecular Microbiology Lab, Department of Molecular Biology and Biochemistry, Guru Nanak Dev University, Amritsar, Punjab, 143005, India
| | - Arvinder Kaur
- Aquatic Toxicology Lab, Department of Zoology, Guru Nanak Dev University, Amritsar, Punjab, 143005, India.
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24
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Sahebnasagh A, Hashemi J, Khoshi A, Saghafi F, Avan R, Faramarzi F, Azimi S, Habtemariam S, Sureda A, Khayatkashani M, Safdari M, Rezai Ghaleno H, Soltani H, Khayat Kashani HR. Aromatic hydrocarbon receptors in mitochondrial biogenesis and function. Mitochondrion 2021; 61:85-101. [PMID: 34600156 DOI: 10.1016/j.mito.2021.09.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2021] [Revised: 09/17/2021] [Accepted: 09/27/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Mitochondria are ubiquitous membrane-bound organelles that not only play a key role in maintaining cellular energy homeostasis and metabolism but also in signaling and apoptosis. Aryl hydrocarbons receptors (AhRs) are ligand-activated transcription factors that recognize a wide variety of xenobiotics, including polyaromatic hydrocarbons and dioxins, and activate diverse detoxification pathways. These receptors are also activated by natural dietary compounds and endogenous metabolites. In addition, AhRs can modulate the expression of a diverse array of genes related to mitochondrial biogenesis and function. The aim of the present review is to analyze scientific data available on the AhR signaling pathway and its interaction with the intracellular signaling pathways involved in mitochondrial functions, especially those related to cell cycle progression and apoptosis. Various evidence have reported the crosstalk between the AhR signaling pathway and the nuclear factor κB (NF-κB), tyrosine kinase receptor signaling and mitogen-activated protein kinases (MAPKs). The AhR signaling pathway seems to promote cell cycle progression in the absence of exogenous ligands, whereas the presence of exogenous ligands induces cell cycle arrest. However, its effects on apoptosis are controversial since activation or overexpression of AhR has been observed to induce or inhibit apoptosis depending on the cell type. Regarding the mitochondria, although activation by endogenous ligands is related to mitochondrial dysfunction, the effects of endogenous ligands are not well understood but point towards antiapoptotic effects and inducers of mitochondrial biogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adeleh Sahebnasagh
- Clinical Research Center, Department of Internal Medicine, North Khorasan University of Medical Sciences, Bojnurd, Iran
| | - Javad Hashemi
- Department of Pathobiology and Laboratory Sciences, School of Medicine, North Khorasan University of Medical Sciences, Bojnurd, Iran
| | - Amirhosein Khoshi
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry, School of Medicine, North Khorasan University of Medical Sciences, Bojnurd, Iran
| | - Fatemeh Saghafi
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy, Faculty of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences Research Center, Shahid Sadoughi University of Medical Sciences, Yazd, Iran
| | - Razieh Avan
- Assistant Professor of Clinical Pharmacy, Department of Clinical Pharmacy, Medical Toxicology and Drug Abuse Research Center (MTDRC), Faculty of Pharmacy, Birjand University of Medical Sciences, Birjand, Iran
| | - Fatemeh Faramarzi
- Clinical Pharmacy Research Center, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Saeed Azimi
- Student Research Committee, Department of Clinical Pharmacy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Solomon Habtemariam
- Pharmacognosy Research Laboratories and Herbal Analysis Services, School of Science, University of Greenwich, Central Avenue, Chatham-Maritime, Kent ME4 4TB, United Kingdom
| | - Antoni Sureda
- Research Group in Community Nutrition and Oxidative Stress, University of the Balearic Islands and Health Research Institute of Balearic Islands (IdISBa), Palma de Mallorca, Spain; CIBER Fisiopatología de la Obesidad y Nutrición (CIBEROBN), Instituto de Salud Carlos III (ISCIII), Madrid, Spain
| | - Maryam Khayatkashani
- School of Iranian Traditional Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, 14155-6559 Tehran, Iran
| | - Mohammadreza Safdari
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Faculty of Medicine, North Khorasan University of Medical Sciences, Bojnurd, Iran
| | - Hassan Rezai Ghaleno
- Department of Surgery, Faculty of Medicine, Lorestan University of Medical Sciences, Khorramabad, Iran
| | - Hosseinali Soltani
- Department of General Surgery, Imam Ali Hospital, North Khorasan University of Medical Sciences, Bojnurd, Iran
| | - Hamid Reza Khayat Kashani
- Department of Neurosurgery, Imam Hossein Hospital, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.
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25
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Baur R, Gandhi J, Marshall NB, Lukomska E, Weatherly LM, Shane HL, Hu G, Anderson SE. Dermal exposure to the immunomodulatory antimicrobial chemical triclosan alters the skin barrier integrity and microbiome in mice. Toxicol Sci 2021; 184:223-235. [PMID: 34515797 DOI: 10.1093/toxsci/kfab111] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Triclosan is an antimicrobial chemical used in healthcare settings that can be absorbed through the skin. Exposure to triclosan has been positively associated with food and aeroallergy and asthma exacerbation in humans and, although not directly sensitizing, has been demonstrated to augment the allergic response in a mouse model of asthma. The skin barrier and microbiome are thought to play important roles in regulating inflammation and allergy and disruptions may contribute to development of allergic disease. To investigate potential connections of the skin barrier and microbiome with immune responses to triclosan, SKH1 mice were exposed dermally to triclosan (0.5-2%) or vehicle for up to 7 consecutive days. Exposure to 2% triclosan for 5-7 days on the skin was shown to increase trans-epidermal water loss levels. Seven days of dermal exposure to triclosan decreased filaggrin 2 and keratin 10 expression, but increased filaggrin and keratin 14 protein along with the danger signal S100a8 and interleukin-4. Dermal exposure to triclosan for 7 days also altered the alpha and beta diversity of the skin and gut microbiome. Specifically, dermal triclosan exposure increased the relative abundance of the Firmicutes family, Lachnospiraceae on the skin but decreased the abundance of Firmicutes family, Ruminococcaceae in the gut. Collectively, these results demonstrate that repeated dermal exposure to the antimicrobial chemical triclosan alters the skin barrier integrity and microbiome in mice, suggesting that these changes may contribute to the increase in allergic immune responses following dermal exposure to triclosan.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rachel Baur
- Allergy and Clinical Immunology Branch, Health Effects Laboratory Division, National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, Morgantown, WV.,Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Cell Biology, School of Medicine, West Virginia University, Morgantown, WV
| | - Jasleen Gandhi
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Cell Biology, School of Medicine, West Virginia University, Morgantown, WV
| | - Nikki B Marshall
- Allergy and Clinical Immunology Branch, Health Effects Laboratory Division, National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, Morgantown, WV
| | - Ewa Lukomska
- Allergy and Clinical Immunology Branch, Health Effects Laboratory Division, National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, Morgantown, WV
| | - Lisa M Weatherly
- Allergy and Clinical Immunology Branch, Health Effects Laboratory Division, National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, Morgantown, WV
| | - Hillary L Shane
- Allergy and Clinical Immunology Branch, Health Effects Laboratory Division, National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, Morgantown, WV
| | - Gangqing Hu
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Cell Biology, School of Medicine, West Virginia University, Morgantown, WV.,WVU Cancer Institute, West Virginia University, Morgantown, WV, 26506, USA
| | - Stacey E Anderson
- Allergy and Clinical Immunology Branch, Health Effects Laboratory Division, National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, Morgantown, WV
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26
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Liu J, Feng R, Wang D, Huo T, Jiang H. Triclosan-induced glycolysis drives inflammatory activation in microglia via the Akt/mTOR/HIF 1α signaling pathway. ECOTOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL SAFETY 2021; 224:112664. [PMID: 34416638 DOI: 10.1016/j.ecoenv.2021.112664] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2021] [Revised: 08/13/2021] [Accepted: 08/15/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Exposure to triclosan (TCS) has been implicated in neurotoxicity including autism spectrum disorders in vivo and oxidative stress and cell apoptosis in vitro. Thus, the molecular mechanisms underlying TCS-induced neurotoxicity warrants further research. In this study, we try to address the mode of action that TCS induced the expression of inflammatory cytokines by shifting metabolism to glycolysis. BV-2 cells were treated with 20 μM TCS for 24 h, and the conditional medium from TCS-induced activated microglia reduced the viability of the murine hippocampal neurons cell line HT22. Protein expression levels in the nuclear factor kappa B (NF-κB) signaling pathway were measured through Western blotting, and the expression levels of inflammatory cytokine were measured using quantitative real-time PCR. The results showed that exposure to TCS enhanced NF-κB activation, increased inflammatory cytokine expression including interleukin (IL) 1β, IL-6, and tumor necrosis factor (TNF) α in the BV-2 cells. The glucose consumption and lactate production in BV2 cell increased sharply after exposure to TCS for 24 h. Based on our qPCR and Western blotting results, the expression of the key glycolysis enzymes-namely hexokinase 1, pyruvate kinase M2, and lactate dehydrogenase A-increased after treatment with 20 μM TCS. Furthermore, inhibiting glycolysis by 2-deoxy-D-glucose reduced the activation of NF-κB and the mRNA expression of the inflammatory cytokines in the TCS-activated BV-2 microglia. The expression of the proteins of the Akt/mTOR/HIF1α pathway examined through Western blotting, which regulates glycolysis, also increased in the BV2 cells exposed to TCS. Moreover, Akt and mTOR inhibition by using LY294002 and rapamycin, respectively, blocked inflammatory cytokine overexpression induced by TCS. In conclusion, TCS can induce glycolysis and directly drive inflammatory activation in microglia; with the mediation of the Akt/mTOR/HIF1α pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jieyu Liu
- Department of Health Laboratory Technology, School of Public Health, China Medical University, No. 77 Puhe Road, Shenyang North New Area, Shenyang, Liaoning Province, 110122, PR China
| | - Rui Feng
- Department of Health Laboratory Technology, School of Public Health, China Medical University, No. 77 Puhe Road, Shenyang North New Area, Shenyang, Liaoning Province, 110122, PR China
| | - Dan Wang
- Department of Health Laboratory Technology, School of Public Health, China Medical University, No. 77 Puhe Road, Shenyang North New Area, Shenyang, Liaoning Province, 110122, PR China
| | - Taoguang Huo
- Department of Health Laboratory Technology, School of Public Health, China Medical University, No. 77 Puhe Road, Shenyang North New Area, Shenyang, Liaoning Province, 110122, PR China
| | - Hong Jiang
- Department of Health Laboratory Technology, School of Public Health, China Medical University, No. 77 Puhe Road, Shenyang North New Area, Shenyang, Liaoning Province, 110122, PR China.
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27
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Seralini GE, Jungers G. Endocrine disruptors also function as nervous disruptors and can be renamed endocrine and nervous disruptors (ENDs). Toxicol Rep 2021; 8:1538-1557. [PMID: 34430217 PMCID: PMC8365328 DOI: 10.1016/j.toxrep.2021.07.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2021] [Revised: 07/22/2021] [Accepted: 07/29/2021] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
Endocrine disruption (ED) and endocrine disruptors (EDs) emerged as scientific concepts in 1995, after numerous chemical pollutants were found to be responsible for reproductive dysfunction. The World Health Organization established in the United Nations Environment Programme a list of materials, plasticizers, pesticides, and various pollutants synthesized from petrochemistry that impact not only reproduction, but also hormonal functions, directly or indirectly. Cells communicate via either chemical or electrical signals transmitted within the endocrine or nervous systems. To investigate whether hormone disruptors may also interfere directly or indirectly with the development or functioning of the nervous system through either a neuroendocrine or a more general mechanism, we examined the scientific literature to ascertain the effects of EDs on the nervous system, specifically in the categories of neurotoxicity, cognition, and behaviour. To date, we demonstrated that all of the 177 EDs identified internationally by WHO are known to have an impact on the nervous system. Furthermore, the precise mechanisms underlying this neurodisruption have also been established. It was previously believed that EDs primarily function via the thyroid. However, this study presents substantial evidence that approximately 80 % of EDs operate via other mechanisms. It thus outlines a novel concept: EDs are also neurodisruptors (NDs) and can be collectively termed endocrine and nervous disruptors (ENDs). Most of ENDs are derived from petroleum residues, and their various mechanisms of action are similar to those of "spam" in electronic communications technologies. Therefore, ENDs can be considered as an instance of spam in a biological context.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gilles-Eric Seralini
- University of Caen Normandy, Network on Risks, Quality and Sustainable Development, Faculty of Sciences, Esplanade de la Paix, 14032, Caen, France
| | - Gerald Jungers
- University of Caen Normandy, Network on Risks, Quality and Sustainable Development, Faculty of Sciences, Esplanade de la Paix, 14032, Caen, France
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28
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Fu J, Gong Z, Bae S. Ecotoxicogenomic analysis of zebrafish embryos exposed to triclosan and mixture triclosan and methyl triclosan using suppression subtractive hybridization and next-generation sequencing. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2021; 414:125450. [PMID: 33676256 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2021.125450] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2020] [Revised: 02/11/2021] [Accepted: 02/12/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Triclosan (TCS) and methyl-triclosan (MTCS), an environmental transformation product of biocide of TCS, have been detected in water, sediment, fish, and invertebrates. In this study, the key pathway perturbation in zebrafish (Danio rerio) embryos exposed to TCS (300 μg/L) and TCS/MTCS mixture (300 μg/L TCS + 30 μg/L MTCS) was assessed by integrating the metabolomic and transcriptomic dysregulation. The differential expressed genes (DEGs) were obtained from the subtracted cDNA libraries by using the suppression subtractive hybridization and next-generation sequencing approach. The dysregulation of twenty-eight GO terms and four KEGG pathways, including oxidative phosphorylation and cardiac muscle contraction, were shown in the TCS treatment group, indicating that TCS could disrupt the mitochondrial inner membrane function by downshifting the electrochemical gradient. Meanwhile, the addition of MTCS in the exposure would cause fourteen additional significant KEGG pathway changes, demonstrating the different effects between two exposure. A pathway-based analysis using the identified DEGs and the altered metabolites in zebrafish embryos treated with TCS and TCS/MTCS mixture, collectively, has been applied. This study demonstrated that the integration of SSH-NGS and metabolomics could reveal toxic effects and potential diseases associated with the exposures of TCS and MTCS in aquatic environments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing Fu
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, National University of Singapore, Singapore
| | - Zhiyuan Gong
- Department of Biological Sciences, National University of Singapore, Singapore
| | - Sungwoo Bae
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, National University of Singapore, Singapore.
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29
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Meng Q, Yeung K, Chan KM. Toxic effects of octocrylene on zebrafish larvae and liver cell line (ZFL). AQUATIC TOXICOLOGY (AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS) 2021; 236:105843. [PMID: 34010734 DOI: 10.1016/j.aquatox.2021.105843] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2020] [Revised: 04/20/2021] [Accepted: 04/21/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Octocrylene (OC) is a broad-spectrum ultraviolet-absorbing chemical used in sunscreen and other personal care products. Its health effects are a concern because it has been detected in water, fish, humans, and food chains. In vivo and in vitro investigations were performed in zebrafish (Danio rerio) larvae and a zebrafish liver cell line (ZFL), respectively, to understand the potential risks and molecular mechanisms of OC toxicity. The 96-h median lethal concentration (LC50) of OC was determined to be 251.8 μM in larvae and 5.5 μM in ZFL cells. Quantitative real-time PCR (qRT-PCR) showed that OC induced the expression of genes for CYPs (CYP1A, CYP3A65), estrogen receptors (ERα, ERβ1, GPER), vitellogenin (VTG1), and sex determination (BRCA2, CYP19A, DMRT1, SOX9A), both in vitro and in vivo. A whole-transcriptome sequencing method was used to evaluate the gene expression profile of larvae exposed to OC. OC was found to mediate the biosynthesis of estrogens (such as estriol) and affect the antioxidant pathway (glutathione transferases and peroxisome). These findings clarify the toxic effects and molecular mechanisms of OC and support banning its use in cosmetics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qi Meng
- School of Life Sciences, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Sha Tin, N.T., Hong Kong
| | - Karen Yeung
- School of Life Sciences, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Sha Tin, N.T., Hong Kong
| | - King Ming Chan
- School of Life Sciences, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Sha Tin, N.T., Hong Kong.
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30
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Lee JH, Cho SH, Jang EH, Kim SA. Sex-specific Changes in Brain Estrogen Metabolism Induced by Acute Trimethyltin Exposure. In Vivo 2021; 35:793-797. [PMID: 33622871 DOI: 10.21873/invivo.12319] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2020] [Revised: 01/10/2021] [Accepted: 01/11/2021] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND/AIM In this study, we investigated sex-specific effects of acute exposure to trimethyltin, a known neurotoxicant on metabolic steroids. MATERIALS AND METHODS We administered intraperitoneally 2.3 mg/kg trimethyltin to 4-week-old male mice and measured the levels of metabolic steroids 24 h after treatment. We also measured mRNA and protein levels of cytochrome P450 1B1 using real-time polymerase chain reaction and western blotting. RESULTS Cortisol levels in the cortex increased in both sexes following acute trimethyltin exposure. The estradiol levels decreased, and the 4-hydroxyestradiol levels increased only in females. We also observed increased cytochrome P450 1B1 mRNA and protein levels only in the female cortex. CONCLUSION Acute trimethyltin exposure induces distinct sex-specific metabolic changes in the brain before significant sexual maturation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jung Ho Lee
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, Eulji University, Daejeon, Republic of Korea
| | - Sung-Hee Cho
- Chemical Analysis Center, Korea Research Institute of Chemical Technology (KRICT), Daejeon, Republic of Korea
| | - Eun Hye Jang
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, Eulji University, Daejeon, Republic of Korea
| | - Soon Ae Kim
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, Eulji University, Daejeon, Republic of Korea;
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31
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Xu W, Hu Y, Wu M, Miao E, Zhou H, Zhang X, Zhan J. Determination of phenolic compounds in estuary water and sediment by solid-phase isotope dansylation coupled with liquid chromatography-high resolution mass spectrometry. ANALYTICAL METHODS : ADVANCING METHODS AND APPLICATIONS 2021; 13:1404-1411. [PMID: 33666211 DOI: 10.1039/d1ay00079a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
A method consisting of solid-phase isotope dansylation (derivatization with dansyl chloride) and liquid chromatography-high resolution mass spectrometry (LC-HRMS) was developed for the quantitative analysis of phenolic compounds (phenols) in environmental samples. A magnetic-HLB (hydrophilic lipophilic balanced) material was synthesized and applied as an adsorbent in magnetic solid-phase extraction (MSPE) for the enrichment of the analytical targets. Furthermore, with the solid-phase isotope labeling, the desalting and removal of labeling residuals could be simplified over conventional in-solution labeling. In addition to overcoming the matrix effect by isotope dansylation, the sensitivity for the analysis of phenols by LC-HRMS was remarkably improved by over 100-fold. The method was systematically verified, and good accuracy (86.5-104.9%) and precision (<8.6% and <11.4% for intra- and inter-day, respectively) were achieved for the tested 15 phenols. The limits of detection (LODs) of this method were estimated to be 0.2-5 ng L-1 and 5-100 ng kg-1 in estuary water and sediment samples, respectively. With this method, samples collected from the Daliao River estuary (Panjin, China) were analyzed. It was found that all of the targeted phenols were detected at concentrations ranging from unquantifiable to 485 ng L-1 (the total concentration of analytes found in each sample were in the range 822-957 ng L-1) and unquantifiable to 1368 ng kg-1 (the total concentration of analytes found in each sample were in the range 2251-2992 ng kg-1) in water and sediment, respectively.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenxue Xu
- School of Ocean Science and Technology, Dalian University of Technology, Panjin, 124221, China.
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Szychowski KA, Skóra B, Wójtowicz AK. Triclosan affects the expression of nitric oxide synthases (NOSs), peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma (PPARγ), and nuclear factor kappa-light-chain-enhancer of activated B cells (NF-κB) in mouse neocortical neurons in vitro. Toxicol In Vitro 2021; 73:105143. [PMID: 33722737 DOI: 10.1016/j.tiv.2021.105143] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2021] [Revised: 02/13/2021] [Accepted: 03/09/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Triclosan (TCS) is a well-known compound that can be found in disinfectants, personal care products. There is one publication concerning the involvement of PPARγ in the mechanism of action of TCS. It is known that activation of PPARγ regulates the expression of the NF-κB mediated inflammation by acting on nitric oxide synthase (NOS) genes. However, there are no studies demonstrating a relationship between the effects of TCS on the PPARγ signaling pathway, changes in NF-κB expression, and NOS isoform synthesis. Therefore, the aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of TCS on the expression of PPARγ, NF-κB, nNOS, iNOS, and eNOS in mouse neocortical neurons. In addition, the effects of co-administration of synthetic alpha-naphthoflavone (αNF) or beta-naphthoflavone (βNF) flavonoids and triclosan were investigated. Our results show that TCS alters PPARγ, NF-κB, iNOS, and eNOS expression in mouse neurons in vitro. After 48 h of exposure, TCS increased PPARγ expression and decreased NF-κB expression. Moreover, under the influence of TCS, the expression of iNOS was increased and at the same time the expression of nNOS was decreased, which was probably caused by high levels of ROS. The experiments have shown that both αNF and βNF are able to modulate the effects of TCS in primary cultures of mouse cortical neurons.
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Affiliation(s)
- Konrad A Szychowski
- Department of Biotechnology and Cell Biology, University of Information Technology and Management in Rzeszow, Sucharskiego 2, 35-225 Rzeszow, Poland.
| | - Bartosz Skóra
- Department of Biotechnology and Cell Biology, University of Information Technology and Management in Rzeszow, Sucharskiego 2, 35-225 Rzeszow, Poland
| | - Anna K Wójtowicz
- Department of Nutrition, Animal Biotechnology and Fisheries, Faculty of Animal Sciences, University of Agriculture, Adama Mickiewicza 24/28, 30-059 Kraków, Poland
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Bao S, He C, Ku P, Xie M, Lin J, Lu S, Nie X. Effects of triclosan on the RedoximiRs/Sirtuin/Nrf2/ARE signaling pathway in mosquitofish (Gambusia affinis). AQUATIC TOXICOLOGY (AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS) 2021; 230:105679. [PMID: 33227666 DOI: 10.1016/j.aquatox.2020.105679] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2020] [Revised: 11/05/2020] [Accepted: 11/07/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Triclosan (TCS) has been widely used in daily life for its broad-spectrum antibacterial property and subsequently detected frequently in aquatic waterborne. Environmental relevant concentrations of TCS in water (ng-μg/L) may pose potential unexpected impact on non-target aquatic organisms. In the present work, we investigated the transcriptional responses of Nrf2 as well as its downstream genes, sirtuins and redox-sensitive microRNAs (RedoximiRs) in livers of the small freshwater fish mosquitofish (Gambusia affinis) which were exposed to environmental relevant concentrations of TCS (0.05 μg/L, 0.5 μg/L and 5 μg/L for 24 h and 168 h). Results showed there were similar up-regulations in Nrf2 and its target genes (e. g. NQO1, CAT and SOD) at transcriptional, enzymatic and protein levels, reflecting oxidative stress of TCS to mosquitofish. Meanwhile, up-regulations of Sirt1, Sirt2 and down-regulations of miR-34b, miR-200b-5p and miR-21 could modulate antioxidant system via the Nrf2/ARE signaling pathway by the post-transcriptional regulations. Some oxidative stress-related biomarkers displayed in concentration-dependent manners (e. g. NQO1 mRNA, CAT mRNA) and/or time-dependent manners (e. g. GSH contents). This study indicated that the RedoximiRs/Sirtuin/Nrf2/ARE signaling pathway played a crucial role in mosquitofish exposed to TCS, and there might be potentially profound effects for TCS on the aquatic ecological safety.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuang Bao
- Department of Ecology/Hydrobiology Research Institute, Jinan University, Guangzhou, 510632, China
| | - Cuiping He
- Department of Ecology/Hydrobiology Research Institute, Jinan University, Guangzhou, 510632, China
| | - Peijia Ku
- Department of Biology, University of North Carolina at Greensboro, Greensboro, NC 27402, United States
| | - Meinan Xie
- Department of Ecology/Hydrobiology Research Institute, Jinan University, Guangzhou, 510632, China
| | - Jiawei Lin
- Department of Ecology/Hydrobiology Research Institute, Jinan University, Guangzhou, 510632, China
| | - Songhui Lu
- Research Center of Harmful Algae and Marine Biology, Jinan University, Guangzhou, 510632, China.
| | - Xiangping Nie
- Department of Ecology/Hydrobiology Research Institute, Jinan University, Guangzhou, 510632, China.
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Szychowski KA, Rybczyńska-Tkaczyk K, Gmiński J, Wójtowicz AK. The interference of alpha- and beta-naphthoflavone with triclosan effects on viability, apoptosis and reactive oxygen species production in mouse neocortical neurons. PESTICIDE BIOCHEMISTRY AND PHYSIOLOGY 2020; 168:104638. [PMID: 32711772 DOI: 10.1016/j.pestbp.2020.104638] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2019] [Revised: 06/13/2020] [Accepted: 06/17/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Triclosan (TCS) is commonly used worldwide in a range of personal care and sanitizing products. A number of studies have revealed the presence of TCS in human tissues. It has recently been shown that TCS can interact with AhR in mouse neurons and the one of its effects is the stimulation of reactive oxygen species (ROS) production. Reactive oxygen species perform a wide spectrum of functions in neuronal cells, where they are generated as by-products of cellular metabolism. Therefore the aim of the study was to investigate effects of two synthetic naphthoflavones, the beta-naphthoflavone (βNF) and alpha-naphthoflavone (αNF), well known agonist and antagonist of AhR on TCS-stimulated cytotoxicity, apoptosis and ROS production in mouse primary cortical neurons in vitro cultures. The results showed that both agonist (βNF) and antagonist (αNF) of AhR enhanced the LDH release and caspase-3 activity stimulated by TCS. Interestingly, both naphthoflavones decreased the TCS-stimulated ROS production, however, they showed no scavenging properties as revealed by ABTS•+ and DPPH• methods. What's more, both βNF as well as αNF inhibited the activity of xanthine oxidase (XO) stimulated by TCS. Thus, we can assume that αNF or βNF act in a competitive way over TCS and inhibit its effect on antioxidant enzyme activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Konrad A Szychowski
- Department of Lifestyle Disorders and Regenerative Medicine, University of Information Technology and Management in Rzeszow, Sucharskiego 2, Rzeszow 35-225, Poland.
| | - Kamila Rybczyńska-Tkaczyk
- Department of Environmental Microbiology, University of Life Sciences, Leszczyńskiego 7, 20-069 Lublin, Poland
| | - Jan Gmiński
- Department of Lifestyle Disorders and Regenerative Medicine, University of Information Technology and Management in Rzeszow, Sucharskiego 2, Rzeszow 35-225, Poland
| | - Anna K Wójtowicz
- Department of Animal Nutrition, Biotechnology, and Fisheries, Agricultural University of Krakow, Al. Mickiewicza 24/28, 30-059 Krakow, Poland
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Gan M, Ding H, Chen G. 6-Formylindolo[3,2-b]carbazole reduces apoptosis induced by benzo[a]pyrene in a mitochondrial-dependent manner. Cell Biol Int 2020; 44:2427-2437. [PMID: 32808713 DOI: 10.1002/cbin.11450] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2020] [Revised: 07/24/2020] [Accepted: 08/16/2020] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
Benzo[a]pyrene (B[a]P), a potent carcinogen, has been proved that it can induce apoptosis via activation of the aryl hydrocarbon receptor (AhR) pathway. The metabolite of tryptophan 6-formylindolo[3,2-b]carbazole (FICZ), an endogenous activator of AhR, plays bifunctional roles in cell growth and apoptosis. However, whether and how FICZ can reduce the toxicity of B[a]P and the mechanism underlying this remain unclear. In this study, FICZ interfered with the toxicity of B[a]P in mouse hepatocarcinoma cell line Hepa1-6. The results of the MTT assay indicated that FICZ and B[a]P made opposite effects on cell proliferation. The scratch-wound healing assay showed that B[a]P (1 µM for 24 hr) exposure triggered cell migration and that was inhibited by FICZ (10 nM). In addition, FICZ ameliorated B[a]P-induced apoptosis by inhibiting reactive oxygen species generation and caspase-3 activation, as well as increasing reduced glutathione level in mitochondria. Furthermore, gene expression analyses indicated that FICZ competed with B[a]P, which reduced the transcriptional activation of the cyp1a1 and cyp1b1 genes, as well as Bcl2 and P53. Accordingly, the interaction between FICZ and B[a]P in the AhR pathway inhibited apoptosis in a mitochondrial-dependent manner, suggesting that endogenous compound may reduce the toxicity of exogenous pollutant in vivo and providing an available way to improve health condition related to the hepatic metabolic disorder.
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Affiliation(s)
- Min Gan
- Feed Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, China.,Key Laboratory of Feed Biotechnology, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Beijing, China
| | - Hongbiao Ding
- Feed Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, China.,Key Laboratory of Feed Biotechnology, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Beijing, China
| | - Gang Chen
- Key Laboratory of Agro-Product Quality and Safety, Institute of Quality Standards and Testing Technology for Agro-Products, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, China
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Weatherly LM, Shane HL, Friend SA, Lukomska E, Baur R, Anderson SE. Topical Application of the Antimicrobial Agent Triclosan Induces NLRP3 Inflammasome Activation and Mitochondrial Dysfunction. Toxicol Sci 2020; 176:147-161. [PMID: 32321163 PMCID: PMC7367438 DOI: 10.1093/toxsci/kfaa056] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
5-Chloro-2-(2,4-dichlorophenoxy)phenol (triclosan) is an antimicrobial chemical widely used in consumer household and clinical healthcare products. Human and animal studies have associated triclosan exposure with allergic disease. Mechanistic studies have identified triclosan as a mitochondrial uncoupler; recent studies suggest that mitochondria play an important role in immune cell function and are involved in activation of the NLRP3 inflammasome. In this study, early immunological effects were evaluated via NLRP3 activation following dermal triclosan application in a BALB/c murine model. These investigations revealed rapid caspase-1 activation and mature IL-1β secretion in the skin and draining lymph nodes (dLNs) after 1.5% and 3% triclosan exposure. Correspondingly, pro-Il-1b and S100a8 gene expression increased along with extracellular ATP in the skin. Peak gene expression of chemokines associated with caspase-1 activation occurred after 2 days of exposure in both skin tissue and dLNs. Phenotypic analysis showed an increase in neutrophils and macrophages in the dLN and myeloid and inflammatory monocytes in the skin tissue. Triclosan also caused mitochondrial dysfunction shown through effects on mitochondrial reactive oxygen species, mass, mitochondrial membrane potential, and mitochondrial morphology. These results indicate that following triclosan exposure, activation of the NLRP3 inflammasome occurs in both the skin tissue and dLNs, providing a possible mechanism for triclosan's effects on allergic disease and further support a connection between mitochondrial involvements in immunological responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lisa M. Weatherly
- Allergy and Clinical Immunology Branch, Health Effects Laboratory Division, National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, Morgantown, West Virginia 26505
| | - Hillary L. Shane
- Allergy and Clinical Immunology Branch, Health Effects Laboratory Division, National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, Morgantown, West Virginia 26505
| | - Sherri A. Friend
- Pathology and Physiology Research Branch, Health Effects Laboratory Division, National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, Morgantown, West Virginia 26505
| | - Ewa Lukomska
- Allergy and Clinical Immunology Branch, Health Effects Laboratory Division, National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, Morgantown, West Virginia 26505
| | - Rachel Baur
- Allergy and Clinical Immunology Branch, Health Effects Laboratory Division, National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, Morgantown, West Virginia 26505
| | - Stacey E. Anderson
- Allergy and Clinical Immunology Branch, Health Effects Laboratory Division, National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, Morgantown, West Virginia 26505
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Dar OI, Sharma S, Singh K, Sharma A, Bhardwaj R, Kaur A. Biochemical markers for prolongation of the acute stress of triclosan in the early life stages of four food fishes. CHEMOSPHERE 2020; 247:125914. [PMID: 31972493 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2020.125914] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2019] [Revised: 01/09/2020] [Accepted: 01/13/2020] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
In the present study, embryos of four food fishes viz. Cyprinus carpio, Ctenopharyngodon idella, Labeo rohita and Cirrhinus mrigala were given acute (96 h) exposure to their respective LC0, LC10 and LC30 (causing 0, 10 and 30% mortality, respectively) concentrations of triclosan [TCS, 5-chloro-2-(2,4-dichlorophenoxy) phenol], a broad spectrum biocide. Bioaccumulation, contents of protein, non-enzymatic antioxidants (GSH and GSSG), MDA (lipid peroxidation product) and organic acids (fumarate, succinate, malate and citrate) along with the activities of AChE (neurological enzyme), GST (detoxification enzyme) and three metabolic enzymes (LDH, AST and ALT) were estimated after 48 and 96 h exposure and 10 days post exposure. Around 1/10 of the TCS in water got accumulated in the hatchlings after 96 h, increase over 48 h values was maximum at LC0 (+195.30, +143.23 and + 140.75%) but minimum at LC30 (+89.62, +84.26 and + 126.72%) for C. idella, L. rohita and C. mrigala, respectively. In C. carpio, TCS got accumulated only at LC30 after 48 h but at all the concentrations after 96 h exposure. Contents of protein, GSH, GSSG and activity of AChE decreased but activities of GSH, LDH, AST and ALT and contents of MDA and organic acids increased concentration dependently in all the fishes. TCS declined by 85-90% but its toxic effects on biomolecules prolonged till the end of the recovery period. Such acute exposures are accidental but there is a need to evaluate biomarkers for prolongation of the stress of small concentrations especially LC0 and LC10 (causing negligible mortality) of lipophilic pollutants like TCS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Owias Iqbal Dar
- Aquatic Toxicology Lab, Department of Zoology, Guru Nanak Dev University, Amritsar, Punjab, 143005, India
| | - Sunil Sharma
- Aquatic Toxicology Lab, Department of Zoology, Guru Nanak Dev University, Amritsar, Punjab, 143005, India
| | - Kirpal Singh
- Aquatic Toxicology Lab, Department of Zoology, Guru Nanak Dev University, Amritsar, Punjab, 143005, India
| | - Anket Sharma
- Plant Stress Physiology Lab, Department of Botanical and Environmental Sciences, Guru Nanak Dev University, Amritsar, Punjab, 143005, India; State Key Laboratory of Subtropical Silviculture, Zhejiang A & F University, Hangzhou, 311300, China
| | - Renu Bhardwaj
- Plant Stress Physiology Lab, Department of Botanical and Environmental Sciences, Guru Nanak Dev University, Amritsar, Punjab, 143005, India
| | - Arvinder Kaur
- Aquatic Toxicology Lab, Department of Zoology, Guru Nanak Dev University, Amritsar, Punjab, 143005, India.
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Guo J, Wu C, Zhang J, Xiao H, Lv S, Lu D, Qi X, Feng C, Liang W, Chang X, Zhang Y, Xu H, Cao Y, Wang G, Zhou Z. Early life triclosan exposure and neurodevelopment of children at 3 years in a prospective birth cohort. Int J Hyg Environ Health 2020; 224:113427. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijheh.2019.113427] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2019] [Revised: 11/29/2019] [Accepted: 12/02/2019] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
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Xia P, Zhang H, Peng Y, Shi W, Zhang X. Pathway-based assessment of single chemicals and mixtures by a high-throughput transcriptomics approach. ENVIRONMENT INTERNATIONAL 2020; 136:105455. [PMID: 31945694 DOI: 10.1016/j.envint.2019.105455] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2019] [Revised: 12/12/2019] [Accepted: 12/26/2019] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
The ever-increasing number of chemicals and complex mixtures demands a high-throughput and cost-effective approach for chemical safety assessment. High-throughput transcriptomics (HTT) is promising in investigating genome-scale perturbation of chemical exposure in concentration-dependent manner. However, the application of HTT has been limited due to lack of methodology for single chemicals and mixture assessment. This study aimed to evaluate the ability of a newly-developed human reduced transcriptomics (RHT) approach to assess pathway-based profiles of single chemicals, and to develop a biological pathway-based approach for benchmarking mixture potency using single chemical-based prediction model. First, concentration-dependent RHT were used to qualitatively and quantitatively differentiate pathway-based patterns of different chemicals, using three model toxicants, 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin (TCDD), triclosan (TCS) and 5-Chloro-6-hydroxy-2,2',4,4'-tetrabromodiphenyl ether (5-Cl-6-OH-BDE-47). AHR-regulated genes and pathways were most sensitively induced by TCDD, while TCS and 5-Cl-6-OH-BDE-47 were much less potent in AHR-associated activation, which was concordant with known MoA of each single chemical. Second, two artificial mixtures and their components of twelve individual chemicals were performed with concentration-dependent RHT. Concentration addition (CA) and independent action (IA) models were used to predict transcriptional potency of mixtures from transcriptomics of individual chemicals. For overall bioactivity, CA and IA models can both predict potency of observed responses within 95% confidence interval. For specific biological processes, multiple biological processes such as hormone signaling and DNA damage can be predicted using CA models for mixtures. The concentration-dependent RHT can provide a powerful approach for qualitative and quantitative assessment of biological pathway perturbated by environment chemical and mixtures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pu Xia
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control & Resource Reuse, School of the Environment, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, PR China
| | - Hanxin Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control & Resource Reuse, School of the Environment, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, PR China
| | - Ying Peng
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control & Resource Reuse, School of the Environment, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, PR China
| | - Wei Shi
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control & Resource Reuse, School of the Environment, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, PR China
| | - Xiaowei Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control & Resource Reuse, School of the Environment, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, PR China.
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Triclosan induces zebrafish neurotoxicity by abnormal expression of miR-219 targeting oligodendrocyte differentiation of central nervous system. Arch Toxicol 2020; 94:857-871. [PMID: 32060586 DOI: 10.1007/s00204-020-02661-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2019] [Accepted: 02/03/2020] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Triclosan (TCS) is ubiquitous in a wide range of personal care and consumer products, and it is acute/chronic exposure may result in several nervous system disorders. Previous studies demonstrated TCS-induced abnormal expression of miRNAs, but no investigations focused on upstream changes of miRNAs and associated molecular mechanisms. Herein, phenotype observation and behavioral analysis confirmed that TCS exposure (0, 62.5, 125, 250 μg/L) led to developmental neurotoxicity in zebrafish larvae, especially for oligodendrocyte precursor cells (OPCs). High-throughput sequencing demonstrated the critical role of miR-219 in the differentiation of OPCs. Larvae with miR-219 depletion showed the same phenotype caused by TCS. Functional tests with miR-219 knock-down and over-expression showed that miR-219 promoted differentiation of OPCs by acting on myelination inhibitors. The miR-219 also protected against TCS-induced inhibition of cell differentiation. Several epigenetic features were identified to reveal potential upstream regulatory mechanisms of miR-219. In particular, five CpG islands hyper-methylated with increasing TCS concentrations in the promoter region of miR-219. TCS inhibited OPC differentiation by influencing epigenetic effects on miR-219-related pathways, contributing to severe neurotoxicity. These findings enhance our understanding of epigenetic mechanisms affecting demyelination diseases due to TCS exposure, and also provide theoretical guidance for early intervention and gene therapy of environmentally induced diseases.
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Du F, Zhao T, Ji HC, Luo YB, Wang F, Mao GH, Feng WW, Chen Y, Wu XY, Yang LQ. Dioxin-like (DL-) polychlorinated biphenyls induced immunotoxicity through apoptosis in mice splenocytes via the AhR mediated mitochondria dependent signaling pathways. Food Chem Toxicol 2019; 134:110803. [PMID: 31563530 DOI: 10.1016/j.fct.2019.110803] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2019] [Revised: 08/31/2019] [Accepted: 09/04/2019] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) would do serious damage to multiple systems, while coplanar polychlorinated biphenyls, the most toxic member of the family, has been widely taken into consideration. In this study, ICR mice were fed with different doses of PCB126 to explore the underlying molecular mechanisms on immunotoxicity. The results showed that PCB126 caused immunosuppression as evidenced by inhibiting the ratios of thymus and spleen weights, changing the organizational structure and decreasing levels and mRNA expression of TNF-α, IFN-γ and IL-2. PCB126 inhibited the SOD activity and spurred the accumulation of MDA in spleen and thymus. Meanwhile, it also disturbed the Nrf2 signaling pathway as evidenced by up-regulating the mRNA expression of Nrf2 and Keap1. Additionally, a remarkable reduction in the mRNA expression of AhR and enhancement in the mRNA expression of Cyp1 enzymes (Cyp1a1, Cyp1a2 and Cyp1b1) were observed, which increased the ROS levels. PCB126 could increase protein expression of Bax, Caspase-3, Caspase-8 and Caspase-9, while the protein expression of Bcl-2 was decreased. In summary, the results indicated that PCB126 modulated the AhR signaling pathway, which interacted with apoptosis and oxidative stress to induce immunotoxicity, enrich the immunotoxicological mechanisms of PCB126.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fang Du
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Jiangsu University, Xuefu Rd. 301, Zhenjiang, 212013, China
| | - Ting Zhao
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Jiangsu University, Xuefu Rd. 301, Zhenjiang, 212013, China.
| | - Hong-Chen Ji
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Jiangsu University, Xuefu Rd. 301, Zhenjiang, 212013, China
| | - Ying-Biao Luo
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Jiangsu University, Xuefu Rd. 301, Zhenjiang, 212013, China
| | - Fen Wang
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Jiangsu University, Xuefu Rd. 301, Zhenjiang, 212013, China
| | - Guang-Hua Mao
- School of the Environment, Jiangsu University, Xuefu Rd. 301, Zhenjiang, 212013, Jiangsu, China
| | - Wei-Wei Feng
- School of the Environment, Jiangsu University, Xuefu Rd. 301, Zhenjiang, 212013, Jiangsu, China
| | - Yao Chen
- School of the Environment, Jiangsu University, Xuefu Rd. 301, Zhenjiang, 212013, Jiangsu, China
| | - Xiang-Yang Wu
- School of the Environment, Jiangsu University, Xuefu Rd. 301, Zhenjiang, 212013, Jiangsu, China
| | - Liu-Qing Yang
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Jiangsu University, Xuefu Rd. 301, Zhenjiang, 212013, China.
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Li SJ, Chen P, Peres TV, Villahoz BF, Zhang Z, Miah MR, Aschner M. Triclosan induces PC12 cells injury is accompanied by inhibition of AKT/mTOR and activation of p38 pathway. Neurotoxicology 2019; 74:221-229. [PMID: 31381933 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuro.2019.07.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2019] [Revised: 07/18/2019] [Accepted: 07/29/2019] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Triclosan (TCS) has been widely used as a disinfectant and antiseptic in multiple consumer and healthcare products due to its clinical effectiveness against various bacteria, fungi and protozoa. Recently, several studies have reported the adverse effects of TCS on various nerve cells, arousing concerns about its potential neurotoxicity. The present study aimed to investigate the neurotoxicity of TCS in rat pheochromocytoma PC12 cells. After differentiation, the stabilized PC12 cells were treated with 1, 10, 50 μM TCS for 12 h. At the end of the treatment, the generation of reactive oxygen species (ROS), protein expression of apoptotic-related genes, AMPK-AKT/mTOR, as well as p38 in PC12 cells were determined. The concentrations were chosen based on the results of cell viability and lactic dehydrogenase (LDH) assays in response to TCS treatment (ranging from 0.001 to 100 μM) for varied time periods. The results showed that TCS is cytotoxic to PC12 cells, causing decreased cell viability accompanied by increased LDH release. TCS treatment at 10 and 50 μM for 12 h increased the mRNA and protein expression of the pro-apoptotic gene Bax, while Bcl-2 levels remained unchanged. Moreover, an increase in the generation of reactive oxygen species (ROS) was found in TCS-treated PC12 cells at the concentrations of 1 and 10 μM. Pretreatment with 100 μM N-acetyl cysteine (NAC- ROS scavenger) for 1 h normalized the ROS generations in TCS-treated PC12 cells. Additionally, the suppression of the phosphorylation of Akt and mTOR was observed in TCS-treated PC12 cells at 10 and 50 μM for 12 h, concomitant with the activation of p38 MAPK pathway at 50 μM TCS. However, there were no effects of TCS on the phosphorylation of AMPK in these cells. Taken together, these results suggest that TCS may cause adverse effects and oxidative stress in PC12 cells accompanied by inhibition of Akt/mTOR and activation of p38.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shao-Jun Li
- Department of Toxicology, School of Public Health, Guangxi Medical University, Nanning 530021, China
| | - Pan Chen
- Department of Molecular Pharmacology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY10461,United States
| | - Tanara Vieira Peres
- Department of Biochemistry, Federal University of Santa Catarina, Florianopolis, SC, 88040900, Brazil
| | - Beatriz Ferrer Villahoz
- Department of Molecular Pharmacology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY10461,United States
| | - Ziyan Zhang
- Department of Molecular Pharmacology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY10461,United States
| | - Mahfuzur R Miah
- Department of Molecular Pharmacology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY10461,United States; Department of Neuroscience, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY 10461, United States
| | - Michael Aschner
- Department of Molecular Pharmacology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY10461,United States; Department of Neuroscience, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY 10461, United States.
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Alfhili MA, Weidner DA, Lee MH. Disruption of erythrocyte membrane asymmetry by triclosan is preceded by calcium dysregulation and p38 MAPK and RIP1 stimulation. CHEMOSPHERE 2019; 229:103-111. [PMID: 31078025 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2019.04.211] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2019] [Revised: 04/22/2019] [Accepted: 04/28/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Triclosan (TCS) is a broad-spectrum antimicrobial used in personal care products, household items, and medical devices. Owing to its apoptotic potential against tumor cells, TCS has been proposed for the treatment of malignancy. A major complication of chemotherapy is anemia, which may result from direct erythrocyte hemolysis or premature cell death known as eryptosis. Similar to nucleated cells, eryptotic cells lose membrane asymmetry and Ca2+ regulation, and undergo oxidative stress, shrinkage, and activation of a host of kinases. In this report, we sought to examine the hemolytic and eryptotic potential of TCS and dissect the underlying mechanistic scenarios involved there in. Hemolysis was spectrophotometrically evaluated by the degree of hemoglobin release into the medium. Flow cytometry was utilized to detect phosphatidylserine (PS) exposure by annexin-V binding, intracellular Ca2+ by Fluo-3/AM fluorescence, and oxidative stress by 2-,7-dichlorodihydrofluorescin diacetate (DCFH2-DA). Incubation of cells with 10-100 μM TCS for 1-4 h induced time- and dose-dependent hemolysis. Moreover, TCS significantly increased the percentage of eryptotic cells as evident by PS exposure (significantly enhanced annexin-V binding). Interestingly, TCS-induced eryptosis was preceded by elevated intracellular Ca2+ levels but was not associated with oxidative stress. Cotreatment of erythrocytes with 50 μM TCS and 50 μM SB203580 (p38 MAPK inhibitor), or 300 μM necrostatin-1 (receptor-interacting protein 1 (RIP1) inhibitor) significantly ameliorated TCS-induced PS externalization. We conclude that TCS is cytotoxic to erythrocytes by inducing hemolysis and stimulating premature death at least in part through Ca2+ mobilization, and p38 MAPK and RIP1 activation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohammad A Alfhili
- Department of Medicine (Division of Hematology/Oncology), Brody School of Medicine, East Carolina University, Greenville, NC 27834, United States; Department of Clinical Laboratory Sciences, College of Applied Medical Sciences, King Saud University, Riyadh, 11433, Saudi Arabia
| | - Douglas A Weidner
- Department of Microbiology & Immunology, Brody School of Medicine, East Carolina University, Greenville, NC 27834, United States
| | - Myon-Hee Lee
- Department of Medicine (Division of Hematology/Oncology), Brody School of Medicine, East Carolina University, Greenville, NC 27834, United States; Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of North Carolina-Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, United States.
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Jackson-Browne MS, Papandonatos GD, Chen A, Yolton K, Lanphear BP, Braun JM. Early-life triclosan exposure and parent-reported behavior problems in 8-year-old children. ENVIRONMENT INTERNATIONAL 2019; 128:446-456. [PMID: 30712883 PMCID: PMC6526084 DOI: 10.1016/j.envint.2019.01.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2018] [Revised: 12/14/2018] [Accepted: 01/07/2019] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Triclosan exposure may decrease circulating thyroxine levels or cause neuron apoptosis, which in turn may adversely affect neurodevelopment. However, few studies have examined the association of early life triclosan exposure with child behavior. OBJECTIVE To quantify the association between early-life triclosan exposure and child behavior at age 8-years in 202 mother-child pairs from the HOME study (Cincinnati, OH; enrolled: 2003-2006). METHODS We quantified urinary triclosan concentrations up to 3 times in mothers (16-weeks, 26-weeks, and delivery) and up to 6 times in children (1, 2, 3, 4, 5, and 8 years). Parents rated children's problem behaviors at age 8-years using the Behavioral Assessment System for Children-2 (BASC-2). Adjusting for covariates and accounting for exposure measurement error, we estimated changes in behavior problem scores per 10-fold increase in mean gestational and childhood triclosan concentrations. In addition, we estimated sex-specific associations. RESULTS Child sex modified the association of gestational and childhood triclosan with several BASC-2 scales (sex × triclosan p-values < 0.2). In boys, increasing gestational triclosan was associated with higher behavioral symptom index (β: 4.5; 95% CI: 1.0, 8.1), externalizing problems (β: 5.0; 95% CI: 1.2, 9.0), attention problem (β: 6.6; 95% CI: 2.4, 11), hyperactivity (β: 6.4; 95% CI: 2.1, 11), and somatization (β: 3.8; 95% CI: 0.3, 7.3) scores. In contrast, triclosan-BASC-2 associations in girls were generally null and not statistically significant. We observed similar patterns of associations between childhood triclosan and these same behavioral scores; however, their magnitude decreased substantially after adjusting for gestational triclosan and associations were not statistically significant. CONCLUSION In this cohort, increasing gestational and childhood urinary triclosan concentrations were associated with higher behavior problem scores in 8-year old boys, but not girls.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - George D Papandonatos
- Department of Biostatistics, Brown University, Providence, RI, United States of America
| | - Aimin Chen
- Division of Epidemiology, Department of Environmental Health, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, OH, United States of America
| | - Kimberly Yolton
- Department of Pediatrics, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, OH, United States of America
| | - Bruce P Lanphear
- British Columbia Children's Hospital and the Faculty of Health Sciences, Simon Fraser University, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Joseph M Braun
- Department of Epidemiology, Brown University, Providence, RI, United States of America
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Dubey D, Srivastav AK, Singh J, Chopra D, Qureshi S, Kushwaha HN, Singh N, Ray RS. Photoexcited triclosan induced DNA damage and oxidative stress via p38 MAP kinase signaling involving type I radicals under sunlight/UVB exposure. ECOTOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL SAFETY 2019; 174:270-282. [PMID: 30844667 DOI: 10.1016/j.ecoenv.2019.02.065] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2019] [Revised: 02/14/2019] [Accepted: 02/20/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Triclosan (TCS) is an antimicrobial preservative used in personal care products. Here, we have studied the phototoxicity, photogenotoxicity of TCS and its molecular mechanism involving p38 mitogen activated protein kinase (MAPK) pathway under UVB/sunlight exposure. We found that TCS showed photodegradation and photoproducts formation under UVB/sunlight. In silico study suggests that photosensitized TCS loses its preservative property due to the formation of its photoproducts. Photosensitized TCS induces significant O2•-, •OH generation and lipid peroxidation via type-I photochemical reaction mechanism under UVB/sunlight exposure. We performed intracellular study of TCS on human skin keratinocytes (HaCaT cell-line) under the ambient intensity of UVB (0.6 mW/cm2) and sunlight exposure. Significant intracellular ROS generation was observed through DCFH2-DA/DHE assays along with a significant reduction in cell viability through MTT and NRU assays in photosensitized TCS. Photosensitized TCS also induces endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress as shown through ER-tracker/DAPI staining and Ca2+ release. It further induced cell cycle arrest through the sub-G1 phase augmentation and caused lysosomal/mitochondrial destabilization. Photogenotoxicity was shown through significant tail DNA, micronuclei and cyclobutane pyrimidine dimers (CPDs) formations. Cell signaling mechanism implicated upregulated expression of cleaved Caspase-3, Bax, phospho-p38, phospho-JNK and cytochrome C, thereby downregulated Bcl-2 expressions. Results advocate that TCS induces phototoxic effects via type I mediated photodynamic mechanism and activation of MAPK pathway. We conclude that photoexcited TCS may be deleterious to human health at the ambient environmental intensities of sunlight reaching at the earth's surface. Therefore, it may be replaced by alternative safe preservative.
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Affiliation(s)
- Divya Dubey
- Photobiology Laboratory, Systems Toxicology and Health Risk Assessment Group, CSIR-Indian Institute of Toxicology Research (CSIR-IITR), Vishvigyan Bhavan, 31, Mahatma Gandhi Marg, Lucknow 226001, Uttar Pradesh, India; School of Dental Sciences, Department of Biochemistry, Babu Banarasi Das University, BBD City, Faizabad Road, Lucknow 226028, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Ajeet K Srivastav
- Photobiology Laboratory, Systems Toxicology and Health Risk Assessment Group, CSIR-Indian Institute of Toxicology Research (CSIR-IITR), Vishvigyan Bhavan, 31, Mahatma Gandhi Marg, Lucknow 226001, Uttar Pradesh, India; School of Dental Sciences, Department of Biochemistry, Babu Banarasi Das University, BBD City, Faizabad Road, Lucknow 226028, Uttar Pradesh, India; Aryan Essentials Private Limited (Brand Name-Wikka), Mahatma Gandhi Road, Ghitorni, New Delhi 110030, India
| | - Jyoti Singh
- Photobiology Laboratory, Systems Toxicology and Health Risk Assessment Group, CSIR-Indian Institute of Toxicology Research (CSIR-IITR), Vishvigyan Bhavan, 31, Mahatma Gandhi Marg, Lucknow 226001, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Deepti Chopra
- Photobiology Laboratory, Systems Toxicology and Health Risk Assessment Group, CSIR-Indian Institute of Toxicology Research (CSIR-IITR), Vishvigyan Bhavan, 31, Mahatma Gandhi Marg, Lucknow 226001, Uttar Pradesh, India; School of Dental Sciences, Department of Biochemistry, Babu Banarasi Das University, BBD City, Faizabad Road, Lucknow 226028, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Saba Qureshi
- Photobiology Laboratory, Systems Toxicology and Health Risk Assessment Group, CSIR-Indian Institute of Toxicology Research (CSIR-IITR), Vishvigyan Bhavan, 31, Mahatma Gandhi Marg, Lucknow 226001, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Hari Narayan Kushwaha
- Photobiology Laboratory, Systems Toxicology and Health Risk Assessment Group, CSIR-Indian Institute of Toxicology Research (CSIR-IITR), Vishvigyan Bhavan, 31, Mahatma Gandhi Marg, Lucknow 226001, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Nivedita Singh
- Department of Bioinformatics, CSIR-Indian Institute of Toxicology Research (CSIR-IITR), Vishvigyan Bhavan, 31, Mahatma Gandhi Marg, Lucknow 226001, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Ratan Singh Ray
- Photobiology Laboratory, Systems Toxicology and Health Risk Assessment Group, CSIR-Indian Institute of Toxicology Research (CSIR-IITR), Vishvigyan Bhavan, 31, Mahatma Gandhi Marg, Lucknow 226001, Uttar Pradesh, India.
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Triclosan: An Update on Biochemical and Molecular Mechanisms. OXIDATIVE MEDICINE AND CELLULAR LONGEVITY 2019; 2019:1607304. [PMID: 31191794 PMCID: PMC6525925 DOI: 10.1155/2019/1607304] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2018] [Revised: 02/28/2019] [Accepted: 04/01/2019] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Triclosan (TCS) is a synthetic, chlorinated phenolic antimicrobial agent commonly used in commercial and healthcare products. Items made with TCS include soaps, deodorants, shampoos, cosmetics, textiles, plastics, surgical sutures, and prosthetics. A wealth of information obtained from in vitro and in vivo studies has demonstrated the therapeutic effects of TCS, particularly against inflammatory skin conditions. Nevertheless, extensive investigations on the molecular aspects of TCS action have identified numerous adversaries associated with the disinfectant including oxidative injury and influence of physiological lifespan and longevity. This review presents a summary of the biochemical alterations pertaining to TCS exposure, with special emphasis on the diverse molecular pathways responsive to TCS that have been elucidated during the present decade.
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Glutamate affects the CYP1B1- and CYP2U1-mediated hydroxylation of arachidonic acid metabolism via astrocytic mGlu5 receptor. Int J Biochem Cell Biol 2019; 110:111-121. [DOI: 10.1016/j.biocel.2019.03.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2018] [Revised: 01/27/2019] [Accepted: 03/01/2019] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
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Gene expression profiles in brain of male juvenile zebrafish (Danio rerio) treated with triclosan. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol 2019; 362:35-42. [DOI: 10.1016/j.taap.2018.10.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2018] [Revised: 09/25/2018] [Accepted: 10/13/2018] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
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Fu J, Gong Z, Kelly BC. Metabolomic profiling of zebrafish (Danio rerio) embryos exposed to the antibacterial agent triclosan. ENVIRONMENTAL TOXICOLOGY AND CHEMISTRY 2019; 38:240-249. [PMID: 30325051 DOI: 10.1002/etc.4292] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2018] [Revised: 06/11/2018] [Accepted: 10/03/2018] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
Triclosan, a widely used antibacterial and antifungal agent, is ubiquitously detected in the natural environment. There is increasing evidence that triclosan can produce cytotoxic, genotoxic, and endocrine disruptor effects in aquatic biota, including algae, crustaceans, and fish. Metabolomics can provide important information regarding molecular-level effects and toxicity of xenobiotic chemicals in aquatic organisms. The aim of the present study was to assess the toxicity of triclosan in developing zebrafish (Danio rerio) embryos using gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS)-based metabolomics. The embryos were exposed to a wide range of triclosan concentrations (10 ng/L-500 µg/L). Endogenous metabolites were extracted using acetonitrile:isopropanol:water (3:3:2, v/v/v). Derivatization of metabolites was performed prior to identification and quantification via GC-MS analysis. A total of 29 metabolites were positively identified in embryos. Univariate (one-way analysis of variance) and multivariate (principal components analysis and projection to latent structure-discriminant analysis) analyses were employed to determine metabolic profile changes in triclosan-exposed embryos. Eight metabolites were significantly altered (p < 0.05) in embryos exposed to triclosan (urea, citric acid, D-(+)-galactose, D-glucose, stearic acid, L-proline, phenylalanine, and L-glutamic acid). The results suggest that triclosan exposure can result in impairment of several pathways in developing zebrafish embryos, with implications for energy metabolism and amino acid metabolism, as well as nitrogen metabolism and gill function. These findings will benefit future risk assessments of triclosan and other contaminants of emerging concern. Environ Toxicol Chem 2019;38:240-249. © 2018 SETAC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing Fu
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, National University of Singapore, Singapore
| | - Zhiyuan Gong
- Department of Biological Sciences, National University of Singapore, Singapore
| | - Barry C Kelly
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, National University of Singapore, Singapore
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Wójtowicz AK, Sitarz-Głownia AM, Szczęsna M, Szychowski KA. The Action of Di-(2-Ethylhexyl) Phthalate (DEHP) in Mouse Cerebral Cells Involves an Impairment in Aryl Hydrocarbon Receptor (AhR) Signaling. Neurotox Res 2019; 35:183-195. [PMID: 30120713 PMCID: PMC6313375 DOI: 10.1007/s12640-018-9946-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2018] [Revised: 08/03/2018] [Accepted: 08/09/2018] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
Di-(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate (DEHP) is used as a plasticizer in various plastic compounds, such as polyvinyl chloride (PVC), and products including baby toys, packaging films and sheets, medical tubing, and blood storage bags. Epidemiological data suggest that phthalates increase the risk of the nervous system disorders; however, the impact of DEHP on the brain cells and the mechanisms of its action have not been clarified. The aim of the present study was to investigate the effects of DEHP on production of reactive oxygen species (ROS) and aryl hydrocarbon receptor (AhR), as well as Cyp1a1 and Cyp1b1 mRNA and protein expression in primary mouse cortical neurons and glial cells in the in vitro mono-cultures. Our experiments showed that DEHP stimulated ROS production in both types of mouse neocortical cells. Moreover, the results strongly support involvement of the AhR/Cyp1A1 signaling pathway in the action of DEHP in neurons and glial cells. However, the effects of DEHP acting on the AhR signaling pathways in these two types of neocortical cells were different. In neurons, AhR mRNA expression did not change, but AhR protein expression decreased in response to DEHP. A similar trend was observed for Cyp1a1 and Cyp1b1 mRNA and protein expression. Failure to induce Cyp1a1 in neurons was confirmed by EROD assay. In primary glial cells, a decrease in AhR protein level was accompanied by a decrease in AhR mRNA expression. In glial cells, mRNA and protein expression of Cyp1a1 as well as Cyp1a1-related EROD activity were significantly increased. As for Cyp1b1, both in neurons and glial cells Cyp1b1 mRNA expression did not significantly change, whereas Cyp1b1 protein level were decreased. We postulate that developmental exposure to DEHP which dysregulates AhR/Cyp1a1 may disrupt defense processes in brain neocortical cells that could increase their susceptibility to environmental toxins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna K Wójtowicz
- Department of Animal Biotechnology, Animal Sciences Faculty, University of Agriculture, Redzina 1B, 30-248, Krakow, Poland.
| | - Agnieszka M Sitarz-Głownia
- Department of Animal Biotechnology, Animal Sciences Faculty, University of Agriculture, Redzina 1B, 30-248, Krakow, Poland
| | - Małgorzata Szczęsna
- Department of Animal Biotechnology, Animal Sciences Faculty, University of Agriculture, Redzina 1B, 30-248, Krakow, Poland
| | - Konrad A Szychowski
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry, University of Opole, kard. B. Kominka 6a, 45-032, Opole, Poland
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