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Tkachenko A, Havranek O. Erythronecroptosis: an overview of necroptosis or programmed necrosis in red blood cells. Mol Cell Biochem 2024:10.1007/s11010-024-04948-8. [PMID: 38427167 DOI: 10.1007/s11010-024-04948-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2023] [Accepted: 01/20/2024] [Indexed: 03/02/2024]
Abstract
Necroptosis is considered a programmed necrosis that requires receptor-interacting protein kinase 1 (RIPK1), receptor-interacting protein kinase 3 (RIPK3), and pore-forming mixed lineage kinase domain-like protein (MLKL) to trigger a regulated cell membrane lysis. Membrane rupture in necroptosis has been shown to fuel innate immune response due to release of damage-associated molecular patterns (DAMPs). Recently published studies indicate that mature erythrocytes can undergo necroptosis as well. In this review, we provide an outline of multiple cell death modes occurring in erythrocytes, discuss possible immunological aspects of diverse erythrocyte cell deaths, summarize available evidence related to the ability of erythrocytes to undergo necroptosis, outline key involved molecular mechanisms, and discuss the potential implication of erythrocyte necroptosis in the physiology and pathophysiology. Furthermore, we aim to highlight the interplay between necroptosis and eryptosis signaling in erythrocytes, emphasizing specific characteristics of these pathways distinct from their counterparts in nucleated cells. Thus, our review provides a comprehensive summary of the current knowledge of necroptosis in erythrocytes. To reflect critical differences between necroptosis of nucleated cells and necroptosis of erythrocytes, we suggest a term erythronecroptosis for necroptosis of enucleated cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anton Tkachenko
- BIOCEV, First Faculty of Medicine, Charles University, Prumyslova 595, 25250, Vestec, Czech Republic.
| | - Ondrej Havranek
- BIOCEV, First Faculty of Medicine, Charles University, Prumyslova 595, 25250, Vestec, Czech Republic
- First Department of Internal Medicine-Hematology, General University Hospital and First Faculty of Medicine, Charles University, Prague, Czech Republic
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Alfhili MA, Alsughayyir J. Bufalin reprograms erythrocyte lifespan through p38 MAPK and Rac1 GTPase. Toxicon 2024; 240:107636. [PMID: 38316294 DOI: 10.1016/j.toxicon.2024.107636] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2023] [Revised: 01/30/2024] [Accepted: 01/30/2024] [Indexed: 02/07/2024]
Abstract
Ample evidence indicates that bufalin (BFN), a cardiotonic steroid in Bufo toad toxin, possesses a potent anticancer activity mainly by stimulating apoptosis in cancer cells. Human red blood cells (RBCs) undergo eryptosis which contributes to a plethora of pathological conditions. No reports, however, have examined the potential toxicity of BFN to RBCs. This study aims to characterize the biochemical mechanisms governing the influence of BFN on the physiology and lifespan of RBCs. Isolated RBCs from healthy volunteers were exposed to anticancer concentrations of commercially available BFN from the skin of Bufo gargarizans (10-200 μM) for 24 h at 37 °C. Photometric assays were used to estimate hemolysis and hemolytic markers, and flow cytometry was used to detect eryptotic markers. Phosphatidylserine externalization was captured by fluorescein isothiocyante-labeled annexin V, cellular dimensions by light scatter patterns, and intracellular Ca2+ and reactive oxygen species (ROS) by fluorogenic dyes Fluo4/AM and 2',7'-dichlorodihydrofluorescein diacetate (H2DCFDA), respectively. BFN caused Ca2+-independent hemolysis and release of LDH, AST, CK, and K+, and increased annexin V-bound cells, cytosolic Ca2+, cell shrinkage, and ROS levels. BFN also disrupted Na+ and Mg2+ trafficking, and was sensitive to PEG 8000, sucrose, SB203580, and NSC 23766. In whole blood, BFN depleted hemoglobin stores, increased fragmented RBCs, and was selectively toxic to reticulocytes, lymphocytes, and platelets. In conclusion, BFN elicits premature RBC death, subject to regulation by p38 MAPK and Rac1 GTPase, and is detrimental to other peripheral blood cells. Altogether, these novel findings prompt cautious consideration of the toxin in anticancer therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohammad A Alfhili
- Chair of Medical and Molecular Genetics Research, Department of Clinical Laboratory Sciences, College of Applied Medical Sciences, King Saud University, Riyadh, 12372, Saudi Arabia.
| | - Jawaher Alsughayyir
- Department of Clinical Laboratory Sciences, College of Applied Medical Sciences, King Saud University, Riyadh, 12372, Saudi Arabia
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Prokopiuk V, Onishchenko A, Tryfonyuk L, Posokhov Y, Gorbach T, Kot Y, Kot K, Maksimchuk P, Nakonechna O, Tkachenko A. Marine Polysaccharides Carrageenans Enhance Eryptosis and Alter Lipid Order of Cell Membranes in Erythrocytes. Cell Biochem Biophys 2024:10.1007/s12013-024-01225-9. [PMID: 38334853 DOI: 10.1007/s12013-024-01225-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2023] [Accepted: 01/24/2024] [Indexed: 02/10/2024]
Abstract
Aim In the current study, hemocompatibility of three major commercially available types of carrageenans (ι, κ and λ) was investigated focusing on eryptosis. MATERIALS AND METHODS Carrageenans of ι-, κ- and λ-types were incubated with washed erythrocytes (hematocrit 0.4%) at 0-1-5-10 g/L for either 24 h or 48 h. Incubation was followed by flow cytometry-based quantitative analysis of eryptosis parameters, including cell volume, cell membrane scrambling and reactive oxygen species (ROS) production, lipid peroxidation markers and confocal microscopy-based evaluation of intracellular Ca2+ levels, assessment of lipid order in cell membranes and the glutathione antioxidant system. Confocal microscopy was used to assess carrageenan cellular internalization using rhodamine B isothiocyanate-conjugated carrageenans. RESULTS All three types of carrageenans were found to trigger eryptosis. Pro-eryptotic properties were type-dependent and λ-carrageenan had the strongest impact inducing phosphatidylserine membrane asymmetry, changes in cell volume, Ca2+ signaling and oxidative stress characterized by ROS overproduction, activation of lipid peroxidation and severe glutathione system depletion. Eryptosis induction by carrageenans does not require their uptake by erythrocytes. Changes in physicochemical properties of cell membrane were also type-dependent. No carrageenan-induced generation of superoxide and hydroxyl radicals was observed in cell-free milieu. CONCLUSIONS Our findings suggest that ι-, κ- and λ-types trigger eryptosis in a type-dependent manner and indicate that carrageenans can be further investigated as potential eryptosis-regulating therapeutic agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Volodymyr Prokopiuk
- Research Institute of Experimental and Clinical Medicine, Kharkiv National Medical University, 4 Nauky ave, 61022, Kharkiv, Ukraine
- Department of Cryobiochemistry, Institute for Problems of Cryobiology and Cryomedicine of the National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine, Kharkiv, 61015, Ukraine
| | - Anatolii Onishchenko
- Research Institute of Experimental and Clinical Medicine, Kharkiv National Medical University, 4 Nauky ave, 61022, Kharkiv, Ukraine
| | - Liliya Tryfonyuk
- Institute of Health, National University of Water and Environmental Engineering, 11 Soborna st, 33000, Rivne, Ukraine
| | - Yevgen Posokhov
- Research Institute of Experimental and Clinical Medicine, Kharkiv National Medical University, 4 Nauky ave, 61022, Kharkiv, Ukraine
- Department of Organic Chemistry, Biochemistry, Paints and Coatings, The National Technical University "Kharkiv Polytechnic Institute", 2 Kyrpychova st, 61000, Kharkiv, Ukraine
| | - Tetyana Gorbach
- Department of Biochemistry, Kharkiv National Medical University, 4 Nauky ave., 61022, Kharkiv, Ukraine
| | - Yurii Kot
- Department of Biochemistry, V. N. Karazin Kharkiv National University, 4 Svobody sq., 61022, Kharkiv, Ukraine
| | - Kateryna Kot
- Department of Biochemistry, V. N. Karazin Kharkiv National University, 4 Svobody sq., 61022, Kharkiv, Ukraine
| | - Pavel Maksimchuk
- Institute for Scintillation Materials, National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine, 60 Nauky ave, 61072, Kharkiv, Ukraine
| | - Oksana Nakonechna
- Department of Biochemistry, Kharkiv National Medical University, 4 Nauky ave., 61022, Kharkiv, Ukraine
| | - Anton Tkachenko
- Research Institute of Experimental and Clinical Medicine, Kharkiv National Medical University, 4 Nauky ave, 61022, Kharkiv, Ukraine.
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Alfhili MA, Alyousef AM, Alsughayyir J. Tamoxifen induces eryptosis through calcium accumulation and oxidative stress. Med Oncol 2023; 40:333. [PMID: 37848569 DOI: 10.1007/s12032-023-02205-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2023] [Accepted: 09/25/2023] [Indexed: 10/19/2023]
Abstract
Chemotherapy-related anemia is a major obstacle in anticancer therapy. Tamoxifen (TAM) is an antiestrogen prescribed for breast cancer patients with hemolytic potential and apoptotic properties in nucleated cells. However, the eryptotic activity of TAM has hitherto escaped the efforts of investigators. RBCs from apparently healthy volunteers were treated with 1-50 μM of TAM for 24 h at 37 °C. Hemoglobin leakage and LDH, AST, and AChE activities were photometrically determined while K+, Na+, and Mg2+ were detected by ion-selective electrode. Flow cytometry was used to identify eryptotic cells by annexin-V-FITC, intracellular Ca2+ by Fluo4/AM, sell size and morphology by FSC and SSC signals, respectively, and oxidative stress by H2DCFDA. Whole blood was also exposed to 30 μM of TAM for 24 h at 37 °C to examine the toxicity of TAM to WBCs and platelets. TAM caused Ca2+-independent, dose-responsive hemolysis accompanied by K+, LDH, and AST leakage without improving the mechanical stability of RBCs in hypotonic environments. TAM treatment also increased the proportion of cells positive for annexin-V-FITC, Fluo4, and DCF, along with diminished FSC and SSC signals and AChE activity. Notably, TAM toxicity was aggravated by sucrose but abrogated by vitamin C, PEG 8000, and urea. Moreover, TAM exhibited distinct cytotoxic profiles against leukocytes and platelets. TAM-induced eryptosis is characterized by breakdown of membrane asymmetry, inhibition of AChE activity, Ca2+ accumulation, cell shrinkage, and oxidative stress. Vitamin C, PEG 8000, and urea may hold promise to subvert the undesirable toxic effects of TAM on RBCs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohammad A Alfhili
- Chair of Medical and Molecular Genetics Research, Department of Clinical Laboratory Sciences, College of Applied Medical Sciences, King Saud University, 12372, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia.
| | - Abdulaziz M Alyousef
- Chair of Medical and Molecular Genetics Research, Department of Clinical Laboratory Sciences, College of Applied Medical Sciences, King Saud University, 12372, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Jawaher Alsughayyir
- Department of Clinical Laboratory Sciences, College of Applied Medical Sciences, King Saud University, 12372, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
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Pan X, Giustarini D, Lang F, Rossi R, Wieder T, Köberle M, Ghashghaeinia M. Desipramine induces eryptosis in human erythrocytes, an effect blunted by nitric oxide donor sodium nitroprusside and N-acetyl-L-cysteine but enhanced by Calcium depletion. Cell Cycle 2023; 22:1827-1853. [PMID: 37522842 PMCID: PMC10599211 DOI: 10.1080/15384101.2023.2234177] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2023] [Revised: 06/29/2023] [Accepted: 06/30/2023] [Indexed: 08/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Background: Desipramine a representative of tricyclic antidepressants (TCAs) promotes recovery of depressed patients by inhibition of reuptake of neurotransmitters serotonin (SER) and norepinephrine (NE) in the presynaptic membrane by directly blocking their respective transporters SERT and NET.Aims: To study the effect of desipramine on programmed erythrocyte death (eryptosis) and explore the underlying mechanisms.Methods: Phosphatidylserine (PS) exposure on the cell surface as marker of cell death was estimated from annexin-V-binding, cell volume from forward scatter in flow cytometry. Hemolysis was determined photometrically, and intracellular glutathione [GSH]i from high performance liquid chromatography.Results: Desipramine dose-dependently significantly enhanced the percentage of annexin-V-binding cells and didn´t impact glutathione (GSH) synthesis. Desipramine-induced eryptosis was significantly reversed by pre-treatment of erythrocytes with either nitric oxide (NO) donor sodium nitroprusside (SNP) or N-acetyl-L-cysteine (NAC). The highest inhibitory effect was obtained by using both inhibitors together. Calcium (Ca2+) depletion aggravated desipramine-induced eryptosis. Changing the order of treatment, i.e. desipramine first followed by inhibitors, could not influence the inhibitory effect of SNP or NAC.Conclusion: Antidepressants-caused intoxication can be treated by SNP and NAC, respectively. B) Patients with chronic hypocalcemia should not be treated with tricyclic anti-depressants or their dose should be noticeably reduced.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xia Pan
- Physiological Institute, Department of Vegetative and Clinical Physiology, Eberhard Karls University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Daniela Giustarini
- Department of Biotechnology Chemistry and Pharmacy, University of Siena, Siena, Italy
| | - Florian Lang
- Physiological Institute, Department of Vegetative and Clinical Physiology, Eberhard Karls University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Ranieri Rossi
- Department of Biotechnology Chemistry and Pharmacy, University of Siena, Siena, Italy
| | - Thomas Wieder
- Physiological Institute, Department of Vegetative and Clinical Physiology, Eberhard Karls University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Martin Köberle
- Department of Dermatology and Allergology, School of Medicine, Technical University of Munich, München, Germany
| | - Mehrdad Ghashghaeinia
- Physiological Institute, Department of Vegetative and Clinical Physiology, Eberhard Karls University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
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Prokopiuk V, Yefimova S, Onishchenko A, Kapustnik V, Myasoedov V, Maksimchuk P, Butov D, Bespalova I, Tkachenko A. Assessing the Cytotoxicity of TiO 2-x Nanoparticles with a Different Ti 3+(Ti 2+)/Ti 4+ Ratio. Biol Trace Elem Res 2023; 201:3117-3130. [PMID: 36029428 DOI: 10.1007/s12011-022-03403-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2022] [Accepted: 08/22/2022] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Titanium dioxide (TiO2) nanoparticles are promising biomedical agents characterized by good biocompatibility. In this study, we explored the cytotoxicity of TiO2-x nanoparticles with a different Ti3+(Ti2+)/Ti4+ ratio and analyzed the efficiency of eryptosis indices as a tool in nanotoxicology. Two types of TiO2-x nanoparticles (NPs) were synthesized by the hydrolysis of titanium alkoxide varying the nitric acid content in the hydrolysis mixture. Transmission electron microscopy (TEM) images show that 1-TiO2-x and 2-TiO2-x NPs are 5 nm in size, whereas X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) reveals different Ti3+ (Ti2+)/Ti4+ ratios in the crystal lattices of synthesized NPs. 1-TiO2-x nanoparticles contained 54% Ti4+, 38% Ti3+, and 8% Ti2+, while the relative amount of Ti4+ and Ti3+ in the crystal lattice of 2-TiO2-x nanoparticles was 63% and 37%, respectively. Cell viability and cell motility induced by TiO2-x nanoparticles were investigated on primary fibroblast cultures. Eryptosis modulation by the nanoparticles along with cell death mechanisms was studied on rat erythrocytes. We report that both TiO2-x nanoparticles do not decrease the viability of fibroblasts simultaneously stimulating cell migration. Data from in vitro studies on erythrocytes indicate that TiO2-x nanoparticles trigger eryptosis via ROS- (1-TiO2-x) and Ca2+-mediated mechanisms (both TiO2-x nanoparticles) suggesting that evaluation of eryptosis parameters is a more sensitive nanotoxicological approach for TiO2-x nanoparticles than cultured fibroblast assays. TiO2-x nanoparticles are characterized by low toxicity against fibroblasts, but they induce eryptosis, which is shown to be a promising tool for nanotoxicity screening. The Ti3+ (Ti2+)/Ti4+ ratio at least partly determines the cytotoxicity mechanisms for TiO2-x nanoparticles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Volodymyr Prokopiuk
- Research Institute of Experimental and Clinical Medicine, Kharkiv National Medical University, Kharkiv, 61022, Ukraine
- Department of Cryobiochemistry, Institute for Problems of Cryobiology and Cryomedicine, National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine, Kharkiv, 61015, Ukraine
| | - Svetlana Yefimova
- Department of Nanostructured Materials, Institute for Scintillation Materials, National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine, Kharkiv, 61072, Ukraine
| | - Anatolii Onishchenko
- Research Institute of Experimental and Clinical Medicine, Kharkiv National Medical University, Kharkiv, 61022, Ukraine
- Department of Biochemistry, Kharkiv National Medical University, Kharkiv, 61022, Ukraine
| | - Valeriy Kapustnik
- Department of Internal and Occupational Diseases, Kharkiv National Medical University, Kharkiv, 61022, Ukraine
| | - Valeriy Myasoedov
- Department of Medical Biology, Kharkiv National Medical University, Kharkiv, 61022, Ukraine
| | - Pavel Maksimchuk
- Department of Nanostructured Materials, Institute for Scintillation Materials, National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine, Kharkiv, 61072, Ukraine
| | - Dmytro Butov
- Department of Phthisiology and Pulmonology, Kharkiv National Medical University, Kharkiv, 61022, Ukraine
| | - Irina Bespalova
- Department of Nanostructured Materials, Institute for Scintillation Materials, National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine, Kharkiv, 61072, Ukraine
| | - Anton Tkachenko
- Research Institute of Experimental and Clinical Medicine, Kharkiv National Medical University, Kharkiv, 61022, Ukraine.
- Department of Biochemistry, Kharkiv National Medical University, Kharkiv, 61022, Ukraine.
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Yuan T, Jia Q, Zhu B, Chen D, Long H. Synergistic immunotherapy targeting cancer-associated anemia: prospects of a combination strategy. Cell Commun Signal 2023; 21:117. [PMID: 37208766 DOI: 10.1186/s12964-023-01145-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2023] [Accepted: 04/23/2023] [Indexed: 05/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Cancer-associated anemia promotes tumor progression, leads to poor quality of life in patients with cancer, and even obstructs the efficacy of immune checkpoint inhibitors therapy. However, the precise mechanism for cancer-associated anemia remains unknown and the feasible strategy to target cancer-associated anemia synergizing immunotherapy needs to be clarified. Here, we review the possible mechanisms of cancer-induced anemia regarding decreased erythropoiesis and increased erythrocyte destruction, and cancer treatment-induced anemia. Moreover, we summarize the current paradigm for cancer-associated anemia treatment. Finally, we propose some prospective paradigms to slow down cancer-associated anemia and synergistic the efficacy of immunotherapy. Video Abstract.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ting Yuan
- Institute of Cancer, Xinqiao Hospital, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, 400037, China
| | - Qingzhu Jia
- Institute of Cancer, Xinqiao Hospital, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, 400037, China
- Chongqing Key Laboratory of Immunotherapy, Xinqiao Hospital, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, 400037, China
| | - Bo Zhu
- Institute of Cancer, Xinqiao Hospital, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, 400037, China.
- Chongqing Key Laboratory of Immunotherapy, Xinqiao Hospital, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, 400037, China.
| | - Degao Chen
- Institute of Cancer, Xinqiao Hospital, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, 400037, China.
- Chongqing Key Laboratory of Immunotherapy, Xinqiao Hospital, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, 400037, China.
| | - Haixia Long
- Institute of Cancer, Xinqiao Hospital, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, 400037, China.
- Chongqing Key Laboratory of Immunotherapy, Xinqiao Hospital, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, 400037, China.
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Liu J, Mamun Bhuyan AA, Ma K, Zhu X, Zhou K, Lang F. Myricetin-induced suicidal erythrocyte death. Mol Biol Rep 2023; 50:4253-4260. [PMID: 36905403 DOI: 10.1007/s11033-023-08350-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2022] [Accepted: 02/21/2023] [Indexed: 03/12/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Myricetin, a type of flavonol commonly found in fruits and herbs, has demonstrated anticancer properties by triggering the process of apoptosis or programmed cell death in tumor cells. Despite the absence of mitochondria and nuclei, erythrocytes can undergo programmed cell death, also known as eryptosis.This process is characterized by cell shrinkage, externalization of phosphatidylserine (PS) on the cell membrane, and the formation of membrane blebs. The signaling of eryptosis involves Ca2+ influx, the formation of reactive oxygen species (ROS), and the accumulation of cell surface ceramide. The present study explored the effects of myricetin on eryptosis. METHODS AND RESULTS Human erythrocytes were exposed to various concentrations of myricetin (2-8 µM) for 24 h. Flow cytometry was used to assess the markers of eryptosis, including PS exposure, cellular volume, cytosolic Ca2+ concentration, and ceramide accumulation. In addition, the levels of intracellular ROS were measured using the 2',7'-dichlorofluorescin diacetate (DCFDA) assay. The myricetin-treated (8 µM) erythrocytes significantly increased Annexin-positive cells, Fluo-3 fluorescence intensity, DCF fluorescence intensity, and the accumulation of ceramide. The impact of myricetin on the binding of annexin-V was significantly reduced, but not completely eliminated, by the nominal removal of extracellular Ca2+. CONCLUSION Myricetin triggers eryptosis, which is accompanied and, at least in part, caused by Ca2+ influx, oxidative stress and increase of ceramide abundance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jibin Liu
- College of Basic Medical Sciences, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, 1166 Liutai Avenue, Wenjiang, Chengdu, 611137, People's Republic of China.,Department of Physiology, Eberhard-Karls-University of Tuebingen, Wilhlmstr. 56, 72076, Tuebingen, Germany
| | - Abdulla Al Mamun Bhuyan
- Department of Physiology, Eberhard-Karls-University of Tuebingen, Wilhlmstr. 56, 72076, Tuebingen, Germany.,Department of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, University of Rajshahi, Rajshahi, 6250, Bangladesh
| | - Ke Ma
- Department of Physiology, Eberhard-Karls-University of Tuebingen, Wilhlmstr. 56, 72076, Tuebingen, Germany
| | - Xuexue Zhu
- Department of Physiology, Eberhard-Karls-University of Tuebingen, Wilhlmstr. 56, 72076, Tuebingen, Germany
| | - Kuo Zhou
- Department of Physiology, Eberhard-Karls-University of Tuebingen, Wilhlmstr. 56, 72076, Tuebingen, Germany
| | - Florian Lang
- Department of Physiology, Eberhard-Karls-University of Tuebingen, Wilhlmstr. 56, 72076, Tuebingen, Germany.
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Turpin C, Meilhac O, Bourdon E, Canonne-Hergaux F, Rondeau P. Methodologies and tools to shed light on erythrophagocytosis. Biochimie 2022:S0300-9084(22)00194-8. [PMID: 35952949 DOI: 10.1016/j.biochi.2022.07.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2022] [Revised: 07/26/2022] [Accepted: 07/28/2022] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Red blood cells (RBC) are the most abundant circulating cell of the human body. RBC are constantly exposed to multiple stresses in the circulation, leading to molecular and structural impairments and death. The physiological process of RBC senescence or ageing is referred to as eryptosis. At the end of their lifespan, aged RBC are recognized and removed from the blood by professional phagocytes via a phenomenon called erythrophagocytosis (EP); the phagocytosis of RBC. Some genetic and acquired diseases can influence eryptosis, thereby affecting RBC lifespan and leading to hemolytic anemia. In some diseases, such as diabetes and atherosclerosis, eryptosis and EP can participate in disease progression with both professional and non-professional phagocytes. Therefore, investigating the process of EP in vivo and in vitro, as well as in different cell types, will not only contribute to the understanding of the physiological steps of EP, but also to the deciphering of the specific mechanisms involving RBC and EP that underlie certain pathologies. In this review, the process of EP is introduced and the different methods for studying EP are discussed together with examples of the experimental procedures and materials required.
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Chen Z, Yang B, Yan Z, Song E, Song Y. Eryptosis is an indicator of hematotoxicity in the risk assessment of environmental amorphous silica nanoparticles exposure: The role of macromolecule corona. Toxicol Lett 2022; 367:40-47. [PMID: 35870742 DOI: 10.1016/j.toxlet.2022.07.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2022] [Revised: 07/01/2022] [Accepted: 07/15/2022] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Silica nanoparticles (SiO2 NPs) have been widely manufactured for various applications and unintentionally generated in various industrial processes. SiO2 NPs exposure is potentially hazardous to human health. Incremental evidence has indicated the presence of SiO2 NPs in systemic circulation, which warranted their interaction with blood components. Due to the obvious weakness of hemolysis in the risk assessment of environmental NPs, we for the first time use eryptosis as a sensitive indicator to assess the hematotoxicity of SiO2 NPs. In vitro results showed that the exposure of erythrocytes to pristine SiO2 NPs resulted in typical features of eryptosis, including oxidative stress, calcium influx, phosphatidylserine externalization and hemolysis. However, SiO2 NPs covered with mouse plasma (SiO2@MP) or grafted with polyvinylpyrrolidone (SiO2@PVP) did not stimulate eryptosis. Interestingly, neither bare nor macromolecule-decolorated SiO2 NPs caused eryptosis in our in vivo mouse model, highlighting the protective role of coronal proteins on the amelioration of SiO2 NPs-induced hematotoxicity. These results emphasized the influences of surface modification on the toxicity of environmental NPs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhangde Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 18 Shuangqing Rd, Haidian District, Beijing 100085, China; Key Laboratory of Luminescence Analysis and Molecular Sensing, Ministry of Education, College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Southwest University, 2 Tiansheng Rd, Beibei District, Chongqing 400715, China
| | - Bingwei Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 18 Shuangqing Rd, Haidian District, Beijing 100085, China; Key Laboratory of Luminescence Analysis and Molecular Sensing, Ministry of Education, College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Southwest University, 2 Tiansheng Rd, Beibei District, Chongqing 400715, China
| | - Ziyi Yan
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 18 Shuangqing Rd, Haidian District, Beijing 100085, China; Key Laboratory of Luminescence Analysis and Molecular Sensing, Ministry of Education, College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Southwest University, 2 Tiansheng Rd, Beibei District, Chongqing 400715, China
| | - Erqun Song
- Key Laboratory of Luminescence Analysis and Molecular Sensing, Ministry of Education, College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Southwest University, 2 Tiansheng Rd, Beibei District, Chongqing 400715, China
| | - Yang Song
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 18 Shuangqing Rd, Haidian District, Beijing 100085, China.
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Li D, Zheng X, Zhang Y, Li X, Chen X, Yin Y, Hu J, Li J, Guo M, Wang X. What Should Be Responsible for Eryptosis in Chronic Kidney Disease? Kidney Blood Press Res 2022; 47:375-390. [PMID: 35114677 DOI: 10.1159/000522133] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2021] [Accepted: 01/21/2022] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Renal anemia is an important complication of chronic kidney disease (CKD). In addition to insufficient secretion of erythropoietin (EPO) and erythropoiesis disorders, the impact of eryptosis on renal anemia demands attention. However, a systemic analysis concerning the pathophysiology of eryptosis has not been expounded. SUMMARY The complicated conditions in CKD patients, including oxidative stress, osmotic stress, metabolic stress, accumulation of uremic toxins, and iron deficiency, affect the normal skeleton structure of red blood cells (RBCs) and disturbs ionic homeostasis, causing phosphatidylserine to translocate to the outer lobules of the RBC membrane that leads to early elimination and/or shortening of the RBC lifespan. Inadequate synthesis of RBCs cannot compensate for their accelerated destruction, thus exacerbating renal anemia. Meanwhile, EPO treatment alone will not reverse renal anemia. A variety of eryptosis inhibitors have so far been found, but evidence of their effectiveness in the treatment of CKD remains to be established. KEY MESSAGES In this review, the pathophysiological processes and factors influencing eryptosis in CKD were elucidated. The aim of this review was to underline the importance of eryptosis in renal anemia and determine some promising research directions or possible therapeutic targets to correct anemia in CKD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dongxin Li
- Department of Nephrology, Clinical Medicine College & Affiliated Hospital of Weifang Medical University, Weifang Medical University, Weifang, China,
| | - Xujuan Zheng
- Health Science Centre, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, China
| | - Yunxia Zhang
- Department of Nephrology, Clinical Medicine College & Affiliated Hospital of Weifang Medical University, Weifang Medical University, Weifang, China
| | - Xiangling Li
- Department of Nephrology, Clinical Medicine College & Affiliated Hospital of Weifang Medical University, Weifang Medical University, Weifang, China
| | - Xuexun Chen
- Department of Nephrology, Clinical Medicine College & Affiliated Hospital of Weifang Medical University, Weifang Medical University, Weifang, China
| | - Yonghua Yin
- Institute of Blood Transfusion, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Chengdu, China
| | - Jingwen Hu
- Department of Nephrology, Clinical Medicine College & Affiliated Hospital of Weifang Medical University, Weifang Medical University, Weifang, China
| | - Jialin Li
- Department of Nephrology, Clinical Medicine College & Affiliated Hospital of Weifang Medical University, Weifang Medical University, Weifang, China
| | - Min Guo
- Department of Nephrology, Clinical Medicine College & Affiliated Hospital of Weifang Medical University, Weifang Medical University, Weifang, China
| | - Xiangming Wang
- Department of Nephrology, Clinical Medicine College & Affiliated Hospital of Weifang Medical University, Weifang Medical University, Weifang, China
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Onishchenko A, Myasoedov V, Yefimova S, Nakonechna O, Prokopyuk V, Butov D, Kökbaş U, Klochkov V, Maksimchuk P, Kavok N, Tkachenko A. UV Light-Activated GdYVO 4:Eu 3+ Nanoparticles Induce Reactive Oxygen Species Generation in Leukocytes Without Affecting Erythrocytes In Vitro. Biol Trace Elem Res 2022; 200:2777-2792. [PMID: 34386912 DOI: 10.1007/s12011-021-02867-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2021] [Accepted: 08/02/2021] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Nanoparticles (NPs) have been reported to be promising enhancement agents for radiation therapy. The aim of the study was to assess the cytotoxicity of UV non-treated and UV pretreated GdYVO4:Eu3+ nanoparticles against erythrocytes and leukocytes by detecting eryptosis and reactive oxygen species (ROS) generation. Levels of intracellular ROS in erythrocytes and leukocytes using a ROS-sensitive dye 2',7'-dichlorodihydrofluorescein diacetate (H2DCFDA), as well as eryptosis rate utilizing annexin V staining, following direct exposure to UV-activated and nonactivated NPs were detected by flow cytometry. Blood cells were collected from 9 intact WAG rats. Neither the UV light-untreated GdYVO4:Eu3+ NPs nor the treated ones promoted eryptosis and ROS generation in erythrocytes. Low concentrations of UV light-untreated NPs did not induce oxidative stress in leukocytes, evidenced by unaffected intracellular ROS levels. UV light treatment grants prooxidant properties to NPs, confirmed by NP-induced ROS overproduction in leukocytes. High concentrations of both UV light-treated and untreated NPs altered the redox state of leukocytes. UV light treatment imparts prooxidant properties to GdYVO4:Eu3+ NPs, making them promising radiosensitizing agents in cancer radiation therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anatolii Onishchenko
- Research Institute of Experimental and Clinical Medicine, Kharkiv National Medical University, Kharkiv, 61022, Ukraine
- Department of Biochemistry, Kharkiv National Medical University, Kharkiv, 61022, Ukraine
| | - Valeriy Myasoedov
- Department of Medical Biology, Kharkiv National Medical University, Kharkiv, 61022, Ukraine
| | - Svetlana Yefimova
- Institute for Scintillation Materials, National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine, Kharkiv, 61072, Ukraine
| | - Oksana Nakonechna
- Department of Biochemistry, Kharkiv National Medical University, Kharkiv, 61022, Ukraine
| | - Volodymyr Prokopyuk
- Research Institute of Experimental and Clinical Medicine, Kharkiv National Medical University, Kharkiv, 61022, Ukraine
- Department of Cryobiology of the Reproductive System, Institute for Problems of Cryobiology and Cryomedicine, National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine, Kharkiv, 61015, Ukraine
| | - Dmytro Butov
- Department of Phthisiology and Pulmonology, Kharkiv National Medical University, Kharkiv, 61022, Ukraine
| | - Umut Kökbaş
- Medical Biochemistry Department, Nevsehir Haci Bektas Veli University, Nevsehir, Turkey
| | - Vladimir Klochkov
- Institute for Scintillation Materials, National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine, Kharkiv, 61072, Ukraine
| | - Pavel Maksimchuk
- Institute for Scintillation Materials, National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine, Kharkiv, 61072, Ukraine
| | - Nataliya Kavok
- Institute for Scintillation Materials, National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine, Kharkiv, 61072, Ukraine
| | - Anton Tkachenko
- Research Institute of Experimental and Clinical Medicine, Kharkiv National Medical University, Kharkiv, 61022, Ukraine.
- Department of Biochemistry, Kharkiv National Medical University, Kharkiv, 61022, Ukraine.
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13
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Gok MG, Paydas S, Boral B, Onan E, Kaya B. Evaluation of eryptosis in patients with chronic kidney disease. Int Urol Nephrol 2022. [PMID: 35469112 DOI: 10.1007/s11255-022-03207-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2021] [Accepted: 04/09/2022] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Anemia in patients with chronic kidney disease (CKD) is the result of reduced erythropoietin, disturbed erythropoiesis and decreased lifespan of circulating erythrocytes. Excessive eryptosis or premature suicidal erythrocyte death is characterized by cell shrinkage and phosphatidylserine externalization. This study aimed to explore accelerated eryptosis and accompanying biochemical alterations in CKD patients. PATIENTS AND METHODS A total of 106 CKD patients (59 predialysis [PreD] patients, 26 haemodialysis [HD] patients and 21 peritoneal dialysis [PD] patients) and a control group composed of 29 healthy volunteers were included in this study. Data on superoxide dismutase (SOD) activity (U/mL), annexin-V binding (mean fluorescent intensity, MFI) and intracellular calcium ([Ca2+]i; MFI) as well as the hematologic and biochemical parameters were recorded. RESULTS The [Ca2+]i levels were 3.05 ± 1.66 MFI, 2.24 ± 0.99 MFI, 2.38 ± 0.87 MFI and 1.71 ± 0.46 MFI in the PreD, HD, PD and control groups, respectively. Other than significantly higher [Ca2+]i levels in the PreD group than in the control group (p < 0.001), no significant difference was noted between study groups in terms of [Ca2+]i. Annexin-V binding was 1.05 ± 0.99 MFI in PreD group, 1.15 ± 0.56 MFI in HD group, 1.06 ± 0.87 MFI in PD group, and 0.88 ± 0.86 MFI in controls. Annexin-V binding was significantly higher in PreD, HD and PD groups compared with the control group (p < 0.001 for each). SOD activity was 0.07 ± 0.07 in the PreD group, 0.13 ± 0.08 in the HD group, 0.14 ± 0.07 in the PD group, and 0.03 ± 0.01 in the control group. SOD activity in both HD and PD groups were significantly higher than control and PreD groups (p < 0.001 for each). Lower albumin, higher ferritin, and higher parathormon levels were found to be correlated with eryptosis biomarkers. Patients treated vs. non-treated with calcium channel blockers had significantly lower annexin-V binding levels (p = 0.013). Patients treated vs. non-treated with erythropoietin (EPO) had elevated annexin-V binding level (p < 0.001) and lower [Ca2+]i (p = 0.014). CONCLUSION In conclusion, our findings revealed the presence accelerated eryptosis, as a potential contributing factor to development of anemia, in patients with CKD stages 3-5D. Inflamation and parathormon can also accelerate eryptosis. Favorable effect of CCB and EPO on eryptosis needs to be confirmed in larger scale studies.
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14
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Alsughayyir J, Alshaiddi W, Alsubki R, Alshammary A, Basudan AM, Alfhili MA. Geraniin inhibits whole blood IFN-γ and IL-6 and promotes IL-1β and IL-8, and stimulates calcium-dependent and sucrose-sensitive erythrocyte death. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol 2022; 436:115881. [PMID: 35026210 DOI: 10.1016/j.taap.2022.115881] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2021] [Revised: 01/06/2022] [Accepted: 01/07/2022] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Correlations between circulating cytokine levels and disease states are well established, and pharmacological modulation of the immune response is thus an important aspect of the assessment of investigational new drugs. Moreover, chemotherapy-related anemia is a major obstacle in cancer treatment. Geraniin (GRN), a tannin extracted from Geranium and other plants, possesses promising antitumor potential. However, the effect of GRN on whole blood (WB) cytokine response and RBC physiology remains unexplored. Heparinized blood from consented, healthy adults was challenged with 100 ng/mL of lipopolysaccharide (LPS) with and without pretreatment with 10 μM of GRN for 24 h at 37 °C, and tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α), interferon-γ (IFN-γ), interleukin-1β (IL-1β), IL-6, IL-8, and IL-10 were assayed by ELISA. Moreover, single-cell RBC suspensions were treated with 5-100 μM of GRN for 24 or 48 h at 37 °C and cytotoxicity and canonical eryptotic markers were examined by flow cytometry. It was revealed that GRN significantly attenuated LPS-induced IFN-γ levels, increased IL-1β, decreased IL-6 only in absence of LPS, and aggravated LPS-induced IL-8 while together with LPS significantly diminished IL-10. Furthermore, GRN induced dose-responsive, Ca2+-dependent, and sucrose-sensitive hemolysis, along with phosphatidylserine exposure and Ca2+ accumulation with no appreciable cell shrinkage or oxidative damage. GRN was also selectively toxic to platelets, significantly delayed reticulocyte maturation, and significantly disrupted leukocyte proportions. In conclusion, GRN regulates the WB cytokine response and promotes premature hemolysis and eryptosis. This study provides insights into the therapeutic utility of GRN in a highly relevant cellular model system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jawaher Alsughayyir
- Department of Clinical Laboratory Sciences, College of Applied Medical Sciences, King Saud University, Riyadh 12372, Saudi Arabia
| | - Wafa Alshaiddi
- Department of Clinical Laboratory Sciences, College of Applied Medical Sciences, King Saud University, Riyadh 12372, Saudi Arabia
| | - Roua Alsubki
- Department of Clinical Laboratory Sciences, College of Applied Medical Sciences, King Saud University, Riyadh 12372, Saudi Arabia
| | - Amal Alshammary
- Department of Clinical Laboratory Sciences, College of Applied Medical Sciences, King Saud University, Riyadh 12372, Saudi Arabia
| | - Ahmed M Basudan
- Department of Clinical Laboratory Sciences, College of Applied Medical Sciences, King Saud University, Riyadh 12372, Saudi Arabia
| | - Mohammad A Alfhili
- Department of Clinical Laboratory Sciences, College of Applied Medical Sciences, King Saud University, Riyadh 12372, Saudi Arabia.
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15
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Alfhili MA, Basudan AM, Aljaser FS, Dera A, Alsughayyir J. Bioymifi, a novel mimetic of TNF-related apoptosis-induced ligand (TRAIL), stimulates eryptosis. Med Oncol 2021; 38:138. [PMID: 34633592 DOI: 10.1007/s12032-021-01589-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2021] [Accepted: 09/21/2021] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Tumor necrosis factor-related apoptosis-induced ligand (TRAIL) is a cytokine that initiates apoptosis upon binding to death receptor 5 (DR5) on cancer cells. Small molecule TRAIL mimetics have therefore been investigated as promising chemotherapeutic agents. Since anemia of chemotherapy is common, our goal is to investigate the hemolytic and eryptotic properties of novel DR5 agonist bioymifi (BMF) and identify the underlying molecular mechanisms. Whole blood (WB) was stimulated with 100 μM of BMF, whereas red blood cells (RBCs) were treated with 10-100 μM of BMF for 24 h at 37 °C. WB was analyzed for RBC, leukocyte, and platelet indices, while RBCs were examined for hemolysis by light absorbance of free hemoglobin, membrane scrambling by Annexin V-FITC, calcium by Fluo4/AM, cellular morphology by light scatter, and oxidative stress by 2',7'-dichlorodihydrofluorescein diacetate (H2DCFDA) using flow cytometry. Caspase inhibitor Z-VAD-FMK, p38 inhibitor SB203580, casein kinase 1α inhibitor D4476, receptor-interacting protein 1 inhibitor necrostatin-2, reduced glutathione, or cyclooxygenase (COX) inhibitor aspirin were added accordingly. BMF exerted dose-responsive, calcium-independent hemolysis, reduced RBC hemoglobin, significantly increased Annexin V-, Fluo4-, and DCF-positive cells, along with a dual effect on forward and side light scatter. Notably, the cytotoxic potential of BMF was significantly mitigated upon pharmacological inhibition of p38. Furthermore, BMF exhibited selective toxicity to eosinophils and significantly diminished reticulocyte hemoglobin content. Altogether, these novel findings highlight the adverse outcomes of BMF exposure on RBC physiology and provide the first toxicological assessment of BMF as an antitumor agent.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohammad A Alfhili
- Department of Clinical Laboratory Sciences, College of Applied Medical Sciences, King Saud University, Riyadh, 11451, Saudi Arabia.
| | - Ahmed M Basudan
- Department of Clinical Laboratory Sciences, College of Applied Medical Sciences, King Saud University, Riyadh, 11451, Saudi Arabia
| | - Feda S Aljaser
- Department of Clinical Laboratory Sciences, College of Applied Medical Sciences, King Saud University, Riyadh, 11451, Saudi Arabia
| | - Ayed Dera
- Department of Clinical Laboratory Sciences, College of Applied Medical Sciences, King Khalid University, Abha, 61421, Saudi Arabia
| | - Jawaher Alsughayyir
- Department of Clinical Laboratory Sciences, College of Applied Medical Sciences, King Saud University, Riyadh, 11451, Saudi Arabia
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16
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Ghashghaeinia M, Koralkova P, Giustarini D, Mojzikova R, Fehrenbacher B, Dreischer P, Schaller M, Mrowietz U, Martínez-Ruiz A, Wieder T, Divoky V, Rossi R, Lang F, Köberle M. The specific PKC-α inhibitor chelerythrine blunts costunolide-induced eryptosis. Apoptosis 2020; 25:674-85. [PMID: 32638182 DOI: 10.1007/s10495-020-01620-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Costunolide, a natural sesquiterpene lactone, has multiple pharmacological activities such as neuroprotection or induction of apoptosis and eryptosis. However, the effects of costunolide on pro-survival factors and enzymes in human erythrocytes, e.g. glutathione and glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase (G6PDH) respectively, have not been studied yet. Our aim was to determine the mechanisms underlying costunolide-induced eryptosis and to reverse this process. Phosphatidylserine exposure was estimated from annexin-V-binding, cell volume from forward scatter in flow cytometry, and intracellular glutathione [GSH]i from high performance liquid chromatography. The oxidized status of intracellular glutathione and enzyme activities were measured by spectrophotometry. Treatment of erythrocytes with costunolide dose-dependently enhanced the percentage of annexin-V-binding cells, decreased the cell volume, depleted [GSH]i and completely inhibited G6PDH activity. The effects of costunolide on annexin-V-binding and cell volume were significantly reversed by pre-treatment of erythrocytes with the specific PKC-α inhibitor chelerythrine. The latter, however, had no effect on costunolide-induced GSH depletion. Costunolide induces eryptosis, depletes [GSH]i and inactivates G6PDH activity. Furthermore, our study reveals an inhibitory effect of chelerythrine on costunolide-induced eryptosis, indicating a relationship between costunolide and PKC-α. In addition, chelerythrine acts independently of the GSH depletion. Understanding the mechanisms of G6PDH inhibition accompanied by GSH depletion should be useful for development of anti-malarial therapeutic strategies or for synthetic lethality-based approaches to escalate oxidative stress in cancer cells for their sensitization to chemotherapy and radiotherapy.
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17
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Alfhili MA, Alsughayyir J, Basudan AB. Epidemic dropsy toxin, sanguinarine chloride, stimulates sucrose-sensitive hemolysis and breakdown of membrane phospholipid asymmetry in human erythrocytes. Toxicon 2021; 199:41-48. [PMID: 34081931 DOI: 10.1016/j.toxicon.2021.05.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2021] [Revised: 05/19/2021] [Accepted: 05/26/2021] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
Sanguinarine (SGN) is a benzophenathridine alkaloid extracted from Sanguinaria canadensis plant. SGN is incriminated in epidemic dropsy (ED) characterized by multiple-organ failure and anemia. Nevertheless, how SGN leads to anemia of ED remains poorly understood. This study was thus initiated to investigate the interaction of SGN with human red blood cells (RBCs) and to delineate associated molecular mechanisms. Heparin- and EDTA-anticoagulated blood was collected from healthy participants and whole blood was analyzed for a complete blood count, while isolated RBCs were examined for hemolytic and eryptotic markers following exposure to 1-100 μM SGN for 24 h at 37 °C. Calcium was measured by Fluo4/AM, hemolysis by hemoglobin leakage, membrane scrambling by Annexin V-FITC, cell size by forward scatter (FSC), cell granularity by side scatter (SSC), and oxidative stress by H2DCFDA. SGN led to increased Fluo4 fluorescence and dose-dependent hemolysis which was not ameliorated by exclusion of extracellular Ca2+ but was nevertheless sensitive to hyperosmotic conditions and to the presence of aspirin. SGN also caused significant increase in Annexin V-positive cells, decreased FSC and SSC values, and elevated DCF fluorescence. Moreover, significantly reduced lymphocyte and basophil percentages along with selective toxicity to platelets was noted. Collectively, SGN possesses sucrose- and cyclooxygenase-sensitive hemolytic potential and elicits eryptosis characterized by Ca2+ accumulation, phosphatidylserine externalization, morphological alterations including cell shrinkage and loss of granularity, and oxidative stress. In conclusion, this report reveals a novel activity of SGN against human RBCs and informs prospective policies in ED prevention and management.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohammad A Alfhili
- Department of Clinical Laboratory Sciences, College of Applied Medical Sciences, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia.
| | - Jawaher Alsughayyir
- Department of Clinical Laboratory Sciences, College of Applied Medical Sciences, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Ahmed B Basudan
- Department of Clinical Laboratory Sciences, College of Applied Medical Sciences, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
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18
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Zininga T, Böttger E, Multhoff G. Role of Heat Shock Proteins in Immune Modulation in Malaria. Adv Exp Med Biol 2021; 1340:169-86. [PMID: 34569025 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-030-78397-6_7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
Malaria is one of the major parasitic killer diseases worldwide. Severe cases of malaria are mostly in children under the age of 5 years due to their naïve immune system and in pregnant women with weakened immune responses. Inflammatory immune responses against the parasite involve complement activation as well as the antibody and effector cell-mediated immune system. However, after an infection with Plasmodium falciparum (P. falciparum), the most dangerous malaria species, the host-derived immunity is often insufficient to completely inhibit the infection cycles of the parasite in red blood cells for yet unknown reasons. In the present chapter we aim to elucidate the role of the host's and the parasite's heat shock proteins (HSPs) in the development of a novel anti-malaria therapeutic approach.
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Abstract
This chapter describes, in detail, the operational principles and experimental design to analyze the premature death of human red blood cells (RBCs; erythrocytes). Necrosis (i.e., hemolysis), eryptosis, and necroptosis are the three types of cell death thus far known to exist in RBCs, and distinctive markers of each are well established. Here, methods based on flow cytometry are presented in an easily reproducible form. Moreover, manipulation of incubation medium to promote or inhibit certain physiological phenomena, along with a step-by-step approach to examine membrane scrambling, cell volume, surface complexity, calcium activity, oxidative stress, and signal transduction pathways are also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohammad A Alfhili
- Chair of Medical and Molecular Genetics Research, Department of Clinical Laboratory Sciences, College of Applied Medical Sciences, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia.
| | - Myon Hee Lee
- Division of Hematology/Oncology, Department of Internal Medicine, Brody School of Medicine, East Carolina University, Greenville, NC, USA.
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20
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Podsiedlik M, Markowicz-Piasecka M, Sikora J. Erythrocytes as model cells for biocompatibility assessment, cytotoxicity screening of xenobiotics and drug delivery. Chem Biol Interact 2020; 332:109305. [PMID: 33130048 DOI: 10.1016/j.cbi.2020.109305] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2020] [Revised: 10/20/2020] [Accepted: 10/28/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Erythrocytes (RBCs) represent the main cell component in circulation and recently have become a topic of intensive scientific interest. The relevance of erythrocytes as a model for cytotoxicity screening of xenobiotics is under the spotlight of this review. Erythrocytes constitute a fundamental cellular model to study potential interactions with blood components of manifold novel polymer or biomaterials. Morphological changes, subsequent disruption of RBC membrane integrity, and hemolysis could be used to determine the cytotoxicity of various compounds. Erythrocytes undergo a programmed death (eryptosis) which could serve as a good model for evaluating certain mechanisms which correspond to apoptosis taking place in nucleated cells. Importantly, erythrocytes can be successfully used as a valuable cellular model in examination of oxidative stress generated by certain diseases or multiple xenobiotics since red cells are subjected to permanent oxidative stress. Additionally, the antioxidant capacity of erythrocytes, and the activity of anti-oxidative enzymes could reflect reactive oxygen species (ROS) generating properties of various substances and allow to determine their effects on tissues. The last part of this review presents the latest findings on the possible application of RBCs as drug delivery systems (DDS). In conclusion, all these findings make erythrocytes highly valuable cells for in vitro biocompatibility assessment, cytotoxicity screening of a wide variety of substances as well as drug delivery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Podsiedlik
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Drug Analysis and Radiopharmacy, Medical University of Lodz, ul. Muszyńskiego1, 90-151, Lodz, Poland.
| | - Magdalena Markowicz-Piasecka
- Laboratory of Bioanalysis, Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Drug Analysis and Radiopharmacy, Medical University of Lodz, ul. Muszyńskiego1, 90-151, Lodz, Poland.
| | - Joanna Sikora
- Laboratory of Bioanalysis, Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Drug Analysis and Radiopharmacy, Medical University of Lodz, ul. Muszyńskiego1, 90-151, Lodz, Poland.
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21
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Sultan SA, Khawaji MH, Alsughayyir J, Alfhili MA, Alamri HS, Alrfaei BM. Antileukemic activity of sulfoxide nutraceutical allicin against THP-1 cells is associated with premature phosphatidylserine exposure in human erythrocytes. Saudi J Biol Sci 2020; 27:3376-3384. [PMID: 33304145 PMCID: PMC7715525 DOI: 10.1016/j.sjbs.2020.09.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2020] [Revised: 08/30/2020] [Accepted: 09/01/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Allicin (ACN), a sulfoxide in freshly crushed garlic, is known for its diverse bioactive properties. Among the most notable effects of ACN is its antitumor activity against a wide array of cancer types. Thus, ACN may be a promising anticancer therapeutic. Nevertheless, chemotherapy-induced anemia is a major obstacle in cancer management with a prevalence of up to 70%. Although the pathophysiology behind it remains elusive, a number of medications known to cause anemia in patients have been shown to induce premature programmed cell death in red blood cells (RBCs) known as eryptosis. This study, thus, investigates the anticancer potential of ACN against THP-1 monocytic leukemia cells, its toxic effects on human RBCs, and delineate the underlying biochemical mechanisms. Methods Cytotoxicity was detected using the MTT assay, while hemoglobin leakage was used as a surrogate for hemolysis which was photometrically measured. Major eryptotic events were examined using flow cytometry with fluorescent probes. Phosphatidylserine (PS) exposure was detected by Annexin-V-FITC, cytosolic calcium with Fluo4/AM, and reactive oxygen species with H2DCFDA. Results Our results show that ACN induces hemolysis in a dose-dependent fashion, which is significantly abrogated in absence of extracellular calcium. Moreover, ACN stimulates PS exposure, intracellular calcium overload, and oxidative stress. Using small-molecule inhibitors, we demonstrate that the pro-eryptotic activity of ACN is ameliorated in presence of zVAD(OMe)-FMK, SB203580, and D4476. Conclusion ACN possesses both hemolytic and eryptotic properties mediated through elevated intracellular calcium levels, oxidative stress, caspase, p38 MAPK, and CK1α.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samar A Sultan
- Department of Medical Laboratory Technology, College of Applied Medical Sciences, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
| | - Mohammed H Khawaji
- Department of Medical Laboratory Technology, College of Applied Medical Sciences, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia.,Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Applied Medical Sciences, University of Jazan, Jizan, Saudi Arabia
| | - Jawaher Alsughayyir
- Department of Clinical Laboratory Sciences, College of Applied Medical Sciences, King Saud University, Riyadh 11433, Saudi Arabia
| | - Mohammad A Alfhili
- Chair of Medical and Molecular Genetics Research, Department of Clinical Laboratory Sciences, College of Applied Medical Sciences, King Saud University, Riyadh 11433, Saudi Arabia
| | - Hassan S Alamri
- Clinical Laboratory Science Department, College of Applied Medical Sciences, King Saud bin Abdulaziz University for Health Sciences, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia.,King Abdullah International Medical Research Centre (KAIMRC), Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Bahauddeen M Alrfaei
- Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine, King Abdullah International Medical Research Centre (KAIMRC)/King Saud bin Abdulaziz University for Health Sciences, King Abdulaziz Medical City, Ministry of National Guard Health Affairs, Saudi Arabia
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Liu J, Bhuyan AAM, Ma K, Zhang S, Cheng A, Lang F. Inhibition of suicidal erythrocyte death by pyrogallol. Mol Biol Rep 2020; 47:5025-5032. [PMID: 32524386 DOI: 10.1007/s11033-020-05568-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2020] [Accepted: 06/05/2020] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Pyrogallol, a polyphenolic component of Acacia nilotica has previously been reported to induce apoptosis of diverse cell types. Pyrogallol is in part effective by influencing gene expression and by interference with mitochondrial function. Despite lack of nuclei and mitochondria, erythrocytes may undergo eryptosis, a suicidal death apparent from phosphatidylserine translocation to the erythrocyte surface and cell shrinkage. Eryptosis is triggered by glucose depletion, by oxidation, by hyperosmotic cell shrinkage and by excessive Ca2+ entry. As enhanced eryptosis is a common cause of anemia, uncovering inhibitors and stimulators of eryptosis may, both, be of clinical interest. Here we tested, whether eryptosis of human erythrocytes is modified by pyrogallol. Utilizing flow cytometry, phosphatidylserine abundance at the cell surface was estimated from annexin-V-binding and cell volume from forward scatter. Prior to determinations erythrocytes were incubated with or without glucose, without or with added oxidant tert-butyl-hydroperoxide (t-BOOH, 0.5 mM), without or with added hyperosmotic sucrose (550 mM) or without or with added Ca2+ ionophore ionomycin (1 µM). Treatment of erythrocytes with pyrogallol (2-8 µM) was without significant effect on annexin-V-binding and forward scatter. Glucose deprivation, t-BOOH, sucrose and ionomycin, each, triggered annexin-V-binding and decreased forward scatter. Pyrogallol significantly blunted the effects on annexin-V-binding but not on forward scatter. Pyrogallol thus blunts phosphatidylserine translocation in erythrocytes exposed to glucose depletion, oxidative stress, hyperosmotic shock and excessive Ca2+ entry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jibin Liu
- Key Laboratory of Animal Disease and Human Health of Sichuan Province, Institute of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Wenjiang, 611130, People's Republic of China
- Department of Physiology, Eberhard-Karls-University, Wilhelmstr. 56, 72076, Tuebingen, Germany
| | - Abdulla Al Mamun Bhuyan
- Department of Physiology, Eberhard-Karls-University, Wilhelmstr. 56, 72076, Tuebingen, Germany
| | - Ke Ma
- Department of Physiology, Eberhard-Karls-University, Wilhelmstr. 56, 72076, Tuebingen, Germany
| | - Shaqiu Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Animal Disease and Human Health of Sichuan Province, Institute of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Wenjiang, 611130, People's Republic of China
| | - Anchun Cheng
- Key Laboratory of Animal Disease and Human Health of Sichuan Province, Institute of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Wenjiang, 611130, People's Republic of China.
| | - Florian Lang
- Department of Physiology, Eberhard-Karls-University, Wilhelmstr. 56, 72076, Tuebingen, Germany.
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Handa K, Jindal R. Genotoxicity induced by hexavalent chromium leading to eryptosis in Ctenopharyngodon idellus. Chemosphere 2020; 247:125967. [PMID: 32069732 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2020.125967] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2019] [Revised: 01/02/2020] [Accepted: 01/18/2020] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
The initiation of eryptosis as a result of genotoxic action of Cr(VI), seen through micronucleus and comet assay in the peripheral erythrocytes of Ctenopharyngodon idellus was evaluated through RT-qPCR. For this, fish was exposed to sublethal concentration of hexavalent chromium (5.30 and 10.63 mg/L), and the blood was sampled on different endpoints (15, 30 and 45 days). Accumulation of chromium in the erythrocytes was also studied, which depicted a significant increase in toxicant concentration and time dependent manner. Both concentrations of hexavalent chromium induced DNA damage, visible in the form of comet tails. The presence of micronuclei in the erythrocytes was accompanied with occurrence of nuclear bud (NBu), lobed nucleus (Lb), notched nucleus (Nt), vacuolated nucleus (Vn), binucleated cell (Bn) as nuclear abnormalities; and acanthocytes (Ac), echinocytes (Ec), notched cells (Nc), microcytes (Mc) and vacuolated cytoplasm (Vc) as cytoplasmic abnormalities. The expression of genes related to intrinsic apoptotic pathway induced by Cr(VI) presented significant (p < 0.05) upregulation in the expression of p53, Bax, Apaf-1, caspase9 and caspase3, and downregulation of Bcl2; inferring the initiation of apoptotic pathway. The ration of Bax and Bcl2 also appended the apoptotic state of the erythrocytes. From the present investigation, it can be concluded that genotoxicity induced by hexavalent chromium lead to eryptosis in C. idellus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kriti Handa
- Aquatic Biology Laboratory, Department of Zoology, Panjab University, Chandigarh, 160014, India.
| | - Rajinder Jindal
- Aquatic Biology Laboratory, Department of Zoology, Panjab University, Chandigarh, 160014, India.
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24
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López-Vanegas NC, Hernández G, Maldonado-Vega M, Calderón-Salinas JV. Leukocyte apoptosis, TNF-α concentration and oxidative damage in lead-exposed workers. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol 2020; 391:114901. [PMID: 32004562 DOI: 10.1016/j.taap.2020.114901] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2019] [Revised: 01/24/2020] [Accepted: 01/27/2020] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Lead intoxication can generate pro-inflammatory conditions that have been proposed to be associated with cell injuries and oxidative stress. The pro-inflammatory state can participate in the pathophysiology of this toxicity to generate immune response dysfunctions, which could condition the presence of clinical manifestations and susceptibility to infections already described in lead-exposed patients. In the present work, we study workers of a battery recycler factory (n = 24) who are chronically exposed to lead and compared them with non-lead exposed workers (n = 17). Lead-exposed workers had high lead concentrations in blood (med 69.8 vs. 1.7 μg/dL), low δ-ALAD activity (med 149 vs. 1100 nmol PBG/h/mL), high lipid peroxidation (med 0.86 vs. 0.69 nmol/mL) and high erythrocytes apoptosis (med 0.81 vs. 0.50% PS externalization) in relation to non-lead exposed workers. Also, lead-exposed workers had a high incidence of signs and symptoms related to lead intoxication and a higher frequency of infections. The higher leukocyte apoptosis (med 18.3 vs. 8.2% PS externalization) and lower basal TNF-α concentration (med 0.38 vs. 0.94 pg/mL) in lead-exposed workers imply an immune response dysfunction; however, there was no difference in the TNF-α concentration when leukocytes were stimulated with lipopolysaccharide in whole blood (med 44 vs. 70 pg/mL), suggesting that lead-exposed workers might develop adaptation mechanisms to reduce basal TNF-α release through downregulation processes proposed for this cytokine.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Gerardo Hernández
- Section Methodology of Science, Centro de Investigación y Estudios Avanzados-IPN, Ciudad de México, Mexico
| | - María Maldonado-Vega
- Planning, Teaching and Research Department, Hospital Regional de Alta Especialidad del Bajío, Blvd. Milenio 130, San Carlos La Roncha, León, Guanajuato, Mexico
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25
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Nader E, Monedero D, Robert M, Skinner S, Stauffer E, Cibiel A, Germain M, Hugonnet J, Scheer A, Joly P, Renoux C, Connes P, Égée S. Impact of a 10 km running trial on eryptosis, red blood cell rheology, and electrophysiology in endurance trained athletes: a pilot study. Eur J Appl Physiol 2020; 120:255-66. [PMID: 31776697 DOI: 10.1007/s00421-019-04271-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2019] [Accepted: 11/22/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE Blood rheology is a key determinant of blood flow and tissue perfusion. There are still large discrepancies regarding the effects of an acute running exercise on blood rheological properties and red blood cell (RBC) physiology. We investigated the effect of a 10 km running trial on markers of blood rheology and RBC physiology in endurance trained athletes. METHODS Blood was sampled before and after the exercise to measure lactate and glucose, hematological and hemorheological parameters (blood viscosity, RBC deformability, and aggregation), eryptosis markers (phosphatidylserine and CD47 exposure, RBC reactive oxygen species), RBC-derived microparticles (RBC-MPs), and RBC electrophysiological activity. Weight was measured before and after exercise. Peripheral oxygen saturation and heart rate were monitored before and during the trial. RESULTS Blood lactate and glucose levels increased after exercise and subjects significantly lost weight. All athletes experienced a significant fall in oxygen saturation. Mean corpuscular volume (MCV) was increased from 95.1 ± 3.2 to 96.0 ± 3.3 and mean corpuscular hemoglobin concentration (MCHC) decreased after exercise suggesting a slight RBC rehydration. Exercise increased RBC deformability from 0.344 ± 0.04 to 0.378 ± 0.07, decreased RBC aggregates strength and blood viscosity, while hematocrit (Hct) remained unaffected. While RBC electrophysiological recording suggested a modulation in RBC calcium content and/or chloride conductance, eryptosis markers and RBC-MPs were not modified by the exercise. CONCLUSION A 10 km acute running exercise had no effect on RBC senescence and membrane blebbing. In contrast, this exercise increased RBC deformability, probably through rehydration process which resulted in a decrease in blood viscosity.
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26
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Bissinger R, Lang E, Gonzalez-Menendez I, Quintanilla-Martinez L, Ghashghaeinia M, Pelzl L, Sukkar B, Bhuyan AAM, Salker MS, Singh Y, Fehrenbacher B, Fakhri H, Umbach AT, Schaller M, Qadri SM, Lang F. Genetic deficiency of the tumor suppressor protein p53 influences erythrocyte survival. Apoptosis 2019; 23:641-650. [PMID: 30238335 DOI: 10.1007/s10495-018-1481-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
The transcription factor p53 suppresses tumor growth by inducing nucleated cell apoptosis and cycle arrest. Because of its influence on primitive erythroid cell differentiation and survival, p53 is an important determinant of erythropoiesis. However, the impact of p53 on the fate of erythrocytes, cells lacking nucleus and mitochondria, during their post-maturation phase in the circulation remained elusive. Erythrocyte survival may be compromised by suicidal erythrocyte death or eryptosis, which is hallmarked by phosphatidylserine translocation and stimulated by increase of cytosolic Ca2+ concentration. Here, we comparatively examined erythrocyte homeostasis in p53-mutant mice (Trp53tm1Tyj/J) and in corresponding WT mice (C57BL/6J) by analyzing eryptosis and erythropoiesis. To this end, spontaneous cell membrane phosphatidylserine exposure and cytosolic Ca2+ concentration were higher in erythrocytes drawn from Trp53tm1Tyj/J mice than from WT mice. Eryptosis induced by glucose deprivation, a pathophysiological cell stressor, was slightly, but significantly more prominent in erythrocytes drawn from Trp53tm1Tyj/J mice as compared to WT mice. The loss of erythrocytes by eryptosis was fully compensated by enhanced erythropoiesis in Trp53tm1Tyj/J mice, as reflected by increased reticulocytosis and abundance of erythroid precursor cells in the bone marrow. Accordingly, erythrocyte number, packed cell volume and hemoglobin were similar in Trp53tm1Tyj/J and WT mice. Taken together, functional p53 deficiency enhances the turnover of circulating erythrocytes by parallel increase of eryptosis and stimulated compensatory erythropoiesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rosi Bissinger
- Department of Internal Medicine III, Eberhard-Karls University Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Elisabeth Lang
- Department of Molecular Medicine II, Heinrich-Heine University, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Irene Gonzalez-Menendez
- Institute of Pathology and Neuropathology, Eberhard-Karls University Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany.,Comprehensive Cancer Center, University Hospital Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Leticia Quintanilla-Martinez
- Institute of Pathology and Neuropathology, Eberhard-Karls University Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany.,Comprehensive Cancer Center, University Hospital Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Mehrdad Ghashghaeinia
- Psoriasis Center, Department of Dermatology, University Medical Center Schleswig-Holstein, Campus Kiel, Kiel, Germany.,Department of Vegetative & Clinical Physiology, Institute of Physiology, Eberhard Karls University Tübingen, Wilhelmstraße 56, 72074, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Lisann Pelzl
- Department of Vegetative & Clinical Physiology, Institute of Physiology, Eberhard Karls University Tübingen, Wilhelmstraße 56, 72074, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Basma Sukkar
- Department of Vegetative & Clinical Physiology, Institute of Physiology, Eberhard Karls University Tübingen, Wilhelmstraße 56, 72074, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Abdulla Al Mamun Bhuyan
- Department of Vegetative & Clinical Physiology, Institute of Physiology, Eberhard Karls University Tübingen, Wilhelmstraße 56, 72074, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Madhuri S Salker
- Research Institute for Women's Health, University Hospital Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Yogesh Singh
- Institute of Medical Genetics and Applied Genomics, Eberhard-Karls University Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Birgit Fehrenbacher
- Department of Dermatology, Eberhard-Karls University Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Hajar Fakhri
- Department of Vegetative & Clinical Physiology, Institute of Physiology, Eberhard Karls University Tübingen, Wilhelmstraße 56, 72074, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Anja T Umbach
- Department of Vegetative & Clinical Physiology, Institute of Physiology, Eberhard Karls University Tübingen, Wilhelmstraße 56, 72074, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Martin Schaller
- Department of Dermatology, Eberhard-Karls University Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Syed M Qadri
- Department of Pathology and Molecular Medicine, McMaster University, 1280 Main Street West, Hamilton, ON, L8S 4K1, Canada. .,Centre for Innovation, Canadian Blood Services, Hamilton, ON, Canada.
| | - Florian Lang
- Department of Internal Medicine III, Eberhard-Karls University Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany. .,Department of Molecular Medicine II, Heinrich-Heine University, Düsseldorf, Germany. .,Department of Vegetative & Clinical Physiology, Institute of Physiology, Eberhard Karls University Tübingen, Wilhelmstraße 56, 72074, Tübingen, Germany.
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Alfhili MA, Weidner DA, Lee MH. Disruption of erythrocyte membrane asymmetry by triclosan is preceded by calcium dysregulation and p38 MAPK and RIP1 stimulation. Chemosphere 2019; 229:103-111. [PMID: 31078025 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2019.04.211] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2019] [Revised: 04/22/2019] [Accepted: 04/28/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Triclosan (TCS) is a broad-spectrum antimicrobial used in personal care products, household items, and medical devices. Owing to its apoptotic potential against tumor cells, TCS has been proposed for the treatment of malignancy. A major complication of chemotherapy is anemia, which may result from direct erythrocyte hemolysis or premature cell death known as eryptosis. Similar to nucleated cells, eryptotic cells lose membrane asymmetry and Ca2+ regulation, and undergo oxidative stress, shrinkage, and activation of a host of kinases. In this report, we sought to examine the hemolytic and eryptotic potential of TCS and dissect the underlying mechanistic scenarios involved there in. Hemolysis was spectrophotometrically evaluated by the degree of hemoglobin release into the medium. Flow cytometry was utilized to detect phosphatidylserine (PS) exposure by annexin-V binding, intracellular Ca2+ by Fluo-3/AM fluorescence, and oxidative stress by 2-,7-dichlorodihydrofluorescin diacetate (DCFH2-DA). Incubation of cells with 10-100 μM TCS for 1-4 h induced time- and dose-dependent hemolysis. Moreover, TCS significantly increased the percentage of eryptotic cells as evident by PS exposure (significantly enhanced annexin-V binding). Interestingly, TCS-induced eryptosis was preceded by elevated intracellular Ca2+ levels but was not associated with oxidative stress. Cotreatment of erythrocytes with 50 μM TCS and 50 μM SB203580 (p38 MAPK inhibitor), or 300 μM necrostatin-1 (receptor-interacting protein 1 (RIP1) inhibitor) significantly ameliorated TCS-induced PS externalization. We conclude that TCS is cytotoxic to erythrocytes by inducing hemolysis and stimulating premature death at least in part through Ca2+ mobilization, and p38 MAPK and RIP1 activation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohammad A Alfhili
- Department of Medicine (Division of Hematology/Oncology), Brody School of Medicine, East Carolina University, Greenville, NC 27834, United States; Department of Clinical Laboratory Sciences, College of Applied Medical Sciences, King Saud University, Riyadh, 11433, Saudi Arabia
| | - Douglas A Weidner
- Department of Microbiology & Immunology, Brody School of Medicine, East Carolina University, Greenville, NC 27834, United States
| | - Myon-Hee Lee
- Department of Medicine (Division of Hematology/Oncology), Brody School of Medicine, East Carolina University, Greenville, NC 27834, United States; Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of North Carolina-Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, United States.
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28
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Yeung KW, Lau PM, Tsang HL, Ho HP, Kwan YW, Kong SK. Extracellular Histones Induced Eryptotic Death in Human Erythrocytes. Cell Physiol Biochem 2019; 53:229-241. [PMID: 31302949 DOI: 10.33594/000000132] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2019] [Accepted: 07/11/2019] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND/AIMS Circulating or extracellular histones (EHs) in the bloodstream act as a damage-associated-molecular-pattern (DAMP) agent that plays a critical role in the pathogenesis of many diseases such as sepsis and sterile inflammation. To date, not much information is available to describe the mechanistic relationship between human erythrocytes and the cytotoxicity of EHs, the protein members from a highly conserved histone family across species. The present study explored this key question with a hypothesis that EHs induce eryptosis. METHODS Freshly isolated human red blood cells (RBCs) from healthy donors were treated with EHs or agents for positive controls in a physiological buffer for 3 or 24 h. After treatments, flow cytometry was employed to quantify surface phosphatidylserine (PS) exposure from annexin-V-RFP binding, cell shrinkage from flow cytometric forward scatter (FSC) analysis, Ca2+ rise by fluo-4, reactive oxygen species (ROS) production by H2DCFDA, and caspase-3 activation by FAM-DEVD-FMK measurement. Hemolysis and membarne permeabilization were estimated respectively from hemoglobin release into supernatant and calcein leakage from RBC ghosts. RESULTS With positive controls for validation, EHs in the pathophsyiological range were found to accumulate annexin-V binding on cell surface, decrease FSC, upregulate ROS production, elevate Ca2+ influx and increase caspase-3 activity in a 3-h incubation. Of note, no RBC hemolysis and no calcein release from ghosts were obtained after EHs treatment for 24 h. Interestingly, external Ca2+ was not a prerequisite for the EHs-mediated ROS production and PS externalization. Also, the eryptotic hallmarks in the apoptotic RBCs were partially blocked by heparin and antibody (Ab) against Toll-like receptor 2 (TLR2). CONCLUSION EHs act as a DAMP agent in the human RBCs that induces eryptosis. The cytotoxic effect is rapid as the hallmarks of eryptosis such as cell shrinkage, surface PS exposure, [Ca2+]i rise, ROS production and caspase-3 activation can be seen 3 h after treatment in a dose-dependent manner. The EHs' cytotoxic effects could be blocked by heparin and the Ab against TLR2.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ka Wing Yeung
- Programme of Biochemistry, School of Life Sciences, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, Hong Kong, China
| | - Pui Man Lau
- Programme of Biochemistry, School of Life Sciences, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, Hong Kong, China
| | - Hing Lun Tsang
- Programme of Biochemistry, School of Life Sciences, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, Hong Kong, China
| | - Ho Pui Ho
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, NT, Hong Kong, China
| | - Yiu Wa Kwan
- School of Biomedical Sciences, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, NT, Hong Kong, China
| | - Siu Kai Kong
- Programme of Biochemistry, School of Life Sciences, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, Hong Kong, China,
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Virzì GM, Milan Manani S, Clementi A, Castegnaro S, Brocca A, Riello C, de Cal M, Giuliani A, Battaglia GG, Crepaldi C, Ronco C. Eryptosis Is Altered in Peritoneal Dialysis Patients. Blood Purif 2019; 48:351-357. [PMID: 31291616 DOI: 10.1159/000501541] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2018] [Accepted: 06/04/2019] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Red blood cells (RBCs) undergo programmed cell death known as eryptosis. Triggers of eryptosis include increased cytosolic Ca(2+) concentration, oxidative stress, osmotic shock, energy depletion and several uremic toxins. Little is known about the pathogenesis of eryptosis in peritoneal dialysis (PD) patients; furthermore, its relevance in worsening clinical conditions in these patients is still not completely defined. OBJECTIVES We investigated eryptosis levels in PD patients and its association with inflammatory and clinical parameters. MATERIAL AND METHODS A total of 46 PD patients and 17 healthy subjects (CTR) were enrolled. All eryptosis measurements were made in freshly isolated RBCs using the flow cytometer. RESULTS Eryptosis was significantly higher in PD patients than that in CTR (p < 0.001). Eryptosis levels did not differ significantly between PD patients with and without diabetes, with and without hypertension, and with and without cardiovascular disease. Eryptosis showed no significant differences between patients treated with continuous ambulatory PD/automated PD, with Kt/Vurea value ≤1.7 and >1.7, with a negative or positive history of peritonitis. On the contrary, eryptosis showed significantly lower levels in PD patients with weekly creatinine clearance ≥45 L/week/1.73 m2 (2.8%, 1.7-4.9 vs. 5.6%, 5.0-13.5; p= 0.049). Eryptosis showed significantly lower levels in PD patients with residual diuresis (n = 23) than that in patients without (3.7%, 2.6-5.6 vs. 5%, 3.1-16; p = 0.03). In these 23 patients, significant negative correlations between percentage of eryptosis and residual glomerular filtration rate (rGFR; Spearman's rho = -0.51, p = 0.01) and diuresis volume (Spearman's rho = -0.43, p = 0.05) were found. CONCLUSIONS The present study demonstrated higher eryptosis levels in PD patients compared to corresponding levels in CTR. Furthermore, important PD comorbidity and main PD parameters do not influence eryptosis. Importantly, our data have reported an increase in eryptosis levels with progressive residual diuresis and rGFR loss, probably due to decreased uremic toxins clearance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Grazia Maria Virzì
- Department of Nephrology, Dialysis and Transplant, St Bortolo Hospital, Vicenza, Italy, .,International Renal Research Institute, IRRIV, Vicenza, Italy,
| | - Sabrina Milan Manani
- Department of Nephrology, Dialysis and Transplant, St Bortolo Hospital, Vicenza, Italy.,International Renal Research Institute, IRRIV, Vicenza, Italy
| | - Anna Clementi
- International Renal Research Institute, IRRIV, Vicenza, Italy.,Department of Nephrology and Dialysis, Santa Marta and Santa Venera Hospital, Acireale, Italy
| | - Silvia Castegnaro
- International Renal Research Institute, IRRIV, Vicenza, Italy.,Hematology Project Foundation, St Bortolo Hospital, Vicenza, Italy
| | - Alessandra Brocca
- Department of Nephrology, Dialysis and Transplant, St Bortolo Hospital, Vicenza, Italy.,International Renal Research Institute, IRRIV, Vicenza, Italy.,Unit of Internal Medicine and Hepatology, Department of Medicine, University of Padova, Padova, Italy
| | - Caterina Riello
- Department of Nephrology, Dialysis and Transplant, St Bortolo Hospital, Vicenza, Italy
| | - Massimo de Cal
- Department of Nephrology, Dialysis and Transplant, St Bortolo Hospital, Vicenza, Italy.,International Renal Research Institute, IRRIV, Vicenza, Italy
| | - Anna Giuliani
- Department of Nephrology, Dialysis and Transplant, St Bortolo Hospital, Vicenza, Italy.,International Renal Research Institute, IRRIV, Vicenza, Italy
| | | | - Carlo Crepaldi
- Department of Nephrology, Dialysis and Transplant, St Bortolo Hospital, Vicenza, Italy.,International Renal Research Institute, IRRIV, Vicenza, Italy
| | - Claudio Ronco
- Department of Nephrology, Dialysis and Transplant, St Bortolo Hospital, Vicenza, Italy.,International Renal Research Institute, IRRIV, Vicenza, Italy.,Department of Medicine, University of Padova, Padova, Italy
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Fink M, Bhuyan AAM, Nürnberg B, Faggio C, Lang F. Triggering of eryptosis, the suicidal erythrocyte death, by phenoxodiol. Naunyn Schmiedebergs Arch Pharmacol 2019; 392:1311-8. [PMID: 31280326 DOI: 10.1007/s00210-019-01681-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2019] [Accepted: 06/19/2019] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Phenoxodiol is used for the treatment of malignancy. The substance is effective by triggering suicidal tumor cell death or apoptosis. At least in theory, phenoxodiol could similarly stimulate suicidal erythrocyte death or eryptosis. Eryptosis is characterized by cell shrinkage and breakdown of cell membrane asymmetry with phosphatidylserine translocation to the erythrocyte surface. Signaling of eryptosis includes increase of cytosolic Ca2+ activity ([Ca2+]i), formation of reactive oxygen species (ROS), and increase of ceramide abundance at the cell surface. The present study explored whether phenoxodiol induces eryptosis and whether it modifies Ca2+ entry, ROS, and ceramide. Using flow cytometry, phosphatidylserine exposure at the cell surface was quantified from annexin V binding, cell volume from forward scatter, [Ca2+]i from Fluo3 fluorescence, ROS from DCFDA-dependent fluorescence, and ceramide abundance utilizing specific antibodies. A 48-h exposure of human erythrocytes to phenoxodiol (100 μg/ml [416 μM]) significantly increased the percentage of annexin V binding cells, significantly decreased average forward scatter and Fluo3 fluorescence and significantly increased ceramide abundance, but did not significantly modify DCFDA fluorescence. The effect of phenoxodiol on annexin V binding tended to decrease following removal of extracellular Ca2+, an effect, however, not reaching statistical significance. In conclusion, phenoxodiol triggers eryptosis, an effect paralleled by increase of ceramide abundance.
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Abstract
Erythrocytes undergo programmed cell death, similar to apoptosis, known as eryptosis. This process is a result of several factors including hyperosmolarity, oxidative stress, and exposure to xenobiotics, and is characterized by the breakdown of membrane phospholipid asymmetry, the clustering of band 3, and the generation of red blood cell-derived microparticles. Under pathological conditions, the liver is the primary site of erythrocyte clearance and plays an important role in iron recycling. Phosphatidylserine exposure and band-3 clustering on eryptotic erythrocytes represent mainly pro-phagocytic signals. Further, the percentage of eryptotic erythrocytes is enhanced in the circulating blood of patients with hepatic failure, hyperbilirubinemia, and nonalcoholic steatohepatitis. In this review, we concentrate on recent progress regarding the pathophysiological roles of eryptosis in liver diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Xu
- Department of Blood Transfusion, Central South University, Xiangya Hospital, 410008 Changsha, China
| | - Fang Peng
- Key Laboratory of Cancer Proteomics of Chinese Ministry of Health, Central South University, Xiangya Hospital, 410008 Changsha, China
| | - Ying Deng
- The Hospital of Ningxiang County People, 410600 Changsha, China
| | - Xuegong Fan
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Key Laboratory of Viral Hepatitis of Hunan Province, Central South University, Xiangya Hospital, 410008 Changsha, China
| | - Ning Li
- Department of Blood Transfusion, Central South University, Xiangya Hospital, 410008 Changsha, China.
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Everts PA, Malanga GA, Paul RV, Rothenberg JB, Stephens N, Mautner KR. Assessing clinical implications and perspectives of the pathophysiological effects of erythrocytes and plasma free hemoglobin in autologous biologics for use in musculoskeletal regenerative medicine therapies. A review. Regen Ther 2019; 11:56-64. [PMID: 31193111 PMCID: PMC6517793 DOI: 10.1016/j.reth.2019.03.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2019] [Revised: 03/19/2019] [Accepted: 03/28/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Autologous biologics, defined as platelet-rich plasma (PRP) and bone marrow aspirate concentrate (BMC), are cell-based therapy treatment options in regenerative medicine practices, and have been increasingly used in orthopedics, sports medicine, and spinal disorders. These biological products are produced at point-of-care; thereby, avoiding expensive and cumbersome culturing and expansion techniques. Numerous commercial PRP and BMC systems are available but reports and knowledge of bio-cellular formulations produced by these systems are limited. This limited information hinders evaluating clinical and research outcomes and thus making conclusions about their biological effectiveness. Some of their important cellular and protein properties have not been characterized, which is critical for understanding the mechanisms of actions involved in tissue regenerative processes. The presence and role of red blood cells (RBCs) in any biologic has not been addressed extensively. Furthermore, some of the pathophysiological effects and phenomena related to RBCs have not been studied. A lack of a complete understanding of all of the biological components and their functional consequences hampers the development of clinical standards for any biological preparation. This paper aims to review the clinical implications and pathophysiological effects of RBCs in PRP and BMC; emphasizes hemolysis, eryptosis, and the release of macrophage inhibitory factor; and explains several effects on the microenvironment, such as inflammation, oxidative stress, vasoconstriction, and impaired cell metabolism. Different biological formulations optimize disease specific regenerative treatment protocols. Disintegrated RBC's release harmful components to regenerative therapy treatment vials. The effectiveness of MSC injection depends on the quality of the bone marrow aspiration procedure. PRP and BMC should contain minimal to no erythrocytes.
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Key Words
- BM-MSCs, bone marrow-mesenchymal cells
- BMA, bone marrow aspiration
- BMC, bone marrow concentrate
- Bone marrow mesenchymal cells
- Eryptosis
- HSCs, hematopoietic stem cells
- Hb, hemoglobin
- Hp, haptoglobin
- Hx, hemopexin
- Inflammation
- MIF, Macrophage migration inhibitory factor
- MNCs, mononucleated cells
- Macrophage migration inhibitor factor
- NO, nitric oxide
- OA, osteoarthritis
- Oxidative stress
- PAF, platelet activating factor
- PFH, plasma free hemoglobin
- PRP, platelet-rich plasma
- PS, phosphatidylserine
- Plasma free hemoglobin
- Platelet-rich plasma
- RBC, red blood cell
- ROS, reactive oxygen species
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter A. Everts
- Gulf Coast Biologics, Scientific and Research Department, Fort Myers, FL, USA
- Corresponding author. Gulf Coast Biologics, 6900 Daniels Pkwy, Suite #29-282, Fort Myers, FL 33912, USA.
| | - Gerard A. Malanga
- New Jersey Regenerative Institute LLC, Cedar Knolls, NJ, USA
- Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, Rutgers University, New Jersey Medical School, Newark, NJ, USA
| | - Rowan V. Paul
- California Pacific Orthopedics, San Francisco, CA, USA
- California Pacific Medical Center, San Francisco, CA, USA
- Dartmouth Geisel School of Medicine, Hanover, NH, USA
| | - Joshua B. Rothenberg
- Boca Raton Regional Hospital, Regenerative Medicine and Orthopedics Biologic Department, Boca Raton, FL, USA
- BocaCare Orthopedics, Boca Raton, FL, USA
| | | | - Kenneth R. Mautner
- Emory University, Department of Physical Medicine & Rehabilitation, Atlanta GA, USA
- Emory University, Department of Orthopedics, Atlanta GA, USA
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McCaig WD, Hodges AL, Deragon MA, Haluska RJ, Bandyopadhyay S, Ratner AJ, Spitalnik SL, Hod EA, LaRocca TJ. Storage Primes Erythrocytes for Necroptosis and Clearance. Cell Physiol Biochem 2019; 53:496-507. [PMID: 31486324 PMCID: PMC9897227 DOI: 10.33594/000000153] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/01/2019] [Accepted: 08/27/2019] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND/AIMS Like nucleated cells, erythrocytes (red blood cells, RBCs) are capable of executing programmed cell death pathways. RBCs undergo necroptosis in response to CD59-specific pore-forming toxins (PFTs). The relationship between blood bank storage and RBC necroptosis was explored in this study. METHODS Human RBCs were stored in standard blood bank additive solutions (AS-1, AS-3, or AS-5) for 1 week and hemolysis was evaluated in the context of necroptosis inhibitors and reactive oxygen species (ROS) scavengers. Activation of key factors including RIP1, RIP3, and MLKL was determined using immunoprecipitations and western blot. RBC vesiculation and formation of echinocytes was determined using phase-contrast microscopy. The effect of necroptosis and storage on RBC clearance was determined using a murine transfusion model. RESULTS Necroptosis is associated with increased RBC clearance post-transfusion. Moreover, storage in AS-1, AS-3, or AS-5 sensitizes RBCs for necroptosis. Importantly, storage-sensitized RBCs undergo necroptosis in response to multiple PFTs, regardless of specificity for CD59. Storage-sensitized RBCs undergo necroptosis via NADPH oxidase-generated ROS. RBC storage led to RIP1 phosphorylation and necrosome formation in an NADPH oxidase-dependent manner suggesting the basis for this sensitization. In addition, storage led to increased RBC clearance post-transfusion. Clearance of these RBCs was due to Syk-dependent echinocyte formation. CONCLUSION Storage-induced sensitization to RBC necroptosis and clearance is important as it may be relevant to hemolytic transfusion reactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- William D. McCaig
- Department of Basic and Clinical Sciences, Albany College of Pharmacy and Health Sciences, Albany, NY, USA
| | - Alexa L. Hodges
- Department of Basic and Clinical Sciences, Albany College of Pharmacy and Health Sciences, Albany, NY, USA
| | - Matthew A. Deragon
- Department of Basic and Clinical Sciences, Albany College of Pharmacy and Health Sciences, Albany, NY, USA
| | - Robert J. Haluska
- Department of Basic and Clinical Sciences, Albany College of Pharmacy and Health Sciences, Albany, NY, USA
| | - Sheila Bandyopadhyay
- Department of Pathology and Cell Biology, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, NY, USA
| | - Adam J. Ratner
- Department of Pediatrics and Microbiology, New York University School of Medicine, New York, NY, USA
| | - Steven L. Spitalnik
- Department of Pathology and Cell Biology, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, NY, USA
| | - Eldad A. Hod
- Department of Pathology and Cell Biology, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, NY, USA
| | - Timothy J. LaRocca
- Department of Basic and Clinical Sciences, Albany College of Pharmacy and Health Sciences, Albany, NY, USA
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Totino PRR, de Souza HADS, Correa EHC, Daniel-Ribeiro CT, Ferreira-da-Cruz MDF. Eryptosis of non-parasitized erythrocytes is related to anemia in Plasmodium berghei low parasitema malaria of Wistar rats. Parasitol Res 2018; 118:377-382. [PMID: 30506514 DOI: 10.1007/s00436-018-6167-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2018] [Accepted: 11/23/2018] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
It is known that premature elimination of non-parasitized RBCs (nRBCs) plays an important role in the pathogenesis of malarial anemia, in which suicidal death process (eryptosis) of nRBCs has been suggested to be involved. To check this possibility, we investigate eryptosis during infection of P. berghei ANKA in Wistar rats, a malaria experimental model that, similar to human malaria, the infection courses with low parasitemia and acute anemia. As expected, P. berghei ANKA infection was marked by low parasite burdens that reached a mean peak of 3% between days six and nine post-infection and solved spontaneously. A significant reduction of the hemoglobin levels (~ 30%) was also observed on days subsequent to the peak of parasitemia, persisting until day 16 post-infection. In eryptosis assays, it was observed a significant increase in the levels of PS-exposing nRBC, which coincided with the reduction of hemoglobin levels and was positively related to anemia. In addition to PS externalization, eryptosis of nRBC induced by P. berghei infection was characterized by cytoplasm calcium influx, but not caspases activity. These results confirm our previous studies evidencing a pro-eryptotic effect of malaria infection on nRBCs and show that a caspase-independent eryptotic process is implicated in anemia induced by P. berghei ANKA infection in Wistar rats.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paulo Renato Rivas Totino
- Laboratory for Malaria Research, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil.
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Fink M, Al Mamun Bhuyan A, Zacharopoulou N, Lang F. Stimulation of Eryptosis, the Suicidal Erythrocyte Death, by Costunolide. Cell Physiol Biochem 2018; 50:2283-2295. [PMID: 30423572 DOI: 10.1159/000495088] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2018] [Accepted: 11/05/2018] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND/AIMS The sesquiterpene lactone Costunolide is effective against various disorders including inflammation and malignancy. The substance is effective in part by triggering suicidal death or apoptosis of tumor cells. Mechanisms involved include altered function of transcription factors and mitochondria. Erythrocytes lack nuclei and mitochondria but are - in analogy to apoptosis of nucleated cells - able to enter suicidal erythrocyte death or eryptosis, characterized by cell shrinkage and cell membrane scrambling with phosphatidylserine translocation to the erythrocyte surface. Triggers of eryptosis include increase of cytosolic Ca2+ activity ([Ca2+]i), oxidative stress and ceramide. The present study explored, whether Costunolide induces eryptosis and, if so, to shed light on the mechanisms involved. METHODS Phosphatidylserine exposure at the cell surface was estimated from annexin-V-binding, cell volume from forward scatter, [Ca2+]i from Fluo3-fluorescence, reactive oxygen species (ROS) formation from 2',7'-dichlorodihydrofluorescein (DCF)-dependent fluorescence, and ceramide abundance utilizing specific antibodies. RESULTS A 48 hours exposure of human erythrocytes to Costunolide (15 µg/ml) significantly enhanced the percentage of annexin-V-binding cells, significantly decreased forward scatter and significantly increased Fluo3-fluorescence, DCF-fluorescence, and ceramide abundance. The effect of Costunolide on annexin-V-binding was significantly blunted by removal of extracellular Ca2+. CONCLUSION Costunolide triggers cell shrinkage and phospholipid scrambling of the erythrocyte cell membrane, an effect at least in part due to Ca2+ entry and paralleled by oxidative stress and ceramide formation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Madeline Fink
- Department of Cardiology & Cardiovascular Medicine, Eberhard-Karls-University of Tuebingen, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Abdulla Al Mamun Bhuyan
- Department of Cardiology & Cardiovascular Medicine, Eberhard-Karls-University of Tuebingen, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Nefeli Zacharopoulou
- Department of Physiology, Eberhard-Karls-University of Tuebingen, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Florian Lang
- Department of Physiology, Eberhard-Karls-University of Tuebingen, Tübingen,
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Attanzio A, Frazzitta A, Vasto S, Tesoriere L, Pintaudi AM, Livrea MA, Cilla A, Allegra M. Increased eryptosis in smokers is associated with the antioxidant status and C-reactive protein levels. Toxicology 2018; 411:43-48. [PMID: 30385265 DOI: 10.1016/j.tox.2018.10.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2018] [Revised: 10/18/2018] [Accepted: 10/26/2018] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
Cigarette smoking has been linked with oxidative stress and inflammation. In turn, eryptosis, the suicidal erythrocyte death similar to apoptosis that can be triggered by oxidative stress, has been associated with chronic inflammatory diseases including atherosclerosis. However, the link between smoking and eryptosis has not been explored so far. The aim of the present study was to determine the level of eryptotic erythrocytes in healthy male smokers (n = 21) compared to non-smokers (n = 21) and assess its relationship with systemic inflammation (CRP) as well as with antioxidant defense (GSH) and their resistance to ex-vivo induced hemolysis. Smoking caused an increase in phosphatidylserine translocation outside the erythrocyte membrane (hallmark of eryptosis), significantly correlated to the plasma level of CRP (r = 0.546) and GSH concentration in erythrocytes (r=-0.475). With respect to non-smokers, smokers show a marginal increase of total leucocytes and erythrocyte volume, no modifications of the RBC resistance to oxidative stress-induced hemolysis and hematological and lipid parameters unvaried. We conclude that the inflammatory status (high CRP levels) and RBC oxidative stress (low GSH levels) caused by cigarette smoking are associated with an increase of eryptotic erythrocytes, a yet unknown relationship potentially involved with atherosclerosis and cardiovascular disease in smokers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alessandro Attanzio
- Department of Biological, Chemical and Pharmaceutical Sciences and Technologies (STEBICEF), University of Palermo, Via Archirafi 28, 90123, Palermo, Italy
| | - Anna Frazzitta
- Department of Biological, Chemical and Pharmaceutical Sciences and Technologies (STEBICEF), University of Palermo, Via Archirafi 28, 90123, Palermo, Italy
| | - Sonya Vasto
- Department of Biological, Chemical and Pharmaceutical Sciences and Technologies (STEBICEF), University of Palermo, Via Archirafi 28, 90123, Palermo, Italy
| | - Luisa Tesoriere
- Department of Biological, Chemical and Pharmaceutical Sciences and Technologies (STEBICEF), University of Palermo, Via Archirafi 28, 90123, Palermo, Italy
| | - Anna Maria Pintaudi
- Department of Biological, Chemical and Pharmaceutical Sciences and Technologies (STEBICEF), University of Palermo, Via Archirafi 28, 90123, Palermo, Italy
| | - Maria Antonia Livrea
- Department of Biological, Chemical and Pharmaceutical Sciences and Technologies (STEBICEF), University of Palermo, Via Archirafi 28, 90123, Palermo, Italy
| | - Antonio Cilla
- Nutrition and Food Science Area, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Valencia, Avda. Vicente Andrés Estellés s/n, 46100, Burjassot (Valencia), Spain.
| | - Mario Allegra
- Department of Biological, Chemical and Pharmaceutical Sciences and Technologies (STEBICEF), University of Palermo, Via Archirafi 28, 90123, Palermo, Italy
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Chan WY, Lau PM, Yeung KW, Kong SK. The second generation tyrosine kinase inhibitor dasatinib induced eryptosis in human erythrocytes-An in vitro study. Toxicol Lett 2018; 295:10-21. [PMID: 29803841 DOI: 10.1016/j.toxlet.2018.05.030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2018] [Revised: 05/04/2018] [Accepted: 05/23/2018] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Dasatinib, a new tyrosine kinase inhibitor, is used clinically to kill chronic myelogenous leukemia and acute lymphoblastic leukemia through apoptosis. Obviously, anemia is developed in many patients receiving dasatinib for treatment. Until now, the mechanism for the cytotoxic effects of dasatinib in human erythrocytes is not fully understood. As many tyrosine kinases are found in human erythrocytes, it is therefore logical to hypothesize that dasatinib is able to induce apoptosis (or eryptosis) in human erythrocytes. True to our expectation, dasatinib inhibited tyrosine kinase and induced eryptosis in human erythrocytes with early denature of esterase, cell shrinkage, loss of membrane integrity with inside-out phosphatidylserine, increase in the cytosolic Ca2+ ion concentration ([Ca2+]i), caspase-3 activation and change in cellular redox state. Mechanistically, the rise of [Ca2+]i seems to be a key mediator in the dasatinib-mediated eryptosis because depletion of external Ca2+ could suppress the eryptotic effects. Also, dasatinib was able to reduce membrane fluidity in human RBCs. For the direct action on membrane, dasatinib permeabilized RBC ghosts in a way similar to digitonin. Taken together, we report here for the first time that dasatinib inhibited tyrosine kinase and induced eryptosis in human erythrocytes through Ca2+ loading and membrane permeabilization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wai Yin Chan
- Programme of Biochemistry, School of Life Sciences, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, NT, Hong Kong
| | - Pui Man Lau
- Programme of Biochemistry, School of Life Sciences, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, NT, Hong Kong
| | - Ka Wing Yeung
- Programme of Biochemistry, School of Life Sciences, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, NT, Hong Kong
| | - Siu Kai Kong
- Programme of Biochemistry, School of Life Sciences, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, NT, Hong Kong.
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Vishalakshi GJ, Hemshekhar M, Kemparaju K, Girish KS. Para-tertiary butyl catechol induces eryptosis in vitro via oxidative stress and hemoglobin leakage in human erythrocytes. Toxicol In Vitro 2018; 52:286-296. [PMID: 30016652 DOI: 10.1016/j.tiv.2018.07.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2018] [Revised: 07/09/2018] [Accepted: 07/13/2018] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Exposure of human population to industrial chemicals is believed as a significant contributing factor to the outgrowth of occupational diseases especially in developing countries due to improper safety measures and sanitary conditions. Para-tertiary butylcatechol (PTBC) widely employed in petrochemical, thermofax and phototypesetting industries, induces melanocytotoxicity and contact dermatitis leading to occupational leukoderma/vitiligo. Few vitiligo patients were reported for oxidative stress-induced hemolytic anemia and thrombocytopenia, however its impact on blood components is still not clear. Erythrocytes are the major cell population in circulation and play a prominent role in various diseases. In this work, the effect of PTBC on human erythrocytes is evaluated in vitro. PTBC induces oxidative stress-mediated eryptosis (erythrocyte death) causing detrimental changes such as depleted antioxidant levels, altered surface morphology, hemoglobin denaturation and heinz body formation. These findings validate that PTBC could induce toxic effects on human erythrocytes. Exposure of humans to toxic chemicals constitutes an important issue in various industries; one such issue is the exposure of PTBC at work place resulting in a spectrum of dermal complications. Therefore, it is imperative to appraise the long-term toxicities in order to further delineate the mechanisms of resultant disorders associated with PTBC and to establish the therapeutic interventions.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Mahadevappa Hemshekhar
- DOS in Biochemistry, University of Mysore, Manasagangothri, Mysuru 570 006, India; Department of Internal Medicine, Manitoba Centre for Proteomics and Systems Biology, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg R3E3P4, Canada
| | - Kempaiah Kemparaju
- DOS in Biochemistry, University of Mysore, Manasagangothri, Mysuru 570 006, India.
| | - Kesturu S Girish
- DOS in Biochemistry, University of Mysore, Manasagangothri, Mysuru 570 006, India; Department of Studies and Research in Biochemistry, Tumkur University, Tumakuru 572103, India.
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Sicińska P. Di-n-butyl phthalate, butylbenzyl phthalate and their metabolites induce haemolysis and eryptosis in human erythrocytes. Chemosphere 2018; 203:44-53. [PMID: 29605748 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2018.03.161] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2018] [Revised: 03/21/2018] [Accepted: 03/23/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Phthalates have been extensively used as plasticizers in various fields, including food, cosmetic, and pharmaceutical industry. Those compounds do not form covalent bonds to substances they are being added to, and thus they may migrate easily and penetrate various products used every day. They may reach organisms with air, food, or by a direct skin contact. Significant levels of phthalates and their metabolites are found in urine, breast milk, blood serum, venous blood, and cord blood. The purpose of this study was to assess the simple toxicity (haemolysis) and programmed death (eryptosis) caused by following phthalates: di-n-butyl phthalate (DBP), butylbenzyl phthalate (BBP) and their metabolites: mono-n-butyl phthalate (MBP) and mono-benzyl phthalate (MBzP) in vitro in human RBCs. RBCs were incubated with the above mentioned compounds at concentrations ranging between 0.5 and 500 μg/mL for 24 h. Obtained results demonstrated that DBP and BBP possess higher haemolytic properties compared to their metabolites. The lethal concentration (LC50) was determined. The value was 126.37 ± 5.94 μg/mL for DBP, and 103.65 ± 4.03 μg/mL for BBP, and for metabolites the LC50 value was over 500 μg/mL. All compounds induced eryptosis causing translocation of phosphatidylserine, increased cytosolic calcium ions level, increased caspase-3 and calpain activation in human erythrocytes. BBP caused translocation of phosphatidylserine at a lower concentration compared to DBP. In case of other parameters, more pronounced changes were evoked by DBP at lower concentrations. Metabolites showed a significantly lower toxicity compared to parent compounds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paulina Sicińska
- Department of Biophysics of Environmental Pollution, Faculty of Biology and Environmental Protection, University of Lodz., Pomorska 141/143 St. 90-236 Lodz, Poland.
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Michałowicz J, Włuka A, Cyrkler M, Maćczak A, Sicińska P, Mokra K. Phenol and chlorinated phenols exhibit different apoptotic potential in human red blood cells (in vitro study). Environ Toxicol Pharmacol 2018; 61:95-101. [PMID: 29857326 DOI: 10.1016/j.etap.2018.05.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2017] [Revised: 04/20/2018] [Accepted: 05/21/2018] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
Phenol and chlorinated phenols are widely spread in the environment and human surrounding, which leads to a common environmental and occupational exposure of humans to these substances. The aim of this study was to assess eryptotic changes in human red blood cells treated with phenol, 2,4-dichlorophenol (2,4-DCP), 2,4,6-trichlorophenol (2,4,6-TCP) and pentachlorophenol (PCP). The erythrocytes were incubated with phenols studied in the concentrations ranging from 1 to 100 μg/mL for 24 h or 48 h. The results of the study revealed that all compounds studied caused phosphatidylserine translocation and increased cytosolic calcium ions level in human erythrocytes. It was also noticed that phenol and chlorophenols caused an increase in caspase-3 and calpain activation, which confirmed that they were capable of inducing suicidal death of erythrocytes. The results also revealed that PCP most strongly altered the parameters studied, while phenol exhibited the weakest eryptotic potential in the incubated cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jaromir Michałowicz
- Department of Biophysics of Environmental Pollution, Faculty of Biology and Environmental Protection, University of Łódź, Pomorska 141/143 St., 90-001 Łódź, Poland.
| | - Anna Włuka
- Department of Biophysics of Environmental Pollution, Faculty of Biology and Environmental Protection, University of Łódź, Pomorska 141/143 St., 90-001 Łódź, Poland
| | - Monika Cyrkler
- Department of Biophysics of Environmental Pollution, Faculty of Biology and Environmental Protection, University of Łódź, Pomorska 141/143 St., 90-001 Łódź, Poland
| | - Aneta Maćczak
- Department of Biophysics of Environmental Pollution, Faculty of Biology and Environmental Protection, University of Łódź, Pomorska 141/143 St., 90-001 Łódź, Poland
| | - Paulina Sicińska
- Department of Biophysics of Environmental Pollution, Faculty of Biology and Environmental Protection, University of Łódź, Pomorska 141/143 St., 90-001 Łódź, Poland
| | - Katarzyna Mokra
- Department of Biophysics of Environmental Pollution, Faculty of Biology and Environmental Protection, University of Łódź, Pomorska 141/143 St., 90-001 Łódź, Poland
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Al Mamun Bhuyan A, Sahu I, Cao H, Lang F. Sonidegib, a Novel Inhibitor of Suicidal Erythrocyte Death. Cell Physiol Biochem 2018; 47:1352-1364. [PMID: 29929201 DOI: 10.1159/000490820] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2018] [Accepted: 05/13/2018] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND/AIMS The Hedgehog pathway disrupting drug sonidegib is used in the treatment of basal cell carcinoma. Side effects of sonidegib include anemia, which could result either from impaired erythropoiesis or from loss of erythrocytes e.g. due to suicidal erythrocyte death or eryptosis, which is characterized by cell membrane scrambling with phosphatidylserine translocation to the cell surface and by cell shrinkage. Eryptosis is stimulated by cell stress, including energy depletion, hyperosmotic shock, oxidative stress and excessive increase of cytosolic Ca2+ activity ([Ca2+]i). The present study explored, whether sonidegib exerts an effect on eryptosis. METHODS Human erythrocytes have been treated with energy depletion (glucose withdrawal for 48 hours), hyperosmotic shock (addition of 550 mM sucrose for 6 hours), oxidative stress (addition of 0.3 mM tert-butylhydroperoxide [tBOOH] for 50 min) or Ca2+ ionophore ionomycin (1 µM for 60 min) in absence and presence of sonidegib (2-6 µg/ ml). After treatment flow cytometry was employed to quantify phosphatidylserine exposure at the cell surface from annexin-V-binding, and cell volume from forward scatter. Hemolysis was estimated from the hemoglobin concentration in the supernatant. RESULTS In the absence of cell stress exposure to sonidegib did not significantly modify annexin-V-binding or forward scatter, but triggered hemolysis. Energy depletion, hyperosmotic shock, oxidative stress and ionomycin, all markedly and significantly increased the percentage of annexin-V-binding erythrocytes, and decreased the forward scatter. Sonidegib significantly blunted the effect of energy depletion, hyperosmotic shock, and oxidative stress, but not of ionomycin on annexin-V-binding. Sonidegib further significantly blunted the effect of energy depletion, but not of hyperosmotic shock, oxidative stress, and ionomycin on forward scatter. CONCLUSIONS Sonidegib is a novel inhibitor of erythrocyte cell membrane scrambling following energy depletion, hyperosmotic shock and oxidative stress.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Itishri Sahu
- Departments of Cardiology, Cardiovascular Medicine, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Hang Cao
- Departments of Cardiology, Cardiovascular Medicine, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Florian Lang
- Vegetative and Clinical Physiology, Eberhard-Karls-University Tuebingen, Düsseldorf, Germany.,Department of Molecular Medicine II, Medical Faculty, Heinrich Heine University, Düsseldorf, Germany
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Zhong H, Wake H, Liu K, Gao Y, Teshigawara K, Sakaguchi M, Mori S, Nishibori M. Effects of Histidine-rich glycoprotein on erythrocyte aggregation and hemolysis: Implications for a role under septic conditions. J Pharmacol Sci 2017; 136:97-106. [PMID: 29544683 DOI: 10.1016/j.jphs.2017.11.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2017] [Revised: 10/19/2017] [Accepted: 11/09/2017] [Indexed: 01/25/2023] Open
Abstract
The apoptotic process of erythrocytes is known as eryptosis, and is characterized by phosphatidylserine (PS) expression on the outer membrane. PS-positive erythrocytes are increased in sepsis, and PS is believed to facilitate coagulation of erythrocytes and activate macrophages. However, the relationship between eryptosis and abnormal coagulation in sepsis is still not fully understood. Histidine-rich glycoprotein (HRG) inhibits immunothrombus formation by regulating neutrophils and vascular endothelial cells. In the present study, we subjected isolated erythrocytes to Zn2+ stimulation, which activated their aggregation and PS expression. We then determined the Zn2+ contents in septic lung and kidney tissues, and found that they were elevated, suggesting that eryptosis was enhanced in these tissues. Erythrocyte adhesion to endothelial cells was also significantly increased after Zn2+ stimulation, and this effect was inhibited by HRG. Finally, we examined HRG treatment in septic model mice, and found that HRG decreased hemolysis, possibly due to its ability to bind heme. Our study demonstrated a novel Zn2+-initiated aggregation/thrombus formation pathway. We also showed the regulatory role of HRG in this pathway, together with the ability of HRG to inhibit hemolysis under septic conditions. HRG supplementation might be a novel therapeutic strategy for inflammatory disorders, especially sepsis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hui Zhong
- Department of Pharmacology, Okayama University Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, 2-5-1 Shikata-cho, Kita-ku, Okayama 700-8558, Japan
| | - Hidenori Wake
- Department of Pharmacology, Okayama University Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, 2-5-1 Shikata-cho, Kita-ku, Okayama 700-8558, Japan
| | - Keyue Liu
- Department of Pharmacology, Okayama University Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, 2-5-1 Shikata-cho, Kita-ku, Okayama 700-8558, Japan
| | - Yuan Gao
- Department of Pharmacology, Okayama University Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, 2-5-1 Shikata-cho, Kita-ku, Okayama 700-8558, Japan
| | - Kiyoshi Teshigawara
- Department of Pharmacology, Okayama University Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, 2-5-1 Shikata-cho, Kita-ku, Okayama 700-8558, Japan
| | - Masakiyo Sakaguchi
- Department of Cell Biology, Okayama University Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, 2-5-1 Shikata-cho, Kita-ku, Okayama 700-8558, Japan
| | - Shuji Mori
- School of Pharmacy, Shujitsu University, 1-6-1 Nishikawahara, Naka-ku, Okayama 703-8516, Japan
| | - Masahiro Nishibori
- Department of Pharmacology, Okayama University Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, 2-5-1 Shikata-cho, Kita-ku, Okayama 700-8558, Japan.
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Farag MR, Alagawany M. Erythrocytes as a biological model for screening of xenobiotics toxicity. Chem Biol Interact 2018; 279:73-83. [PMID: 29128605 DOI: 10.1016/j.cbi.2017.11.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 122] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2017] [Revised: 10/24/2017] [Accepted: 11/07/2017] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
Erythrocytes are the main cells in circulation. They are devoid of internal membrane structures and easy to be isolated and handled providing a good model for different assays. Red blood cells (RBCs) plasma membrane is a multi-component structure that keeps the cell morphology, elasticity, flexibility and deformability. Alteration of membrane structure upon exposure to xenobiotics could induce various cellular abnormalities and releasing of intracellular components. Therefore the morphological changes and extracellular release of haemoglobin [hemolysis] and increased content of extracellular adenosine triphosphate (ATP) [as signs of membrane stability] could be used to evaluate the cytotoxic effects of various molecules. The nucleated RBCs from birds, fish and amphibians can be used to evaluate genotoxicity of different xenobiotics using comet, DNA fragmentation and micronucleus assays. The RBCs could undergo programmed cell death (eryptosis) in response to injury providing a useful model to analyze some mechanisms of toxicity that could be implicated in apoptosis of nucleated cells. Erythrocytes are vulnerable to peroxidation making it a good biological membrane model for analyzing the oxidative stress and lipid peroxidation of various xenobiotics. The RBCs contain a large number of enzymatic and non-enzymatic antioxidants. The changes of the RBCs antioxidant capacity could reflect the capability of xenobiotics to generate reactive oxygen species (ROS) resulting in oxidative damage of tissue. These criteria make RBCs a valuable in vitro model to evaluate the cytotoxicity of different natural or synthetic and organic or inorganic molecules by cellular damage measures.
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Lang F, Bissinger R, Abed M, Artunc F. Eryptosis - the Neglected Cause of Anemia in End Stage Renal Disease. Kidney Blood Press Res 2017; 42:749-760. [PMID: 29151105 DOI: 10.1159/000484215] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2017] [Accepted: 07/23/2017] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
End stage renal disease (ESRD) invariably leads to anemia which has been mainly attributed to compromised release of erythropoietin from the defective kidneys with subsequent impairment of erythropoiesis. However, erythropoietin replacement only partially reverses anemia pointing to the involvement of additional mechanisms. As shown more recently, anemia of ESRD is indeed in large part a result of accelerated erythrocyte loss due to suicidal erythrocyte death or eryptosis, characterized by cell shrinkage and cell membrane scrambling with phosphatidylserine translocation to the cell surface. Phosphatidylserine exposing erythrocytes are bound to and engulfed by macrophages and are thus rapidly cleared from circulating blood. If the loss of erythrocytes cannot be fully compensated by enhanced erythropoiesis, stimulation of eryptosis leads to anemia. Eryptotic erythrocytes may further adhere to the vascular wall and thus impair microcirculation. Stimulators of eryptosis include complement, hyperosmotic shock, energy depletion, oxidative stress, and a wide variety of xenobiotics. Signaling involved in the stimulation of eryptosis includes increase of cytosolic Ca2+ activity, ceramide, caspases, calpain, p38 kinase, protein kinase C, Janus-activated kinase 3, casein kinase 1α, and cyclin-dependent kinase 4. Eryptosis is inhibited by AMP-activated kinase, p21-activated kinase 2, cGMP-dependent protein kinase, mitogen- and stress-activated kinase MSK1/2, and some illdefined tyrosine kinases. In ESRD eryptosis is stimulated at least in part by a plasma component, as it is triggered by exposure of erythrocytes from healthy individuals to plasma from ESRD patients. Several eryptosis-stimulating uremic toxins have been identified, such as vanadate, acrolein, methylglyoxal, indoxyl sulfate, indole-3-acetic acid and phosphate. Attempts to fully reverse anemia in ESRD with excessive stimulation of erythropoiesis enhances the number of circulating suicidal erythrocytes and bears the risk of interference with micocirculation, At least in theory, anemia in ESRD could preferably be treated with replacement of erythropoietin and additional inhibition of eryptosis thus avoiding eryptosis-induced impairment of microcirculation. A variety of eryptosis inhibitors have been identified, their efficacy in ESRD remains, however, to be shown.
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Affiliation(s)
- Florian Lang
- Department of Physiology I, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany.,Department of Molecular Medicine II, Medical Faculty, Heinrich Heine University, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Rosi Bissinger
- Department of Internal Medicine III, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Majed Abed
- Department of Physiology I, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Ferruh Artunc
- Department of Internal Medicine IV, Division of Endocrinology, Diabetology, Vascular Disease, Nephrology and Clinical Chemistry, University Hospital Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany.,Institute of Diabetes Research and Metabolic Diseases (IDM) of the Helmholtz Center Munich at the University Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany.,German Center for Diabetes Research (DZD) at the University Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
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Qadri SM, Bissinger R, Solh Z, Oldenborg PA. Eryptosis in health and disease: A paradigm shift towards understanding the (patho)physiological implications of programmed cell death of erythrocytes. Blood Rev 2017; 31:349-361. [PMID: 28669393 DOI: 10.1016/j.blre.2017.06.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2017] [Revised: 05/05/2017] [Accepted: 06/15/2017] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
During the course of their natural ageing and upon injury, anucleate erythrocytes can undergo an unconventional apoptosis-like cell death, termed eryptosis. Eryptotic erythrocytes display a plethora of morphological alterations including volume reduction, membrane blebbing and breakdown of the membrane phospholipid asymmetry resulting in phosphatidylserine externalization which, in turn, mediates their phagocytic recognition and clearance from the circulation. Overall, the eryptosis machinery is tightly orchestrated by a wide array of endogenous mediators, ion channels, membrane receptors, and a host of intracellular signaling proteins. Enhanced eryptosis shortens the lifespan of circulating erythrocytes and confers a procoagulant phenotype; this phenomenon has been tangibly implicated in the pathogenesis of anemia, deranged microcirculation, and increased prothrombotic risk associated with a multitude of clinical conditions. Herein, we reviewed the molecular mechanisms dictating eryptosis and erythrophagocytosis and critically analyzed the current evidence leading to the pathophysiological ramifications of eryptotic cell death in the context of human disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Syed M Qadri
- Department of Pathology and Molecular Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Canada; Centre for Innovation, Canadian Blood Services, Hamilton, ON, Canada.
| | - Rosi Bissinger
- Department of Internal Medicine, Eberhard-Karls University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Ziad Solh
- Department of Pathology and Molecular Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Canada; Department of Pediatrics, Faculty of Health Sciences, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Canada; Medical Services and Innovation, Canadian Blood Services, Hamilton, ON, Canada
| | - Per-Arne Oldenborg
- Department of Integrative Medical Biology, Umeå University, Umeå, Sweden
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Egler J, Lang F. Triggering of Eryptosis, the Suicidal Erythrocyte Death, by Perifosine. Cell Physiol Biochem 2017; 41:2534-2544. [PMID: 28472790 DOI: 10.1159/000475977] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2017] [Accepted: 04/05/2017] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND/AIMS The alkylphospholipid perifosine is used for the treatment of malignancy. The substance is effective by triggering suicidal tumor cell death or apoptosis. Side effects of perifosine include anemia. At least in theory, perifosine-induced anemia could result from stimulation of suicidal erythrocyte death or eryptosis. Hallmarks of eryptosis are cell shrinkage and cell membrane scrambling with phosphatidylserine translocation to the erythrocyte surface. Cellular mechanisms participating in the orchestration of eryptosis include increase of cytosolic Ca2+ activity ([Ca2+]i), oxidative stress, increase of ceramide abundance, as well as activation of staurosporine sensitive protein kinase C and/or of SB203580 sensitive p38 kinase. The present study explored, whether perifosine induces eryptosis and, if so, whether its effect involves and/or requires Ca2+ entry, oxidative stress, ceramide and kinase activation. METHODS Flow cytometry was employed to quantify phosphatidylserine exposure at the cell surface from annexin-V-binding, cell volume from forward scatter, [Ca2+]i from Fluo3-fluorescence, reactive oxygen species (ROS) abundance from DCFDA dependent fluorescence, and ceramide abundance utilizing specific antibodies. Hemolysis was estimated from hemoglobin concentration in the supernatant. RESULTS A 24 hours exposure of human erythrocytes to perifosine (2.5 µg/ml) significantly increased the percentage of annexin-V-binding cells, significantly decreased average forward scatter, significantly increased the percentage of shrunken erythrocytes, and significantly decreased the percentage of swollen erythrocytes. Perifosine significantly increased the percentage of hemolytic erythrocytes. Perifosine significantly increased Fluo3-fluorescence, but decreased DCFDA fluorescence and ceramide abundance. The effect of perifosine on annexin-V-binding was significantly blunted by removal of extracellular Ca2+ and by addition of staurosporine (1 µM), but not by addition of SB203580 (2 µM). CONCLUSIONS Perifosine triggers eryptosis, an effect at least in part due to Ca2+ entry and activation of staurosporine sensitive kinases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jasmin Egler
- Department of Internal Medicin III, Eberhard-Karls-University of Tuebingen, Tuebingen, Germany
| | - Florian Lang
- Department of Internal Medicin III, Eberhard-Karls-University of Tuebingen, Tuebingen, Germany.,Department of Molecular Medicine II, Medical Faculty, Heinrich Heine University, Duesseldorf, Germany
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Jemaà M, Fezai M, Lang F. Inhibition of Suicidal Erythrocyte Death by Reversine. Cell Physiol Biochem 2017; 41:2363-2373. [PMID: 28463842 DOI: 10.1159/000475654] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2017] [Accepted: 03/03/2017] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND/AIMS The A3 adenosine receptor antagonist reversine (2-(4-morpholinoanilino)-6-cyclohexylaminopurine) influences cellular differentiation, inhibits cell proliferation, induces cell-cycle arrest, triggers apoptosis, causes cell swelling with polyploidy and stimulates autophagy. The effect on apoptosis involves mitochondria and caspases. Erythrocytes are lacking mitochondria but express caspases and are, similar to apoptosis of nucleated cells, able to enter suicidal erythrocyte death or eryptosis. Stimulators of eryptosis include increase of cytosolic Ca2+ activity ([Ca2+]i), energy depletion and oxidative stress. The present study explored, whether reversine influences eryptosis. METHODS Flow cytometry was employed to quantify phosphatidylserine exposure at the cell surface from annexin-V-binding and cell volume from forward scatter. Measurements were made without or with energy depletion (glucose deprivation for 48 hours), Ca2+ loading (30 minutes treatment with 1 µM Ca2+ ionophore ionomycin), or oxidative stress (15 min exposure to 0.3 mM tert-butylhydroperoxide). RESULTS A 48 hours exposure of human erythrocytes to reversine (1-10 µM) did not significantly modify the percentage of annexin-V-binding cells and forward scatter. Energy depletion, Ca2+ loading, and oxidative stress were each followed by profound and significant increase of the percentage annexin-V-binding erythrocytes and a significant decrease of forward scatter. The effects of each, Ca2+ loading, energy depletion and oxidative stress on annexin-V-binding were significantly blunted in the presence of reversine (1-10 µM). The effect of ionomycin, but not the effects of energy depletion and oxidative stress on forward scatter were again significantly blunted in the presence of reversine (≥1 µM]. CONCLUSIONS Reversine is a powerful inhibitor of cell membrane scrambling following energy depletion, Ca2+ loading and oxidative stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohamed Jemaà
- Department of Internal Medicine III, Eberhard-Karls-University of Tuebingen, Tuebingen, Germany
| | - Myriam Fezai
- Department of Internal Medicine III, Eberhard-Karls-University of Tuebingen, Tuebingen, Germany
| | - Florian Lang
- Department of Internal Medicine III, Eberhard-Karls-University of Tuebingen, Tuebingen, Germany.,Department of Molecular Medicine II, Medical Faculty, Heinrich Heine University, Duesseldorf, Germany
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Al Mamun Bhuyan A, Wagner T, Cao H, Lang F. Triggering of Suicidal Erythrocyte Death by Gefitinib. Cell Physiol Biochem 2017; 41:1697-1708. [PMID: 28359067 DOI: 10.1159/000471823] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2017] [Accepted: 03/12/2017] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND/AIMS The epidermal growth factor receptor-tyrosine kinase inhibitor gefitinib is effective against several malignancies and is mainly utilized in the treatment of epidermal growth factor receptor mutation positive non-small cell lung cancer. The anti-cancer effect of the drug involves stimulation of apoptosis. Side effects of gefitinib include anemia. At least in theory, the development of anemia during gefitinib treatment could result from triggering of eryptosis, the suicidal erythrocyte death characterized by cell shrinkage and by cell membrane scrambling with phosphatidylserine translocation to the erythrocyte surface. Signaling potentially stimulating eryptosis include increase of cytosolic Ca2+ activity ([Ca2+]i) and generation of oxidative stress. The present study explored, whether gefitinib stimulates eryptosis and, if so, whether its effect involves Ca2+ entry and/or oxidative stress. METHODS Flow cytometry was employed to quantify cell volume from forward scatter, phosphatidylserine exposure at the cell surface from annexin-V-binding, [Ca2+]i from Fluo3-fluorescence, and reactive oxygen species (ROS) abundance from 2',7'-dichlorodihydrofluorescein diacetate (DCFDA) dependent fluorescence. RESULTS A 48 hours exposure of human erythrocytes to gefitinib (≥ 2 µg/ml) significantly decreased forward scatter and significantly increased the percentage of annexin-V-binding cells. Gefitinib did not significantly increase Fluo3-fluorescence but the effect of gefitinib on annexin-V-binding was significantly blunted by removal of extracellular Ca2+. Gefitinib further significantly increased DCFDA fluorescence. CONCLUSIONS Gefitinib triggers erythrocyte shrinkage and phospholipid scrambling of the erythrocyte cell membrane, an effect at least in part dependent on extracellular Ca2+ and paralleled by oxidative stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abdulla Al Mamun Bhuyan
- Department of Internal Medicine III, Eberhard-Karls-University of Tuebingen, Tuebingen, Germany
| | - Teresa Wagner
- Department of Internal Medicine III, Eberhard-Karls-University of Tuebingen, Tuebingen, Germany
| | - Hang Cao
- Department of Internal Medicine III, Eberhard-Karls-University of Tuebingen, Tuebingen, Germany
| | - Florian Lang
- Department of Internal Medicine III, Eberhard-Karls-University of Tuebingen, Tuebingen, Germany.,Department of Molecular Medicine II, Medical Faculty, Heinrich Heine University, Duesseldorf, Germany
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Abed M, Alzoubi K, Lang F, Al Mamun Bhuayn A. Stimulation of Phospholipid Scrambling of the Erythrocyte Membrane by 9-Cis-Retinoic Acid. Cell Physiol Biochem 2017; 41:543-554. [PMID: 28214868 DOI: 10.1159/000457014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2016] [Accepted: 01/05/2017] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND/AIMS The endogenous retinoid 9-cis-retinoic acid has previously been shown to trigger apoptosis in a wide variety of cells including several tumor cells and has thus been suggested for the treatment of malignancy. Similar to apoptosis of nucleated cells, erythrocytes may enter suicidal erythrocyte death or eryptosis, which is characterized by cell shrinkage and cell membrane scrambling with phosphatidylserine translocation to the erythrocyte surface. Cellular mechanisms participating in the accomplishment of eryptosis include increase of cytosolic Ca2+ activity ([Ca2+]i) and formation of ceramide. The present study explored, whether 9-cis-retinoic acid induces eryptosis and whether the effect involves Ca2+ and/or ceramide. METHODS Flow cytometry was employed to estimate erythrocyte volume from forward scatter, phosphatidylserine exposure at the cell surface from annexin-V-binding, [Ca2+]i from Fluo3-fluorescence, and ceramide abundance utilizing specific antibodies. Hemolysis was quantified from hemoglobin concentration in the supernatant. RESULTS A 48 hours exposure of human erythrocytes to 9-cis-retinoic acid (≥ 0.5 µg/ml) significantly increased the percentage of annexin-V-binding cells and significantly decreased forward scatter. Exposure to 9-cis-retinoic acid (≥ 0.5 µg/ml) significantly increased Fluo3-fluorescence, and the effect of 9-cis-retinoic acid on annexin-V-binding was significantly blunted by removal of extracellular Ca2+. Exposure to 9-cis-retinoic acid (1 µg/ml) further significantly increased the ceramide abundance at the erythrocyte surface and significantly increased hemolysis. CONCLUSIONS 9-cis-retinoic acid triggers phospholipid scrambling of the erythrocyte cell membrane, an effect at least in part downstream of Ca2+ and ceramide.
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Al Mamun Bhuyan A, Nguyen MT, Bissinger R, Götz F, Lang F. Lipopeptide-Induced Suicidal Erythrocyte Death Correlates with the Degree of Acylation. Cell Physiol Biochem 2017; 41:296-309. [PMID: 28214849 DOI: 10.1159/000456147] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2016] [Accepted: 01/02/2017] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND/AIMS Consequences of bacterial infection include anemia, which could result from stimulation of suicidal erythrocyte death or eryptosis, characterized by cell shrinkage and cell membrane scrambling with phosphatidylserine translocation to the erythrocyte surface. Bacterial components known to stimulate eryptosis include lipopeptides. Signaling mediating the triggering of eryptosis include increased cytosolic Ca2+ activity ([Ca2+]<Sub>i</Sub>), oxidative stress and cellular accumulation of ceramide. The present study aimed to define the molecular requirements for lipopeptide-induced cell membrane scrambling. METHODS Human erythrocytes were incubated for 48 hours in the absence and presence of 1 or 5 µg/ml of the synthetic lipopeptides Pam1 (lipopeptide with one fatty acid), Pam2 (lipopeptide with two fatty acids), or Pam3 (lipopeptide with three fatty acids). In the following phosphatidylserine exposure at the cell surface was estimated from annexin-V-binding, cell volume from forward scatter, [Ca2+]<Sub>i</Sub> from Fluo3-fluorescence, ROS formation from DCF dependent fuorescence, and ceramide abundance utilizing specific antibodies. RESULTS Pam1 (5 µg/ml), Pam2 (5 µg/ml) and Pam3 (1 and 5 µg/ml) significantly increased the percentage of annexin-V-binding to erythrocytes in a dose dependent manner, which was largely independent of Ca2+. Pam1-3 increased the percentage of both, swollen and shrunken erythrocytes without significantly modifying the average forward scatter. They also increased reactive oxygen species (ROS) and ceramide abundance. In all assays the effect on eryptosis increased with increasing number of fatty acids, with Pam3 showing always the strongest effect. In contrast, a comparison of the effect of Pam1-3 on TLR2 dependent immune stimulation showed that not Pam3 but Pam2 displayed the strongest activity, and that immune stimulation was triggered at much lower concentrations than eryptosis. CONCLUSIONS Lipopeptides are not only important activators of the immune system; at higher concentrations they also drive host cells into apoptosis thus aggravating a bacterial infection.
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