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Deragon MA, McCaig WD, Truong PV, Metz KR, Carron KA, Hughes KJ, Knapp AR, Dougherty MJ, LaRocca TJ. Mitochondrial Trafficking of MLKL, Bak/Bax, and Drp1 Is Mediated by RIP1 and ROS which Leads to Decreased Mitochondrial Membrane Integrity during the Hyperglycemic Shift to Necroptosis. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:ijms24108609. [PMID: 37239951 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24108609] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2023] [Revised: 05/04/2023] [Accepted: 05/08/2023] [Indexed: 05/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Apoptosis and necroptosis overlap in their initial signaling but diverge to produce non-inflammatory and pro-inflammatory outcomes, respectively. High glucose pushes signaling in favor of necroptosis producing a hyperglycemic shift from apoptosis to necroptosis. This shift depends on receptor-interacting protein 1 (RIP1) and mitochondrial reactive oxygen species (ROS). Here, we show that RIP1, mixed lineage kinase domain-like (MLKL) protein, Bcl-2 agonist/killer (Bak), Bcl-2 associated x (Bax) protein, and dynamin-related protein 1 (Drp1) traffic to the mitochondria in high glucose. RIP1 and MLKL appear in the mitochondria in their activated, phosphorylated states while Drp1 appears in its activated, dephosphorylated state in high glucose. Mitochondrial trafficking is prevented in rip1 KO cells and upon treatment with N-acetylcysteine. Induction of ROS replicated the mitochondrial trafficking seen in high glucose. MLKL forms high MW oligomers in the outer and inner mitochondrial membranes while Bak and Bax form high MW oligomers in the outer mitochondrial membrane in high glucose, suggesting pore formation. MLKL, Bax, and Drp1 promoted cytochrome c release from the mitochondria as well as a decrease in mitochondrial membrane potential in high glucose. These results indicate that mitochondrial trafficking of RIP1, MLKL, Bak, Bax, and Drp1 are key events in the hyperglycemic shift from apoptosis to necroptosis. This is also the first report to show oligomerization of MLKL in the inner and outer mitochondrial membranes and dependence of mitochondrial permeability on MLKL.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew A Deragon
- Department of Basic and Clinical Sciences, Albany College of Pharmacy and Health Sciences, Albany, NY 12208, USA
| | - William D McCaig
- Department of Basic and Clinical Sciences, Albany College of Pharmacy and Health Sciences, Albany, NY 12208, USA
| | - Phillip V Truong
- Department of Basic and Clinical Sciences, Albany College of Pharmacy and Health Sciences, Albany, NY 12208, USA
| | - Kevin R Metz
- Department of Basic and Clinical Sciences, Albany College of Pharmacy and Health Sciences, Albany, NY 12208, USA
| | - Katherine A Carron
- Department of Basic and Clinical Sciences, Albany College of Pharmacy and Health Sciences, Albany, NY 12208, USA
| | - Keven J Hughes
- Department of Basic and Clinical Sciences, Albany College of Pharmacy and Health Sciences, Albany, NY 12208, USA
| | - Angeleigh R Knapp
- Department of Basic and Clinical Sciences, Albany College of Pharmacy and Health Sciences, Albany, NY 12208, USA
| | - Molly J Dougherty
- Department of Basic and Clinical Sciences, Albany College of Pharmacy and Health Sciences, Albany, NY 12208, USA
| | - Timothy J LaRocca
- Department of Basic and Clinical Sciences, Albany College of Pharmacy and Health Sciences, Albany, NY 12208, USA
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Deragon MA, McCaig WD, Patel PS, Haluska RJ, Hodges AL, Sosunov SA, Murphy MP, Ten VS, LaRocca TJ. Mitochondrial ROS prime the hyperglycemic shift from apoptosis to necroptosis. Cell Death Discov 2020; 6:132. [PMID: 33298902 PMCID: PMC7693268 DOI: 10.1038/s41420-020-00370-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2020] [Revised: 08/07/2020] [Accepted: 08/12/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
We have previously identified a shift from TNF-α-induced apoptosis to necroptosis that occurs under hyperglycemic conditions. This shift involves the downregulation or silencing of caspases and concurrent upregulation of necroptotic proteins leading to activation of the necrosome. In addition, under hyperglycemic conditions in vivo, this shift in cell death mechanisms exacerbates neonatal hypoxia-ischemia (HI) brain injury. Here, we identify two major factors that drive the hyperglycemic shift to necroptosis: (1) reactive oxygen species (ROS) and (2) receptor-interacting protein kinase 1 (RIP1). ROS, including mitochondrial superoxide, led to the oxidation of RIP1, as well as formation and activation of the necrosome. Concurrently, ROS mediate a decrease in the levels and activation of executioner caspases-3, -6, and -7. Importantly, hyperglycemia and mitochondrial ROS result in the oxidation of RIP1 and loss of executioner caspases prior to death receptor engagement by TNF-α. Moreover, RIP1 partially controlled levels of mitochondrial ROS in the context of hyperglycemia. As a result of its regulation of ROS, RIP1 also regulated necrosome activation and caspase loss. Mitochondrial ROS exacerbated neonatal HI-brain injury in hyperglycemic mice, as a result of the shift from apoptosis to necroptosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew A Deragon
- Department of Basic and Clinical Sciences, Albany College of Pharmacy and Health Sciences, Albany, NY, 12208, USA
| | - William D McCaig
- Department of Basic and Clinical Sciences, Albany College of Pharmacy and Health Sciences, Albany, NY, 12208, USA
| | - Payal S Patel
- Department of Basic and Clinical Sciences, Albany College of Pharmacy and Health Sciences, Albany, NY, 12208, USA
| | - Robert J Haluska
- Department of Basic and Clinical Sciences, Albany College of Pharmacy and Health Sciences, Albany, NY, 12208, USA
| | - Alexa L Hodges
- Department of Basic and Clinical Sciences, Albany College of Pharmacy and Health Sciences, Albany, NY, 12208, USA
| | - Sergey A Sosunov
- Department of Pediatrics, Columbia University, New York, NY, 10032, USA
| | - Michael P Murphy
- MRC Mitochondrial Biology Unit, Hills Road, Cambridge, CB2 0XY, UK
| | - Vadim S Ten
- Department of Pediatrics, Columbia University, New York, NY, 10032, USA
| | - Timothy J LaRocca
- Department of Basic and Clinical Sciences, Albany College of Pharmacy and Health Sciences, Albany, NY, 12208, USA.
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McCaig WD, Deragon MA, Haluska RJ, Hodges AL, Patel PS, LaRocca TJ. Cell Fractionation of U937 Cells in the Absence of High-speed Centrifugation. J Vis Exp 2019. [PMID: 30735201 DOI: 10.3791/59022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/31/2022] Open
Abstract
In this protocol we detail a method to obtain subcellular fractions of U937 cells without the use of ultracentrifugation or indiscriminate detergents. This method utilizes hypotonic buffers, digitonin, mechanical lysis and differential centrifugation to isolate the cytoplasm, mitochondria and plasma membrane. The process can be scaled to accommodate the needs of researchers, is inexpensive and straightforward. This method will allow researchers to determine protein localization in cells without specialized centrifuges and without the use of commercial kits, both of which can be prohibitively expensive. We have successfully used this method to separate cytosolic, plasma membrane and mitochondrial proteins in the human monocyte cell line U937.
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Affiliation(s)
- William D McCaig
- Department of Basic and Clinical Sciences, Albany College of Pharmacy and Health Sciences
| | - Matthew A Deragon
- Department of Basic and Clinical Sciences, Albany College of Pharmacy and Health Sciences
| | - Robert J Haluska
- Department of Basic and Clinical Sciences, Albany College of Pharmacy and Health Sciences
| | - Alexa L Hodges
- Department of Basic and Clinical Sciences, Albany College of Pharmacy and Health Sciences
| | - Payal S Patel
- Department of Basic and Clinical Sciences, Albany College of Pharmacy and Health Sciences
| | - Timothy J LaRocca
- Department of Basic and Clinical Sciences, Albany College of Pharmacy and Health Sciences;
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McCaig WD, Hodges AL, Deragon MA, Haluska RJ, Bandyopadhyay S, Ratner AJ, Spitalnik SL, Hod EA, LaRocca TJ. Storage Primes Erythrocytes for Necroptosis and Clearance. Cell Physiol Biochem 2019; 53:496-507. [PMID: 31486324 PMCID: PMC9897227 DOI: 10.33594/000000153] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/01/2019] [Accepted: 08/27/2019] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND/AIMS Like nucleated cells, erythrocytes (red blood cells, RBCs) are capable of executing programmed cell death pathways. RBCs undergo necroptosis in response to CD59-specific pore-forming toxins (PFTs). The relationship between blood bank storage and RBC necroptosis was explored in this study. METHODS Human RBCs were stored in standard blood bank additive solutions (AS-1, AS-3, or AS-5) for 1 week and hemolysis was evaluated in the context of necroptosis inhibitors and reactive oxygen species (ROS) scavengers. Activation of key factors including RIP1, RIP3, and MLKL was determined using immunoprecipitations and western blot. RBC vesiculation and formation of echinocytes was determined using phase-contrast microscopy. The effect of necroptosis and storage on RBC clearance was determined using a murine transfusion model. RESULTS Necroptosis is associated with increased RBC clearance post-transfusion. Moreover, storage in AS-1, AS-3, or AS-5 sensitizes RBCs for necroptosis. Importantly, storage-sensitized RBCs undergo necroptosis in response to multiple PFTs, regardless of specificity for CD59. Storage-sensitized RBCs undergo necroptosis via NADPH oxidase-generated ROS. RBC storage led to RIP1 phosphorylation and necrosome formation in an NADPH oxidase-dependent manner suggesting the basis for this sensitization. In addition, storage led to increased RBC clearance post-transfusion. Clearance of these RBCs was due to Syk-dependent echinocyte formation. CONCLUSION Storage-induced sensitization to RBC necroptosis and clearance is important as it may be relevant to hemolytic transfusion reactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- William D. McCaig
- Department of Basic and Clinical Sciences, Albany College of Pharmacy and Health Sciences, Albany, NY, USA
| | - Alexa L. Hodges
- Department of Basic and Clinical Sciences, Albany College of Pharmacy and Health Sciences, Albany, NY, USA
| | - Matthew A. Deragon
- Department of Basic and Clinical Sciences, Albany College of Pharmacy and Health Sciences, Albany, NY, USA
| | - Robert J. Haluska
- Department of Basic and Clinical Sciences, Albany College of Pharmacy and Health Sciences, Albany, NY, USA
| | - Sheila Bandyopadhyay
- Department of Pathology and Cell Biology, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, NY, USA
| | - Adam J. Ratner
- Department of Pediatrics and Microbiology, New York University School of Medicine, New York, NY, USA
| | - Steven L. Spitalnik
- Department of Pathology and Cell Biology, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, NY, USA
| | - Eldad A. Hod
- Department of Pathology and Cell Biology, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, NY, USA
| | - Timothy J. LaRocca
- Department of Basic and Clinical Sciences, Albany College of Pharmacy and Health Sciences, Albany, NY, USA
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Sampath V, McCaig WD, Thanassi DG. Amino acid deprivation and central carbon metabolism regulate the production of outer membrane vesicles and tubes by Francisella. Mol Microbiol 2018; 107:523-541. [PMID: 29240272 DOI: 10.1111/mmi.13897] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2017] [Revised: 12/07/2017] [Accepted: 12/11/2017] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Francisella tularensis is a highly virulent Gram-negative bacterial pathogen that causes the zoonotic disease tularemia. F. novicida, a model tularemia strain, produces spherical outer membrane vesicles (OMV), as well as novel tubular vesicles and extensions of the cell surface. These OMV and tubes (OMV/T) are produced in a regulated manner and contain known virulence factors. Mechanisms by which bacterial vesicles are produced and regulated are not well understood. We performed a genetic screen in F. novicida to decipher the molecular basis for regulated OMV/T formation, and identified both hypo- and hyper-vesiculating mutants. Mutations in fumA and tktA, involved in central carbon metabolism, and in FTN_0908 and FTN_1037, of unknown function, resulted in severe defects in OMV/T production. Cysteine deprivation was identified as the signal that triggers OMV/T formation in F. novicida during growth in rich medium. We also found that fully virulent F. tularensis produces OMV/T in a similarly regulated manner. Further analysis revealed that OMV/T production is responsive to deprivation of essential amino acids in addition to cysteine, and that the hypo-vesiculating mutants are defective in responding to this signal. Thus, amino acid starvation, such as encountered by Francisella during host cell invasion, regulates the production of membrane-derived structures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vinaya Sampath
- Department of Molecular Genetics and Microbiology, Center for Infectious Diseases, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY 11794, USA
| | - William D McCaig
- Department of Molecular Genetics and Microbiology, Center for Infectious Diseases, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY 11794, USA
| | - David G Thanassi
- Department of Molecular Genetics and Microbiology, Center for Infectious Diseases, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY 11794, USA
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Qiu WG, Bruno JF, McCaig WD, Xu Y, Livey I, Schriefer ME, Luft BJ. Wide Distribution of a High-VirulenceBorrelia burgdorferiClone in Europe and North America. Emerg Infect Dis 2008. [DOI: 10.3201/eid/1407.070880] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Wei-Gang Qiu
- Hunter College of the City University of New York, New York, New York, USA
| | | | - William D. McCaig
- Hunter College of the City University of New York, New York, New York, USA
| | - Yun Xu
- Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, New York, USA
| | - Ian Livey
- Baxter Innovations GmBH, Orth/Donau, Austria
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Qiu WG, Bruno JF, McCaig WD, Xu Y, Livey I, Schriefer ME, Luft BJ. Wide distribution of a high-virulence Borrelia burgdorferi clone in Europe and North America. Emerg Infect Dis 2008; 14:1097-104. [PMID: 18598631 PMCID: PMC2600328 DOI: 10.3201/eid1407.070880] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
The A and B clones of Borrelia burgdorferi sensu stricto, distinguished by outer surface protein C (ospC) gene sequences, are commonly associated with disseminated Lyme disease. To resolve phylogenetic relationships among isolates, we sequenced 68 isolates from Europe and North America at 1 chromosomal locus (16S-23S ribosomal RNA spacer) and 3 plasmid loci (ospC,dbpA, and BBD14). The ospC-A clone appeared to be highly prevalent on both continents, and isolates of this clone were uniform in DNA sequences, which suggests a recent trans-oceanic migration. The genetic homogeneity of ospC-A isolates was confirmed by sequences at 6 additional chromosomal housekeeping loci (gap, alr, glpA, xylB, ackA, and tgt). In contrast, the ospC-B group consists of genotypes distinct to each continent, indicating geographic isolation. We conclude that the ospC-A clone has dispersed rapidly and widely in the recent past. The spread of the ospC-A clone may have contributed, and likely continues to contribute, to the rise of Lyme disease incidence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei-Gang Qiu
- Hunter College of the City University of New York, New York, New York, USA
| | | | - William D. McCaig
- Hunter College of the City University of New York, New York, New York, USA
| | - Yun Xu
- Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, New York, USA
| | - Ian Livey
- Baxter Innovations GmBH, Orth/Donau, Austria
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