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Mothiba DP, Khabo-Mmekoa CM, Ngobeni-Nyambi R, Momba MNB. Assessing the Occurrence of Host-Specific Faecal Indicator Markers in Water Systems as a Function of Water, Sanitation and Hygiene Practices: A Case Study in Rural Communities of Vhembe District Municipality, South Africa. Pathogens 2023; 13:16. [PMID: 38251324 PMCID: PMC10819538 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens13010016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2023] [Revised: 12/06/2023] [Accepted: 12/18/2023] [Indexed: 01/23/2024] Open
Abstract
In settings where humans and animals closely coexist, the introduction of faecal material into unprotected water sources significantly increases the risk of contracting diarrhoeal and zoonotic waterborne diseases. The data were gathered from a survey conducted through interviews at randomly sampled villages; additionally, water samples were collected in randomly selected households and their associated feeder catchments. Molecular techniques were used, specifically qPCR, to run host-specific Bacteroides microbial source tracking (MST) assays for human, cattle, pig, chicken and dog faecal contamination. Unexpectedly, the qPCR assays revealed dogs to be the most prevalent (40.65%) depositor of faecal matter in unprotected surface water, followed by humans (40.63%); this finding was contradictory to survey findings indicating cattle as the leading source. At the household level, dogs (16.67%) and chickens (15.28%) played prominent roles, as was expected. Reflecting on some of the basic daily practices in households, nearly 89.00% of the population was found to store water due to erratic supply, in contrast to 93.23% using an improved water source. Additionally, a significant association was found between water, sanitation and hygiene (WASH) variables and the occurrence of MST markers after performing a bivariate linear regression. However, the inconsistency between the MST results and household surveys suggests pervasive sanitation issues, even in households without domesticated animals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dikeledi Prudence Mothiba
- Department of Environmental, Water and Earth Sciences, Tshwane University of Technology, Arcadia Campus, Private Bag X680, Pretoria 0001, South Africa; (D.P.M.); (R.N.-N.)
| | | | - Renay Ngobeni-Nyambi
- Department of Environmental, Water and Earth Sciences, Tshwane University of Technology, Arcadia Campus, Private Bag X680, Pretoria 0001, South Africa; (D.P.M.); (R.N.-N.)
- Department of Microbiology, Stellenbosch University, Private Bag X1, Matieland, Stellenbosch 7602, South Africa
| | - Maggy Ndombo Benteke Momba
- Department of Environmental, Water and Earth Sciences, Tshwane University of Technology, Arcadia Campus, Private Bag X680, Pretoria 0001, South Africa; (D.P.M.); (R.N.-N.)
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2
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Denissen J, Reyneke B, Barnard T, Khan S, Khan W. Risk assessment of Enterococcus faecium, Klebsiella pneumoniae, and Pseudomonas aeruginosa in environmental water sources: Development of surrogate models for antibiotic resistance genes. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2023; 901:166217. [PMID: 37604372 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2023.166217] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2023] [Revised: 08/08/2023] [Accepted: 08/08/2023] [Indexed: 08/23/2023]
Abstract
The presence of Enterococcus faecium (E. faecium), Klebsiella pneumoniae (K. pneumoniae), Pseudomonas aeruginosa (P. aeruginosa), and the aminoglycoside resistance genes, aac(6')-Ib and aac(6')-aph(2″), was investigated in environmental water sources obtained from informal settlements in the Western Cape (South Africa). Using ethidium monoazide bromide quantitative polymerase chain reaction (EMA-qPCR) analysis, E. faecium, K. pneumoniae, and P. aeruginosa were detected in 88.9 %, 100 %, and 93.3 % of the samples (n = 45), respectively, with a significantly higher mean concentration recorded for K. pneumoniae (7.83 × 104 cells/100 mL) over the sampling period. The aac(6')-Ib gene was detected in 95.6 % (43/45) of the environmental water samples [mean concentration of 7.07 × 106 gene copies (GC)/100 mL], while the aac(6')-aph(2″) gene was detected in 100 % (n = 45) of the samples [mean concentration of 6.68 × 105 GC/100 mL]. Quantitative microbial risk assessment (QMRA) subsequently indicated that the risks posed by K. pneumoniae and P. aeruginosa were linked to intentional drinking, washing/bathing, cleaning of the home, and swimming, in the samples collected from the various sampling sites. Surrogate risk assessment models were then designed and applied for Gram-positive [aac(6')-aph(2″) gene] and Gram-negative [aac(6')-Ib gene] pathogens that may exhibit aminoglycoside resistance. The results indicated that only the Gram-negative pathogens posed a risk (>10-4) in all the samples for cleaning of the home and intentional drinking, as well as for washing laundry by hand, garden hosing, garden work, washing/bathing, accidental consumption, and swimming at the stream and marsh sites. Thus, while environmental waters may pose a health risk of exposure to pathogenic bacteria, the results obtained indicate that screening for antibiotic resistant genes, associated with multiple genera/species, could serve as a surrogate model for estimating risks with the target group under investigation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julia Denissen
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Science, Stellenbosch University, Private Bag X1, Stellenbosch 7602, South Africa
| | - Brandon Reyneke
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Science, Stellenbosch University, Private Bag X1, Stellenbosch 7602, South Africa
| | - Tobias Barnard
- Water and Health Research Centre, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Johannesburg, PO Box 17011, Doornfontein 7305, South Africa
| | - Sehaam Khan
- Water and Health Research Centre, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Johannesburg, PO Box 17011, Doornfontein 7305, South Africa
| | - Wesaal Khan
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Science, Stellenbosch University, Private Bag X1, Stellenbosch 7602, South Africa.
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3
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Choix FJ, Palacios OA, Nevarez-Moorillón GV. Traditional and new proposals for environmental microbial indicators-a review. ENVIRONMENTAL MONITORING AND ASSESSMENT 2023; 195:1521. [PMID: 37995003 DOI: 10.1007/s10661-023-12150-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2023] [Accepted: 11/18/2023] [Indexed: 11/24/2023]
Abstract
The continuous increment in world population coupled with the greatest natural resource consumption and waste generation has an enormous impact on the environment. To date, using biological indicators (bioindicators) to evaluate the biological quality of natural environments is very common. Nonetheless, selecting those suitable for each ecosystem or contaminant is one of the most important issues for environmental sciences. Bacteria and helminths are mainly related to fecal contamination, while antibiotic-resistant bacteria, fungi, viruses, and microalgae are organisms used to determine deteriorated ecosystems by diverse contaminants. Nowadays, each bioindicator is used as a specific agent of different contaminant types, but detecting and quantifying these bioindicator microorganisms can be performed from simple microscopy and culture methods up to a complex procedure based on omic sciences. Developing new techniques based on the metabolism and physiological responses of traditional bioindicators is shown in a fast environmental sensitivity analysis. Therefore, the present review focuses on analyzing different bioindicators to facilitate developing suitable monitoring environmental systems according to different pollutant agents. The traditional and new methods proposed to detect and quantify different bioindicators are also discussed. Their vital role is considered in implementing efficient ecosystem bioprospection, restoration, and conservation strategies directed to natural resource management.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francisco J Choix
- CONAHCYT - Facultad de Ciencias Químicas, Universidad Autónoma de Chihuahua, Circuito Universitario S/N, C.P. 31125, Chihuahua, Chihuahua, México.
- Facultad de Ciencias Químicas, Universidad Autónoma de Chihuahua, Circuito Universitario S/N, C.P. 31125, Chihuahua, Chihuahua, México.
| | - Oskar A Palacios
- Facultad de Ciencias Químicas, Universidad Autónoma de Chihuahua, Circuito Universitario S/N, C.P. 31125, Chihuahua, Chihuahua, México
- The Bashan Institute of Science, 1730 Post Oak Court, Auburn, AL, 36830, USA
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4
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Ragot R, Lessard F, Bélanger A, Villemur R. Assessment of multiple fecal contamination sources in surface waters using environmental mitochondrial DNA metabarcoding. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2023; 898:165237. [PMID: 37454834 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2023.165237] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2023] [Revised: 06/19/2023] [Accepted: 06/28/2023] [Indexed: 07/18/2023]
Abstract
Waterborne diseases are transmitted to humans through the fecal contamination of water, where homeothermic species are the main reservoir. Fecal indicator bacteria (FIB) are often used to determine the occurrence of fecal contamination. However, FIB cannot provide the source of fecal contamination. Furthermore, as fecal inputs and contamination could originate from multiple sources (e.g., human, livestock, wildlife), multiple source tracking markers are required to identify fecal sources. From a previous study, we developed a mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) metabarcoding approach to assess the presence of multiple homeotherms in four surface waters. Here, we have broadened our approach by sampling 86 surface water samples from the L'Assomption River and Ville-Marie watersheds (Province of Quebec, Canada). Fecal coliform levels were higher than the expected sanitary recommendations for recreational water (> 200 CFU/100 mL) in 73 % samples. The occurrence of mtDNA from human, livestock, domestic animals, wild mammals and wild birds was found in 40-88 % of the samples. Multivariate analyses showed significant covariations between homeothermic taxa and fecal coliforms, enterococci, β-D-glucuronidase, conductivity, the human-specific Bacteroidales Hf183 genetic marker, and the human population, in the watersheds of L'Assomption River (p = 0.001) and Ville-Marie (p = 0.015) (Province of Quebec, Canada). Through the application of Bayes Theorem, it was determined that fecal coliforms co-occurred with the detection of bovine, beaver, robin and chicken mtDNA in 100 % of cases in the L'Assomption River watershed, and human mtDNA co-occurred with fecal coliforms in 93 % and 76 % of cases in L'Assomption River watershed and Ville-Marie sub-catchment, respectively. This study suggests that fecal contamination could be the result of multiple species, among which some wild animals may contribute to fecal inputs in surface waters, resulting in potential risk to human health. This reinforces the necessity of using the mtDNA metabarcoding method to monitor multi-animal species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rose Ragot
- INRS Centre Armand-Frappier Santé Biotechnologie, 531 Boulevard des Prairies, Laval, QC, Canada, H7V 1B7.
| | - Florence Lessard
- Fondation Rivières, 454 Avenue Laurier E, Montréal, QC, Canada, H2J 1E7.
| | - André Bélanger
- Fondation Rivières, 454 Avenue Laurier E, Montréal, QC, Canada, H2J 1E7.
| | - Richard Villemur
- INRS Centre Armand-Frappier Santé Biotechnologie, 531 Boulevard des Prairies, Laval, QC, Canada, H7V 1B7.
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5
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Alegbeleye O, Sant'Ana AS. Microbiological quality of irrigation water for cultivation of fruits and vegetables: An overview of available guidelines, water testing strategies and some factors that influence compliance. ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH 2023; 220:114771. [PMID: 36586712 DOI: 10.1016/j.envres.2022.114771] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2022] [Revised: 11/06/2022] [Accepted: 11/07/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
Contaminated irrigation water is among many potential vehicles of human pathogens to food plants, constituting significant public health risks especially for the fresh produce category. This review discusses some available guidelines or regulations for microbiological safety of irrigation water, and provides a summary of some common methods used for characterizing microbial contamination. The goal of such exploration is to understand some of the considerations that influence formulation of water testing guidelines, describe priority microbial parameters particularly with respect to food safety risks, and attempt to determine what methods are most suitable for their screening. Furthermore, the review discusses factors that influence the potential for microbiologically polluted irrigation water to pose substantial risks of pathogenic contamination to produce items. Some of these factors include type of water source exploited, irrigation methods, other agro ecosystem features/practices, as well as pathogen traits such as die-off rates. Additionally, the review examines factors such as food safety knowledge, other farmer attitudes or inclinations, level of social exposure and financial circumstances that influence adherence to water testing guidelines and other safe water application practices. A thorough understanding of relevant risk metrics for the application and management of irrigation water is necessary for the development of water testing criteria. To determine sampling and analytical approach for water testing, factors such as agricultural practices (which differ among farms and regionally), as well as environmental factors that modulate how water quality may affect the microbiological safety of produce should be considered. Research and technological advancements that can improve testing approach and the determination of target levels for hazard characterization or description for the many different pollution contexts as well as farmer adherence to testing requirements, are desirable.
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Affiliation(s)
- Oluwadara Alegbeleye
- Department of Food Science and Nutrition, Faculty of Food Engineering, University of Campinas, Campinas, SP, Brazil
| | - Anderson S Sant'Ana
- Department of Food Science and Nutrition, Faculty of Food Engineering, University of Campinas, Campinas, SP, Brazil.
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6
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Rao G, Kahler A, Voth-Gaeddert LE, Cranford H, Libbey S, Galloway R, Molinari NA, Ellis EM, Yoder JS, Mattioli MC, Ellis BR. Microbial Characterization, Factors Contributing to Contamination, and Household Use of Cistern Water, U.S. Virgin Islands. ACS ES&T WATER 2022; 2:2634-2644. [PMID: 36530952 PMCID: PMC9745795 DOI: 10.1021/acsestwater.2c00389] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2022] [Revised: 09/13/2022] [Accepted: 09/20/2022] [Indexed: 05/09/2023]
Abstract
Households in the United States Virgin Islands (USVI) heavily rely on roof-harvested rainwater stored in cisterns for their daily activities. However, there are insufficient data on cistern water microbiological and physicochemical characteristics to inform appropriate cistern water management. Cistern and kitchen tap water samples were collected from 399 geographically representative households across St. Croix, St. Thomas, and St. John and an administered survey captured household site and cistern characteristics and water use behaviors. Water samples were analyzed for Escherichia coli by culture, and a subset of cistern water samples (N = 47) were analyzed for Salmonella, Naegleria fowleri, pathogenic Leptospira, Cryptosporidium, Giardia, and human-specific fecal contamination using real-time polymerase chain reaction (PCR). Associations between E. coli cistern contamination and cistern and site characteristics were evaluated to better understand possible mechanisms of contamination. E. coli was detected in 80% of cistern water samples and in 58% of kitchen tap samples. For the subset of samples tested by PCR, at least one of the pathogens was detected in 66% of cisterns. Our results suggest that covering overflow pipes with screens, decreasing animal presence at the household, and preventing animals or insects from entering the cisterns can decrease the likelihood of E. coli contamination in USVI cistern water.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gouthami Rao
- Division
of Foodborne, Waterborne, and Environmental Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), Atlanta, Georgia 30329, United States
| | - Amy Kahler
- Division
of Foodborne, Waterborne, and Environmental Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), Atlanta, Georgia 30329, United States
| | - Lee E. Voth-Gaeddert
- Division
of Foodborne, Waterborne, and Environmental Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), Atlanta, Georgia 30329, United States
| | - Hannah Cranford
- United
States Virgin Islands Department of Health, St. Croix, U.S. Virgin Islands 00820, United States
| | - Stephen Libbey
- Love
City Strong, St. John, U.S. Virgin Islands 00830, United States
| | - Renee Galloway
- Division
of High-Consequence Pathogens and Pathology, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), Atlanta, Georgia 30329, United States
| | - Noelle-Angelique Molinari
- Division
of Foodborne, Waterborne, and Environmental Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), Atlanta, Georgia 30329, United States
| | - Esther M. Ellis
- United
States Virgin Islands Department of Health, St. Croix, U.S. Virgin Islands 00820, United States
| | - Jonathan S. Yoder
- Division
of Foodborne, Waterborne, and Environmental Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), Atlanta, Georgia 30329, United States
| | - Mia C. Mattioli
- Division
of Foodborne, Waterborne, and Environmental Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), Atlanta, Georgia 30329, United States
| | - Brett R. Ellis
- United
States Virgin Islands Department of Health, St. Croix, U.S. Virgin Islands 00820, United States
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7
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Prado T, Shubo T, Freitas L, Leomil L, Maranhão AG, Miagostovich MP. Virome in roof-harvested rainwater of a densely urbanized low-income region. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2022; 807:150778. [PMID: 34619218 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2021.150778] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2021] [Revised: 08/13/2021] [Accepted: 09/01/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Rainwater harvesting has been considered an affordable practice to supplement the conventional sources of water supply for potable and non-potable uses worldwide. This study characterizes the viral community found in roof-harvested rainwater (RHRW) samples obtained under different rain volumes in a densely urbanized low-income region in Rio de Janeiro, Brazil. Three pilot-scale standardized metal-sheet roofs (same catchment area, material age, and slope - 3%) were installed in the study area aiming at obtaining more reliable and representative samples. Fifty-four samples were collected from six rainfall events from January to April 2019 and concentrated by the skimmed-milk flocculation method. Pools of different rainfall volumes were submitted to high throughput sequencing using the shotgun metagenomic approach. Sequencing was performed on NextSeq platform. Genomic analysis of the virus community revealed that most are RNA non-human viruses, including two main families: Dicistroviridae and Iflaviridae, recognized for infecting arthropods. Bacteriophages were also relatively abundant, with a predominance of DNA phages belonging to Microviridae and Siphoviridae families, showing percentages from 5.3 and 3.7% of the total viral hits present in these samples, respectively. Viral genomic RNA viruses (77%) predominated over DNA viruses (23%). Concerning number of viral species identified, a higher percentage was observed for plant viruses (12 families, 58%). Hepatitis A virus and human klassevirus 1 were detected among the established human pathogens, suggesting the need for RHRW treatment before it is considered for human consumption. Australian bat lyssavirus was also detected, emphasizing the importance of environmental monitoring facing emerging viruses. The results corroborate the influence of the surrounding area on the rainwater quality.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tatiana Prado
- Laboratory of Comparative and Environmental Virology, Oswaldo Cruz Institute, Oswaldo Cruz Foundation. Av. Brasil, 4365, Manguinhos CEP 21040-360, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil.
| | - Tatsuo Shubo
- Sergio Arouca Public Health National School, Oswaldo Cruz Foundation, Brazil
| | - Lucas Freitas
- Laboratory of Respiratory Virus and Measles, Oswaldo Cruz Institute, Oswaldo Cruz Foundation, Brazil
| | - Luciana Leomil
- SENAI Innovation Institute for Biosynthetics and Fibers, Technology Center for Chemical and Textile Industry, SENAI CETIQT - R: Fernando de Souza Barros, 120 - Cidade Universitária Ilha do Fundão, Rio de Janeiro CEP: 21941-857, RJ, Brazil
| | - Adriana Gonçalves Maranhão
- Laboratory of Comparative and Environmental Virology, Oswaldo Cruz Institute, Oswaldo Cruz Foundation. Av. Brasil, 4365, Manguinhos CEP 21040-360, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Marize Pereira Miagostovich
- Laboratory of Comparative and Environmental Virology, Oswaldo Cruz Institute, Oswaldo Cruz Foundation. Av. Brasil, 4365, Manguinhos CEP 21040-360, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
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Shubo T, Maranhão AG, Ferreira FC, de Silva E Mouta Júnior S, de Pedrosa Macena LDG, do Rosário Vaz Morgado C, Warish A, Sidhu JPS, Miagostovich MP. Microbiological characterization of stormwater in a high-income neighborhood in Rio de Janeiro, Brazil. ENVIRONMENTAL MONITORING AND ASSESSMENT 2022; 194:51. [PMID: 34985601 DOI: 10.1007/s10661-021-09677-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2021] [Accepted: 12/06/2021] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Stormwater harvesting and reuse in the urban environment is emerging as an alternative water source, despite human pathogens in the stormwater may represent a hazard to public health. This study presents the results of 1-year monitoring to evaluate the quality of stormwater obtained in a high-income neighborhood in Rio de Janeiro for a set of microbiological parameters as total coliforms, Escherichia coli (E. coli), human adenovirus (HAdV), human JC polyomavirus (JCPyV), Group A rotavirus (RVA), and norovirus GI and GII. Forty-eight stormwater samples obtained from two multiplex units presented total coliforms and E. coli in 91.7% (n = 44) and 58.3% (n = 28) of samples, while HAdV and JCPyV were detected in 20.8% (n = 10) and 12.5% (n = 6), respectively. Viral quantification ranged from 103 to 104 genomic copies/liter (GC/L) for HAdV and from 101 to 104 GC/L for JCPyV. Neither RVA nor norovirus GI and GII was detected. Fifteen out of sixteen (93.8%) samples containing viruses were compliant as per fecal indicator bacteria (FIB) according to Brazilian standards for rainwater reuse and US EPA Guidelines for Water Reuse, suggesting that viruses monitoring should complement the study of bacterial indicators.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tatsuo Shubo
- Environmental Engineering Program (PEA), Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil.
- Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Av. Brazil, 4365, Manguinhos, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, 21040-360, Brazil.
| | - Adriana Gonçalves Maranhão
- Laboratory of Comparative and Environmental Virology, Oswaldo Cruz Institute (IOC), Oswaldo Cruz Foundation (FIOCRUZ), Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil
| | - Fernando César Ferreira
- Laboratory of Comparative and Environmental Virology, Oswaldo Cruz Institute (IOC), Oswaldo Cruz Foundation (FIOCRUZ), Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil
| | - Sérgio de Silva E Mouta Júnior
- Laboratory of Comparative and Environmental Virology, Oswaldo Cruz Institute (IOC), Oswaldo Cruz Foundation (FIOCRUZ), Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil
| | - Lorena da Graça de Pedrosa Macena
- Laboratory of Comparative and Environmental Virology, Oswaldo Cruz Institute (IOC), Oswaldo Cruz Foundation (FIOCRUZ), Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil
| | | | - Ahmed Warish
- Environmental Contaminant Mitigation & Biotechnologies (ECMB), Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organization (CSIRO), Brisbane, QLD, Australia
| | - Jatinder P S Sidhu
- Ecoscience Precinct, CSIRO Oceans and Atmosphere, 41 Boggo Road, Brisbane, 4102, Australia
| | - Marize Pereira Miagostovich
- Laboratory of Comparative and Environmental Virology, Oswaldo Cruz Institute (IOC), Oswaldo Cruz Foundation (FIOCRUZ), Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil
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9
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Cioffi B, Ianiro G, Iaccarino D, D'Apice F, Ferraro A, Race M, Spasiano D, Esposito E, Monini M, Serra F, Cozza D, Di Nocera F, De Maio L, Amoroso MG, De Carlo E, Fusco G. A potential risk assessment tool to monitor pathogens circulation in coastal waters. ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH 2021; 200:111748. [PMID: 34303676 DOI: 10.1016/j.envres.2021.111748] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2021] [Revised: 07/16/2021] [Accepted: 07/16/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
The present study reports data on a 20 months campaign monitoring enteric viruses (hepatitis A, norovirus, rotavirus, astrovirus, sapovirus, and aichivirus) and bacteria (Salmonella spp.) in seawater. The aim of this work was to assess the potential correlation among the presence of viruses/bacteria and different environmental factors like seasonality, water discharge sources (treated and untreated wastewater, mixed waters and raw water) as well as influence of the Italian lockdown measure against COVID-19 pandemic. Results showed different prevalence of the investigated viruses with values equal to 16 % for norovirus GI, 15.1 % for norovirus GII, followed by 13.8 % for astrovirus, and 13.3 % for sapovirus. Rotavirus was detected in the 8.4 % of samples and aichivirus was detected with the lowest prevalence of 3.5 %. Hepatitis A virus was never identified in the monitoring campaign. Salmonella spp. was detected with a prevalence of 36.6 %. Statistical analysis displayed a high correlation for the two noroviruses simultaneous detection (NGI and NGII) while a lower correlation was found for co-presence of noroviruses with astrovirus, sapovirus or Salmonella spp. A significant decrease of enteric pathogens in seawater was observed during the restrictions period. Results on seasonality highlighted a higher viral prevalence correlated to the wet season for all the pathogens but rotavirus and aichivirus, which instead showed an opposite trend and a higher incidence in the dry season. With respect to discharge typology, some viruses displayed a higher prevalence in treated waters (astrovirus, rotavirus, sapovirus and aichivirus) while the other investigated pathogens (noroviruses and Salmonella spp.) showed a higher prevalence in mixed waters. The main observations of this work were used to define a potential monitoring strategy that could be useful for sanitary Authorities to implement surveillance plans aimed at preventing possible sanitary outbreaks and/or environmental quality deterioration.
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Affiliation(s)
- B Cioffi
- Department of Animal Health, Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale Del Mezzogiorno, Portici, NA, Italy
| | - G Ianiro
- Food Safety, Nutrition and Veterinary Public Health Department, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Rome, Italy
| | - D Iaccarino
- Department of Animal Health, Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale Del Mezzogiorno, Portici, NA, Italy
| | - F D'Apice
- Sea Unit, ARPA Campania, Naples, Italy
| | - A Ferraro
- Department of Civil, Environmental, Land, Building Engineering and Chemistry, Polytechnic University of Bari, Via E. Orabona 4, Bari, 70125, Italy.
| | - M Race
- Department of Civil and Mechanical Engineering, University of Cassino and Southern Lazio, Via di Biasio 43, Cassino, 03043, Italy
| | - D Spasiano
- Department of Civil, Environmental, Land, Building Engineering and Chemistry, Polytechnic University of Bari, Via E. Orabona 4, Bari, 70125, Italy
| | - E Esposito
- Veterinary Medicine and Animal Production Department, Università Degli Studi di Napoli Federico II, Naples, Italy
| | - M Monini
- Food Safety, Nutrition and Veterinary Public Health Department, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Rome, Italy
| | - F Serra
- Department of Animal Health, Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale Del Mezzogiorno, Portici, NA, Italy
| | - D Cozza
- Department of Food Microbiology, Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale Del Mezzogiorno, Portici, NA, Italy
| | - F Di Nocera
- Department of Animal Health, Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale Del Mezzogiorno, Portici, NA, Italy
| | - L De Maio
- Sea Unit, ARPA Campania, Naples, Italy
| | - M G Amoroso
- Department of Animal Health, Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale Del Mezzogiorno, Portici, NA, Italy.
| | - E De Carlo
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale Del Mezzogiorno, Portici, NA, Italy
| | - G Fusco
- Department of Animal Health, Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale Del Mezzogiorno, Portici, NA, Italy
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10
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Scalize PS, Gabriel EFM, Lima FS, Arruda PN, Lopes HTL, Paula Reis Y, Carneiro LC, Bezerra NR, Fiaccadori FS, Baumann LRF. Physicochemical, microbiological quality, and risk assessment of water consumed by a quilombola community in midwestern Brazil. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2021; 28:35941-35957. [PMID: 33682056 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-021-13146-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2020] [Accepted: 02/22/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
The quality of the water consumed by a given community is related to its quality of life. In this sense, this study aimed to evaluate, from the perspective of health risk, the physical, chemical, and microbiological quality of drinking water, in a quilombola community, and the qualitative aspects intrinsic to its use and storage. For this, water samples, collected at the exits of the collective water supply system and from eight cisterns that store rainwater, used for human consumption, were analyzed. The samples were subjected to physical, chemical, and microbiological analysis, including adenovirus (HAdV) and enterovirus (EV). The probability of an individual acquiring infection through water consumption was determined by quantitative microbiological risk analysis using HAdV and Escherichia coli (EC) as reference pathogens. The results showed that the water in the deep tubular well had 270.8 mg/L of total hardness, leading to the rejection of its consumption by ingestion. Alternativity, the people in the community consume rainwater stored in cisterns. For this type of water, the presence of heterotrophic bacteria was found in 75%, total coliform was present in 100%, and Enterococci were detected in 25%. Furthermore, EC was present in 25%, EV in 50%, and HAdV in 100% of the samples. The probability of annual infection with HAdV and EC was, in the worst situation, 100% and 1.3%, respectively. Regarding the qualitative and quantitative aspects, there was a significant positive correlation between the absence of EC and the withdrawal of water from the cistern using a pump and the opposite when the withdrawal was carried out using a bucket or hose. Based on the results found, it is important to carry out actions aimed at improving water quality and, consequently, the quality of life of people living in the study community.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paulo Sérgio Scalize
- Escola de Engenharia Civil e Ambiental, Universidade Federal de Goiás, Goiânia, GO, 74605-220, Brazil
| | | | - Fernando Santos Lima
- Instituto de Patologia Tropical e Saúde Pública, Universidade Federal de Goiás, Goiânia, GO, 74605-050, Brazil
| | - Poliana Nascimento Arruda
- Escola de Engenharia Civil e Ambiental, Universidade Federal de Goiás, Goiânia, GO, 74605-220, Brazil
| | - Hítalo Tobias Lôbo Lopes
- Escola de Engenharia Civil e Ambiental, Universidade Federal de Goiás, Goiânia, GO, 74605-220, Brazil
| | - Ysabella Paula Reis
- Instituto Federal de Educação, Ciência e Tecnologia de Goiás - Campus Goiânia, Goiânia, GO, 74055-110, Brazil
| | - Lilian Carla Carneiro
- Instituto de Patologia Tropical e Saúde Pública, Universidade Federal de Goiás, Goiânia, GO, 74605-050, Brazil
| | - Nolan Ribeiro Bezerra
- Instituto Federal de Educação, Ciência e Tecnologia de Goiás - Campus Goiânia, Goiânia, GO, 74055-110, Brazil
| | - Fabíola Souza Fiaccadori
- Instituto de Patologia Tropical e Saúde Pública, Universidade Federal de Goiás, Goiânia, GO, 74605-050, Brazil
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11
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Monteiro S, Queiroz G, Ferreira F, Santos R. Characterization of Stormwater Runoff Based on Microbial Source Tracking Methods. Front Microbiol 2021; 12:674047. [PMID: 34177858 PMCID: PMC8222924 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2021.674047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2021] [Accepted: 05/13/2021] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Rainfall and associated urban runoff have been linked to an increased deterioration of environmental waters, carrying several pollutants including pathogenic microorganisms. Such happens because fecal matter is washed into storm drainage pipes that are afterward released into environmental waters. Stormwater has not been extensively characterized as it is, because most studies are performed either on drainage pipes that are often impacted by sewage leakage or directly in environmental waters following a rain event. In this study, stormwater collected directly from the streets, was monitored for the presence of fecal indicator bacteria (FIB) and three potential important sources of fecal contamination in urban environments (human, cats, and dogs) in three distinct basins in Lisbon, Portugal. Stormwater was collected in sterilized plastic boxes inserted in the storm drains, therefore collecting only runoff. High concentration of fecal contamination was detected with a high percentage of the samples displayed at least one source of contamination. A strong relationship was found between the number of detected sources and the precipitation levels. Although no statistical correlation was found between the locations and the presence of FIB or source markers, the results show a trend in geographical information on the type of urban use in each basin. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first study analyzing the runoff collected directly from the streets. This study suggests that, in urban areas, stormwater runoff is highly impacted by fecal matter, not only from domestic animals but also from human origin, before any cross-contamination in the drainage system and may, by itself, pose a high risk to human health and the environment, particularly if water reuse of this water without further disinfection treatment is the final goal.
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Affiliation(s)
- Silvia Monteiro
- Laboratório Análises, Tecnico Lisboa, University of Lisbon, Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Gaspar Queiroz
- Department of Civil Engineering, Tecnico Lisboa, University of Lisbon, Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Filipa Ferreira
- Department of Civil Engineering, Tecnico Lisboa, University of Lisbon, Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Ricardo Santos
- Laboratório Análises, Tecnico Lisboa, University of Lisbon, Lisbon, Portugal
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12
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Denissen JK, Reyneke B, Waso M, Khan S, Khan W. Human Pathogenic Bacteria Detected in Rainwater: Risk Assessment and Correlation to Microbial Source Tracking Markers and Traditional Indicators. Front Microbiol 2021; 12:659784. [PMID: 34025613 PMCID: PMC8138566 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2021.659784] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2021] [Accepted: 04/09/2021] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Roof-harvested rainwater (RHRW) was investigated for the presence of the human pathogenic bacteria Mycobacterium tuberculosis (M. tuberculosis), Yersinia spp. and Listeria monocytogenes (L. monocytogenes). While Yersinia spp. were detected in 92% (n = 25) of the RHRW samples, and L. monocytogenes and M. tuberculosis were detected in 100% (n = 25) of the samples, a significantly higher mean concentration (1.4 × 103 cells/100 mL) was recorded for L. monocytogenes over the sampling period. As the identification of appropriate water quality indicators is crucial to ensure access to safe water sources, correlation of the pathogens to traditional indicator organisms [Escherichia coli (E. coli) and Enterococcus spp.] and microbial source tracking (MST) markers (Bacteroides HF183, adenovirus and Lachnospiraceae) was conducted. A significant positive correlation was then recorded for E. coli versus L. monocytogenes (r = 0.6738; p = 0.000), and Enterococcus spp. versus the Bacteroides HF183 marker (r = 0.4071; p = 0.043), while a significant negative correlation was observed for M. tuberculosis versus the Bacteroides HF183 marker (r = −0.4558; p = 0.022). Quantitative microbial risk assessment indicated that the mean annual risk of infection posed by L. monocytogenes in the RHRW samples exceeded the annual infection risk benchmark limit (1 × 10–4 infections per person per year) for intentional drinking (∼10–4). In comparison, the mean annual risk of infection posed by E. coli was exceeded for intentional drinking (∼10–1), accidental consumption (∼10–3) and cleaning of the home (∼10–3). However, while the risk posed by M. tuberculosis for the two relevant exposure scenarios [garden hosing (∼10–5) and washing laundry by hand (∼10–5)] was below the benchmark limit, the risk posed by adenovirus for garden hosing (∼10–3) and washing laundry by hand (∼10–3) exceeded the benchmark limit. Thus, while the correlation analysis confirms that traditional indicators and MST markers should be used in combination to accurately monitor the pathogen-associated risk linked to the utilisation of RHRW, the integration of QMRA offers a more site-specific approach to monitor and estimate the human health risks associated with the use of RHRW.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julia K Denissen
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Science, Stellenbosch University, Stellenbosch, South Africa
| | - Brandon Reyneke
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Science, Stellenbosch University, Stellenbosch, South Africa
| | - Monique Waso
- Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Johannesburg, Doornfontein, South Africa
| | - Sehaam Khan
- Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Johannesburg, Doornfontein, South Africa
| | - Wesaal Khan
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Science, Stellenbosch University, Stellenbosch, South Africa
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13
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Tran SH, Dang HTT, Dao DA, Nguyen VA, Nguyen LT, Nguyen VA, Han M. On-site rainwater harvesting and treatment for drinking water supply: assessment of cost and technical issues. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2021; 28:11928-11941. [PMID: 32077016 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-020-07977-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2019] [Accepted: 02/03/2020] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
This study assessed the performance of rainwater-harvesting systems installed for selected public utilities in the northern provinces of Vietnam where rainwater was collected, stored in stainless steel tanks, and treated with a complex filtration unit and Ultraviolet (UV) disinfection system (full system). Results from an operation of over 5 years show that the untreated rainwater could not be used directly for drinking purposes as it was contaminated with bacteria (total coliforms TC = 200-300 CFU/100 ml, Pseudomonas aeruginosa PA = 40-160 CFU/100 ml), and turbidity = 2-4 NTU. Most of the heavy metals detected were found below the standard limits. Phenol and its derivatives were detected occasionally as higher than the standard value (1 μg/L). After treatment, all parameters met the drinking water standards. The capital costs of the rainwater systems were approximately US$200/m3 and US$180/m3 for a full system and simplified system (without complex filtration unit), respectively, while the operation and maintenance (O&M) costs were 3 cents/L and 0.8 cents/L on average for a full system and simplified one, correspondingly.
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Affiliation(s)
- Son H Tran
- Institute of Environmental Science and Engineering (IESE), National University of Civil Engineering, Hanoi, Vietnam.
| | - Huyen T T Dang
- Institute of Environmental Science and Engineering (IESE), National University of Civil Engineering, Hanoi, Vietnam
| | - Dung A Dao
- Institute of Environmental Science and Engineering (IESE), National University of Civil Engineering, Hanoi, Vietnam
| | - Viet-Anh Nguyen
- Institute of Environmental Science and Engineering (IESE), National University of Civil Engineering, Hanoi, Vietnam
| | - Lien T Nguyen
- Institute of Environmental Science and Engineering (IESE), National University of Civil Engineering, Hanoi, Vietnam
| | - Viet-Anh Nguyen
- Institute of Environmental Science and Engineering (IESE), National University of Civil Engineering, Hanoi, Vietnam
| | - Mooyoung Han
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Seoul National University, Seoul, South Korea
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14
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Reyneke B, Ndlovu T, Vincent MB, Martínez-García A, Polo-López MI, Fernández-Ibáñez P, Ferrero G, Khan S, McGuigan KG, Khan W. Validation of large-volume batch solar reactors for the treatment of rainwater in field trials in sub-Saharan Africa. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2020; 717:137223. [PMID: 32062239 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2020.137223] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2019] [Revised: 01/24/2020] [Accepted: 02/07/2020] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
The efficiency of two large-volume batch solar reactors [Prototype I (140 L) and II (88 L)] in treating rainwater on-site in a local informal settlement and farming community was assessed. Untreated [Tank 1 and Tank 2-(First-flush)] and treated (Prototype I and II) tank water samples were routinely collected from each site and all the measured physico-chemical parameters (e.g. pH and turbidity, amongst others), anions (e.g. sulphate and chloride, amongst others) and cations (e.g. iron and lead, amongst others) were within national and international drinking water guidelines limits. Culture-based analysis indicated that Escherichia coli, total and faecal coliforms, enterococci and heterotrophic bacteria counts exceeded drinking water guideline limits in 61%, 100%, 45%, 24% and 100% of the untreated tank water samples collected from both sites. However, an 8 hour solar exposure treatment for both solar reactors was sufficient to reduce these indicator organisms to within national and international drinking water standards, with the exception of the heterotrophic bacteria which exceeded the drinking water standard limit in 43% of the samples treated with the Prototype I reactor (1 log reduction). Molecular viability analysis subsequently indicated that mean overall reductions of 75% and 74% were obtained for the analysed indicator organisms (E. coli and enterococci spp.) and opportunistic pathogens (Klebsiella spp., Legionella spp., Pseudomonas spp., Salmonella spp. and Cryptosporidium spp. oocysts) in the Prototype I and II solar reactors, respectively. The large-volume batch solar reactor prototypes could thus effectively provide four (88 L Prototype II) to seven (144 L Prototype I) people on a daily basis with the basic water requirement for human activities (20 L). Additionally, a generic Water Safety Plan was developed to aid practitioners in identifying risks and implement remedial actions in this type of installation in order to ensure the safety of the treated water.
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Affiliation(s)
- B Reyneke
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Science, Stellenbosch University, Private Bag X1, Stellenbosch 7602, South Africa
| | - T Ndlovu
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Science, Stellenbosch University, Private Bag X1, Stellenbosch 7602, South Africa
| | - M B Vincent
- Ecosystem Environmental Services S.A., Sant Andreu de Llavaneres, Barcelona, Spain
| | - A Martínez-García
- Plataforma Solar de Almeria-CIEMAT, P.O. Box 22, Tabernas, Almería, Spain
| | - M I Polo-López
- Plataforma Solar de Almeria-CIEMAT, P.O. Box 22, Tabernas, Almería, Spain
| | - P Fernández-Ibáñez
- Plataforma Solar de Almeria-CIEMAT, P.O. Box 22, Tabernas, Almería, Spain; Nanotechnology and Integrated BioEngineering Centre, School of Engineering, University of Ulster, Newtownabbey, Northern Ireland, United Kingdom
| | - G Ferrero
- IHE Delft Institute for Water Education, Westvest 7, 2611, AX, Delft, the Netherlands
| | - S Khan
- Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Johannesburg, PO Box 17011, Doornfontein 2028, South Africa
| | - K G McGuigan
- Department of Physiology and Medical Physics, Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland, Dublin, Ireland
| | - W Khan
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Science, Stellenbosch University, Private Bag X1, Stellenbosch 7602, South Africa.
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15
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Expression of attack and growth phase genes of Bdellovibrio bacteriovorus in the presence of Gram-negative and Gram-positive prey. Microbiol Res 2020; 235:126437. [PMID: 32088503 DOI: 10.1016/j.micres.2020.126437] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2019] [Revised: 02/10/2020] [Accepted: 02/11/2020] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
The expression of attack phase (AP) and growth phase (GP) genes of Bdellovibrio bacteriovorus (B. bacteriovorus) was compared in the presence of Gram-negative [Escherichia coli (E. coli) and Klebsiella pneumoniae (K. pneumoniae)] and Gram-positive [Enterococcus faecium (E. faecium)] prey, using relative quantitative polymerase chain reaction (relative qPCR) assays. The genes bd0108 (pili retraction/extrusion) and merRNA (massively expressed riboswitch RNA) were highly expressed in the AP cells [3.99- to 6.06-fold (E. coli), 3.91- to 7.05-fold (K. pneumoniae) and 2.91- to 7.30-fold (E. faecium)]. The fliC1 gene (flagella filament) was also expressed at a high level in the AP cells however, after 240 min of co-culture with E. faecium the expression of fliC1 remained low (at 0.759-fold), while in the presence of the Gram-negative prey fliC1 expression increased. Additionally, the GP genes bd0816 (peptidoglycan-modifying enzyme) and groES1 (chaperone protein) were not induced in the presence of E. faecium. However, they were expressed in the early GP and GP of B. bacteriovorus after exposure to the Gram-negative prey. It can thus be concluded that B. bacteriovorus senses the presence of potential prey when exposed to Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria, however the GP genes are not induced in co-culture with E. faecium. The results from this study thus indicate that B. bacteriovorus does not actively grow in the presence of E. faecium and the second predatory cue (induces active growth of B. bacteriovorus) is lacking when B. bacteriovorus is co-cultured with the Gram-positive prey.
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16
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Waso M, Khan S, Singh A, McMichael S, Ahmed W, Fernández-Ibáñez P, Byrne JA, Khan W. Predatory bacteria in combination with solar disinfection and solar photocatalysis for the treatment of rainwater. WATER RESEARCH 2020; 169:115281. [PMID: 31733621 DOI: 10.1016/j.watres.2019.115281] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2019] [Revised: 11/01/2019] [Accepted: 11/04/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
The predatory bacterium, Bdellovibrio bacteriovorus, was applied as a biological pre-treatment to solar disinfection and solar photocatalytic disinfection for rainwater treatment. The photocatalyst used was immobilised titanium-dioxide reduced graphene oxide. The pre-treatment followed by solar photocatalysis for 120 min under natural sunlight reduced the viable counts of Klebsiella pneumoniae from 2.00 × 109 colony forming units (CFU)/mL to below the detection limit (BDL) (<1 CFU/100 μL). Correspondingly, ethidium monoazide bromide quantitative PCR analysis indicated a high total log reduction in K. pneumoniae gene copies (GC)/mL (5.85 logs after solar photocatalysis for 240 min). In contrast, solar disinfection and solar photocatalysis without the biological pre-treatment were more effective for Enterococcus faecium disinfection as the viable counts of E. faecium were reduced by 8.00 logs (from 1.00 × 108 CFU/mL to BDL) and the gene copies were reduced by ∼3.39 logs (from 2.09 × 106 GC/mL to ∼9.00 × 102 GC/mL) after 240 min of treatment. Predatory bacteria can be applied as a pre-treatment to solar disinfection and solar photocatalytic treatment to enhance the removal efficiency of Gram-negative bacteria, which is crucial for the development of a targeted water treatment approach.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Waso
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Science, Stellenbosch University, Private Bag X1, Stellenbosch, 7602, South Africa
| | - S Khan
- Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Johannesburg, PO Box 17011, Doornfontein, 2028, South Africa
| | - A Singh
- Nanotechnology and Integrated BioEngineering Centre, Ulster University, Jordanstown Campus, Shore Road, Newtownabbey, Belfast, BT37 0QB, United Kingdom
| | - S McMichael
- Nanotechnology and Integrated BioEngineering Centre, Ulster University, Jordanstown Campus, Shore Road, Newtownabbey, Belfast, BT37 0QB, United Kingdom
| | - W Ahmed
- CSIRO Land and Water, Ecosciences Precinct, 41 Boggo Road, Queensland, 4102, Australia
| | - P Fernández-Ibáñez
- Nanotechnology and Integrated BioEngineering Centre, Ulster University, Jordanstown Campus, Shore Road, Newtownabbey, Belfast, BT37 0QB, United Kingdom
| | - J A Byrne
- Nanotechnology and Integrated BioEngineering Centre, Ulster University, Jordanstown Campus, Shore Road, Newtownabbey, Belfast, BT37 0QB, United Kingdom
| | - W Khan
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Science, Stellenbosch University, Private Bag X1, Stellenbosch, 7602, South Africa.
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17
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Assessment of predatory bacteria and prey interactions using culture-based methods and EMA-qPCR. Microbiol Res 2019; 228:126305. [DOI: 10.1016/j.micres.2019.126305] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2019] [Revised: 07/19/2019] [Accepted: 07/20/2019] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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18
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Bae S, Maestre JP, Kinney KA, Kirisits MJ. An examination of the microbial community and occurrence of potential human pathogens in rainwater harvested from different roofing materials. WATER RESEARCH 2019; 159:406-413. [PMID: 31121408 DOI: 10.1016/j.watres.2019.05.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2018] [Revised: 04/29/2019] [Accepted: 05/09/2019] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
While harvested rainwater can serve as an alternative water supply, microbial contaminants within the collection system can negatively affect water quality. Here, we investigated the impact of roofing material on the microbial quality of rainwater freshly harvested from pilot-scale roofs (concrete tile, cool, green, Galvalume® metal, and asphalt fiberglass shingle). The microbial quality of freshly harvested rainwater from six rain events over two years was analyzed by high-throughput sequencing and culture-dependent and -independent techniques. The concentrations of total coliform were significantly different among rainwaters harvested from the various roofing materials (p-value >0.05). However, the fecal coliform concentrations and the copy numbers of Enterococcus 23S rRNA genes and total Bacteria 16S rRNA genes did not vary by type of roofing material in a statistically significant way. Potential human pathogens such as Legionella, Escherichia coli O157:H7, Shiga-toxin-producing Escherichia coli, and adenovirus were detected at least once in rainwater harvested from the different roofing materials, even though the lowest occurrence of those potential human pathogens was noted from the metal roof. Also, substantial variation in the microbial communities from the different roofing materials was observed at the family and genus levels. These results demonstrate that the type of roofing material affects the microbial quality of freshly harvested rainwater, indicating that the choice of roofing material could shape the microbial community structure entering a rainwater storage tank. Given that detection of potential pathogens in the freshly harvested rainwater also differed between roofing materials, the type of roofing used to capture rainwater needs to be considered in rainwater harvesting system design, particularly if the water is intended for potable use.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sungwoo Bae
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, National University of Singapore, 1 Engineering Drive 2, E1A 07-03, 11576, Singapore.
| | - Juan P Maestre
- Department of Civil, Architectural, and Environmental Engineering, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX, 78712, USA
| | - Kerry A Kinney
- Department of Civil, Architectural, and Environmental Engineering, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX, 78712, USA
| | - Mary Jo Kirisits
- Department of Civil, Architectural, and Environmental Engineering, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX, 78712, USA
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Tillett BJ, Sharley D, Almeida MIGS, Valenzuela I, Hoffmann AA, Pettigrove V. A short work-flow to effectively source faecal pollution in recreational waters - A case study. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2018; 644:1503-1510. [PMID: 30743863 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2018.07.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2018] [Revised: 07/01/2018] [Accepted: 07/01/2018] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Microbial pollution of recreational waters poses a significant public health risk which, unless mitigated, will continue to increase with population growth. Water managers must implement strategies to accurately discriminate and source human from animal faecal contamination in complex urbanised environments. Our case-study used a new combination of chemical (i.e. ammonia) and microbial (i.e. Escherichia coli, Bacteroides spp.) faecal monitoring tools in a targeted multi-tiered approach to quickly identify pollution hot-spots and track high-risk subterranean stormwater drains in real-time. We successfully located three point sources of human faecal pollution (both episodic and constant pollution streams) within 11 catchments in a total monitoring time of four months. Alternative approaches for obtaining such fine-scale accuracy are typically labour intensive and require expensive equipment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bree J Tillett
- Centre for Aquatic Pollution Identification and Management, School of Biosciences, The University of Melbourne, Parkville 3052, Australia; Bio21 Institute, School of BioSciences, The University of Melbourne, Parkville 3052, Australia.
| | - David Sharley
- Centre for Aquatic Pollution Identification and Management, School of Biosciences, The University of Melbourne, Parkville 3052, Australia
| | - M Inês G S Almeida
- Centre for Aquatic Pollution Identification and Management, School of Chemistry, The University of Melbourne, Parkville 3010, Australia
| | - Isabel Valenzuela
- Centre for Aquatic Pollution Identification and Management, School of Biosciences, The University of Melbourne, Parkville 3052, Australia; Bio21 Institute, School of BioSciences, The University of Melbourne, Parkville 3052, Australia
| | - Ary A Hoffmann
- Centre for Aquatic Pollution Identification and Management, School of Biosciences, The University of Melbourne, Parkville 3052, Australia; Bio21 Institute, School of BioSciences, The University of Melbourne, Parkville 3052, Australia
| | - Vincent Pettigrove
- Centre for Aquatic Pollution Identification and Management, School of Biosciences, The University of Melbourne, Parkville 3052, Australia; Aquatic Pollution Prevention Partnership, College of Science, Engineering & Health, RMIT University, PO Box 71, Bundoora 3078, Australia
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