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Everaert S, Schoeters G, Lardon F, Janssens A, Van Larebeke N, Raquez JM, Bervoets L, Spanoghe P. Protecting public health and the environment: towards a general ban on cellulose acetate cigarette filters in the European Union. Front Public Health 2023; 11:1282655. [PMID: 38026410 PMCID: PMC10644169 DOI: 10.3389/fpubh.2023.1282655] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2023] [Accepted: 10/17/2023] [Indexed: 12/01/2023] Open
Abstract
After the establishment of a causal relationship between tobacco use and cancer in the 1950s, cellulose acetate filters were introduced with the claim to reduce the adverse health impact of unfiltered cigarettes. Often perceived to be more pleasant and healthy, filters encouraged smoking. However, filtered cigarettes are more deeply inhaled to obtain the same nicotine demand while altered combustion releases more tobacco-specific nitrosamines. The increasing use of cigarette filter ventilation is associated with a sharp rise in lung adenocarcinomas in recent decades. While not preventing adverse health effects, a global environmental problem has been created due to the non-biodegradable filter litter, causing ecotoxicological effects and the spread of microplastics. Recently, the Belgian Superior Health Council advised policymakers to ban cigarette filters as single-use plastics at both national and European levels. This article outlines the arguments used to justify this plea (human health and environment), the expected effects of a filter ban, as well as the public reception and reactions of the tobacco industry. The specific context of the European Union is discussed including the revision of the Single-Use Plastics Directive, affording a new opportunity to ban plastic filters. This perspective article aims to fuel the momentum and cooperation among member states for this purpose.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stijn Everaert
- Chemical Environmental Factors Group, Superior Health Council, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Greet Schoeters
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Filip Lardon
- Center for Oncological Research (CORE), University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Annelies Janssens
- Department of Thoracic Oncology, University Hospital Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Nicolas Van Larebeke
- Department of Radiotherapy and Experimental Cancerology, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
- Department of Analytical, Environmental and Geo-Chemistry, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Jean-Marie Raquez
- Polymer and Composite Materials Department, University of Mons, Mons, Belgium
| | - Lieven Bervoets
- Department of Biology, University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Pieter Spanoghe
- Faculty of Bioscience Engineering, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
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2
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Yach D, Scherer G. Applications of biomarkers of exposure and biological effects in users of new generation tobacco and nicotine products: Tentative proposals. Drug Test Anal 2023; 15:1127-1132. [PMID: 37653566 DOI: 10.1002/dta.3567] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2023] [Revised: 08/08/2023] [Accepted: 08/10/2023] [Indexed: 09/02/2023]
Abstract
Despite efforts to eliminate smoking, more than 1 billion people worldwide continue to use combustible cigarettes through choice or inability to quit. With an associated 8 million deaths, the provision of noncombustible tobacco and nicotine products that smokers will accept to replace combustible cigarettes can lessen harm. However, most of these products have entered the market only in the past 20 years. Therefore, particularly for some smoking-related diseases, epidemiological studies to test harm reduction potential are only now becoming feasible. For cancer and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, around two decades of data might be required. In this article, we discuss how the use of biomarkers might be applied to supplement epidemiological research for regulators. We further discuss how health providers and insurers can keep up with the rapid changes in biomarker research and recognize these reduced risks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Derek Yach
- Global Health Strategies LLC, Southport, Connecticut, USA
| | - Gerhard Scherer
- ABF Analytisch-Biologisches Forschunglabor GmbH, Planegg, Germany
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3
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Meredith JD, Gray MJ. Hypothiocyanite and host-microbe interactions. Mol Microbiol 2023; 119:302-311. [PMID: 36718113 DOI: 10.1111/mmi.15025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2022] [Revised: 12/30/2022] [Accepted: 01/03/2023] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
The pseudohypohalous acid hypothiocyanite/hypothiocyanous acid (OSCN- /HOSCN) has been known to play an antimicrobial role in mammalian immunity for decades. It is a potent oxidant that kills bacteria but is non-toxic to human cells. Produced from thiocyanate (SCN- ) and hydrogen peroxide (H2 O2 ) in a variety of body sites by peroxidase enzymes, HOSCN has been explored as an agent of food preservation, pathogen killing, and even improved toothpaste. However, despite the well-recognized antibacterial role HOSCN plays in host-pathogen interactions, little is known about how bacteria sense and respond to this oxidant. In this work, we will summarize what is known and unknown about HOSCN in innate immunity and recent advances in understanding the responses that both pathogenic and non-pathogenic bacteria mount against this antimicrobial agent, highlighting studies done with three model organisms, Escherichia coli, Streptococcus spp., and Pseudomonas aeruginosa.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julia D Meredith
- Department of Microbiology, University of Alabama at Birmingham Heersink School of Medicine, Birmingham, Alabama, USA
| | - Michael J Gray
- Department of Microbiology, University of Alabama at Birmingham Heersink School of Medicine, Birmingham, Alabama, USA
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Calderón R, Jara C, Albornoz F, Palma P, Arancibia-Miranda N, Karthikraj R, Manquian-Cerda K, Mejias P. Exploring the destiny and distribution of thiocyanate in the water-soil-plant system and the potential impacts on human health. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2022; 835:155502. [PMID: 35490807 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2022.155502] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2022] [Revised: 04/19/2022] [Accepted: 04/20/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Endocrine disruptors like thiocyanate are some of the principal causes of chronic disorders worldwide. Prenatal and postnatal exposure to thiocyanate can interfere with normal neurological development in both fetuses and newborns. Currently, little information regarding thiocyanate levels and potential sources of exposure is available. In this study, we evaluated thiocyanate uptake and accumulation in chard and spinach grown under greenhouse conditions. Both chard and spinach are commonly used to produce baby foods. Three thiocyanate concentrations were compared: Control, T1 (30 ng mL-1), and T2 (70 ng mL-1). Thiocyanate accumulation depended on the concentration and exposure time. Chard was found to accumulate more thiocyanate than spinach, with leaf accumulation > stem accumulation (p < 0.0194) and maximum concentrations of 76 ng g-1 (control), 112 ng g-1, (T1), and 134 ng g-1 (T2). The estimated daily intake (EDI) of thiocyanate for chard and spinach (fresh) exceeded the subchronic reference dose of 200 ng-1 kg-1 day-1 and the chronic reference dose of 600 ng-1 kg-1 day-1. In addition, the EDI of thiocyanate for spinach in baby food exceeded twice the chronic reference dose in the vulnerable newborn-1 year age group. However, all EDIs were lower than the lowest observed adverse effect level (LOAEL) of 1.9 × 105 ng kg-1 day-1. Further studies are needed that increase our knowledge of thiocyanate levels and potential environmental sources to reduce opportunities for exposure, especially in vulnerable groups.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Calderón
- Center for Research in Natural Resources and Sustainability, Universidad Bernardo O'Higgins, Fabrica 1990, Segundo Piso, Santiago, Chile.
| | - C Jara
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Sciences, Universidad de Chile, Las Palmeras 3425, Ñuñoa, Santiago de Chile, Chile
| | - F Albornoz
- Department of Plant Sciences, Faculty of Agronomy and Forest Engineering, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Avenida Vicuña Mackenna 4860, Macul, Santiago, Chile
| | - P Palma
- Public, Environmental and Labor Health Laboratory, Regional Ministerial Service, Ministry of Health, Metropolitan Region, Santiago, Chile
| | - N Arancibia-Miranda
- Faculty of Chemistry and Biology, Universidad de Santiago de Chile, USACH, Casilla 40, C.P. 33, Santiago 9170022, Chile; Center for the Development of Nanoscience and Nanotechnology, CEDENNA, Santiago 16 9170124, Chile
| | - R Karthikraj
- Wadsworth Center, New York State Department of Health, Albany, NY 12201-0509, United States
| | - K Manquian-Cerda
- Faculty of Chemistry and Biology, Universidad de Santiago de Chile, USACH, Casilla 40, C.P. 33, Santiago 9170022, Chile; Center for the Development of Nanoscience and Nanotechnology, CEDENNA, Santiago 16 9170124, Chile
| | - P Mejias
- Department of Biological and Chemical Sciences, Faculty of Natural Resources, Universidad Católica de Temuco, Temuco, Chile
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Is biomass fuel smoke exposure associated with anemia in non-pregnant reproductive-aged women? PLoS One 2022; 17:e0272641. [PMID: 35984839 PMCID: PMC9390888 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0272641] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2022] [Accepted: 07/22/2022] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Objectives Sri Lanka is a developing country where the majority of households still rely on firewood for cooking. Furthermore, the prevalence of anemia among reproductive-aged women is of moderate public health importance, according the classification of World Health Organization. Despite the researchers’ ongoing efforts to investigate a link between solid fuel smoke exposure and anemia, the veracity of their findings remains uncertain. As a result, the purpose of this study was to examine the relationship between biomass fuel smoke exposure and anemia in non-pregnant reproductive-aged women in Sri Lanka. Methods A descriptive cross-sectional study was conducted among 382 non-pregnant reproductive-aged (15 to 49 years) women in Central Province, Sri Lanka. Data was collected using a standardized interviewer-administered questionnaire, and exposure was assessed using a breath carbon monoxide monitor. Drabkin’s cynomethhemoglobin technique was used to determine blood hemoglobin concentration. Results The overall prevalence of anemia was 36.1%. The logistic regression model revealed no effect of cooking fuel type on anemic or non-anemic status after adjusting for potential confounding factors (p > 0.05). The multivariate regression analysis also discovered that cooking fuel type had no effect on women’s blood hemoglobin concentration. Conclusions The study results suggest no impact of solid fuel smoke exposure on anemia among non-pregnant, reproductive-aged women. Larger scale prospective cohort studies are recommended. The reasons behind the high prevalence of anemia among reproductive-aged women should be further investigated, and corrective measures should be implemented urgently.
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Scherer G, Scherer M, Mütze J, Hauke T, Pluym N. Assessment of the Exposure to Tobacco-Specific Nitrosamines and Minor Tobacco Alkaloids in Users of Various Tobacco/Nicotine Products. Chem Res Toxicol 2022; 35:684-693. [PMID: 35298128 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrestox.2c00020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Tobacco-specific nitrosamines (TSNAs), in particular, the human carcinogens 4-(methylnitrosamino)-1-(3-pyridyl)-1-butanone (NNK) and N'-nitrosonornicotine (NNN), are important toxicants in tobacco and also (as contaminants) in nicotine products. In a clinical study comprising a period of 74 h under confinement, we investigated the exposure to NNK, NNN, N'-nitrosoanabasine (NAB), and N'-nitrosoanatabine (NAT) as well as to the minor tobacco alkaloids anabasine (AB) and anatabine (AT) by measuring suitable biomarkers in habitual users of combustible cigarettes (CCs), electronic cigarettes (ECs), heated tobacco products (HTPs), oral tobacco (OT), and nicotine replacement therapy products (NRTs). Non-users (NU) of any tobacco/nicotine products served as the (negative) control group. Smokers exhibited the highest levels for all biomarkers measured, except for AB in urine, which was found to be highest in OT users. Somewhat elevated levels compared to NU, EC, and NRT groups were also observed in the users of HTPs. In the users of tobacco-containing products (CC, HTP, and OT), most frequently the biomarkers significantly correlated with the dose markers such as daily consumption, urinary nicotine equivalents (Nequ), and plasma cotinine (CotP). In conclusion, except for smokers (CC) and OT users, exposure of users of ECs, HTPs, and NRTs to TSNAs as well as the minor tobacco alkaloids AB and AT is marginal and statistically not distinguishable from that of NU. Finally, our results for NNN in the saliva provide preliminary evidence for the formation of NNN from the precursor nornicotine in the presence of thiocyanate as a catalyst. The latter hypothesis requires experimental verification.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gerhard Scherer
- ABF, Analytisch-Biologisches Forschungslabor GmbH, Semmelweisstraße 5, 82152 Planegg, Germany
| | - Max Scherer
- ABF, Analytisch-Biologisches Forschungslabor GmbH, Semmelweisstraße 5, 82152 Planegg, Germany
| | - Janina Mütze
- ABF, Analytisch-Biologisches Forschungslabor GmbH, Semmelweisstraße 5, 82152 Planegg, Germany
| | - Tobias Hauke
- ABF, Analytisch-Biologisches Forschungslabor GmbH, Semmelweisstraße 5, 82152 Planegg, Germany
| | - Nikola Pluym
- ABF, Analytisch-Biologisches Forschungslabor GmbH, Semmelweisstraße 5, 82152 Planegg, Germany
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Soleimani F, Dobaradaran S, De-la-Torre GE, Schmidt TC, Saeedi R. Content of toxic components of cigarette, cigarette smoke vs cigarette butts: A comprehensive systematic review. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2022; 813:152667. [PMID: 34963586 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2021.152667] [Citation(s) in RCA: 76] [Impact Index Per Article: 38.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2021] [Revised: 12/20/2021] [Accepted: 12/20/2021] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
The commercially sold cigarettes contain more than 7000 chemicals, and their combustion produces potential toxicants in mainstream smoke (MS), sidestream smoke (SS), secondhand smoke (SHS), thirdhand smoke (THS), and discarded cigarette butts (CBs). We conducted a systematic review of published literature to compare the toxicants produced in each of these phases of tobacco combustion (MS, SS, and CBs). The initial search included 12,301 articles, but after screening and final restrictions considering the aims of this review, 159 published studies were selected for inclusion. Additionally, SHS and THS are briefly discussed here. Overall, polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) and other aromatic hydrocarbons have been represented in more studies than other compounds. However, metals and nitrosamines were detected in higher concentrations than other components in SS. The concentrations of most PAHs and other aromatic hydrocarbons in MS and SS are higher compared to concentrations found in CBs. Also, the concentrations of all the studied carbonyl compounds, aldehydes and ketones in SS and MS were higher than in CBs. The mean levels of alcohols and phenols in SS were higher than those reported for both MS and CBs. Tobacco toxicants are inhaled by smokers and transmitted to the environment through SS, SHS, THS, and discarded CBs. However, further studies are necessary to assess adverse effects of toxicants found in CBs and THS not only on human health, but also on the environment and ecosystems. The results of this review provide updated information on the chemical contents of MS, SS, SHS, THS, and CBs. It adds to the growing understanding that smoking creates major health problems for smokers and passive smokers, but also that it generates environmental hazards with consequences to the ecosystems and human health through discarded CBs, SHS, and THS exposure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Farshid Soleimani
- Systems Environmental Health and Energy Research Center, The Persian Gulf Biomedical Sciences Research Institute, Bushehr University of Medical Sciences, Bushehr, Iran
| | - Sina Dobaradaran
- Systems Environmental Health and Energy Research Center, The Persian Gulf Biomedical Sciences Research Institute, Bushehr University of Medical Sciences, Bushehr, Iran; Department of Environmental Health Engineering, Faculty of Health and Nutrition, Bushehr University of Medical Sciences, Bushehr, Iran; Instrumental Analytical Chemistry and Centre for Water and Environmental Research (ZWU), Faculty of Chemistry, University of Duisburg-Essen, Universit¨atsstr. 5, Essen, Germany.
| | | | - Torsten C Schmidt
- Instrumental Analytical Chemistry and Centre for Water and Environmental Research (ZWU), Faculty of Chemistry, University of Duisburg-Essen, Universit¨atsstr. 5, Essen, Germany; Centre for Water and Environmental Research, University of Duisburg-Essen, Universitätsstr. 5, Essen 45141, Germany
| | - Reza Saeedi
- Workplace Health Promotion Research Center, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran; Department of Health, Safety and Environment, School of Public Health and Safety, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
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8
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Yu J, Guo J, Zhang H, Cheng X. The Association Between Environmental Perchlorate, Nitrate, and Thiocyanate Exposure and Oral Pain in NHANES. Front Public Health 2022; 10:829466. [PMID: 35356020 PMCID: PMC8960030 DOI: 10.3389/fpubh.2022.829466] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2021] [Accepted: 01/31/2022] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Aim To examine the human exposure to perchlorate, nitrate, and thiocyanate, and their associations with oral pain (OP) in the general population from the U.S. Methods A total of 13,554 participants were enrolled in the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey. The urinary perchlorate, nitrate, and thiocyanate were measured using ion chromatography coupled with an electrospray tandem mass spectrometry. The multivariable linear and logistic regressions were performed to explore the associations of the urinary perchlorate, nitrate, and thiocyanate, with the prevalence of oral pain. Restricted cubic splines were used to explore the non-linearity. Results There are 3,129 OP cases. There was a higher urinary level of perchlorate, nitrate, and thiocyanate in OP. We found that urinary thiocyanate was positively associated with OP (odds ratio [OR] = 1.06; [1, 1.13]; p = 0.049). Restricted cubic spines revealed that urinary thiocyanate was in a U-shape association with OP. Conclusions Urinary thiocyanate was in a U-shape association with OP, suggesting that we should keep the exposure of thiocyanate under a reasonable range.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jintao Yu
- Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases Research of Anhui Province, College and Hospital of Stomatology, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China
- *Correspondence: Jintao Yu
| | - Jiawen Guo
- Department of Prosthodontics, Guanghua School of Stomatology, Hospital of Stomatology, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Stomatology, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Hengguo Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases Research of Anhui Province, College and Hospital of Stomatology, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China
| | - Xu Cheng
- Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases Research of Anhui Province, College and Hospital of Stomatology, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China
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Wang L, Fu Z, Gao B, Mo X, Liang P, Huang J. The association between environmental exposure to perchlorate, nitrate, and thiocyanate and all-cause and cause-specific mortality. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2022; 29:21851-21859. [PMID: 34773236 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-021-17423-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2021] [Accepted: 11/04/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
The aim is to examine the environmental exposure to perchlorate, nitrate, and thiocyanate and their associations with all-cause and cause-specific mortality in a general population. A total of 17,982 participants were enrolled from the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey and urinary perchlorate, nitrate, and thiocyanate are measured using ion chromatography coupled with electrospray tandem mass spectrometry. Multivariable linear and logistic regression models were performed to explore the associations between urinary perchlorate, nitrate, and thiocyanate with all-cause and cause-specific mortality. Restricted cubic spline models were used to explore the nonlinearity. During a 7.5-year of follow-up, 1730 deaths occurred. Kaplan-Meier analysis suggested that urinary perchlorate, thiocyanate, and nitrate were associated with all-cause mortality (all log-rank P<0.001). After adjusted for traditional risk factors, we found that urinary perchlorate was inversely associated with cancer mortality (hazard ratio [HR] 0.87; 95% confidence interval [0.76, 0.99]; P=0.038) while nitrate was positively related to cancer mortality (HR 1.19, [1.05, 1.34]; P=0.006). Besides, urinary thiocyanate exposure was U-shape associated with the risk of all-cause mortality (P for nonlinearity<0.001). Urinary perchlorate was inversely while nitrate was positively associated with the risk of cancer mortality. The thiocyanate exposure was U-shape associated with the risk of all-cause mortality.
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Affiliation(s)
- Long Wang
- Department of Cardiology, Key Laboratory of Clinical Cancer Pharmacology and Toxicology Research of Zhejiang Province, Center for Translational Medicine, The Affiliated Hangzhou First People's Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China
| | - Zhi Fu
- Department of Cardio-macrovascular Surgery, The Affiliated Hospital of Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China
| | - Beibei Gao
- Department of Cardiology, Key Laboratory of Clinical Cancer Pharmacology and Toxicology Research of Zhejiang Province, Center for Translational Medicine, The Affiliated Hangzhou First People's Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China
| | - Xuming Mo
- Department of Cardiothoracic Surgery, Children's Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, 72 Guangzhou Road, Nanjing, China.
| | - Ping Liang
- Key Laboratory of Combined Multi-organ Transplantation, Ministry of Public Health, The First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Institute of Translational Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310029, China.
| | - Jinyu Huang
- Department of Cardiology, Key Laboratory of Clinical Cancer Pharmacology and Toxicology Research of Zhejiang Province, Center for Translational Medicine, The Affiliated Hangzhou First People's Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China.
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Cohen G, Goldenson NI, Bailey PC, Chan S, Shiffman S. Changes in Biomarkers of Cigarette Smoke Exposure After 6 Days of Switching Exclusively or Partially to Use of the JUUL System with Two Nicotine Concentrations: A Randomized Controlled Confinement Study in Adult Smokers. Nicotine Tob Res 2021; 23:2153-2161. [PMID: 34161586 PMCID: PMC8570669 DOI: 10.1093/ntr/ntab134] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2020] [Accepted: 06/21/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Introduction Evidence suggests that cigarette smokers who switch to electronic nicotine delivery systems (ENDS) reduce their exposure to harmful toxicants and carcinogens. It is unclear if dual-use is associated with decreases in exposure to toxicants. Methods This parallel-group confinement study assessed changes in biomarkers of exposure (BOEs) over six days among healthy adult smokers who were randomized into 1 of 11 study groups: eight JUUL-brand System (JUUL) groups (4 JUUL flavors [Virginia Tobacco, Menthol, Mint, Mango] × 2 nicotine concentrations [5.0% or 3.0% by weight]); Dual-Use group used preferred JUUL flavor (5.0% nicotine) and ≤50% usual brand (UB) cigarettes/day; UB Cigarette group and one group abstained from all tobacco/nicotine product use (Abstinence group). Urine and blood analysis assessed changes in primary BOE endpoints (NNAL, 3-HPMA, MHBMA, S-PMA COHb) and secondary BOE endpoints (NNN, HMPMA, CEMA, 1-OHP, O-toluidine, 2-NA, 4-ABP) among 279 adult smokers. Results In JUUL groups, median percent reductions in primary BOEs (Day 6–Baseline) were 90%–≥100% of Abstinence; there were no significant differences between JUUL groups and Abstinence. All reductions in JUUL groups were substantially and statistically significantly greater than reductions in the UB Cigarette group (ps < 0.025). Median reductions in primary BOEs in the Dual-Use group were 43%–55% of Abstinence. Similar results were observed for secondary BOEs. Conclusion This study suggests that the use of JUUL as a complete or partial substitute (i.e., dual-use with ≥50% reduction in cigarette consumption) for combustible cigarettes can substantially reduce exposure to multiple toxins associated with cigarette smoking. Implications This study adds to the growing body of evidence supporting the utility of ENDS products as potentially reduced-harm alternatives to cigarettes for adult smokers. Adult smokers who switched completely from cigarette smoking to use of the JUUL System (“JUUL”) in two nicotine concentrations (5.0% and 3.0%) and four flavors significantly reduced their exposure to multiple classes of cigarette-related toxicants. Additionally, smokers who used JUUL and continued smoking but reduced their daily cigarette consumption by ≥50% (dual users) also significantly reduced their toxicant exposure compared to cigarette smoking.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gal Cohen
- Juul Labs, Inc., Washington, DC, USA
- Corresponding Author: Gal Cohen, PhD, Juul Labs, Inc., 1000 F Street NW, Suite 800, Washington, D.C, 20004, USA. E-mail:
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McEwan M, Gale N, Ebajemito JK, Camacho OM, Hardie G, Proctor CJ, Murphy J. A randomized controlled study in healthy participants to explore the exposure continuum when smokers switch to a tobacco heating product or an E-cigarette relative to cessation. Toxicol Rep 2021; 8:994-1001. [PMID: 34026564 PMCID: PMC8131274 DOI: 10.1016/j.toxrep.2021.05.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2020] [Revised: 04/30/2021] [Accepted: 05/01/2021] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Cigarette smoking is associated with a number of diseases, such as cancer and cardiovascular diseases. Recently, there has been an increase in the use of electronic cigarettes (ECs) and tobacco-heating products (THPs) as an alternative to cigarettes, which may reduce the health burden associated with smoking. However, an exposure continuum when smokers switch to ECs or THPs compared to complete smoking cessation is not well established. Methods 148 healthy smokers were randomized to either continue smoking cigarettes, switch to using the glo THP or a prototype EC, or completely quit any nicotine or tobacco product use for 5 days, after a 2-day baseline period. During this study breath and 24-h urine samples were collected for Biomarker of Exposure (BoE) analysis. Results After a 5-day switching period BoE levels showed a substantial significant decrease in levels from baseline in the groups using the glo THP, the prototype EC, and having quit all nicotine and tobacco use. On an exposure continuum, smokers who completely quit nicotine had the lowest levels of assessed BoEs, followed by those who switched to the EC and then those who switched to glo THP use. Participants who continued to smoke had the highest levels of BoEs. Conclusions THP or EC use over a 5-day period resulted in significant reductions in exposure to smoke toxicants, in some cases to levels similar to those for nicotine cessation. These results show that on an exposure continuum, nicotine cessation gives the greatest reduction in exposure to tobacco smoke toxicants, closely followed by the EC and the glo THP. These significant reductions in exposure to toxicants suggest that the glo THP and EC have the potential to be Reduced Risk Products. Study Registration ISRCTN80651909.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael McEwan
- British American Tobacco (Investments) Limited, Research and Development, Regents Park Road, Southampton, SO15 8TL, UK
| | - Nathan Gale
- British American Tobacco (Investments) Limited, Research and Development, Regents Park Road, Southampton, SO15 8TL, UK
| | - James K Ebajemito
- British American Tobacco (Investments) Limited, Research and Development, Regents Park Road, Southampton, SO15 8TL, UK
| | - Oscar M Camacho
- British American Tobacco (Investments) Limited, Research and Development, Regents Park Road, Southampton, SO15 8TL, UK
| | - George Hardie
- British American Tobacco (Investments) Limited, Research and Development, Regents Park Road, Southampton, SO15 8TL, UK
| | | | - James Murphy
- British American Tobacco (Investments) Limited, Research and Development, Regents Park Road, Southampton, SO15 8TL, UK
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12
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Tatekawa S, Shimamoto S, Miyata Y, Yoshino Y, Hirata T, Tamari K, Seo Y, Isohashi F, Yamamoto Y, Uno A, Inohara H, Ogawa K. Monitoring expiratory carbon monoxide to study the effect of complete smoking cessation on definitive radiation therapy for early stage glottic carcinoma. Acta Oncol 2021; 60:582-588. [PMID: 33406970 DOI: 10.1080/0284186x.2020.1865563] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Previous studies reported that cigarette smoking during radiation therapy was associated with unfavorable outcomes in various cancers using medical interviewing or monitoring of cotinine. Here, we evaluated the effect of smoking cessation on definitive radiation therapy for early stage glottic carcinoma by monitoring expiratory carbon monoxide (CO). MATERIAL AND METHODS We enrolled 103 patients with early glottic carcinoma (T1N0/T2N0 = 79/24) who underwent conventional radiotherapy between 2005 and 2016. The median age was 70 years. Pathologically, all patients had squamous cell carcinoma. Since 2009, we confirmed smoking cessation before radiation therapy by medical interviews. Since 2014, we measured expiratory CO to strictly monitor smoking cessation. The patients were divided according to diagnosis years: 'no cessation' (2005-2008), 'incomplete cessation' (2009-2013), and 'complete cessation' (2014-2016). We retrospectively analyzed the local recurrence rate and disease-free survival (DFS). RESULTS The median follow-up period was 60.1 months (range, 1.9-110.0 months). The 2-year local recurrence rate in the 'complete cessation' group was 5.3% and tended to be lower than that in the 'incomplete cessation' group (13.7%) and 'no cessation' group (21.2%). Multivariate analysis revealed that 'no cessation' was a risk factor for DFS (hazard ratio [HR] = 4.25) and local recurrence rate (HR = 16.5, p < .05) compared to 'complete cessation.' DISCUSSION We confirmed that the 'complete cessation' group had better prognosis than the 'no cessation' group by monitoring expiratory CO during radiation therapy for early stage glottic carcinoma. Moreover, monitoring expiratory CO was easier and more suitable than conventional methods for evaluating smoking cessation because it provided real-time measurements.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shotaro Tatekawa
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka, Japan
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Osaka General Medical Center, Osaka, Japan
| | | | - Yoshiaki Miyata
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Saito Yukoukai Hospital, Osaka, Japan
| | - Yutaro Yoshino
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka, Japan
| | - Takero Hirata
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka, Japan
| | - Keisuke Tamari
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka, Japan
| | - Yuji Seo
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka, Japan
| | - Fumiaki Isohashi
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka, Japan
| | - Yoshifumi Yamamoto
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology-Head and Neck surgery, Osaka General Medical Center, Osaka, Japan
| | - Atsuhiko Uno
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology-Head and Neck surgery, Osaka General Medical Center, Osaka, Japan
| | - Hidenori Inohara
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology-Head and Neck surgery, Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka, Japan
| | - Kazuhiko Ogawa
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka, Japan
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Systematic Review on Human Skin-Compatible Wearable Photoplethysmography Sensors. APPLIED SCIENCES-BASEL 2021. [DOI: 10.3390/app11052313] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
The rapid advances in human-friendly and wearable photoplethysmography (PPG) sensors have facilitated the continuous and real-time monitoring of physiological conditions, enabling self-health care without being restricted by location. In this paper, we focus on state-of-the-art skin-compatible PPG sensors and strategies to obtain accurate and stable sensing of biological signals adhered to human skin along with light-absorbing semiconducting materials that are classified as silicone, inorganic, and organic absorbers. The challenges of skin-compatible PPG-based monitoring technologies and their further improvements are also discussed. We expect that such technological developments will accelerate accurate diagnostic evaluation with the aid of the biomedical electronic devices.
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14
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Ruan HL, Deng WS, Wang Y, Chen JB, Hong WL, Ye SS, Hu ZJ. Carbon monoxide poisoning: a prediction model using meteorological factors and air pollutant. BMC Proc 2021; 15:1. [PMID: 33648509 PMCID: PMC7923450 DOI: 10.1186/s12919-021-00206-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Background While the influence of meteorology on carbon monoxide (CO) poisoning has been reported, few data are available on the association between air pollutants and the prediction of CO poisoning. Our objective is to explore meteorological and pollutant patterns associated with CO poisoning and to establish a predictive model. Results CO poisoning was found to be significantly associated with meteorological and pollutant patterns: low temperatures, low wind speeds, low air concentrations of sulfur dioxide (SO2) and ozone (O38h), and high daily temperature changes and ambient CO (r absolute value range: 0.079 to 0.232, all P values < 0.01). Based on the above factors, a predictive model was established: “logitPj = aj - 0.193 * temperature - 0.228 * wind speed + 0.221 * 24 h temperature change + 1.25 * CO - 0.0176 * SO2 + 0.0008 *O38h; j = 1, 2, 3, 4; a1 = -4.12, a2 = -2.93, a3 = -1.98, a4 = -0.92.” The proposed prediction model based on combined factors showed better predictive capacity than a model using only meteorological factors as a predictor. Conclusion Low temperatures, wind speed, and SO2 and high daily temperature changes, O38h, and CO are related to CO poisoning. Using both meteorological and pollutant factors as predictors could help facilitate the prevention of CO poisoning. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s12919-021-00206-7.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hai-Lin Ruan
- Department of Emergency, Liuzhou Worker's Hospital, The Fourth Affiliated Hospital of Guangxi Medical University, Liuzhou, Guangxi, 545005, PR China
| | - Wang-Shen Deng
- Department of Emergency, Liuzhou Worker's Hospital, The Fourth Affiliated Hospital of Guangxi Medical University, Liuzhou, Guangxi, 545005, PR China
| | - Yao Wang
- Department of Emergency, Liuzhou Worker's Hospital, The Fourth Affiliated Hospital of Guangxi Medical University, Liuzhou, Guangxi, 545005, PR China
| | - Jian-Bing Chen
- Guangxi Liuzhou Meteorological Bureau, Liuzhou, Guangxi, 545001, PR China
| | - Wei-Liang Hong
- Guangxi Liuzhou Environmental Protection Bureau, Liuzhou, Guangxi, 545006, PR China
| | - Shan-Shan Ye
- Department of Emergency, Liuzhou Worker's Hospital, The Fourth Affiliated Hospital of Guangxi Medical University, Liuzhou, Guangxi, 545005, PR China
| | - Zhuo-Jun Hu
- Department of Respiration, Liuzhou Worker's Hospital, The Fourth Affiliated Hospital of Guangxi Medical University, Liuzhou, Guangxi, 545005, PR China.
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15
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Marques H, Cruz-Vicente P, Rosado T, Barroso M, Passarinha LA, Gallardo E. Recent Developments in the Determination of Biomarkers of Tobacco Smoke Exposure in Biological Specimens: A Review. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2021; 18:1768. [PMID: 33670326 PMCID: PMC7918937 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph18041768] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2020] [Revised: 02/06/2021] [Accepted: 02/07/2021] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Environmental tobacco smoke exposure (ETS) and smoking have been described as the most prevalent factors in the development of certain diseases worldwide. According to the World Health Organization, more than 8 million people die every year due to exposure to tobacco, around 7 million due to direct ETS and the remaining due to exposure to second-hand smoke. Both active and second-hand exposure can be measured and controlled using specific biomarkers of tobacco and its derivatives, allowing the development of more efficient public health policies. Exposure to these compounds can be measured using different methods (involving for instance liquid- or gas-chromatographic procedures) in a wide range of biological specimens to estimate the type and degree of tobacco exposure. In recent years, a lot of research has been carried out using different extraction methods and different analytical equipment; this way, liquid-liquid extraction, solid-phase extraction or even miniaturized procedures have been used, followed by chromatographic analysis coupled mainly to mass spectrometric detection. Through this type of methodologies, second-hand smokers can be distinguished from active smokers, and this is also valid for e-cigarettes and vapers, among others, using their specific biomarkers. This review will focus on recent developments in the determination of tobacco smoke biomarkers, including nicotine and other tobacco alkaloids, specific nitrosamines, polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons, etc. The methods for their detection will be discussed in detail, as well as the potential use of threshold values to distinguish between types of exposure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hernâni Marques
- Centro de Investigação em Ciências da Saúde (CICS-UBI), Universidade da Beira Interior, 6200-506 Covilhã, Portugal; (H.M.); (P.C.-V.); (T.R.); (L.A.P.)
- Laboratório de Fármaco-Toxicologia, UBIMedical, Universidade da Beira Interior, 6200-284 Covilhã, Portugal
| | - Pedro Cruz-Vicente
- Centro de Investigação em Ciências da Saúde (CICS-UBI), Universidade da Beira Interior, 6200-506 Covilhã, Portugal; (H.M.); (P.C.-V.); (T.R.); (L.A.P.)
- UCIBIO, Applied Molecular Biosciences Unit, Departamento de Química, Faculdade de Ciências e Tecnologia, Universidade NOVA de Lisboa, 2829-516 Caparica, Portugal
| | - Tiago Rosado
- Centro de Investigação em Ciências da Saúde (CICS-UBI), Universidade da Beira Interior, 6200-506 Covilhã, Portugal; (H.M.); (P.C.-V.); (T.R.); (L.A.P.)
- Laboratório de Fármaco-Toxicologia, UBIMedical, Universidade da Beira Interior, 6200-284 Covilhã, Portugal
- C4—Centro de Competências em Cloud Computing da Universidade da Beira Interior, 6200-284 Covilhã, Portugal
| | - Mário Barroso
- Serviço de Química e Toxicologia Forenses, Instituto Nacional de Medicina Legal e Ciências Forenses, Delegação do Sul, 1150-219 Lisboa, Portugal;
| | - Luís A. Passarinha
- Centro de Investigação em Ciências da Saúde (CICS-UBI), Universidade da Beira Interior, 6200-506 Covilhã, Portugal; (H.M.); (P.C.-V.); (T.R.); (L.A.P.)
- Laboratório de Fármaco-Toxicologia, UBIMedical, Universidade da Beira Interior, 6200-284 Covilhã, Portugal
- UCIBIO, Applied Molecular Biosciences Unit, Departamento de Química, Faculdade de Ciências e Tecnologia, Universidade NOVA de Lisboa, 2829-516 Caparica, Portugal
| | - Eugenia Gallardo
- Centro de Investigação em Ciências da Saúde (CICS-UBI), Universidade da Beira Interior, 6200-506 Covilhã, Portugal; (H.M.); (P.C.-V.); (T.R.); (L.A.P.)
- Laboratório de Fármaco-Toxicologia, UBIMedical, Universidade da Beira Interior, 6200-284 Covilhã, Portugal
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Pauwels CGGM, Hintzen KFH, Talhout R, Cremers HWJM, Pennings JLA, Smolinska A, Opperhuizen A, Van Schooten FJ, Boots AW. Smoking regular and low-nicotine cigarettes results in comparable levels of volatile organic compounds in blood and exhaled breath. J Breath Res 2020; 15:016010. [PMID: 33027777 DOI: 10.1088/1752-7163/abbf38] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Smokers are exposed to more than 6000 (toxic) smoke components including volatile organic compounds (VOCs). In this study VOCs levels in headspace of blood and exhaled breath, in the mainstream smoke of three types of cigarettes of one brand varying in declared tar, nicotine and carbon monoxide (TNCO) yields are investigated. The objective was to identify whether VOC levels correlate with TNCO yields of cigarettes smoked according to ISO 3308. Our data show that smoking regular and low-TNCO cigarettes result in comparable levels of VOCs in blood and exhaled breath. Hence, declared TNCO-yields as determined with the ISO 3308 machine smoking protocol are irrelevant for predicting VOC exposure upon human smoking. Venous blood and exhaled breath were sampled from 12 male volunteers directly before and 10 min after smoking cigarettes on 3 d (day 1 Marlboro Red (regular), day 2 Marlboro Prime (highly ventilated, low-TNCO), day 3 Marlboro Prime with blocked filter ventilation (taped)). Upon smoking, the levels of toluene, ethylbenzene, m/p-xylene, o-xylene, and 2,5-dimethylfuran in both headspace of venous blood and exhaled breath increase within the same range for all three cigarette types smoked. However, no strong correlation was found between VOC levels in exhaled breath and VOC levels in headspace of blood because of variations between the individual smoking volunteers. More research is required in order to use exhaled breath sampling as a non-invasive quantitative marker for volatile toxicants from cigarette smoke exposure of different brands.
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Affiliation(s)
- Charlotte G G M Pauwels
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, NUTRIM School of Nutrition and Translational Research in Metabolism, Maastricht University, Maastricht, The Netherlands
- Centre for Health Protection, National Institute for Public Health and the Environment (RIVM), Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Kim F H Hintzen
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, NUTRIM School of Nutrition and Translational Research in Metabolism, Maastricht University, Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Reinskje Talhout
- Centre for Health Protection, National Institute for Public Health and the Environment (RIVM), Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Hans W J M Cremers
- Centre for Health Protection, National Institute for Public Health and the Environment (RIVM), Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Jeroen L A Pennings
- Centre for Health Protection, National Institute for Public Health and the Environment (RIVM), Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Agnieszka Smolinska
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, NUTRIM School of Nutrition and Translational Research in Metabolism, Maastricht University, Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Antoon Opperhuizen
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, NUTRIM School of Nutrition and Translational Research in Metabolism, Maastricht University, Maastricht, The Netherlands
- Office of Risk Assessment and Research, Netherlands Food and Consumer Product Safety Authority (NVWA), Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Frederik J Van Schooten
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, NUTRIM School of Nutrition and Translational Research in Metabolism, Maastricht University, Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Agnes W Boots
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, NUTRIM School of Nutrition and Translational Research in Metabolism, Maastricht University, Maastricht, The Netherlands
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Association of Carboxyhemoglobin Levels with Peripheral Arterial Disease in Chronic Smokers Managed at Dr George Mukhari Academic Hospital. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2020; 17:ijerph17155581. [PMID: 32748882 PMCID: PMC7432926 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph17155581] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2020] [Revised: 06/11/2020] [Accepted: 06/16/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Chronic cigarette smokers (CCS) are known to have elevated levels of carboxyhemoglobin (COHb). However, it is not known whether increased levels of COHb are associated with endothelial dysfunction (ED), and therefore the development of peripheral arterial disease (PAD). The aim of the study was to investigate the association of blood COHb and plasma nitric oxide (NO) levels, and whether it is an independent risk factor in the development of PAD among CCS at Dr George Mukhari Academic Hospital (DGMAH). A sample of 120 CCS with PAD and a convenience sample of 100 CCS without PAD were recruited into the study. Blood COHb levels were measured using the ABL 90 FLEX CO-oximeter automated spectroscopy. Plasma nitric oxide (NO) levels were measure using ELISA. Logistic regression analysis was used to investigate the association of blood COHb and plasma NO with PAD. Blood COHb levels of CCS with PAD were significantly higher than those of CCS without PAD, and the NO levels of CCS with PAD were significantly lower than those of CCS without PAD. Although both the blood COHb and plasma NO in CCS were significantly associated with PAD in bivariate logistic analysis, only plasma NO was independently associated with PAD in multivariate logistic analysis. This finding is consistent with the hypothesis that COHb is a cause of arterial damage in PAD, leading to reduced NO, and therefore reduced arterial dilation.
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Lüdicke F, Picavet P, Baker G, Haziza C, Poux V, Lama N, Weitkunat R. Effects of Switching to the Tobacco Heating System 2.2 Menthol, Smoking Abstinence, or Continued Cigarette Smoking on Biomarkers of Exposure: A Randomized, Controlled, Open-Label, Multicenter Study in Sequential Confinement and Ambulatory Settings (Part 1). Nicotine Tob Res 2019; 20:161-172. [PMID: 28177489 PMCID: PMC5896533 DOI: 10.1093/ntr/ntw287] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2016] [Accepted: 10/25/2016] [Indexed: 12/02/2022]
Abstract
Introduction The menthol Tobacco Heating System 2.2 (mTHS) is a newly developed candidate modified-risk tobacco product intended to reduce exposure to the harmful and potentially harmful constituents (HPHCs) of conventional cigarette (CC) smoke. This study examined the impact of switching to mTHS on biomarkers of exposure to HPHCs relative to menthol CCs (mCCs) and smoking abstinence (SA). Methods In this three-arm, parallel-group study, 160 Japanese adult smokers (23–65 years; smoking ≥10 mCCs per day) were randomized to mTHS (n = 78), mCC (n = 42), or SA (n = 40) for 5 days in confinement and 85 days in ambulatory settings. Endpoints included biomarkers of exposure to HPHCs, human puffing topography, safety, and subjective effects of smoking measures. Results After 5 days of product use, the concentrations of carboxyhemoglobin, 3-hydroxypropylmercapturic acid, monohydroxybutenyl mercapturic acid, and S-phenylmercapturic acid were 55%, 49%, 87%, and 89% lower (p < .001), respectively, in the mTHS group than in the mCC group. Other biomarkers of exposure (measured as secondary endpoints) were 50%–94% lower in the mTHS group than in the mCC group on day 5. These reductions in the mTHS group were maintained at day 90, similar to the SA group. Switching to mTHS was associated with changes in human puffing topography (shorter puff intervals and more frequent puffs). The urge-to-smoke and smoking satisfaction levels on day 90 were similar in the mTHS and the mCC groups. Conclusion Switching from mCCs to mTHS significantly reduced exposure to HPHCs relative to continuing smoking mCCs with concentrations similar to those observed following SA in Japanese adult smokers. Implications This randomized study compared the impact of switching to a modified-risk tobacco product candidate mTHS on biomarkers of exposure to HPHCs of cigarette smoke relative to continuing smoking cigarettes or abstaining from smoking in sequential confinement and ambulatory settings. The study showed that switching to mTHS was associated with significant biomarker reductions within 5 days in confinement, these reductions being maintained throughout the ambulatory setting up to day 90. The results provide evidence that switching to mTHS reduces real-life exposure to HPHCs in adult smokers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Frank Lüdicke
- Philip Morris Products S.A., PMI Research and Development, Neuchâtel, Switzerland
| | - Patrick Picavet
- Philip Morris Products S.A., PMI Research and Development, Neuchâtel, Switzerland
| | - Gizelle Baker
- Philip Morris Products S.A., PMI Research and Development, Neuchâtel, Switzerland
| | - Christelle Haziza
- Philip Morris Products S.A., PMI Research and Development, Neuchâtel, Switzerland
| | - Valerie Poux
- Philip Morris Products S.A., PMI Research and Development, Neuchâtel, Switzerland
| | - Nicola Lama
- Philip Morris Products S.A., PMI Research and Development, Neuchâtel, Switzerland
| | - Rolf Weitkunat
- Philip Morris Products S.A., PMI Research and Development, Neuchâtel, Switzerland
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Pack EC, Kim HS, Jang DY, Koo YJ, Yu HH, Lee SH, Lim KM, Choi DW. Risk assessment of toxicants on WHO TobReg priority list in mainstream cigarette smoke using human-smoked yields of Korean smokers. ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH 2019; 169:206-219. [PMID: 30469000 DOI: 10.1016/j.envres.2018.11.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2018] [Revised: 11/04/2018] [Accepted: 11/12/2018] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Recently, the World Health Organization Study Group on Tobacco Product Regulation (WHO TobReg) announced a priority list of 38 toxicants among the more than 7000 chemicals found in cigarette smoke, building upon previous lists of toxicants in cigarette smoke. Here, we conducted a comprehensive study on the quantitative exposure and risk characterization of these priority toxicants in mainstream cigarette smoke listed by the WHO TobReg. The human-smoked toxicant yields estimated from spent cigarette butts of a total of 361 smokers using the part-filter method (PFM) were applied to current exposure and risk estimation for the first time. The PFM can estimate human-smoked yields of toxicants using smokers' maximum mouth-level exposure. The human-smoked yield of each toxicant was converted to systemic uptake by considering bioavailability. Risk indicators-including the incremental lifetime cancer risk (ILCR), cumulative ILCR, hazard quotient (HQ), hazard indices (HIs), and margin of exposure (MOE)-were estimated from the systemic uptake of toxicants combined with Korean exposure factors by gender and age group as well as for total smokers. It was demonstrated that cigarette smoking results in significant cancer and non-cancer health risks. A sensitivity analysis showed that the human-smoked toxicant yield is one of the most important contributors to risk level variations. Our risk estimation suggested that previous risk assessments might have ignored or underestimated the uncertainty of risk assessment. In conclusion, we assessed the risk level of the 38 toxicants on the priority list developed by the WHO TobReg and provided a Korean-specific priority list for the regulations on the emission of cigarette smoke.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eun Chul Pack
- Department of Public Health Sciences, Graduate School, Korea University, 145 Anam-ro, Seongbuk-gu, Seoul 02841, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyung Soo Kim
- Department of Public Health Sciences, Graduate School, Korea University, 145 Anam-ro, Seongbuk-gu, Seoul 02841, Republic of Korea
| | - Dae Yong Jang
- Department of Public Health Sciences, Graduate School, Korea University, 145 Anam-ro, Seongbuk-gu, Seoul 02841, Republic of Korea
| | - Ye Ji Koo
- Department of Public Health Sciences, Graduate School, Korea University, 145 Anam-ro, Seongbuk-gu, Seoul 02841, Republic of Korea
| | - Hong Hyeon Yu
- Department of Public Health Sciences, Graduate School, Korea University, 145 Anam-ro, Seongbuk-gu, Seoul 02841, Republic of Korea
| | - Seung Ha Lee
- Department of Public Health Sciences, Graduate School, Korea University, 145 Anam-ro, Seongbuk-gu, Seoul 02841, Republic of Korea
| | - Kyung Min Lim
- College of Pharmacy, Ewha Womans University, 52 Ewhayeodae-gil, Seodaemun-gu, Seoul 03760, Republic of Korea.
| | - Dal Woong Choi
- Department of Public Health Sciences, Graduate School, Korea University, 145 Anam-ro, Seongbuk-gu, Seoul 02841, Republic of Korea.
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Prenatal Exposure to Environmental Tobacco Smoke and Early Development of Children in Rural Guizhou Province, China. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2018; 15:ijerph15122866. [PMID: 30558202 PMCID: PMC6313710 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph15122866] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2018] [Revised: 12/08/2018] [Accepted: 12/10/2018] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND There is a substantial body of evidence supporting the association between maternal active smoking during pregnancy and child development, but the association between prenatal exposure to environmental tobacco smoke (ETS) and early child development has not been well documented. This cross-sectional study examines the association between prenatal exposure to ETS and the development of children in their first two years of life. METHODS We interviewed the primary caregivers of 446 children under two years old in rural Guizhou Province, China. Based on self-reported assessments about whether the mother was exposed to ETS during pregnancy, we divided the children into the ETS-exposed group or the non-exposed group. Sociodemographic information was collected through a questionnaire. The cognitive, language, motor, and socioemotional abilities of children were assessed using the Bayley Scales of Infant Development III (BSID-III). A multivariate linear regression model adjusting for confounding variables was used to estimate the association of interest. RESULTS About 60% of mothers experienced ETS exposure during pregnancy. Cognitive and language scores were lower among children in the ETS-exposed group. When adjusting for characteristics of the child, the mother, the household, and village fixed effects, prenatal exposure to ETS was associated with lower cognition scores (-3.41; 95% confidence interval (CI): -6.39 to -0.42; p = 0.03) and language scores (-3.01; 95% CI: -5.39 to -0.09; p = 0.04). Frequency of prenatal exposure to ETS was also negatively associated with language development (-0.48; 95% CI: -0.87 to -0.09; p = 0.02) before children reached two years old. CONCLUSIONS Prenatal exposure to ETS is negatively associated with the cognitive and language development of rural young children within their first two years of life. The government should take action to raise public awareness about the negative effects of tobacco use, with an emphasis on the protection of pregnant women and their children, in order to carry through comprehensive smoke-free laws in rural areas, while also increasing tobacco taxation.
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Kaur G, Muthumalage T, Rahman I. Mechanisms of toxicity and biomarkers of flavoring and flavor enhancing chemicals in emerging tobacco and non-tobacco products. Toxicol Lett 2018; 288:143-155. [PMID: 29481849 PMCID: PMC6549714 DOI: 10.1016/j.toxlet.2018.02.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 106] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2017] [Revised: 02/19/2018] [Accepted: 02/21/2018] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
Tobacco products containing flavorings, such as electronic nicotine delivery devices (ENDS) or e-cigarettes, cigars/cigarillos, waterpipes, and heat-not-burn devices (iQOS) are continuously evolving. In addition to increasing the exposure of teenagers and adults to nicotine containing flavoring products and flavoring enhancers, chances of nicotine addiction through chronic use and abuse also increase. These flavorings are believed to be safe for ingestion, but little information is available about their effects on the lungs. In this review, we have discussed the in vitro and in vivo data on toxicity of flavoring chemicals in lung cells. We have further discussed the common flavoring agents, such as diacetyl and menthol, currently available detection methods, and the toxicological mechanisms associated with oxidative stress, inflammation, mucociliary clearance, and DNA damage in cells, mice, and humans. Finally, we present potential biomarkers that could be utilized for future risk assessment. This review provides crucial parameters important for evaluation of risk associated with flavoring agents and flavoring enhancers used in tobacco products and ENDS. Future studies can be designed to address the potential toxicity of inhaled flavorings and their biomarkers in users as well as in chronic exposure studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gurjot Kaur
- Human and Environmental Toxicology, Department of Biology, University of Konstanz, Konstanz, Germany
| | - Thivanka Muthumalage
- Department of Environmental Medicine, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, NY, USA
| | - Irfan Rahman
- Department of Environmental Medicine, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, NY, USA.
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Suitability of biomarkers of biological effects (BOBEs) for assessing the likelihood of reducing the tobacco related disease risk by new and innovative tobacco products: A literature review. Regul Toxicol Pharmacol 2018; 94:203-233. [DOI: 10.1016/j.yrtph.2018.02.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2017] [Revised: 02/04/2018] [Accepted: 02/05/2018] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
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Pack EC, Jang DY, Kim HS, Lee SH, Kim HY, Song SH, Cho HS, Kwon KH, Park KH, Lim KM, Choi DW. Mixture risk assessment of selected mainstream cigarette smoke constituents generated from low-yield cigarettes in South Korean smokers. Regul Toxicol Pharmacol 2018; 94:152-162. [PMID: 29408505 DOI: 10.1016/j.yrtph.2018.01.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2017] [Revised: 12/28/2017] [Accepted: 01/27/2018] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
A total of 38 hazardous constituents in mainstream cigarette smoke of low-yield cigarettes sold in Korea were selected and analyzed using established methods. Risk calculations were performed using risk algorithms employed in previous studies and Korean population-based exposure parameters. The median cumulative incremental lifetime cancer risk of male smokers could vary from 828 × 10-6 to 2510 × 10-6, and that of female smokers could range from 440 × 10-6 to 1300 × 10-6, depending on the smoking regimens. The median hazard index as the sum of hazard quotients of male smokers varied from 367 to 1,225, and that of female smokers varied from 289 to 970, depending on the smoking regimens. The sensitivity analysis for this risk assessment indicated that the constituent yields in mainstream cigarette smoke, average number of cigarettes smoked per day or year, and mouth-spill rate are the main risk factors. Statistical positive correlations between the average daily dose calculated by the exposure algorithm used in this study for individual smokers and biomarkers verified the reliability of this assessment. It could be concluded that inhalation of the constituents present in the mainstream of low-yield cigarettes has significant cancer and non-cancer health risks, although its effect on risk reduction is still unknown under the fixed machine-smoking conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eun Chul Pack
- Department of Public Health Sciences, Graduate School, Korea University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Dae Yong Jang
- Department of Public Health Sciences, Graduate School, Korea University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyung Soo Kim
- Department of Public Health Sciences, Graduate School, Korea University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Seung Ha Lee
- Department of Public Health Sciences, Graduate School, Korea University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Hae Young Kim
- Department of Public Health Sciences, Graduate School, Korea University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Seok Ho Song
- Korea Conformity Laboratories, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Hoon Sik Cho
- Korea Conformity Laboratories, Seoul, Republic of Korea.
| | - Kyeng Hee Kwon
- College of Pharmacy, Dongguk University, Goyang-city, Gyeonggi-do, Republic of Korea
| | - Kun Ho Park
- Korea Chemical Management Association, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Kyung Min Lim
- College of Pharmacy, Ewha Womans University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Dal Woong Choi
- Department of Public Health Sciences, Graduate School, Korea University, Seoul, Republic of Korea.
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24
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Ghio AJ, Case MW, Soukup JM. Heme oxygenase activity increases after exercise in healthy volunteers. Free Radic Res 2018; 52:267-272. [PMID: 29343136 DOI: 10.1080/10715762.2018.1428965] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
Heme oxygenase (HO) is an essential, rate-limiting protein which catalyses the breakdown of heme to iron, carbon monoxide (CO), and biliverdin. The alpha methene bridge of the heme is eliminated as CO which can be measured as blood carboxyhaemoglobin (COHb). Using blood concentrations of COHb as a measure reflecting HO activity, we tested the postulate that the activity of HO changes with exercise. Ten healthy, nonsmoking volunteers (5 females and 5 males with a mean age ± standard deviation of 25.7 ± 3.2 years), lifetime nonsmokers with no history of respiratory diseases and not taking any medication, were included in the study. Subjects were exposed to filtered air for 2 hrs while alternating exercise for 15 minutes on a cycle ergometer with rest for 15 minutes. Workload was adjusted so that subjects breathed at a ventilatory rate, normalised for body surface area, of 25 L/m2/minute. Immediately before, immediately after, and the day following exercise, blood was drawn by standard venipuncture technique. COHb was determined using the interleukin (IL) 682 Co-Oximeter (Instrumentation Laboratory, Bedford, MA). COHb increased in each participant during the exercise session with the mean value (± standard deviation) almost doubling (1.1 ± 1.6 to 2.1 ± 1.6%) and returned to baseline by the following day (1.3 ± 1.3%). We conclude that exercise increases HO activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew J Ghio
- a National Health and Environmental Effects Research Laboratory , Environmental Protection Agency , Chapel Hill , NC , USA
| | - Martin W Case
- a National Health and Environmental Effects Research Laboratory , Environmental Protection Agency , Chapel Hill , NC , USA
| | - Joleen M Soukup
- a National Health and Environmental Effects Research Laboratory , Environmental Protection Agency , Chapel Hill , NC , USA
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25
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Peck MJ, Sanders EB, Scherer G, Lüdicke F, Weitkunat R. Review of biomarkers to assess the effects of switching from cigarettes to modified risk tobacco products. Biomarkers 2018; 23:213-244. [PMID: 29297706 DOI: 10.1080/1354750x.2017.1419284] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Context: One approach to reducing the harm caused by cigarette smoking, at both individual and population level, is to develop, assess and commercialize modified risk alternatives that adult smokers can switch to. Studies to demonstrate the exposure and risk reduction potential of such products generally involve the measuring of biomarkers, of both exposure and effect, sampled in various biological matrices.Objective: In this review, we detail the pros and cons for using several biomarkers as indicators of effects of changing from conventional cigarettes to modified risk products.Materials and methods: English language publications between 2008 and 2017 were retrieved from PubMed using the same search criteria for each of the 25 assessed biomarkers. Nine exclusion criteria were applied to exclude non-relevant publications.Results: A total of 8876 articles were retrieved (of which 7476 were excluded according to the exclusion criteria). The literature indicates that not all assessed biomarkers return to baseline levels following smoking cessation during the study periods but that nine had potential for use in medium to long-term studies.Discussion and conclusion: In clinical studies, it is important to choose biomarkers that show the biological effect of cessation within the duration of the study.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Frank Lüdicke
- Research & Development, Philip Morris International, Neuchâtel, Switzerland
| | - Rolf Weitkunat
- Research & Development, Philip Morris International, Neuchâtel, Switzerland
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26
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Liu G, Zong G, Dhana K, Hu Y, Blount BC, Morel-Espinosa M, Sun Q. Exposure to perchlorate, nitrate and thiocyanate, and prevalence of diabetes mellitus. Int J Epidemiol 2017; 46:1913-1923. [PMID: 29025080 PMCID: PMC5837594 DOI: 10.1093/ije/dyx188] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 08/14/2017] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Background It is known that perchlorate, nitrate and thiocyanate have the property of inhibiting sodium iodide symporter. Animal studies have suggested that these compounds, especially perchlorate, might also interfere with insulin secretion. However, the association between their exposure and diabetes risk is largely unknown in humans. Methods Among 11 443 participants (mean age 42.3 years) from the National Health and Nutritional Examination Survey 2001-14, urinary perchlorate, nitrate and thiocyanate were measured by using ion chromatography coupled with electrospray tandem mass spectrometry. Diabetes was defined as self-reported doctor diagnosis, use of oral hypoglycaemic medication or insulin, fasting plasma glucose ≥ 126 mg/dl or glycated haemoglobin A1c (HbA1c) ≥ 6.5%. Results The median (interquartile range) levels of urinary perchlorate, nitrate and thiocyanate were 3.32 (1.84, 5.70) μg/l, 46.4 (27.9, 72.0) mg/l and 1.23 (0.59, 2.78) mg/l, respectively. Higher levels of urinary perchlorate were associated with elevated levels of fasting glucose, HbA1c, insulin and homeostatic model assessment of insulin resistance (all Ptrend < 0.001). After multivariate adjustment including urinary creatinine, smoking status and body mass index (BMI), higher urinary perchlorate, but not nitrate or thiocyanate, was associated with an increased prevalence of diabetes mellitus. Comparing extreme quintiles, the odds ratio (95% confidence interval) of diabetes was 1.53 (1.21, 1.93; Ptrend < 0.001) for perchlorate, 1.01 (0.77, 1.32; Ptrend = 0.44) for nitrate and 0.98 (0.73, 1.31; Ptrend = 0.64) for thiocyanate. When urinary perchlorate, nitrate and thiocyanate were further mutually adjusted, the results did not materially change. Similar results were observed when analyses were stratified by smoking status, as well as by age, gender, kidney function and BMI. Conclusions Higher urinary perchlorate levels are associated with an increased prevalence of diabetes mellitus, independent of traditional risk factors. Future prospective studies are needed to confirm these findings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gang Liu
- Department of Nutrition, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Geng Zong
- Department of Nutrition, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Klodian Dhana
- Department of Nutrition, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Yang Hu
- Department of Nutrition, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Benjamin C Blount
- Division of Laboratory Sciences, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA, USA and
| | - Maria Morel-Espinosa
- Division of Laboratory Sciences, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA, USA and
| | - Qi Sun
- Department of Nutrition, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA, USA
- Channing Division of Network Medicine, Brigham and Women’s Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
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27
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Schick SF, Blount BC, Jacob P, Saliba NA, Bernert JT, El Hellani A, Jatlow P, Pappas RS, Wang L, Foulds J, Ghosh A, Hecht SS, Gomez JC, Martin JR, Mesaros C, Srivastava S, St Helen G, Tarran R, Lorkiewicz PK, Blair IA, Kimmel HL, Doerschuk CM, Benowitz NL, Bhatnagar A. Biomarkers of exposure to new and emerging tobacco delivery products. Am J Physiol Lung Cell Mol Physiol 2017; 313:L425-L452. [PMID: 28522563 PMCID: PMC5626373 DOI: 10.1152/ajplung.00343.2016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 81] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2016] [Revised: 04/18/2017] [Accepted: 05/09/2017] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Accurate and reliable measurements of exposure to tobacco products are essential for identifying and confirming patterns of tobacco product use and for assessing their potential biological effects in both human populations and experimental systems. Due to the introduction of new tobacco-derived products and the development of novel ways to modify and use conventional tobacco products, precise and specific assessments of exposure to tobacco are now more important than ever. Biomarkers that were developed and validated to measure exposure to cigarettes are being evaluated to assess their use for measuring exposure to these new products. Here, we review current methods for measuring exposure to new and emerging tobacco products, such as electronic cigarettes, little cigars, water pipes, and cigarillos. Rigorously validated biomarkers specific to these new products have not yet been identified. Here, we discuss the strengths and limitations of current approaches, including whether they provide reliable exposure estimates for new and emerging products. We provide specific guidance for choosing practical and economical biomarkers for different study designs and experimental conditions. Our goal is to help both new and experienced investigators measure exposure to tobacco products accurately and avoid common experimental errors. With the identification of the capacity gaps in biomarker research on new and emerging tobacco products, we hope to provide researchers, policymakers, and funding agencies with a clear action plan for conducting and promoting research on the patterns of use and health effects of these products.
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Affiliation(s)
- Suzaynn F Schick
- Division of Occupational and Environmental Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, California;
| | | | - Peyton Jacob
- Division of Clinical Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics, Department of Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, California
| | - Najat A Saliba
- Department of Chemistry, American University of Beirut, Beirut, Lebanon
- Center for the Study of Tobacco Products, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, Virginia
| | - John T Bernert
- Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia
| | - Ahmad El Hellani
- Department of Chemistry, American University of Beirut, Beirut, Lebanon
- Center for the Study of Tobacco Products, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, Virginia
| | - Peter Jatlow
- Departments of Laboratory Medicine and Psychiatry, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut
| | - R Steven Pappas
- Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia
| | - Lanqing Wang
- Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia
| | - Jonathan Foulds
- Tobacco Center of Regulatory Science, College of Medicine, Pennsylvania State University, Hershey, Pennsylvania
| | - Arunava Ghosh
- Marsico Lung Institute, School of Medicine, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina
| | - Stephen S Hecht
- Masonic Cancer Center, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota
| | - John C Gomez
- Marsico Lung Institute, School of Medicine, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina
| | - Jessica R Martin
- Marsico Lung Institute, School of Medicine, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina
| | - Clementina Mesaros
- Department of Systems Pharmacology and Translational Therapeutics, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Sanjay Srivastava
- Department of Medicine, Institute of Molecular Cardiology and Diabetes and Obesity Center, University of Louisville, Louisville, Kentucky
| | - Gideon St Helen
- Division of Clinical Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics, Department of Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, California
| | - Robert Tarran
- Marsico Lung Institute, School of Medicine, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina
| | - Pawel K Lorkiewicz
- Department of Medicine, Institute of Molecular Cardiology and Diabetes and Obesity Center, University of Louisville, Louisville, Kentucky
| | - Ian A Blair
- Department of Systems Pharmacology and Translational Therapeutics, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Heather L Kimmel
- Division of Epidemiology, Services and Prevention Research, National Institute on Drug Abuse, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland
| | - Claire M Doerschuk
- Marsico Lung Institute, School of Medicine, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina
| | - Neal L Benowitz
- Division of Clinical Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics, Departments of Medicine and Bioengineering and Therapeutic Sciences, University of California, San Francisco, California; and
| | - Aruni Bhatnagar
- Department of Medicine, Institute of Molecular Cardiology and Diabetes and Obesity Center, University of Louisville, Louisville, Kentucky
- American Heart Association Tobacco Regulation and Addiction Center, University of Louisville, Louisville, Kentucky
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28
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Affiliation(s)
- Emily S Wan
- Channing Division of Network Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Dawn L DeMeo
- Channing Division of Network Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
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29
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Rużycka M, Giebułtowicz J, Fudalej M, Krajewski P, Wroczyński P. Application of 2-Aminothiazoline-4-carboxylic Acid as a Forensic Marker of Cyanide Exposure. Chem Res Toxicol 2017; 30:516-523. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrestox.6b00219] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Monika Rużycka
- Bioanalysis
and Drugs Analysis Department, Faculty of Pharmacy, Medical University of Warsaw, 1 Banacha Street, 02-097 Warsaw, Poland
| | - Joanna Giebułtowicz
- Bioanalysis
and Drugs Analysis Department, Faculty of Pharmacy, Medical University of Warsaw, 1 Banacha Street, 02-097 Warsaw, Poland
| | - Marcin Fudalej
- Forensic
Medicine Department, Medical University of Warsaw, 1 Oczki Street, 02-007 Warsaw, Poland
| | - Paweł Krajewski
- Forensic
Medicine Department, Medical University of Warsaw, 1 Oczki Street, 02-007 Warsaw, Poland
| | - Piotr Wroczyński
- Bioanalysis
and Drugs Analysis Department, Faculty of Pharmacy, Medical University of Warsaw, 1 Banacha Street, 02-097 Warsaw, Poland
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30
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Colenbie S, Buylaert W, Stove C, Deschepper E, Vandewoude K, De Smedt T, Bader M, Göen T, Van Nieuwenhuyse A, De Paepe P. Biomarkers in patients admitted to the emergency department after exposure to acrylonitrile in a major railway incident involving bulk chemical material. Int J Hyg Environ Health 2017; 220:261-270. [PMID: 28110842 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijheh.2016.12.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2016] [Revised: 11/15/2016] [Accepted: 12/12/2016] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND A railway incident with victims of exposure to the cyanogenic substance acrylonitrile (ACN). AIMS We retrospectively (i)built an inventory of the clinical characteristics of individuals admitted to surrounding emergency departments (ED's) and (ii)studied the correlation between N-2-cyanoethylvaline (CEV), a biomarker used in a population study for evaluating exposure to ACN, with lactate and thiocyanate (SCN), biomarkers determined during emergency care. RESULTS 438 patients from 11 ED's were included and presented with known symptoms of ACN poisoning but also with concern about the risks. A comparison of CEV with lactate or SCN was possible in 108 and 73 patients respectively. CEV was very high in a critically ill patient with a high lactate. There was no correlation with CEV in the patients with normal or slightly elevated lactate concentrations. A correlation of CEV with SCN was only observed in smokers. LIMITATIONS First there is a lack of data in some clinical files concerning the time and duration of exposure and the smoking-status. A second limitation is that blood samples for biomarkers were not taken systematically in all patients, which may have induced bias. A third limitation is that blood sampling was possibly done outside the correct time window related to the delayed toxicity of ACN. Finally the number of severely-intoxicated patients was low and ACN exposure may not have taken place e.g. in individuals consulting with psychological symptoms. These aspects may have contributed to the below detection limits' analyses of biomarkers. CONCLUSIONS CEV was markedly elevated in a severely-intoxicated patient with high lactate, a sensitive marker for CN intoxication. We found no correlation of CEV with normal or slightly elevated lactate concentrations but clinicians should consider the possibility of subsequent rises due to the delay in ACN toxicity. CEV correlated with SCN in smokers, which may be explained by ACN in tobacco smoke and deserves further exploration. Further studies are necessary to evaluate the correlation between biomarkers in acute chemical exposures to ACN and these should be carried out prospectively using a preplanned template.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sebastiaan Colenbie
- Department of Emergency Medicine, Ghent University Hospital, De Pintelaan 185, B-9000 Ghent, Belgium.
| | - Walter Buylaert
- Department of Emergency Medicine, Ghent University Hospital, De Pintelaan 185, B-9000 Ghent, Belgium.
| | - Christophe Stove
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Laboratory of Toxicology, Ottergemsesteenweg 460, B-9000 Ghent, Belgium.
| | - Ellen Deschepper
- Biostatistics Unit, Department of Public Health, Ghent University, De Pintelaan 185, B-9000 Ghent, Belgium.
| | - Koenraad Vandewoude
- Ghent University Hospital, general management, De Pintelaan 185, B-9000 Ghent, Belgium.
| | - Tom De Smedt
- Scientific Institute of Public Health (WIV-ISP), Juliette Wytsmanstraat 14, B-1050 Elsene, Belgium.
| | - Michael Bader
- BASF SE, Occupational Medicine & Health Protection, GUA/CB-H308, 67056 Ludwigshafen am Rhein, Germany.
| | - Thomas Göen
- Institute and Outpatient Clinic of Occupational, Social and Environmental Medicine of the Friedrich-Alexander-University of Erlangen-Nuremberg, Schillerstrasse 25, D-91054 Erlangen, Germany.
| | - An Van Nieuwenhuyse
- Scientific Institute of Public Health (WIV-ISP), Juliette Wytsmanstraat 14, B-1050 Elsene, Belgium.
| | - Peter De Paepe
- Department of Emergency Medicine, Ghent University Hospital, De Pintelaan 185, B-9000 Ghent, Belgium.
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31
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Maga M, Janik MK, Wachsmann A, Chrząstek-Janik O, Koziej M, Bajkowski M, Maga P, Tyrak K, Wójcik K, Gregorczyk-Maga I, Niżankowski R. Influence of air pollution on exhaled carbon monoxide levels in smokers and non-smokers. A prospective cross-sectional study. ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH 2017; 152:496-502. [PMID: 27712837 DOI: 10.1016/j.envres.2016.09.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2016] [Revised: 09/07/2016] [Accepted: 09/08/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The poor air quality and cigarette smoking are the most important reasons for increased carbon monoxide (CO) level in exhaled air. However, the influence of high air pollution concentration in big cities on the exhaled CO level has not been well studied yet. OBJECTIVES To evaluate the impact of smoking habit and air pollution in the place of living on the level of CO in exhaled air. METHODS Citizens from two large cities and one small town in Poland were asked to complete a survey disclosing their place of residence, education level, work status and smoking habits. Subsequently, the CO level in their exhaled air was measured. Air quality data, obtained from the Regional Inspectorates of Environmental Protection, revealed the differences in atmospheric CO concentration between locations. RESULTS 1226 subjects were divided into 4 groups based on their declared smoking status and place of living. The average CO level in exhaled air was significantly higher in smokers than in non-smokers (p<0.0001) as well as in non-smokers from big cities than non-smokers from small ones (p<0.0001). Created model showed that non-smokers from big cities have odds ratio of 125.3 for exceeding CO cutoff level of 4ppm compared to non-smokers from small towns. CONCLUSIONS The average CO level in exhaled air is significantly higher in smokers than non-smokers. Among non-smokers, the average exhaled CO level is significantly higher in big city than small town citizens. These results suggest that permanent exposure to an increased concentration of air pollution and cigarette smoking affect the level of exhaled CO.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mikołaj Maga
- Jagiellonian University Medical College, 8 Skawinska Street, Krakow, Poland
| | - Maciej K Janik
- Medical University of Warsaw, 2a Trojdena Street, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Agnieszka Wachsmann
- Jagiellonian University Medical College, 8 Skawinska Street, Krakow, Poland.
| | | | - Mateusz Koziej
- Jagiellonian University Medical College, 8 Skawinska Street, Krakow, Poland
| | | | - Paweł Maga
- Angiology Department, Jagiellonian University Medical College, 8 Skawinska Street, Krakow, Poland
| | - Katarzyna Tyrak
- Jagiellonian University Medical College, 8 Skawinska Street, Krakow, Poland
| | - Krzysztof Wójcik
- Immunology and Allergology Department, Jagiellonian University Medical College, 8 Skawinska Street, Krakow, Poland
| | | | - Rafał Niżankowski
- Angiology Department, Jagiellonian University Medical College, 8 Skawinska Street, Krakow, Poland
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32
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Chang CM, Edwards SH, Arab A, Del Valle-Pinero AY, Yang L, Hatsukami DK. Biomarkers of Tobacco Exposure: Summary of an FDA-Sponsored Public Workshop. Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev 2016; 26:291-302. [PMID: 28151705 DOI: 10.1158/1055-9965.epi-16-0675] [Citation(s) in RCA: 84] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2016] [Revised: 10/25/2016] [Accepted: 10/31/2016] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Since 2009, the FDA Center for Tobacco Products (CTP) has had the authority to regulate the manufacturing, distribution, and marketing of tobacco products in order to reduce the death and disease caused by tobacco use. Biomarkers of exposure pertain to actual human exposure to chemicals arising from tobacco use and could play an important role across a number of FDA regulatory activities, including assessing new and modified-risk tobacco products and identifying and evaluating potential product standards. On August 3-4, 2015, FDA/CTP hosted a public workshop focused on biomarkers of exposure with participants from government, industry, academia, and other organizations. The workshop was divided into four sessions focused on: (i) approaches to evaluating and selecting biomarkers; (ii) biomarkers of exposure and relationship to disease risk; (iii) currently used biomarkers of exposure and biomarkers in development; and (iv) biomarkers of exposure and the assessment of smokeless tobacco and electronic nicotine delivery systems. This article synthesizes the main findings from the workshop and highlights research areas that could further strengthen the science around biomarkers of exposure and help determine their application in tobacco product regulation. Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev; 26(3); 291-302. ©2016 AACR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cindy M Chang
- Office of Science, Center for Tobacco Products, Food and Drug Administration, Silver Spring, Maryland.
| | - Selvin H Edwards
- Office of Science, Center for Tobacco Products, Food and Drug Administration, Silver Spring, Maryland
| | - Aarthi Arab
- Office of Science, Center for Tobacco Products, Food and Drug Administration, Silver Spring, Maryland
| | | | - Ling Yang
- Office of Science, Center for Tobacco Products, Food and Drug Administration, Silver Spring, Maryland
| | - Dorothy K Hatsukami
- Department of Psychiatry, Tobacco Research Programs, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota
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33
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Willemin ME, Lumen A. Development of a PBPK model of thiocyanate in rats with an extrapolation to humans: A computational study to quantify the mechanism of action of thiocyanate kinetics in thyroid. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol 2016; 307:19-34. [DOI: 10.1016/j.taap.2016.07.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2016] [Revised: 07/07/2016] [Accepted: 07/15/2016] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
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Riddle PJ, Newman-Norlund RD, Baer J, Thrasher JF. Neural response to pictorial health warning labels can predict smoking behavioral change. Soc Cogn Affect Neurosci 2016; 11:1802-1811. [PMID: 27405615 PMCID: PMC5091679 DOI: 10.1093/scan/nsw087] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2015] [Accepted: 06/20/2016] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
In order to improve our understanding of how pictorial health warning labels (HWLs) influence smoking behavior, we examined whether brain activity helps to explain smoking behavior above and beyond self-reported effectiveness of HWLs. We measured the neural response in the ventromedial prefrontal cortex (vmPFC) and the amygdala while adult smokers viewed HWLs. Two weeks later, participants’ self-reported smoking behavior and biomarkers of smoking behavior were reassessed. We compared multiple models predicting change in self-reported smoking behavior (cigarettes per day [CPD]) and change in a biomarkers of smoke exposure (expired carbon monoxide [CO]). Brain activity in the vmPFC and amygdala not only predicted changes in CO, but also accounted for outcome variance above and beyond self-report data. Neural data were most useful in predicting behavioral change as quantified by the objective biomarker (CO). This pattern of activity was significantly modulated by individuals’ intention to quit. The finding that both cognitive (vmPFC) and affective (amygdala) brain areas contributed to these models supports the idea that smokers respond to HWLs in a cognitive-affective manner. Based on our findings, researchers may wish to consider using neural data from both cognitive and affective networks when attempting to predict behavioral change in certain populations (e.g. cigarette smokers).
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Affiliation(s)
- Philip J Riddle
- Department of Health Promotion Education and Behavior, University of South Carolina, Columbia, SC, USA
| | - Roger D Newman-Norlund
- Department of Exercise Science, University of South Carolina, USC Brain Stimulation Lab, Columbia, SC, USA
| | - Jessica Baer
- Department of Exercise Science, University of South Carolina, USC Brain Stimulation Lab, Columbia, SC, USA
| | - James F Thrasher
- Department of Health Promotion Education and Behavior, University of South Carolina, Columbia, SC, USA
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35
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Ghio AJ, Schreinemachers DM. Heme Oxygenase Activity Correlates with Serum Indices of Iron Homeostasis in Healthy Nonsmokers. Biomark Insights 2016; 11:49-54. [PMID: 27199547 PMCID: PMC4863832 DOI: 10.4137/bmi.s36226] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2015] [Revised: 02/10/2016] [Accepted: 02/12/2016] [Indexed: 11/05/2022] Open
Abstract
Heme oxygenase (HO) catalyzes the breakdown of heme to carbon monoxide, iron, and biliverdin. While the use of genetically altered animal models in investigation has established distinct associations between HO activity and systemic iron availability, studies have not yet confirmed such participation of HO in iron homeostasis of humans. Carbon monoxide produced through HO activity will bind to hemoglobin in circulating erythrocytes, and therefore, blood carboxyhemoglobin (COHb) can be used as an index of HO activity. Using the second National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey, we tested the postulate that HO activity correlates with serum indices of iron homeostasis in healthy nonsmokers. The investigation included 844 lifetime nonsmokers (586 females) 18 years of age and older in the study population. Significant correlations were demonstrated between COHb and several indices of iron homeostasis including serum levels of both ferritin and iron and percentage iron saturation of transferrin. There was no significant association between COHb and hemoglobin, the largest repository of heme in the human body, which functions as the substrate for HO. We conclude that HO activity contributes to human iron homeostasis with significant correlations between COHb and serum ferritin and iron levels and percentage iron saturation of transferrin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew J. Ghio
- Environmental Public Health Division, National Health and Environmental Effects Research Laboratory, US Environmental Protection Agency, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - Dina M. Schreinemachers
- Environmental Public Health Division, National Health and Environmental Effects Research Laboratory, US Environmental Protection Agency, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
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Plant defence mechanisms and enzymatic transformation products and their potential applications in food preservation: Advantages and limitations. Trends Food Sci Technol 2015. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tifs.2015.07.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
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Kakavas S, Papanikolaou A, Ballis E, Tatsis N, Goga C, Tatsis G. Re: Endogenous and exogenous factors affecting the levels of carboxyhemoglobin. Am J Emerg Med 2015; 33:1309-10. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ajem.2015.05.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2015] [Accepted: 05/13/2015] [Indexed: 10/23/2022] Open
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Ammazzini S, Onor M, Pagliano E, Mester Z, Campanella B, Pitzalis E, Bramanti E, D’Ulivo A. Determination of thiocyanate in saliva by headspace gas chromatography-mass spectrometry, following a single-step aqueous derivatization with triethyloxonium tetrafluoroborate. J Chromatogr A 2015; 1400:124-30. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2015.04.040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2015] [Revised: 04/15/2015] [Accepted: 04/21/2015] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
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Pritsos CA, Muthumalage T. The impact of commonly used air filters in eliminating the exposure to secondhand smoke constituents. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE. PROCESSES & IMPACTS 2015; 17:543-551. [PMID: 25586051 DOI: 10.1039/c4em00479e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
Exposure to secondhand tobacco smoke (SHS) also known as environmental tobacco smoke (ETS) has been well established scientifically as a human health hazard. Despite this and warnings from health agencies, concerns over the economic impact of smoke-free bans have limited political resolve to enact these regulations. Arguments against smoke-free bans include the contention that air filters can eliminate the health risks from SHS exposure. In this study, we assessed the effectiveness of air filters (MERV 4 and MERV 8) commonly used in homes and businesses in reducing the concentrations of total suspended particulates, fine particles and carbon monoxide from SHS as a measure of their potential to reduce the toxicity associated with SHS exposure. Our results demonstrate that these filters are not effective at reducing carbon monoxide levels or PM 2.5, which have been correlated with human health toxicity/disease. Thus, our findings, from a public health perspective, do not support the use of common air filters as a viable alternative to smoke-free bans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chris A Pritsos
- Department of Agriculture, Nutrition and Veterinary Sciences, University of Nevada, Reno, MS 0202, 1664 N Virginia St, Reno, NV 89557, USA.
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Miura N, Yuki D, Minami N, Kakehi A, Futamura Y. A study to investigate changes in the levels of biomarkers of exposure to selected cigarette smoke constituents in Japanese adult male smokers who switched to a non-combustion inhaler type of tobacco product. Regul Toxicol Pharmacol 2015; 71:498-506. [PMID: 25683775 DOI: 10.1016/j.yrtph.2015.02.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2014] [Revised: 02/05/2015] [Accepted: 02/08/2015] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
In a clinical study, changes in 14 biomarkers of exposures (BOEs) from 10 tobacco smoke constituents and mutagens detected by the urine mutagenicity test were investigated using a non-combustion inhaler type of tobacco product (NCIT) by switching from a conventional cigarette. This study was conducted in 80 Japanese healthy adult males with a 4-week residential, controlled, open-label, parallel group design. After randomization, 40 smokers used NCIT with approximately 750 aspirations, other 20 smokers smoked approximately 20 pieces of an assigned 1-mg ISO tar conventional cigarette (CC1) every day. Twenty non-smokers (NS) did not use any tobacco product. Under this study condition, switching from cigarette to NCIT showed significant reduction in all BOEs measured. On day 29, the levels of these BOEs were almost the same as those in the NS group, except BOEs of nicotine and 4-(methylnitrosamino)-1-(3-pyridyl)-1-butanone (NNK). This suggested that the exposure to 8 constituents and mutagens in the NCIT group was similar to that in the NS group, while the exposure to nicotine was higher. Although the precise exposure level to NNK was not estimated because of the long half-life of its BOE, it would be substantially lower in the NCIT group than in the CC1 group.
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Affiliation(s)
- Naoki Miura
- Product Science Division, R&D Group, Japan Tobacco Inc., Yokohama, Kanagawa, Japan.
| | - Dai Yuki
- Product Science Division, R&D Group, Japan Tobacco Inc., Yokohama, Kanagawa, Japan
| | - Naoki Minami
- Product Science Division, R&D Group, Japan Tobacco Inc., Yokohama, Kanagawa, Japan
| | - Aoi Kakehi
- Product Science Division, R&D Group, Japan Tobacco Inc., Yokohama, Kanagawa, Japan
| | - Yasuyuki Futamura
- Product Science Division, R&D Group, Japan Tobacco Inc., Yokohama, Kanagawa, Japan
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Theophilus EH, Coggins CRE, Chen P, Schmidt E, Borgerding MF. Magnitudes of biomarker reductions in response to controlled reductions in cigarettes smoked per day: a one-week clinical confinement study. Regul Toxicol Pharmacol 2015; 71:225-34. [PMID: 25572415 DOI: 10.1016/j.yrtph.2014.12.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2014] [Revised: 12/27/2014] [Accepted: 12/29/2014] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
Tobacco toxicant-related exposure reduction is an important tool in harm reduction. Cigarette per day reduction (CPDR) occurs as smokers migrate from smoking cigarettes to using alternative tobacco/nicotine products, or quit smoking. Few reports characterize the dose-response relationships between CPDR and effects on exposure biomarkers, especially at the low end of CPD exposure (e.g., 5 CPD). We present data on CPDR by characterizing magnitudes of biomarker reductions. We present data from a well-controlled, one-week clinical confinement study in healthy smokers who were switched from smoking 19-25 CPD to smoking 20, 10, 5 or 0 CPD. Biomarkers were measured in blood, plasma, urine, and breath, and included smoke-related toxicants, urine mutagenicity, smoked cigarette filter analyses (mouth level exposure), and vital signs. Many of the biomarkers (e.g., plasma nicotine) showed strong CPDR dose-response reductions, while others (e.g., plasma thiocyanate) showed weaker dose-response reductions. Factors that lead to lower biomarker reductions include non-CPD related contributors to the measured response (e.g., other exposure sources from environment, life style, occupation; inter-individual variability). This study confirms CPDR dose-responsive biomarkers and suggests that a one-week design is appropriate for characterizing exposure reductions when smokers switch from cigarettes to new tobacco products.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eugenia H Theophilus
- R.J. Reynolds Tobacco Co., 950 Reynolds Boulevard, Winston-Salem, NC 27105, United States.
| | | | - Peter Chen
- R.J. Reynolds Tobacco Co., 950 Reynolds Boulevard, Winston-Salem, NC 27105, United States
| | - Eckhardt Schmidt
- R.J. Reynolds Tobacco Co., 950 Reynolds Boulevard, Winston-Salem, NC 27105, United States
| | - Michael F Borgerding
- R.J. Reynolds Tobacco Co., 950 Reynolds Boulevard, Winston-Salem, NC 27105, United States
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Shin YG, Meijering H, van Heuveln FH, Wieling J, Halladay J, Sahasranaman S, Hop CE. Validation of a method for the determination of thiocyanate in human plasma by UV/VIS spectrophotometry and application to a Phase I clinical trial of GDC-0425. Transl Clin Pharmacol 2015. [DOI: 10.12793/tcp.2015.23.2.59] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Young G. Shin
- Genentech Inc., 1 DNA way, South San Francisco, CA 94080, USA
| | - Henri Meijering
- QPS Netherlands B.V., Petrus Campersingel 123, 9713 AG Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Fred H. van Heuveln
- QPS Netherlands B.V., Petrus Campersingel 123, 9713 AG Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Jaap Wieling
- QPS Netherlands B.V., Petrus Campersingel 123, 9713 AG Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Jason Halladay
- Genentech Inc., 1 DNA way, South San Francisco, CA 94080, USA
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Kang HI, Shin HS. Derivatization Method of Free Cyanide Including Cyanogen Chloride for the Sensitive Analysis of Cyanide in Chlorinated Drinking Water by Liquid Chromatography-Tandem Mass Spectrometry. Anal Chem 2014; 87:975-81. [DOI: 10.1021/ac503401r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Hye-In Kang
- Department of Environmental
Science and ‡Department of Environmental Education, Kongju National University, Kongju, Chungcheong 314-701, Republic of Korea
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Ko WC, Liu CL, Lee JJ, Liu TP, Yang PS, Hsu YC, Cheng SP. Negative association between serum parathyroid hormone levels and urinary perchlorate, nitrate, and thiocyanate concentrations in U.S. adults: the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey 2005-2006. PLoS One 2014; 9:e115245. [PMID: 25514572 PMCID: PMC4267839 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0115245] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2014] [Accepted: 11/20/2014] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Perchlorate, nitrate, and thiocyanate are well-known inhibitors of the sodium-iodide symporter and may disrupt thyroid function. This exploratory study investigated the association among urinary perchlorate, nitrate, and thiocyanate concentrations and parathyroid hormone (PTH) levels in the general U.S. population. METHODS We analyzed data on 4265 adults (aged 20 years and older) from the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey in 2005 through 2006 to evaluate the relationship among urinary perchlorate, nitrate, and thiocyanate concentration and PTH levels and the presence of hyperparathyroidism cross-sectionally. RESULTS The geometric means and 95% confidence interval (95% CI) concentrations of urinary perchlorate, nitrate, and thiocyanate were 3.38 (3.15-3.62), 40363 (37512-43431), and 1129 (1029-1239) ng/mL, respectively. After adjusting for confounding variables and sample weights, creatinine-corrected urinary perchlorate was negatively associated with serum PTH levels in women (P = 0.001), and creatinine-corrected urinary nitrate and thiocyanate were negatively associated with serum PTH levels in both sex groups (P = 0.001 and P<0.001 for men, P = 0.018 and P<0.001 for women, respectively). Similar results were obtained from sensitivity analyses performed for exposure variables unadjusted for creatinine with urinary creatinine added as a separate covariate. There was a negative relationship between hyperparathyroidism and urinary nitrate and thiocyanate [odds ratio (95% CI) = 0.77 (0.60-0.98) and 0.69 (0.61-0.79), respectively]. CONCLUSIONS A higher urinary concentration of perchlorate, nitrate, and thiocyanate is associated with lower serum PTH levels. Future studies are needed to determine the pathophysiological background of the observation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wen-Ching Ko
- Department of Surgery, MacKay Memorial Hospital and Mackay Medical College, Taipei, Taiwan
- Mackay Junior College of Medicine, Nursing, and Management, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Chien-Liang Liu
- Department of Surgery, MacKay Memorial Hospital and Mackay Medical College, Taipei, Taiwan
- Mackay Junior College of Medicine, Nursing, and Management, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Jie-Jen Lee
- Department of Surgery, MacKay Memorial Hospital and Mackay Medical College, Taipei, Taiwan
- Mackay Junior College of Medicine, Nursing, and Management, Taipei, Taiwan
- Department of Pharmacology and Graduate Institute of Medical Sciences, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Tsang-Pai Liu
- Department of Surgery, MacKay Memorial Hospital and Mackay Medical College, Taipei, Taiwan
- Mackay Junior College of Medicine, Nursing, and Management, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Po-Sheng Yang
- Department of Surgery, MacKay Memorial Hospital and Mackay Medical College, Taipei, Taiwan
- Mackay Junior College of Medicine, Nursing, and Management, Taipei, Taiwan
- Department of Pharmacology and Graduate Institute of Medical Sciences, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Yi-Chiung Hsu
- Institute of Statistical Science, Academia Sinica, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Shih-Ping Cheng
- Department of Surgery, MacKay Memorial Hospital and Mackay Medical College, Taipei, Taiwan
- Mackay Junior College of Medicine, Nursing, and Management, Taipei, Taiwan
- Department of Pharmacology and Graduate Institute of Medical Sciences, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan
- * E-mail:
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Kang HI, Shin HS. Ultra-sensitive determination of cyanide in surface water by gas chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry after derivatization with 2-(dimethylamino)ethanethiol. Anal Chim Acta 2014; 852:168-73. [PMID: 25441894 DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2014.09.036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2014] [Revised: 09/09/2014] [Accepted: 09/21/2014] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
A gas chromatography-tandem mass spectrometric (GC-MS/MS) method has been established for the determination of cyanide in surface water. This method is based on the derivatization of cyanide with 2-(dimethylamino)ethanethiol in surface water. The following optimum reaction conditions were established: reagent dosage, 0.7 g L(-1) of 2-(dimethylamino)ethanethiol; pH 6; reaction carried out for 20 min at 60°C. The organic derivative was extracted with 3 mL of ethyl acetate, and then measured by using GC-MS/MS. Under the established conditions, the detection and quantification limits were 0.02 μg L(-1) and 0.07 μg L(-1) in 10-mL of surface water, respectively. The calibration curve had a linear relationship relationship with y=0.7140x+0.1997 and r(2)=0.9963 (for a working range of 0.07-10 μg L(-1)) and the accuracy was in a range of 98-102%; the precision of the assay was less than 7% in surface water. The common ions Cl(-), F(-), Br(-), NO3(-), SO4(2-), PO4(3-), K(+), Na(+), NH4(+), Ca(2+), Mg(2+), Ba(2+), Mn(4+), Mn(2+), Fe(3+), Fe(2+) and sea water did not interfere in cyanide detection, even when present in 1000-fold excess over the species. Cyanide was detected in a concentration range of 0.07-0.11 μg L(-1) in 6 of 10 surface water samples.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hye-In Kang
- Department of Environmental Science, Kongju National University, Kongju 314-701, Republic of Korea
| | - Ho-Sang Shin
- Department of Environmental Education, Kongju National University, Kongju 314-701, Republic of Korea.
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Carbon monoxide and respiratory symptoms in young adult passive smokers: a pilot study comparing waterpipe to cigarette. Int J Occup Med Environ Health 2014; 27:571-82. [PMID: 25012596 DOI: 10.2478/s13382-014-0246-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2013] [Accepted: 01/15/2014] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Studies have correlated second hand smoke (SHS) with many diseases, especially respiratory effects. The goal of this study was to measure the impact of SHS on the respiratory symptoms and exhaled carbon monoxide. MATERIAL AND METHODS The study population consisted of 50 young workers in restaurants serving waterpipes, 48 university students who sit frequently in the university cafeteria where cigarette smoking is allowed and 49 university students spending time in places where smoking is not allowed. Subjects completed questionnaires on socio-demographic characteristics, respiratory symptoms and exposure to SHS. Exhaled carbon monoxide levels were measured. ANOVA and Chi-square tests were used when applicable as well as linear and logistic regression analysis. RESULTS Exposure to cigarette smoke in university (adjusted odds ratio (ORa) = 6.06) and occupational exposure to waterpipe smoke (ORa = 7.08) were predictors of chronic cough. Being married (ORa = 6.40), living near a heavy traffic road (ORa = 9.49) or near a local power generator (ORa = 7.54) appeared responsible for chronic sputum production. Moreover, predictors of chronic allergies were: being male (ORa = 7.81), living near a local power generator (ORa = 5.52) and having a family history of chronic respiratory diseases (ORa = 17.01). Carbon monoxide levels were augmented by the number of weekly hours of occupational exposure to waterpipe smoke (β = 1.46) and the number of daily hours of exposure to cigarette smoke (β = 1.14). CONCLUSIONS In summary, young non-smoker subjects demonstrated more chronic cough and elevated carbon monoxide levels when exposed to SHS while the effect of waterpipe was even more evident.
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Koszowski B, Rosenberry ZR, Viray LC, Potts JL, Pickworth WB. Make your own cigarettes: toxicant exposure, smoking topography, and subjective effects. Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev 2014; 23:1793-803. [PMID: 24925675 DOI: 10.1158/1055-9965.epi-14-0280] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Despite considerable use of make your own (MYO) cigarettes worldwide and increasing use in the United States, relatively little is known about how these cigarettes are smoked and the resultant toxicant exposure. METHODS In a laboratory study, we compared two types of MYO cigarettes-roll your own (RYO) and personal machine made (PMM)-with factory-made (FM) cigarettes in three groups of smokers who exclusively used RYO (n = 34), PMM (n = 23), or FM (n = 20). Within each group, cigarettes were smoked in three conditions: (i) after confirmed overnight tobacco abstinence; (ii) in an intense smoking paradigm; and (iii) without restrictions. All cigarettes were smoked ad lib through a smoking topography unit. RESULTS Plasma nicotine significantly increased after cigarettes in all conditions except PMM in the intense smoking paradigm. Puff volume, puff duration, total puff volume, and puff velocity did not differ between cigarette types but the puffs per cigarette and time to smoke were significantly smaller for RYO compared with PMM and FM. Regardless of the cigarette, participants consumed the first three puffs more vigorously than the last three puffs. CONCLUSIONS Despite the belief of many of their consumers, smoking MYO cigarettes is not a safe alternative to FM cigarettes. Like FM, MYO cigarettes expose their users to harmful constituents of tobacco smoke. Despite differences in size and design their puffing profiles are remarkably similar. IMPACT These data are relevant to health and regulatory considerations on the MYO cigarettes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bartosz Koszowski
- Battelle Memorial Institute, Human Exposure Assessment Laboratory (HEAL), Baltimore, Maryland.
| | - Zachary R Rosenberry
- Battelle Memorial Institute, Human Exposure Assessment Laboratory (HEAL), Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Lauren C Viray
- Battelle Memorial Institute, Human Exposure Assessment Laboratory (HEAL), Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Jennifer L Potts
- Battelle Memorial Institute, Human Exposure Assessment Laboratory (HEAL), Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Wallace B Pickworth
- Battelle Memorial Institute, Human Exposure Assessment Laboratory (HEAL), Baltimore, Maryland
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Bhattacharya R, Singh P, Palit M, Waghmare C, Singh AK, Gopalan N, Kumar D. Time-dependent comparative evaluation of some important biomarkers of acute cyanide poisoning in rats: an aid in diagnosis. Biomarkers 2014; 19:241-51. [DOI: 10.3109/1354750x.2014.902996] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Rahul Bhattacharya
- Pharmacology and Toxicology Division, Defence Research and Development Establishment
Gwalior, Madhya PradeshIndia
| | - Poonam Singh
- Pharmacology and Toxicology Division, Defence Research and Development Establishment
Gwalior, Madhya PradeshIndia
| | - Meehir Palit
- Biochemistry Division, Defence Research and Development Establishment
Gwalior, Madhya PradeshIndia
| | - Chandrakant Waghmare
- Biochemistry Division, Defence Research and Development Establishment
Gwalior, Madhya PradeshIndia
| | - Anil Kumar Singh
- Vector Management Division, Defence Research and Development Establishment
Gwalior, Madhya PradeshIndia
| | - Natarajan Gopalan
- Vector Management Division, Defence Research and Development Establishment
Gwalior, Madhya PradeshIndia
| | - Deo Kumar
- Pharmacology and Toxicology Division, Defence Research and Development Establishment
Gwalior, Madhya PradeshIndia
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Feldkamp ML, Srisukhumbowornchai S, Romitti PA, Olney RS, Richardson SD, Botto LD. Self-reported maternal cigarette smoke exposure during the periconceptional period and the risk for omphalocoele. Paediatr Perinat Epidemiol 2014; 28:67-73. [PMID: 24313669 PMCID: PMC4427045 DOI: 10.1111/ppe.12093] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND We investigated whether maternal exposure to cigarette smoke was associated with omphalocoele and whether periconceptional folic acid modified the association. METHODS : We analysed data from the National Birth Defects Prevention Study on omphalocoele case (n = 301) and control (n = 8135) mothers for infants born from 1997 through 2007. Mothers who reported active smoking or exposure to second-hand smoke during the periconceptional period (1 month before conception to 3 months after) were considered exposed. Those who reported use of folic acid supplements during the same period were considered supplement users. Odds ratios and 95% confidence intervals were estimated using multivariable logistic regression adjusted for alcohol use, preconception body mass index, and race/ethnicity. RESULTS One hundred fifteen (38.2%) case and 2592 (31.9%) control mothers reported exposure to cigarette smoke during the periconceptional period. Adjusted odds ratios [95% confidence intervals] were 1.19 [0.94, 1.53] for any smoke exposure, 0.87 [0.54, 1.40] for active smoking, 1.38 [1.00, 1.90] for second-hand smoke exposure, and 1.16 [0.80, 1.67] for both exposures combined. No dose-response relationship was observed. Folic acid-containing supplements did not reduce the risk for omphalocoele among women with active or second-hand smoke exposure. CONCLUSIONS Self-reported active maternal smoking, with or without exposure to second-hand smoke, during the periconceptional period was not associated with omphalocoele. In contrast, there was a possible association with periconceptional exposure to second-hand smoke.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Richard S. Olney
- National Center on Birth Defects and Developmental Disabilities, CDC, Atlanta, GA
| | | | - Lorenzo D. Botto
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT
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Narkowicz S, Polkowska Ż, Marć M, Simeonov V, Namieśnik J. Determination of thiocyanate (biomarkers of ETS) and other inorganic ions in human nasal discharge samples using ion chromatography. ECOTOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL SAFETY 2013; 96:131-138. [PMID: 23850246 DOI: 10.1016/j.ecoenv.2013.06.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2013] [Revised: 05/29/2013] [Accepted: 06/03/2013] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
Environmental tobacco smoke (ETS) is a mixture of air and tobacco smoke containing more than 4000 chemical substances. In view of the health risks of many of these substances, studies are needed to determine biomarkers of exposure to ETS constituents in people who actively or passively are exposed to the toxic compounds. The methodologies for determining most biomarkers from saliva, urine and blood samples are known, but methods for analyzing these compounds in nasal discharges are not available. The objective of this work was to develop an analytical procedure for the determination of thiocyanate and other biomarker compounds in samples of nasal discharge using ion chromatography.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sylwia Narkowicz
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Chemical Faculty, Gdańsk University of Technology, Gdańsk, Poland.
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