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Bou Ghannam A, Istambouli R, Hamam MS, Chalhoub JM, Fahed AC, Hamam RN. Ocular manifestations of severe familial hypercholesterolemia. Heliyon 2024; 10:e30487. [PMID: 38737271 PMCID: PMC11088316 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2024.e30487] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2024] [Revised: 03/27/2024] [Accepted: 04/28/2024] [Indexed: 05/14/2024] Open
Abstract
Background To study ocular manifestations of patients with severe familial hypercholesterolemia (FH). Methods In this population-based case-control study, patients suffering from severe familial hypercholesterolemia from the Lebanese Familial Hypercholesterolemia Registry, along with age and gender-matched healthy controls were recruited. All participants underwent a comprehensive eye examination, and patients underwent fluorescein angiography as well. Logistic regression models were used to identify any association between patients with severe familial hypercholesterolemia and abnormal eye findings, while adjusting for hypertension and pack-year smoking. The main outcome measure of this study was the development of ocular vascular abnormalities. Results 28 patients and 28 controls were recruited. Patients with severe familial hypercholesterolemia had significantly greater odds of developing corneal arcus and xanthelasmas than the control group (p < 0.001). Retinal vascular abnormalities (plaques) were exclusively and more significantly present in patients with familial hypercholesterolemia (18 %). Similarly, retinal arteriosclerosis was exclusively and significantly more prevalent in the familial hypercholesterolemia group (p < 0.001, adjusted odds ratio 6.8). Stratification by LDL levels and genotypes did not show any significant change in the prevalence of any ocular finding. Conclusion In addition to the well-established increase in incidence of corneal arcus and xanthelasmas, severe familial hypercholesterolemia patients have more prevalent retinal vascular abnormalities that include vascular plaques and arteriosclerosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alaa Bou Ghannam
- Department of Ophthalmology, American University of Beirut Medical Center, Beirut, Lebanon
| | - Rachid Istambouli
- Department of Ophthalmology, American University of Beirut Medical Center, Beirut, Lebanon
| | - Mohamed S. Hamam
- Department of Ophthalmology, American University of Beirut Medical Center, Beirut, Lebanon
| | - Jean M. Chalhoub
- Department of Ophthalmology, American University of Beirut Medical Center, Beirut, Lebanon
| | - Akl C. Fahed
- Department of Internal Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Rola N. Hamam
- Department of Ophthalmology, American University of Beirut Medical Center, Beirut, Lebanon
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Peng SY, Chen TC, Hsieh YT, Ho TC, Yang CM, Yang CH. Choroidal Changes in Patients with Diabetic Retinopathy: A Retrospective Study. Diagnostics (Basel) 2024; 14:537. [PMID: 38473008 DOI: 10.3390/diagnostics14050537] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2024] [Revised: 02/27/2024] [Accepted: 03/01/2024] [Indexed: 03/14/2024] Open
Abstract
This study aimed to investigate the characteristic choroidal changes in patients with diabetic retinopathy and identify factors affecting choroidal thickness (CTh), choroidal vascular index (CVI), and choriocapillaris flow. We retrospectively analyzed 79 eyes of 48 patients with diabetes between August 2021 and February 2022. We collected laboratory data, including HbA1c, serum creatinine, blood urea nitrogen, triglyceride, total cholesterol, high-density lipoprotein, and low-density lipoprotein (LDL) levels. Optical coherence tomography images of the foveal avascular zone, retinal vascular density, choroidal flow, retinal thickness, CTh, and CVI were analyzed. Possible determining factors affecting CTh, CVI, and choriocapillaris flow were analyzed using nonparametric multivariate analysis. LDL (p < 0.001) positively correlated with CTh, whereas CVI (p = 0.007) was negatively correlated with CTh in diabetic patients with diabetes. We also identified a negative correlation between choriocapillaris flow and deep parafoveal retinal vessel density in patients with low-grade diabetic retinopathy (DR), which diminished in those with more advanced DR. Our study provides further information on the changes in choroidal structure and blood flow in patients with diabetes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shu-Yu Peng
- Department of Ophthalmology, National Taiwan University Hospital, Taipei 10029, Taiwan
| | - Ta-Ching Chen
- Department of Ophthalmology, National Taiwan University Hospital, Taipei 10029, Taiwan
- Department of Ophthalmology, College of Medicine, National Taiwan University, Taipei 10051, Taiwan
| | - Yi-Ting Hsieh
- Department of Ophthalmology, National Taiwan University Hospital, Taipei 10029, Taiwan
- Department of Ophthalmology, College of Medicine, National Taiwan University, Taipei 10051, Taiwan
| | - Tzyy-Chang Ho
- Department of Ophthalmology, National Taiwan University Hospital, Taipei 10029, Taiwan
- Department of Ophthalmology, College of Medicine, National Taiwan University, Taipei 10051, Taiwan
| | - Chung-May Yang
- Department of Ophthalmology, National Taiwan University Hospital, Taipei 10029, Taiwan
- Department of Ophthalmology, College of Medicine, National Taiwan University, Taipei 10051, Taiwan
| | - Chang-Hao Yang
- Department of Ophthalmology, National Taiwan University Hospital, Taipei 10029, Taiwan
- Department of Ophthalmology, College of Medicine, National Taiwan University, Taipei 10051, Taiwan
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Lei C, Ran Q, Duan J, Zhang M. The Association Between Lipid Profile and Subfoveal Choroidal Thickness in Chinese Patients with Proliferative Diabetic Retinopathy Secondary to Type 2 Diabetes. Diabetes Metab Syndr Obes 2023; 16:2477-2489. [PMID: 37608850 PMCID: PMC10441652 DOI: 10.2147/dmso.s419794] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2023] [Accepted: 07/27/2023] [Indexed: 08/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Introduction Extensive studies have studied the factors associated with subfoveal choroidal thickness (SFCT). However, studies of the association between lipid profile and SFCT in patients with proliferative diabetic retinopathy (PDR) in type 2 diabetes remain limited. Thus, we aimed to investigate the relationship between lipid profile and SFCT in patients with PDR. Materials and Methods This was a retrospective cross-sectional study. The included participants were inpatients who underwent vitrectomy for PDR with type 2 diabetes and contralateral eyes of PDR patients meeting the criteria. Multivariate linear regression analysis was used to determine the independent association between lipid profile and SFCT. Results A total of 131 participants with PDR were enrolled in the final analysis. The average age of the participants was 55.76 ± 9.88 years, and the average SFCT was 276.10 ± 92.92 μm. Multivariate linear regression model results showed that in the fully adjusted model, total cholesterol, high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C), and low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C) had a negative association with SFCT (β = -16.51, 95% CI: -29.57, -3.46; P = 0.0148; β = -42.65, 95% CI: -82.60, -2.70; P = 0.0390; β = -17.89, 95% CI: -33.24, -2.54; P = 0.0245, respectively), while triglyceride was not significantly associated with SFCT (β = 5.23, 95% CI: -18.57, 29.02; P = 0.6678). Furthermore, the results of stratified analysis showed that except for triglyceride, the trends of total cholesterol, HDL-C, LDL-C, and SFCT were consistent among different stratifications in participants. Conclusion The cholesterol profile had a significant negative association with SFCT in Chinese PDR patients, but triglyceride was not significantly associated with SFCT. This suggests that these systemic imbalances contribute to choroidal changes, and often coexist in diabetic patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chunyan Lei
- Department of Ophthalmology, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, People’s Republic of China
- Research Laboratory of Macular Disease, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, People’s Republic of China
| | - Qibo Ran
- Department of Ophthalmology, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, People’s Republic of China
- Research Laboratory of Macular Disease, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, People’s Republic of China
| | - Jianan Duan
- Department of Ophthalmology, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, People’s Republic of China
- Research Laboratory of Macular Disease, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, People’s Republic of China
| | - Meixia Zhang
- Department of Ophthalmology, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, People’s Republic of China
- Research Laboratory of Macular Disease, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, People’s Republic of China
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Platzl C, Kaser-Eichberger A, Benavente-Perez A, Schroedl F. The choroid-sclera interface: An ultrastructural study. Heliyon 2022; 8:e09408. [PMID: 35586330 PMCID: PMC9108890 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2022.e09408] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2021] [Revised: 09/29/2021] [Accepted: 05/05/2022] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Emmetropization is an active and visually guided process that involves the retina, choroid and sclera, and results in compensatory changes in eye growth. This guided growth is the result of visual cues and possibly mechanical interactions being translated into growth signals via molecular events from the retina into the choroid and sclera, through the choroidal scleral transition zone. If mechanical interactions were a part of the choroid-sclera signaling transduction cascade, specific morphological arrangements should be detectable in this region at the ultrastructural level. The goal of this study was to investigate the ultrastructural features of the choroidal scleral transition zone by comparing avian, non-human primate and human eyes, with the goal to confirm whether specific mechanical structures are present. Choroidal and scleral tissue from chicken, marmoset, and human eyes were imaged using transmission electron microscopy to document the choroid-sclera transition zone. In chicken eyes, fibroblast lamellae bordered the scleral matrix and formed thin end elongated processes that were undercut by scleral collagen fibrils. These processes back-looped into the scleral matrix, and displayed small club-like membrane protrusions. Differences in these arrangements in mature vs young chickens were not detected. The club-like membrane protrusions identified in chickens were rare in marmoset eyes, which instead exhibited two types of collagen fibrils discriminated by size, and were absent in the human eyes investigated. In marmoset and human eyes, elastic components were detected in the transition zone that were absent in chickens. In summary, cellular/membrane specializations indicating a mechanical interaction at the choroid-sclera transition zone were not detected in chicken, non-human primate or human eyes. If mechanotransduction is necessary for scleral growth, matrix integrity or development, alternative structural arrangements might be required.
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Affiliation(s)
- C. Platzl
- Center for Anatomy and Cell Biology, Institute of Anatomy and Cell Biology -Salzburg, Paracelsus Medical University, Salzburg, Austria
| | - A. Kaser-Eichberger
- Center for Anatomy and Cell Biology, Institute of Anatomy and Cell Biology -Salzburg, Paracelsus Medical University, Salzburg, Austria
| | | | - F. Schroedl
- Center for Anatomy and Cell Biology, Institute of Anatomy and Cell Biology -Salzburg, Paracelsus Medical University, Salzburg, Austria
- Corresponding author.
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Bradley AE, Wancket LM, Rinke M, Gruebbel MM, Saladino BH, Schafer K, Katsuta O, Garcia B, Chanut F, Hughes K, Nelson K, Himmel L, McInnes E, Schucker A, Uchida K. International Harmonization of Nomenclature and Diagnostic Criteria (INHAND): Nonproliferative and Proliferative Lesions of the Rabbit. J Toxicol Pathol 2021; 34:183S-292S. [PMID: 34712007 PMCID: PMC8544166 DOI: 10.1293/tox.34.183s] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
The INHAND (International Harmonization of Nomenclature and Diagnostic Criteria for
Lesions Project (www.toxpath.org/inhand.asp) is a joint initiative of the Societies of
Toxicologic Pathology from Europe (ESTP), Great Britain (BSTP), Japan (JSTP) and North
America (STP) to develop an internationally accepted nomenclature for proliferative and
non-proliferative lesions in laboratory animals. The purpose of this publication is to
provide a standardized nomenclature for classifying microscopic lesions observed in most
tissues and organs from the laboratory rabbit used in nonclinical safety studies. Some of
the lesions are illustrated by color photomicrographs. The standardized nomenclature
presented in this document is also available electronically on the internet
(http://www.goreni.org/). Sources of material included histopathology databases from
government, academia, and industrial laboratories throughout the world. Content includes
spontaneous lesions as well as lesions induced by exposure to test materials. Relevant
infectious and parasitic lesions are included as well. A widely accepted and utilized
international harmonization of nomenclature for lesions in laboratory animals will provide
a common language among regulatory and scientific research organizations in different
countries and increase and enrich international exchanges of information among
toxicologists and pathologists.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alys E Bradley
- Charles River Laboratories Edinburgh Ltd, Tranent, Scotland, UK
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Begonya Garcia
- Charles River Laboratories Edinburgh Ltd, Tranent, Scotland, UK
| | - Franck Chanut
- Sanofi, 1 Avenue Pierre Brosselette, 91380 Chilly-Mazarin, France
| | | | | | - Lauren Himmel
- Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, USA
| | | | - Adrienne Schucker
- American Preclinical Services, LLC, 8945 Evergreen Blvd, Minneapolis, MN 55433
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Gokmen O, Ozgur G. The effect of religious fasting and dehydration at Ramadan on choroidal thickness and Retinal vessel densities, measured with optical coherence tomography angiography. Eur J Ophthalmol 2020; 31:497-504. [PMID: 32981332 DOI: 10.1177/1120672120958297] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
AIM To investigate the effect of religious fasting and dehydration at Ramadan on choroidal thickness and vessel density in the superficial and deep vascular plexuses with OCTA. METHODS The choroidal thickness, and superficial and deep vessel density indices of fasting healthy subjects were measured with an OCTA device, and compared with non-fasting measurements. RESULTS The study included 70 eyes of 35 healthy subjects with a mean age of 42.86 ± 8.3 years. The measured choroidal thickness, superficial vessel density index and deep vessel density index were 288.89 ± 67 µm, 40.56% and 41.43%, respectively when measured in the fasting period, compared to 284.62 ± 65 µm, 40.41% and 41.41%, respectively when measured in the non-fasting period. The choroidal thickness under the fovea center was found to be significantly higher in the fasting period than in the non-fasting period (p = 0.014). The mean total choroidal thickness was found to be reduced in the non-fasting period, although not to a statistically significant degree (p > 0.05). An analysis of the mean total superficial and deep vascular plexuses revealed no statistically significant difference (p = 0.368, p = 0.938 respectively). CONCLUSION Although a significant increase was noted in central choroidal thickness in the fasting period, no significant change due to fasting was observed in the superficial and deep capillary plexuses. The choroidal layer may vary in thickness due to fasting-related metabolic factors, while retinal vessels are more stable against such effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Onur Gokmen
- Department of Ophthalmology, Health Sciences University Samsun Training and Research Hospital, Samsun, Turkey
| | - Gokhan Ozgur
- Department of Ophthalmology, Health Sciences University Samsun Training and Research Hospital, Samsun, Turkey
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Impact of Cardiovascular Disease Risk Factors on Subfoveal Choroidal Thickness by Enhanced-depth Spectral Domain Optical Coherence Tomography. Optom Vis Sci 2020; 97:73-80. [PMID: 32011578 DOI: 10.1097/opx.0000000000001470] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
SIGNIFICANCE Risk stratification plays a large role in cardiovascular disease (CVD) management. Spectral-domain optical coherence tomography (SD-OCT) allows for noninvasive analysis of the ophthalmic vasculature, with potential for systemic disease surveillance. Subfoveal choroidal thickness (SFCT) may serve as a marker for CVD risk and play a role in risk stratification. PURPOSE This study aimed to explore the association of major CVD risk factors CVD on SFCT measured from SD-OCT images in a general population of U.S. veterans. METHODS One hundred fifty veterans were prospectively recruited at the Jamaica Plain VA Hospital (Boston, MA). A total of 143 participants were included in the final analysis. The SFCT was manually measured from Spectralis SD-OCT macular scans, and medical chart review was analyzed for CVD data. The SFCT measurements were correlated with CVD risk factors and CVD clinical makers while controlling for age and refractive error. Mean differences in SFCT between those with and without CVD risk factors were analyzed. RESULTS In multivariate analysis, diabetes diagnosis was independently associated with thinner subfoveal choroid (P = .001) and hypertension and hyperlipidemia with thicker subfoveal choroid (P = .006 and P = .05). After adjusting for age and refractive error, veterans with diabetes had thinner choroids than those without (P = .02), and veterans with hypertension and hyperlipidemia had thicker choroids than those without, although these differences did not reach statistical significance (P = .07 and P = .1). CONCLUSIONS Comorbid risk factors for CVD are independently associated with optical coherence tomography-derived measurements of subfoveal choroidal thickness in a vasculopathic population of U.S. veterans, and there are detectable differences in subfoveal choroidal thickness between groups with and without CVD risk factors. Larger studies with adequate controls and longitudinal design are necessary to assess the clinical role of SFCT measurements in CVD risk analysis.
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Abstract
PURPOSE To study the associations of subfoveal choroidal thickness with vascular risk factors and age-related macular degeneration. METHODS Two hundred sixty-one participants of the Alienor study had gradable enhanced-depth imaging optical coherence tomography scans of the macula and available data on vascular and genetic risk factors (assessed through face-to-face interview and fasting blood samples) and age-related macular degeneration status (assessed from retinal photographs and optical coherence tomography). Subfoveal choroidal thickness was measured manually on one horizontal scan passing through the fovea. RESULTS In a multivariate mixed linear model, subfoveal choroidal thickness was independently associated with age greater than 80 years (-21.77 μm, P = 0.02), axial length (-21.77 μm, P < 0.0001), heavy smoking (≥20 pack-years: -24.89 μm, P = 0.05), fasting blood glucose higher than 7 mmol/L (-53.17 μm, P = 0.02), and lipid-lowering treatment (+18.23, P = 0.047). After multivariate adjustment for age, sex, axial length, and vascular and genetic risk factors, subfoveal choroidal thickness was thinner in eyes with central hyperpigmentation (-45.39 μm, P = 0.006), central hypopigmentation (-44.99 μm, P = 0.001), and central pigmentary abnormalities (-44.50 μm, P = 0.001), but not in eyes with late age-related macular degeneration (-18.05 μm, P = 0.33) or soft drusen. CONCLUSION These findings indicate a relationship between vascular risk factors and choroidal thinning and suggest an early involvement of the choroid in the pathogenesis of age-related macular degeneration.
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Yeung SC, You Y, Howe KL, Yan P. Choroidal thickness in patients with cardiovascular disease: A review. Surv Ophthalmol 2020; 65:473-486. [PMID: 31923478 DOI: 10.1016/j.survophthal.2019.12.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2019] [Revised: 12/24/2019] [Accepted: 12/30/2019] [Indexed: 02/09/2023]
Abstract
The choroid is a vascular network that supplies the bulk of the retina's oxygen and nutrient supply. Prior studies have associated changes in the thickness of the choroid with the presence of various cardiovascular diseases. This is the first review that summarizes current knowledge on the relationship between choroidal thickness and cardiovascular diseases while highlighting important findings. Acute hypertension increases choroidal thickness. Chronic hypertension and heart failure may decrease choroidal thickness, but controversy exists. Both coronary artery disease and carotid artery stenosis result in decreased choroidal thickness and blood flow. Carotid endarterectomy may reverse these changes. Choroidal thickening in early stages of carotid stenosis may arise from mechanisms compensating for ischemia. Hyperlipidemia is linked to choroidal thickening, while caffeine intake is linked to choroidal thinning. The effects of smoking and exercise are mixed. Changes in choroidal thickness have been linked to cardiovascular disease. Clarity regarding these changes could lead to the use of choroidal thickness changes as a noninvasive screening or prognostic test for pathological cardiovascular changes. Future studies should also investigate the effect of cardiovascular disease treatments on the choroid.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shanna C Yeung
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, The University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Yuyi You
- Save Sight Institute, The University of Sydney, Sydney, Australia; Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Macquarie University, Sydney, Australia
| | - Kathryn L Howe
- Division of Vascular Surgery, Department of Surgery, Toronto General Hospital, University Health Network, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Peng Yan
- Department of Ophthalmology and Vision Sciences, Toronto Western Hospital, University Health Network, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada; Kensington Vision and Research Center, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.
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Yazgan S, Celik U, Ayar O, Ugurbas SH, Celik B, Akdemir MO, Ugurbas SC, Alpay A. The role of patient's systemic characteristics and plateletcrit in developing toxic anterior segment syndrome after uneventful phaco surgery: A case-control study. Int Ophthalmol 2018; 38:43-52. [PMID: 28130690 DOI: 10.1007/s10792-016-0418-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2015] [Accepted: 12/19/2016] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE To compare the systemic and ocular characteristics and laboratory findings of patients developing toxic anterior segment syndrome (TASS) after uneventful phaco surgery with unaffected subjects undergoing the same surgery in the same session. DESIGN A retrospective case-control study. METHODS The study group consisted of 26 eyes of 26 patients who underwent uneventful phaco surgery and who went on to develop TASS, while the control group included 39 subjects who had routine phaco surgery in the same session by the same surgeon. The sterilization stages of reusable instruments, disposable instruments, and compositions were recorded. The preoperative systemic diseases, complete blood count parameters, glycosylated hemoglobin (HbA1c), biochemical parameters, thyroid hormone profiles, and the surgical features were compared between the two groups. RESULTS Type 2 diabetes mellitus (DM), systemic hypertension (HT), hyperlipidemia, chronic ischaemic heart disease, and chronic renal failure were significantly more common in the TASS group (p < 0.05). Proliferative diabetic retinopathy was also more frequent in the TASS group (p = 0.003). Mean HbA1c% values, white blood cell count, neutrophil/lymphocyte ratio, platelet counts, platelet distribution width, and plateletcrit parameters were significantly higher in the TASS group (p < 0.05). Multivariate logistic regression analysis revealed that a high plateletcrit level (p = 0.001, odds ratio [95% CI]; 22.27 [3.36-147.76]) and systemic HT (p = 0.044, odds ratio [95% CI]; 7.13 [1.05-48.12]) are independently associated with the development of TASS. CONCLUSION Although TASS may arise as a result of insufficient sterilization of instruments or intraocular solutions, patient factors may also contribute to its development. Systemic vascular disorders such as uncontrolled type 2 DM, systemic hypertension, and hyperlipidemia may increase the risk of TASS after uneventful phaco surgery. Abnormal parameters associated with systemic inflammation, such as higher plateletcrit level, may facilitate the development of TASS. These findings may be a predicting factor of TASS development for uneventful cataract surgeries.
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Affiliation(s)
- Serpil Yazgan
- Department of Ophthalmology, Medical Faculty, Bulent Ecevit University, Zonguldak, Turkey
| | - Ugur Celik
- Department of Ophthalmology, Medical Faculty, Istanbul Medeniyet University, Istanbul, Turkey.
- Sahrayicedid Mahallesi, Batman Sok. Bedia Hanım Apt. No:23/9 Kadıköy, Istanbul, Turkey.
| | - Orhan Ayar
- Department of Ophthalmology, Medical Faculty, Bulent Ecevit University, Zonguldak, Turkey
| | - Suat Hayri Ugurbas
- Department of Ophthalmology, Medical Faculty, Bulent Ecevit University, Zonguldak, Turkey
| | - Burcu Celik
- Department of Ophthalmology, Haydarpasa Training and Research Hospital, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Mehmet Orçun Akdemir
- Department of Ophthalmology, Medical Faculty, Bulent Ecevit University, Zonguldak, Turkey
| | - Silay Canturk Ugurbas
- Department of Ophthalmology, Medical Faculty, Bulent Ecevit University, Zonguldak, Turkey
| | - Atilla Alpay
- Department of Ophthalmology, Medical Faculty, Bulent Ecevit University, Zonguldak, Turkey
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Lakk M, Yarishkin O, Baumann JM, Iuso A, Križaj D. Cholesterol regulates polymodal sensory transduction in Müller glia. Glia 2017; 65:2038-2050. [PMID: 28856727 DOI: 10.1002/glia.23213] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2017] [Revised: 08/09/2017] [Accepted: 08/09/2017] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Over- and underexposure to cholesterol activates glia in neurodegenerative brain and retinal diseases but the molecular targets of cholesterol in glial cells are not known. Here, we report that disruption of unesterified membrane cholesterol content modulates the transduction of chemical, mechanical and temperature stimuli in mouse Müller cells. Activation of TRPV4 (transient receptor potential vanilloid type 4), a nonselective polymodal cation channel was studied following the removal or supplementation of cholesterol using the methyl-beta cyclodextrin (MβCD) delivery vehicle. Cholesterol extraction disrupted lipid rafts and caveolae without affecting TRPV4 trafficking or membrane localization protein. However, MβCD suppressed agonist (GSK1016790A)- and temperature-evoked elevations in [Ca2+ ]i , and suppressed transcellular propagation of Ca2+ waves. Lowering the free membrane cholesterol content markedly prolonged the time-course of the glial swelling response, whereas MβCD:cholesterol supplementation enhanced agonist- and temperature-induced Ca2+ signals and shortened the swelling response. Taken together, these data show that membrane cholesterol modulates polymodal transduction of agonists, swelling and temperature stimuli in retinal radial glia and suggest that dyslipidemic retinas might be associated with abnormal glial transduction of ambient sensory inputs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Monika Lakk
- Departments of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah
| | - Oleg Yarishkin
- Departments of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah
| | | | - Anthony Iuso
- Departments of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah
| | - David Križaj
- Departments of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah
- Bioengineering, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah
- Neurobiology and Anatomy, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah
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12
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Ibrahim M, Ahmed IA, Mikail MA, Ishola AA, Draman S, Isa MLM, Yusof AM. Baccaurea angulata fruit juice reduces atherosclerotic lesions in diet-induced Hypercholesterolemic rabbits. Lipids Health Dis 2017; 16:134. [PMID: 28687076 PMCID: PMC5501101 DOI: 10.1186/s12944-017-0526-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2016] [Accepted: 06/22/2017] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Atherosclerosis is the most common disease of large and medium-sized arteries linked to oxidative stress, dyslipidemia as well as chronic inflammation. The aim of this study was to evaluate the potential health benefits of Baccaurea angulata (BA) fruit juice on the aorta of diet-induced hypercholesterolemic rabbits, to detect an accumulation of fatty streak and evaluate the percentage of atherosclerotic lesion accrued. Methods Thirty-five healthy male adults New Zealand White rabbits were assigned to seven different groups. Four groups were fed 1% cholesterol diet and 0, 0.5, 1.0, and 1.5 mL of BA fruit juice per kg of rabbit daily (atherogenic groups), while the other three groups were fed commercial rabbit pellet and 0, 0.5, and 1.0 mL of juice per kg of rabbit daily (normocholesterolemic groups) for 90 days. The thoracic and abdominal aorta between the heart origin and bifurcation into iliac arteries of all the rabbits were carefully removed and analyzed accordingly. Results The supplementation of the high-cholesterol diet of hypercholesterolemic rabbits with only 0.5 mL BA/kg rabbit per day significantly (p < 0.001) improved aortic lipid profile, attenuated aortic fatty streak development and reduced intima thickening. Higher BA doses used (1.0 and 1.5 mL/kg rabbit per day) also significantly (p < 0.001) decreased further the development of aortic fatty streaks, reduced the thickening of the tunica intima layer and preserved endothelial healing following arterial injury. Conclusion Therefore, BA fruit is a potential novel functional food with effective anti-inflammatory, anti-atherogenic and hypocholesterolemic activities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Muhammad Ibrahim
- Department of Nutrition Sciences, Kulliyyah of Allied Health Sciences, International Islamic University Malaysia, 25200, Kuantan, Pahang, Malaysia.
| | - Idris Adewale Ahmed
- Department of Nutrition Sciences, Kulliyyah of Allied Health Sciences, International Islamic University Malaysia, 25200, Kuantan, Pahang, Malaysia. .,Department of Biotechnology, Faculty of Science, Lincoln University College, Kelana Jaya, 47301, Petaling Jaya, Selangor, Malaysia.
| | - Maryam Abimbola Mikail
- Department of Nutrition Sciences, Kulliyyah of Allied Health Sciences, International Islamic University Malaysia, 25200, Kuantan, Pahang, Malaysia.,Department of Biotechnology, Faculty of Science, Lincoln University College, Kelana Jaya, 47301, Petaling Jaya, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Afeez Adekunle Ishola
- Kulliyyah of Medicine, International Islamic University Malaysia, Kuantan, 25200, Malaysia
| | - Samsul Draman
- Kulliyyah of Medicine, International Islamic University Malaysia, Kuantan, 25200, Malaysia
| | - Muhammad Lokman Md Isa
- Kulliyyah of Nursing, International Islamic University Malaysia, Kuantan, 25200, Malaysia
| | - Afzan Mat Yusof
- Department of Biomedical Science, Kulliyyah of Allied Health Sciences, International Islamic University Malaysia, Kuantan, 25200, Malaysia
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Ocular Image and Haemodynamic Features Associated with Different Gradings of Ipsilateral Internal Carotid Artery Stenosis. J Ophthalmol 2017; 2017:1842176. [PMID: 28695000 PMCID: PMC5485341 DOI: 10.1155/2017/1842176] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2017] [Accepted: 04/26/2017] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES To analyse the changes of ocular haemodynamics and morphology in Chinese patients with internal carotid artery (ICA) stenosis in the current study. METHODS A retrospective case-control study was conducted with 219 patients. The haemodynamic characteristics, the calibre of retinal vessels, and the subfoveal choroidal thickness (SFChT) were compared. We analysed the correlations with the degree of ipsilateral ICA stenosis. RESULTS There were no significant differences among the groups in the central retinal artery equivalent (CRAE), central retinal vein equivalent (CRVE), and AVR (p = 0.073, p = 0.188, and p = 0.738, resp.). The peak systolic velocity (PSV) and end diastolic velocity (EDV) in the central retinal artery (CRA) and the posterior ciliary artery (PCA) were significantly lower than normal eyes (p < 0.001). The outer retinal layer thickness and SFChT values of the ICA stenosis groups were significantly lower than normal eyes (p = 0.030 and p < 0.001, resp.). CONCLUSION The PSV and EDV in CRA and PCA and the SFChT and outer retinal layer thickness of ICA eyes were significantly lower than normal eyes. ICA stenosis may impact choroidal haemodynamics, and decreased choroidal circulation might affect the discordance of the SFChT and the outer retinal layer thickness.
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Ulas F, Dogan Ü, Dikbas O, Celebi S, Keles A. Investigation of the choroidal thickness in patients with hypothyroidism. Indian J Ophthalmol 2016; 63:244-9. [PMID: 25971170 PMCID: PMC4448238 DOI: 10.4103/0301-4738.156976] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Purpose: The effect of hypothyroidism on the choroidal thickness (CT) was investigated in patients with subclinical hypothyroidism and overt hypothyroidism, and biochemically and clinically euthyroid patients receiving levothyroxine treatment. The patients were compared with healthy subjects. Materials and Methods: One eye of 71 hypothyroid and 22 healthy subjects between 20 and 40 years of age were included in this study. CT measurements were taken at the fovea and at 2 points that were 1500 μm nasal and temporal to the fovea using spectral-domain optical coherence tomography. Independent sample t-test's and was used for statistical analysis of the data. Results: The CT was significantly thicker in hypothyroid patients compared to healthy subjects (P values were 0.013 for subfoveal, 0.015 for temporal and 0.020 for nasal segments). The intraocular pressure (IOP) and body mass index (BMI) were also significantly higher in hypothyroid patients (P values were 0.021 and 0.003, respectively). There was not a statistically significant difference in the BMI and IOP measurements between healthy subjects and euthyroid patients (P > 0.05). However, there was a statistically significant difference in the subfoveal, temporal and nasal CT measurements between healthy subjects and euthyroid patients (P values were 0.006, 0.031 and 0.013, respectively). Conclusions: All subgroups of hypothyroid patients had thicker CT compared to healthy subjects. Euthyroid patients receiving levothyroxine treatment had lower IOP, BMI levels, and serum lipid levels than patients with subclinical hypothyroidism and overt hypothyroidism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fatih Ulas
- Department of Ophthalmology, Faculty of Medicine, Abant Izzet Baysal University, Bolu, Turkey
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15
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Tan KA, Gupta P, Agarwal A, Chhablani J, Cheng CY, Keane PA, Agrawal R. State of science: Choroidal thickness and systemic health. Surv Ophthalmol 2016; 61:566-81. [DOI: 10.1016/j.survophthal.2016.02.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 124] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2015] [Revised: 02/28/2016] [Accepted: 02/29/2016] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
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16
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Özturk BT, Bozkurt B, Meşen A, Gonul S, İpekci SH. Spectral-Domain Optical Coherence Tomography Findings in Lipemia Retinalis. Ophthalmic Surg Lasers Imaging Retina 2016; 47:589-92. [PMID: 27327291 DOI: 10.3928/23258160-20160601-13] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2015] [Accepted: 03/25/2016] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Severe hypertriglyceridemia can give rise to a fundus appearance with whitish-colored retinal vessels called lipemia retinalis. A 52-year-old man with hypertriglyceridemia presented with a best-corrected visual acuity of 20/20 in both eyes and creamy-white retinal vessels on fundus. Spectral-domain optical coherence tomography (SD-OCT) revealed hyperreflective and engorged retinal vessels and white dots mainly accumulated in the inner nuclear and ganglion cell layer. Follow-up fundus examination after plasmapheresis sessions revealed normal retinal vessels. The hyperreflective appearance of the retinal vessels in OCT reversed rapidly 5 days after the treatment, whereas hyperreflective dots in retina disappeared slowly in 3 months. OCT is useful in demonstrating inner retinal changes associated with lipemia retinalis at histopathological level. The hyperreflective dots in inner retina associated with leakage from superficial retinal capillaries attested the correlation of their location with their origin. [Ophthalmic Surg Lasers Imaging Retina. 2016;47:589-592.].
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Fernández-Navarro J, Aldea P, de Hoz R, Salazar JJ, Ramírez AI, Rojas B, Gallego BI, Triviño A, Tejerina T, Ramírez JM. Neuroprotective Effects of Low-Dose Statins in the Retinal Ultrastructure of Hypercholesterolemic Rabbits. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0154800. [PMID: 27144842 PMCID: PMC4856380 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0154800] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2015] [Accepted: 04/19/2016] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
To evaluate the pleiotropic effects to statins, we analyze the qualitative and quantitative retinal changes in hypercholesterolemic rabbits after a low-dosage statin treatment. For this purpose, New Zealand rabbits were split into three groups: control (G0; n = 10), fed a standard diet; hypercholesterolemic (G1; n = 8), fed a 0.5% cholesterol-enriched diet for 8 months; and statins (G2; n = 8), fed a 0.5% cholesterol-enriched diet for 8 months, together with the administration of statin (pravastatin or fluvastatin sodium) at a dose of 2 mg / kg / day each diet. The retinas were analyzed by transmission electron microscopy and immunohistochemistry (glial fibrillary acidic protein). The retinal thickness of nuclear and plexiform layers were quantified in semi-thin sections. The results revealed that the low-statin-treated rabbits in comparison with the hypercholesterolemic group showed: i) a more preserved structure in all retinal layers; ii) a significant reduction in retinal thickness; iii) a decrease in cell death in the nuclear-and ganglion-cell layers; iv) a reduction of hydropic degeneration in the plexiform and nerve-fiber layers; v) a preservation of astrocytes and of the retinal area occupied by them; and vi) a better-preserved retinal vascular structure. Our findings indicate that low doses of statins can prevent retinal degeneration, acting on retinal macroglia, neurons and retinal vessels, despite that hypercholesterolemia remained unchanged. Thus, the pleiotropic effects of the statins may help safeguard the retinal ultrastructure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Judith Fernández-Navarro
- Instituto de Investigaciones Oftalmológicas Ramón Castroviejo. Universidad Complutense Madrid (UCM), Spain
| | - Pilar Aldea
- Instituto de Investigaciones Oftalmológicas Ramón Castroviejo. Universidad Complutense Madrid (UCM), Spain
| | - Rosa de Hoz
- Instituto de Investigaciones Oftalmológicas Ramón Castroviejo. Universidad Complutense Madrid (UCM), Spain
- Facultad de Óptica y Optometría, UCM, Spain
| | - Juan J Salazar
- Instituto de Investigaciones Oftalmológicas Ramón Castroviejo. Universidad Complutense Madrid (UCM), Spain
- Facultad de Óptica y Optometría, UCM, Spain
| | - Ana I Ramírez
- Instituto de Investigaciones Oftalmológicas Ramón Castroviejo. Universidad Complutense Madrid (UCM), Spain
- Facultad de Óptica y Optometría, UCM, Spain
| | - Blanca Rojas
- Instituto de Investigaciones Oftalmológicas Ramón Castroviejo. Universidad Complutense Madrid (UCM), Spain
- Facultad de Medicina, UCM, Spain
| | - Beatriz I. Gallego
- Instituto de Investigaciones Oftalmológicas Ramón Castroviejo. Universidad Complutense Madrid (UCM), Spain
- Facultad de Óptica y Optometría, UCM, Spain
| | - Alberto Triviño
- Instituto de Investigaciones Oftalmológicas Ramón Castroviejo. Universidad Complutense Madrid (UCM), Spain
- Facultad de Medicina, UCM, Spain
| | - Teresa Tejerina
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, Complutense University, Madrid, Spain
| | - José M. Ramírez
- Instituto de Investigaciones Oftalmológicas Ramón Castroviejo. Universidad Complutense Madrid (UCM), Spain
- Facultad de Medicina, UCM, Spain
- * E-mail:
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Evaluation of Subfoveal Choroidal Thickness in Internal Carotid Artery Stenosis. J Ophthalmol 2016; 2016:5296048. [PMID: 26989500 PMCID: PMC4775806 DOI: 10.1155/2016/5296048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2015] [Revised: 01/05/2016] [Accepted: 01/11/2016] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Purpose. To evaluate the relationship between internal carotid artery (ICA) stenosis and subfoveal choroidal thickness (SFCT) in the elderly population. Methods. A total of 42 eyes of 21 patients with more than 70% ICA stenosis (Group 1) on one side and less than 70% stenosis (Group 2) on the other side were recruited for this study. ICA stenosis was diagnosed using both the B-mode and Doppler ultrasound. The two groups were compared in terms of the percentage of stenosis, SFCT measurements, intraocular pressure, ocular perfusion pressure, refractive error, and peak systolic velocity. Eyes were examined with the RTVue-100 OCT device by the EDI-OCT technique. Results. The mean age of the patients was 71.9 ± 10.8 years. The mean percentage of ICA stenosis was 74 ± 4.9% in Group 1 and 47.5 ± 7.7% in Group 2. The mean SFCT was 231.9 ± 44.6 μm in Group 1 and 216.2 ± 46.8 μm in Group 2, which was significantly lower (P = 0.028). A statistically significant positive correlation was found between the percentage of internal carotid artery stenosis and SFCT (r = 0896, P = 0.001). Conclusions. Compensatory SFCT increase can be seen in ipsilateral internal carotid artery stenosis greater than 70%.
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The Onion Sign in Neovascular Age-Related Macular Degeneration Represents Cholesterol Crystals. Ophthalmology 2015; 122:2316-26. [PMID: 26298717 DOI: 10.1016/j.ophtha.2015.07.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 90] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2015] [Revised: 07/06/2015] [Accepted: 07/07/2015] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE To investigate the frequency, natural evolution, and histologic correlates of layered, hyperreflective, subretinal pigment epithelium (sub-RPE) lines, known as the onion sign, in neovascular age-related macular degeneration (AMD). DESIGN Retrospective observational cohort study and experimental laboratory study. PARTICIPANTS Two hundred thirty eyes of 150 consecutive patients with neovascular AMD and 40 human donor eyes with histopathologic diagnosis of neovascular AMD. METHODS Spectral-domain optical coherence tomography (SD OCT), near-infrared reflectance (NIR), color fundus images, and medical charts were reviewed. Donor eyes underwent multimodal ex vivo imaging, including SD OCT, before processing for high-resolution histologic analysis. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES Presence of layered, hyperreflective sub-RPE lines, qualitative analysis of their change in appearance over time with SD OCT, histologic correlates of these lines, and associated findings within surrounding tissues. RESULTS Sixteen of 230 eyes of patients (7.0%) and 2 of 40 donor eyes (5.0%) with neovascular AMD had layered, hyperreflective sub-RPE lines on SD OCT imaging. These appeared as refractile, yellow-gray exudates on color imaging and as hyperreflective lesions on NIR. In all 16 patient eyes, the onion sign persisted in follow-up for up to 5 years, with fluctuations in the abundance of lines and association with intraretinal hyperreflective foci. Patients with the onion sign disproportionately were taking cholesterol-lowering medications (P=0.025). Histologic analysis of 2 donor eyes revealed that the hyperreflective lines correlated with clefts created by extraction of cholesterol crystals during tissue processing. The fluid surrounding the crystals contained lipid, yet was distinct from oily drusen. Intraretinal hyperreflective foci correlated with intraretinal RPE and lipid-filled cells of probable monocytic origin. CONCLUSIONS Persistent and dynamic, the onion sign represents sub-RPE cholesterol crystal precipitation in an aqueous environment. The frequency of the onion sign in neovascular AMD in a referral practice and a pathology archive is 5% to 7%. Associations include use of cholesterol-lowering medication and intraretinal hyperreflective foci attributable to RPE cells and lipid-filled cells of monocyte origin.
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Effect of flaxseed on choroid-sclera complex thickness and on LDL oxidation in the sclera, choroid and retina of diet-induced hypercholesterolaemic rabbits. Br J Nutr 2014; 112:1438-46. [PMID: 25247699 DOI: 10.1017/s0007114514002463] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
The aim of the present study was to evaluate the effect of flaxseed on choroid-sclera complex thickness and on LDL oxidation in the sclera, choroid and retina of diet-induced hypercholesterolaemic rabbits. New Zealand male albino rabbits (n 21) were divided into two groups: group 1 (G1; n 11), fed a hypercholesterolaemic diet, and group 2 (G2; n 10), fed a hypercholesterolaemic diet enriched with flaxseed flour. The serum concentrations of total cholesterol (TC), LDL-cholesterol (LDL-C), HDL-cholesterol, TAG and fasting blood glucose were determined at the start of the experiment and on the day of killing (8th week). Choroid and sclera samples were subjected to haematoxylin-eosin (HE) staining and histomorphometric and immunohistochemical analyses with the anti-oxidised LDL antibody. Sensory retina samples were subjected to an immunohistochemical analysis with the primary monoclonal nitrotyrosine antibody. At the end of the experiment, a significant increase was observed in TC and LDL-C concentrations in G1 rabbits when compared with G2 rabbits (P= 0·008 and P= 0·02, respectively). HE staining revealed a significant increase in choroid-sclera complex thickness in G1 rabbits when compared with G2 rabbits (P< 0·001). Immunohistochemical analysis of choroid and sclera samples with the anti-oxidised LDL marker revealed a significant increase in immunoreactivity in G1 rabbits when compared with G2 rabbits (P< 0·001). Immunohistochemical analysis of sensory retina samples with the anti-nitrotyrosine marker revealed a significant increase in immunoreactivity in G1 rabbits when compared with G2 rabbits (P= 0·002). Flaxseed reduced the choroid-sclera complex thickness of diet-induced hypercholesterolaemic rabbits and the expression of oxidised LDL in the choroid-sclera complex as well as the expression of nitrotyrosine in the sensory retina.
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Khademi F, Danesh B, Mohammad Nejad D, Soleimani Rad J. The comparative effects of atorvastatin and quince leaf extract on atherosclerosis. IRANIAN RED CRESCENT MEDICAL JOURNAL 2013; 15:639-43. [PMID: 24578828 PMCID: PMC3918185 DOI: 10.5812/ircmj.4030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/01/2012] [Revised: 07/17/2012] [Accepted: 07/01/2013] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
Background This study investigates the ability of quince leaf extract to prevent progression of atherosclerosis and to determine the lipid-lowering effect of it. Objectives This study suggested that quince leaf effects on progression of atherosclerosis, and performed comparison with atorvastatin as a standard medication. Materials and Methods The effect of 50mg/kg of the quince leaf extract on lipid profiles was assessed by measuring the levels of totalcholesterol, triglyceride, LDL, HDL, and liver enzymes (AST, ALT, and AP) in plasma and were evaluated the thickness of aortic plaques in the hypercholesterolemic rabbits after stopping. These assessments were performed using 0.5 mg/kg of atorvastatin. Results Oral administration of cholesterol for 8 weeks resulted in a significant increase (P < 0.05) in plasma markers. Treatment with the extract at dose of 50 mg/kg and 0.5 mg/kg of atorvastatin not only were reduced lipid profile in plasma (P < 0.05) but also were increased HDL-cholesterol levels. There were decrease (P = 0.04) in the liver enzymes in extract treated rabbits. However, plaque thickness had no significant difference in the aorta of treated rabbits compared with studied control. Conclusions These results indicate the lipid-lowering effects of quince leaf similar to atorvastatin and it can probably serve as a new potential natural product for atherosclerosis treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Farzaneh Khademi
- Department of Tissue Engineering and Cell Therapy, Faculty of Advanced Medical Technologies, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, IR Iran
- Corresponding Author: Farzaneh Khademi, Department of Tissue Engineering and Cell Therapy, Faculty of Advanced Medical Technologies, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, IR Iran. Tel: +98-2188991118, Fax: +98-2188991117, E-mail:
| | - Behnam Danesh
- Department of Tissue Engineering and Cell Therapy, Faculty of Advanced Medical Technologies, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, IR Iran
| | - Daruosh Mohammad Nejad
- Department of Anatomical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, IR Iran
| | - Jafar Soleimani Rad
- Department of Anatomical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, IR Iran
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Torres RJDA, de Noronha L, Casella AMB, Grobe SF, Martins IDC, Torres RDRDA, Luchini A, Sturzeneker MCS, Torres CLDA, Precoma DB. Effect of olmesartan on leukocyte recruitment in choroid-sclera complex in hypercholesterolemia model. J Ocul Pharmacol Ther 2013; 29:709-14. [PMID: 23683100 DOI: 10.1089/jop.2012.0142] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE Demonstrate that the blockade of angiotensin II AT-1 receptors, through the systemic administration of olmesartan, can reduce the MCP-1 expression and the resulting macrophage accumulation in the choroid and sclera of hypercholesterolemic rabbits. METHODS Thirty-two New Zealand rabbits were divided into 3 groups: group I (GI) was fed a standard rabbit diet; group II (GII) was fed a hypercholesterolemic diet; and group III (GIII) was fed a hypercholesterolemic diet plus olmesartan. Serum levels of total cholesterol, triglyceride, HDL cholesterol, and blood glucose were determined in fasting rabbits at the beginning of the experiment and on the day of euthanasia. The choroid and sclera were submitted to morphometric analysis as well as immunohistochemical analysis with MCP-1 and RAM-11 (macrophage marker) antibodies. RESULTS No abnormality was detected in GI. Group II and III had significant increases in choroid-sclera complex thicknesses when compared with group I (P<0.001). GII showed a significant increase in immunoreactivity for MCP-1 in relation to GI (P=0.001) and GIII (P=0.004). GII showed a significant increase in immunoreactivity for RAM-11 of the choroid-sclera complex in relation to GI (P<0.001) and GIII (P=0.034). A significant increase in immunoreactivity for RAM-11 was observed in GIII in relation to GI (P=0.008). CONCLUSION Olmesartan reduced the MCP-1 expression and the resultant macrophage accumulation in the choroid-sclera complex of hypercholesterolemic rabbits.
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Choroidal thickness in relation to hypercholesterolemia on enhanced depth imaging optical coherence tomography. Retina 2013; 33:423-8. [PMID: 23089893 DOI: 10.1097/iae.0b013e3182753b5a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE To investigate the relationship of hypercholesterolemia and choroidal thickness in normal healthy volunteers. METHOD This was a cross-sectional observational study. Volunteers with no ocular abnormalities were examined using enhanced depth imaging optical coherence tomography. Choroidal and retinal thicknesses were measured at the fovea, and at 4 different locations 1 mm superior, inferior, temporal, and nasal to the fovea. Subjects were further divided into those with hypercholesterolemia (Group 1) and normal control subjects (Group 2) for subgroup analysis regarding the effect of hypercholesterolemia on choroidal thickness. Subjects with hypertension and diabetes were excluded. RESULTS A total of 322 eyes of 161 subjects were studied. Mean age was 59.9 years (range, 24-84 years). The mean subfoveal choroidal thickness was 261 ± 98.7 μm. Mean subfoveal choroidal thickness negatively correlated with age (r = -0.326; P = 0.001). The mean serum total cholesterol was 5.02 ± 0.98 mmol/L. In Group 1, it was 5.65 ± 1.15 mmol/L, while in Group 2, it was 4.72 ± 0.73 mmol/L. The difference was statistically significant (P = 0.003). Subjects in Group 1 tended to be older and have worse vision, although the difference did not reach statistical significance. The mean subfoveal choroidal thickness in Group 1 was 306 ± 111 μm, while that in Group 2 was 258 ± 97 μm. The difference was statistically significant (P = 0.041). The same difference was also found at the 1 mm nasal (P = 0.041) and 1 mm superior (P = 0.040). CONCLUSION The subfoveal choroidal thickness was found to be significantly higher in subjects with hypercholesterolemia. This has to be taken into account when analyzing choroidal thickness.
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Rymarz E, Matysik-Woźniak A, Baltaziak L, Prystupa A, Sak J, Grzybowski A. Lipemia retinalis - an unusual cause of visual acuity deterioration. Med Sci Monit 2012; 18:CS72-75. [PMID: 22847206 PMCID: PMC3560707 DOI: 10.12659/msm.883257] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Hyperlipidemia is an identified factor of premature vessel atherosclerosis. Lipemia retinalis is an unusual retinal manifestation of hyperlipidemia and is thought to be directly correlated with the serum triglyceride level. Case Report This paper discusses the case of a 55-year-old patient with lipemia retinalis, which deteriorated his visual acuity. The patient had an extremely high serum cholesterol level (1053 mg/dl) and a very high level of triglycerides (1513 mg/dl). The normalization of serum lipids, reversion of retinal vessels alterations and visual acuity improvement was achieved after an intensive statin lipid-lowering therapy. Pathological changes of the patient’s retina, connected with lipemia retinalis, disappeared completely. Conclusions Hyperlipidemia can cause lipemia retinalis, which is characterized by the hyperlipidemic vascular lesions-whitish color of vessels, lipid infiltration into the retina and decrease of visual acuity. The lipid-lowering therapy may lead to the normalization of the appearance of the fundus and restore the visual acuity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ewa Rymarz
- Department of Internal Medicine, Medical University of Lublin, Lublin, Poland
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Shibata M, Sugiyama T, Hoshiga M, Hotchi J, Okuno T, Oku H, Hanafusa T, Ikeda T. Changes in optic nerve head blood flow, visual function, and retinal histology in hypercholesterolemic rabbits. Exp Eye Res 2011; 93:818-24. [DOI: 10.1016/j.exer.2011.09.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2011] [Revised: 09/20/2011] [Accepted: 09/26/2011] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
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Rojas B, Ramírez AI, Salazar JJ, de Hoz R, Redondo A, Raposo R, Mendez T, Tejerina T, Triviño A, Ramírez JM. Low-dosage statins reduce choroidal damage in hypercholesterolemic rabbits. Acta Ophthalmol 2011; 89:660-9. [PMID: 20064114 DOI: 10.1111/j.1755-3768.2009.01829.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE To describe the ultrastructural changes in the choroid of long-term hypercholesterolemic rabbits after a low-dosage statin treatment and to evaluate some pleiotropic effects of these drugs on the morphology of endothelial cells (EC) and vascular smooth-muscle cells (VSMC). METHODS New Zealand rabbits were divided into three groups: G0, fed a standard diet; G1, fed a 0.5% cholesterol-enriched diet for 8 months and G2, fed a 0.5% cholesterol-enriched diet for 8 months plus administration of fluvastatin sodium or pravastatin sodium at a dose of 2 mg/Kg/day each. Eyes were processed for transmission-electron microscopy. RESULTS G1 had a lipid build-up at the suprachoroidea that compressed the vascular layers with the lumens of the vessels to the point of collapse in some instances. By contrast, G2 underwent a substantial decrease in suprachoroidal foam cells and of lipids in the vascular layers while the vascular lumens were normal. The preservation of cytoplasmic organelles, caveolar system and other ultrastructural features of EC and VSMC in G2 contrasted with the numerous signs of necrosis observed in G1. Bruch's membrane (BM) in G2 contained fewer lipids and more collagen than in G1. CONCLUSION Treatment with a low dosage of fluvastatin sodium or pravastatin sodium reduced the lipid build-up as well as the macrophages in the choroid and restored the vascular lumens of choroidal vessels independently of the cholesterol effect. The normal ultrastructural features of choroidal EC and VSMC in statin-treated animals suggest that the endothelial function is preserved and the ischaemia reduced.
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Affiliation(s)
- Blanca Rojas
- Institute for Ophthalmic Research, Ramón Castroviejo, Complutense University, Madrid, Spain
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Torres RJDA, Muccioli C, Maia M, Noronha L, Luchini A, Alessi A, Olandoski M, Farah ME, Précoma DB. Sclerochorioretinal abnormalities in hypercholesterolemic rabbits treated with rosiglitazone. Ophthalmic Surg Lasers Imaging Retina 2010; 41:562-71. [PMID: 20795574 DOI: 10.3928/15428877-20100726-05] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2009] [Accepted: 05/20/2010] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVE To evaluate early retinal, choroidal, and scleral abnormalities induced by a hypercholesterolemic diet and the prevention of these abnormalities after oral administration of rosiglitazone in rabbits. MATERIALS AND METHODS Fifty-four New Zealand rabbits were divided into four study groups: control group, normal diet; group 1, hypercholesterolemic diet; group 2, hypercholesterolemic diet associated with daily administration of 3 mg of rosiglitazone from day 14 after beginning the diet; and group 3, hypercholesterolemic diet associated with daily administration of 3 mg of rosiglitazone since the beginning of the experiment. Sclera and choroid underwent histologic and histomorphometric analyses. Retina underwent immunohistochemical analysis with anti-calretinin and anti-glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP) antibodies. RESULTS No abnormalities were observed in the control group. Group 1 had significant increases in scleral and choroidal thicknesses compared with the control group (P < .01) and group 3 (P < .05). Group 1 presented significant increases in immunoreactivity (P < .001) to the anti-calretinin antibody compared with the other groups. Groups 2 and 3 had significant (P < .002) increases in calretinin immunoreactivity compared with the control group. GFAP was negative in all groups. CONCLUSION The hypercholesterolemic diet induced early retinal, choroidal, and scleral abnormalities. Rosiglitazone preserved the structural anatomy.
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Amran AA, Zakaria Z, Othman F, Das S, Raj S, Nordin NAMM. Aqueous extract of Piper sarmentosum decreases atherosclerotic lesions in high cholesterolemic experimental rabbits. Lipids Health Dis 2010; 9:44. [PMID: 20433693 PMCID: PMC2877048 DOI: 10.1186/1476-511x-9-44] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2010] [Accepted: 04/30/2010] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Piper sarmentosum (P.s) has flavonoid component in its leaves which has antioxidative effect. To date, its effect on atherosclerosis has not been studied histologically. AIM The study aimed to investigate the effect of P.s on atherosclerotic changes in hypercholesterolemic rabbits. METHODS Forty two male New Zealand white rabbits were divided into seven groups. C - control group fed normal rabbit chow, CH - cholesterol diet (1% cholesterol), W1 - 1% cholesterol with water extract of P.s (62.5 mg/kg), W2 - 1% cholesterol with water extract of P.s (125 mg/kg), W3 - 1% cholesterol with water extract of P.s (250 mg/kg), W4 - 1% cholesterol with water extract of P.s (500 mg/kg) and Smv - 1% cholesterol supplemented with simvistatin drug (1.2 mg/kg). All rabbits were treated for 10 weeks. Following 10 weeks of supplementation, the animals were sacrificed and the aortic tissue was taken for histological study. RESULTS Rabbits fed only with high cholesterol diet 1% cholesterol (CH) showed focal fatty streak lesions compared to the C group and 1% cholesterol supplemented with simvistatin drug (Smv) group. Atherosclerotic lesions in the 1% cholesterol group supplemented with P.s (500 mg/kg) i.e. W4 group showed significant reduction (30 + or - 6.0%, p < 0.05) in fatty streak compared to the high cholesterol group (85.6 + or - 4.1%) under Sudan IV stain. The atherosclerotic lesions under transmission electron microscope showed reduction in foam cells in the treatment groups compared to the CH groups. CONCLUSION Administration of P.s extract has protective effect against atheroscleros.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adel A Amran
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, Jalan Raja Muda Abdul Aziz, Kuala Lumpur 50300, Malaysia
| | - Zaiton Zakaria
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, Jalan Raja Muda Abdul Aziz, Kuala Lumpur 50300, Malaysia
| | - Faizah Othman
- Department of Anatomy, Faculty of Medicine, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, Jalan Raja Muda Abdul Aziz, Kuala Lumpur 50300, Malaysia
| | - Srijit Das
- Department of Anatomy, Faculty of Medicine, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, Jalan Raja Muda Abdul Aziz, Kuala Lumpur 50300, Malaysia
| | - Santhana Raj
- Unit Electron Microscopy, Institute of Medical Research, Jalan Pahang, 50588 Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Nor-Anita MM Nordin
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, Jalan Raja Muda Abdul Aziz, Kuala Lumpur 50300, Malaysia
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29
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Curcio CA, Johnson M, Huang JD, Rudolf M. Aging, age-related macular degeneration, and the response-to-retention of apolipoprotein B-containing lipoproteins. Prog Retin Eye Res 2009; 28:393-422. [PMID: 19698799 PMCID: PMC4319375 DOI: 10.1016/j.preteyeres.2009.08.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 185] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
The largest risk factor for age-related macular degeneration (ARMD) is advanced age. A prominent age-related change in the human retina is the accumulation of histochemically detectable neutral lipid in normal Bruch's membrane (BrM) throughout adulthood. This change has the potential to have a major impact on physiology of the retinal pigment epithelium (RPE). It occurs in the same compartment as drusen and basal linear deposit, the pathognomonic extracellular, lipid-containing lesions of ARMD. Here we present evidence from light microscopic histochemistry, ultrastructure, lipid profiling of tissues and isolated lipoproteins, and gene expression analysis that this deposition can be accounted for by esterified cholesterol-rich, apolipoprotein B-containing lipoprotein particles constitutively produced by the RPE. This work collectively allows ARMD lesion formation and its aftermath to be conceptualized as a response to the retention of a sub-endothelial apolipoprotein B lipoprotein, similar to a widely accepted model of atherosclerotic coronary artery disease (CAD) (Tabas et al., 2007). This approach provides a wide knowledge base and sophisticated clinical armamentarium that can be readily exploited for the development of new model systems and the future benefit of ARMD patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christine A Curcio
- Department of Ophthalmology, University of Alabama School of Medicine, Birmingham, AL 35294-0009, USA.
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