1
|
Jin J, Jiang Y, Chakrabarti S, Su Z. Cardiac Mast Cells: A Two-Head Regulator in Cardiac Homeostasis and Pathogenesis Following Injury. Front Immunol 2022; 13:963444. [PMID: 35911776 PMCID: PMC9334794 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.963444] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2022] [Accepted: 06/24/2022] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Cardiac mast cells (CMCs) are multifarious immune cells with complex roles both in cardiac physiological and pathological conditions, especially in cardiac fibrosis. Little is known about the physiological importance of CMCs in cardiac homeostasis and inflammatory process. Therefore, the present review will summarize the recent progress of CMCs on origin, development and replenishment in the heart, including their effects on cardiac development, function and ageing under physiological conditions as well as the roles of CMCs in inflammatory progression and resolution. The present review will shed a light on scientists to understand cardioimmunology and to develop immune treatments targeting on CMCs following cardiac injury.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jing Jin
- International Genome Center, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, China
- Institute of Immunology, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, China
| | - Yuanyuan Jiang
- Children’s Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Subrata Chakrabarti
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Western University, London, ON, Canada
| | - Zhaoliang Su
- International Genome Center, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, China
- Institute of Immunology, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, China
- *Correspondence: Zhaoliang Su,
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Wang Z, Wang Y, Bradbury N, Gonzales Bravo C, Schnabl B, Di Nardo A. Skin wound closure delay in metabolic syndrome correlates with SCF deficiency in keratinocytes. Sci Rep 2020; 10:21732. [PMID: 33303806 PMCID: PMC7728784 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-78244-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2020] [Accepted: 11/23/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Poor wound closure due to diabetes, aging, stress, obesity, alcoholism, and chronic disease affects millions of people worldwide. Reasons wounds will not close are still unclear, and current therapies are limited. Although stem cell factor (SCF), a cytokine, is known to be important for wound repair, the cellular and molecular mechanisms of SCF in wound closure remain poorly understood. Here, we found that SCF expression in the epidermis is decreased in mouse models of delayed wound closure intended to mimic old age, obesity, and alcoholism. By using SCF conditionally knocked out mice, we demonstrated that keratinocytes' autocrine production of SCF activates a transient c-kit receptor in keratinocytes. Transient activation of the c-kit receptor induces the expression of growth factors and chemokines to promote wound re-epithelialization by increasing migration of skin cells (keratinocytes and fibroblasts) and immune cells (neutrophils) to the wound bed 24-48 h post-wounding. Our results demonstrate that keratinocyte-produced SCF is essential to wound closure due to the increased recruitment of a unique combination of skin cells and immune cells in the early phase after wounding. This discovery is imperative for developing clinical strategies that might improve the body's natural repair mechanisms for treating patients with wound-closure pathologies.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Zhenping Wang
- Department of Dermatology, School of Medicine, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, 92093, USA
| | - Yanhan Wang
- Division of Gastroenterology, School of Medicine, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, 92093, USA
| | - Nicholas Bradbury
- Department of Dermatology, School of Medicine, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, 92093, USA
| | - Carolina Gonzales Bravo
- Department of Dermatology, School of Medicine, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, 92093, USA
| | - Bernd Schnabl
- Division of Gastroenterology, School of Medicine, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, 92093, USA
| | - Anna Di Nardo
- Department of Dermatology, School of Medicine, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, 92093, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Rapid Mast Cell Generation from Gata2 Reporter Pluripotent Stem Cells. Stem Cell Reports 2018; 11:1009-1020. [PMID: 30197119 PMCID: PMC6178197 DOI: 10.1016/j.stemcr.2018.08.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2018] [Revised: 08/07/2018] [Accepted: 08/08/2018] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Mast cells are tissue-resident immune cells. Their overgrowth/overactivation results in a range of common distressing, sometimes life-threatening disorders, including asthma, psoriasis, anaphylaxis, and mastocytosis. Currently, drug discovery is hampered by use of cancer-derived mast cell lines or primary cells. Cell lines provide low numbers of mature mast cells and are not representative of in vivo mast cells. Mast cell generation from blood/bone marrow gives poor reproducibility, requiring 8–12 weeks of culture. Here we report a method for the rapid/robust production of mast cells from pluripotent stem cells (PSCs). An advantageous Gata2Venus reporter enriches mast cells and progenitors as they differentiate from PSCs. Highly proliferative mouse mast cells and progenitors emerge after 2 weeks. This method is applicable for rapid human mast cell generation, and could enable the production of sufficient numbers of physiologically relevant human mast cells from patient induced PSCs for the study of mast cell-associated disorders and drug discovery. Efficient mast cell production is achieved with novel Gata2-reporter PSCs 14-day Gata2-reporter PSC culture produces mast cells and self-renewing progenitors Gata2-reporter mast cells have high protease content and degranulate Gata2-reporter iPSC method advances prospects for human mast cell research
Collapse
|
4
|
Tu C, Allen A, Deng W, Conroy O, Nambiar M, Zoldan J. Commonly used thiol-containing antioxidants reduce cardiac differentiation and alter gene expression ratios of sarcomeric isoforms. Exp Cell Res 2018; 370:150-159. [PMID: 29920245 DOI: 10.1016/j.yexcr.2018.06.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2018] [Revised: 06/07/2018] [Accepted: 06/15/2018] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
Reactive oxygen species (ROS) scavengers such as beta-mercaptoethanol (BME) and monothiol glycerol (MTG) are extensively used in stem cell research to prevent cellular oxidative stress. However, how these antioxidant supplements impact stem cell cardiac differentiation, a process regulated by redox-signaling remains unknown. In this study, we found that removal of BME from the conventional high-glucose, serum-based differentiation medium improved cardiac differentiation efficiency by 2-3 fold. BME and MTG treatments during differentiation significantly reduced mRNA expression of cardiac progenitor markers (NKX2.5 and ISL1) as well as sarcomeric markers (MLC2A, MLC2V, TNNI3, MYH6 and MYH7), suggesting reduced cardiomyogenesis by BME or MTG. Moreover, BME and MTG altered the expression ratios between the sarcomeric isoforms. In particular, TNNI3 to TNNI1 ratio and MLC2V to MLC2A ratio were significantly lower in BME or MTG treated cells than untreated cells, implying altered cardiomyocyte phenotype and maturity. Lastly, BME and MTG treatments resulted in less frequent beating, slower contraction and relaxation velocities than untreated cells. Interestingly, none of the above-mentioned effects was observed with Trolox, a non-thiol based antioxidant, despite its strong antioxidant activity. This work demonstrates that commonly used antioxidant supplements may cause considerable changes to cellular redox state and the outcome of differentiation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Chengyi Tu
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Texas at Austin, United States
| | - Alicia Allen
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Texas at Austin, United States
| | - Wei Deng
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Texas at Austin, United States
| | - Olivia Conroy
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Texas at Austin, United States
| | - Madhavi Nambiar
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Texas at Austin, United States
| | - Janet Zoldan
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Texas at Austin, United States.
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Apoptotic resistance of human skin mast cells is mediated by Mcl-1. Cell Death Discov 2017; 3:17048. [PMID: 28845295 PMCID: PMC5563844 DOI: 10.1038/cddiscovery.2017.48] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2017] [Accepted: 06/03/2017] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Mast cells (MCs) are major effector cells of allergic reactions and contribute to multiple other pathophysiological processes. MCs are long-lived in the tissue microenvironment, in which they matured, but it remains ill-defined how longevity is established by the natural habitat, as research on human MCs chiefly employs cells generated and expanded in culture. In this study, we report that naturally differentiated skin MCs exhibit substantial resilience to cell death with considerable portions surviving up to 3 days in the complete absence of growth factors (GF). This was evidenced by kinetic resolution of membrane alterations (Annexin-V, YoPro), DNA degradation (propidium iodide), mitochondrial membrane disruption (Depsipher), and Caspase-3 activity. Because of the high basal survival, further protection by SCF was modest. Conversely, survival was severely compromised by staurosporine, implying functional caspase machinery. Contrary to the resistance of freshly purified MCs, their culture-expanded counterpart readily underwent cell death upon GF deprivation. Searching for the molecular underpinnings explaining the difference, we identified Mcl-1 as a critical protector. In fact, silencing Mcl-1 by RNAi led to impaired survival in skin MCs ex vivo, but not their cultured equivalent. Therefore, MCs matured in the skin have not only higher expression of Mcl-1 than proliferating MCs, but also greater reliance on Mcl-1 for their survival. Collectively, we report that human skin MCs display low susceptibility to cell death through vast expression of Mcl-1, which protects from mortality and may contribute to MC longevity in the tissue.
Collapse
|
6
|
Wang Z, Mascarenhas N, Eckmann L, Miyamoto Y, Sun X, Kawakami T, Di Nardo A. Skin microbiome promotes mast cell maturation by triggering stem cell factor production in keratinocytes. J Allergy Clin Immunol 2016; 139:1205-1216.e6. [PMID: 27746235 DOI: 10.1016/j.jaci.2016.09.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 79] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2016] [Revised: 08/22/2016] [Accepted: 09/23/2016] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Mast cell (MC) progenitors leave the bone marrow, enter the circulation, and settle in the skin and other tissues. Their maturation in tissues is influenced by the surrounding microenvironment. OBJECTIVE We tested the hypothesis that environmental factors play a role in MC maturation in the skin. METHODS MCs were numerically, phenotypically, and functionally compared between germ-free (GF), specific pathogen-free, and GF mice reconstituted with microbiota. The maturity of MCs was then correlated with skin levels of stem cell factor (SCF), a critical MC differentiation factor, and lipoteichoic acid (LTA), a Toll-like receptor 2 ligand. MCs were also evaluated in mice with keratinocyte-specific deletion of Scf. RESULTS We found that GF mice express abnormally low amounts of SCF, a critical MC differentiation factor, and contain MCs that are largely undifferentiated. Reconstituting the GF microbiota reverted this MC phenotype to normal, indicating that the phenotype is related to ongoing interactions of the microbiota and skin. Consistent with the immaturity of GF MCs, degranulation-provoking compound 48/80 induced less edema in the skin of GF mice than in conventional mice. Our results show that the skin microbiome drives SCF production in keratinocytes, which triggers the differentiation of dermal MCs. Because the skin microbiome is a rich source of LTA, a Toll-like receptor 2 ligand, we mimicked the GF microbiome's effect on MCs by applying LTA to the skin of GF mice. We also demonstrated that MC migration within the skin depends exclusively on keratinocyte-produced SCF. CONCLUSION This study has revealed a novel mechanism by which the skin microbiota signals the recruitment and maturation of MCs within the dermis through SCF production by LTA-stimulated keratinocytes.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Zhenping Wang
- Department of Dermatology, School of Medicine, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, Calif
| | - Nicholas Mascarenhas
- Department of Dermatology, School of Medicine, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, Calif
| | - Lars Eckmann
- Department of Medicine, School of Medicine, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, Calif
| | - Yukiko Miyamoto
- Department of Medicine, School of Medicine, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, Calif
| | - Xiaojun Sun
- Department of Dermatology, School of Medicine, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, Calif
| | - Toshiaki Kawakami
- Division of Cell Biology, La Jolla Institute for Allergy and Immunology, La Jolla, Calif
| | - Anna Di Nardo
- Department of Dermatology, School of Medicine, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, Calif.
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Mast cell activation disease and the modern epidemic of chronic inflammatory disease. Transl Res 2016; 174:33-59. [PMID: 26850903 DOI: 10.1016/j.trsl.2016.01.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2015] [Revised: 01/07/2016] [Accepted: 01/08/2016] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
A large and growing portion of the human population, especially in developed countries, suffers 1 or more chronic, often quite burdensome ailments which either are overtly inflammatory in nature or are suspected to be of inflammatory origin, but for which investigations to date have failed to identify specific causes, let alone unifying mechanisms underlying the multiple such ailments that often afflict such patients. Relatively recently described as a non-neoplastic cousin of the rare hematologic disease mastocytosis, mast cell (MC) activation syndrome-suspected to be of greatly heterogeneous, complex acquired clonality in many cases-is a potential underlying/unifying explanation for a diverse assortment of inflammatory ailments. A brief review of MC biology and how aberrant primary MC activation might lead to such a vast range of illness is presented.
Collapse
|
8
|
Westerberg CM, Ullerås E, Nilsson G. Differentiation of mast cell subpopulations from mouse embryonic stem cells. J Immunol Methods 2012; 382:160-6. [PMID: 22683543 DOI: 10.1016/j.jim.2012.05.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2012] [Revised: 05/22/2012] [Accepted: 05/30/2012] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
Abstract
Mast cells can generally be divided into two major groups, connective tissue mast cells and mucosal mast cells. We and others have previously shown that these mast cell populations can be developed in vitro from mouse bone marrow stem cells using a combination of specific growth factors and cytokines. Mast cell differentiation from mouse embryonic stem (ES) cells is an important alternative method when developing mast cells from an embryonic lethal genetic deficiency or to reduce the use and handling of experimental animals. In this study, we have used protocols prior known to induce connective tissue like mast cells (CTLMC) (SCF and IL-4) and mucosal like mast cells (MLMC) (SCF, IL-3, IL-9 and TGF-β) from mouse bone marrow progenitor cells and employed these protocols to study if phenotype specific mast cells can be developed from ES cells. We here demonstrate that mast cells of the different phenotypes, CTLMC and MLMC, can be derived from mouse ES cells. The mast cell populations were characterized by chymase expression, receptor expression and their difference in activation pattern and in activation-induced survival.
Collapse
|
9
|
Liu L, Liu C, Zhong Y, Apostolou A, Fang S. ER stress response during the differentiation of H9 cells induced by retinoic acid. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2012; 417:738-43. [PMID: 22197812 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2011.12.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2011] [Accepted: 12/08/2011] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Lihua Liu
- Clinical Pharmacology Institute, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, Anhui 230032, China
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
10
|
Rådinger M, Smrž D, Metcalfe DD, Gilfillan AM. Glycogen synthase kinase-3β is a prosurvival signal for the maintenance of human mast cell homeostasis. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2011; 187:5587-95. [PMID: 22039301 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1101257] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Homeostasis of mature tissue-resident mast cells is dependent on the relative activation of pro- and antiapoptotic regulators. In this study, we investigated the role of glycogen synthase kinase 3β (GSK3β) in the survival of neoplastic and nonneoplastic human mast cells. GSK3β was observed to be phosphorylated at the Y(216) activating residue under resting conditions in both the neoplastic HMC1.2 cell line and in peripheral blood-derived primary human mast cells (HuMCs), suggesting constitutive activation of GSK3β in these cells. Lentiviral-transduced short hairpin RNA knockdown of GSK3β in both the HMC1.2 cells and HuMCs resulted in a significant reduction in cell survival as determined with the MTT assay. The decrease in stem cell factor (SCF)-mediated survival in the GSK3β knockdown HuMCs was reflected by enhancement of SCF withdrawal-induced apoptosis, as determined by Annexin V staining and caspase cleavage, and this was associated with a pronounced reduction in SCF-mediated phosphorylation of Src homology 2 domain-containing phosphatase 2 and ERK1/2 and reduced expression of the antiapoptotic proteins Bcl-xl and Bcl-2. These data show that GSK3β is an essential antiapoptotic factor in both neopastic and nontransformed primary human mast cells through the regulation of SCF-mediated Src homology 2 domain-containing phosphatase 2 and ERK activation. Our data suggest that targeting of GSK3β with small m.w. inhibitors such as CHIR 99021 may thus provide a mechanism for limiting mast cell survival and subsequently decreasing the intensity of the allergic inflammatory response.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Madeleine Rådinger
- Laboratory of Allergic Diseases, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892-1881, USA
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
11
|
|
12
|
Karlberg M, Ekoff M, Huang DCS, Mustonen P, Harvima IT, Nilsson G. The BH3-mimetic ABT-737 induces mast cell apoptosis in vitro and in vivo: potential for therapeutics. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2010; 185:2555-62. [PMID: 20639495 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.0903656] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Mast cells and their mediators are implicated in the pathogenesis of many different diseases. One possible therapeutic intervention in mast cell-associated diseases can be to reduce the number of tissue mast cells by inducing mast cell apoptosis. In this study, we demonstrate that mast cells exhibit a high sensitivity to ABT-737, a BH3-only mimetic molecule that induces apoptosis through high-affinity binding to the prosurvival proteins, Bcl-2, Bcl-XL, and Bcl-w. Primary mast cells as well as mast cell lines tested succumbed to apoptosis in response to the inhibitor at varying but seemingly low concentrations compared with other leukocytes investigated. I.p. injections of ABT-737 in mice resulted in a total abolishment of mast cells in the peritoneum. Confocal microscopy analysis of peritoneal cells revealed apoptotic bodies of mast cells being phagocytosed by macrophages. In addition, ex vivo treatment of human skin biopsies with ABT-737 demonstrated increased mast cell apoptosis. The data we present in this article show exceptional mast cell sensitivity to ABT-737, a selective inhibitor of antiapoptotic proteins, rendering a possible application for BH3-only mimetic compounds like ABT-737 in mast cell-associated diseases, such as mastocytosis, allergy, asthma, and other chronic inflammations.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mats Karlberg
- Department of Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
13
|
The Interplay between BCL-2 Family Proteins and Mitochondrial Morphology in the Regulation of Apoptosis. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2010; 687:97-114. [DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4419-6706-0_6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/07/2023]
|
14
|
Liu C, Liu Z, Li Z, Wu Y. Molecular regulation of mast cell development and maturation. Mol Biol Rep 2009; 37:1993-2001. [PMID: 19644767 DOI: 10.1007/s11033-009-9650-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2009] [Accepted: 07/21/2009] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
Mast cells play a crucial role in the pathogenesis of allergic diseases. In recent years, tremendous progresses have been made in studies of mast cell origination, migration, proliferation, maturation and survival, and the cytokines regulating these activities. These advances have significantly improved our understandings to mast cell biology and to the molecular mechanisms of mast cells in the pathogenesis of allergic diseases.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Chenxiong Liu
- Allergy and Immunology Institute, School of Medicine, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, China
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
15
|
The rationale for cardiomyocyte resuscitation in myocardial salvage. J Mol Med (Berl) 2008; 86:1085-95. [PMID: 18563379 DOI: 10.1007/s00109-008-0362-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2008] [Revised: 04/17/2008] [Accepted: 04/21/2008] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Clinical heart failure results from the cumulative loss of functioning myocardium from any cause. At the cellular level, cardiac myocytes die from three causes, individually or in combination: Necrosis occurs when external conditions are not sufficient to sustain minimal cellular functions, as with ischemia, and there is a general and unorganized breakdown of cell organelles, engendering an inflammatory response that may have harmful collateral tissue effects. Apoptosis, or cell suicide, occurs when specific external or internal conditions provoke a highly structured sequence of events to shut down cellular functions and remove the cell, with minimal consequences to surrounding tissue. Autophagy is a normal response to cell starvation that is induced under conditions of chronic metabolic or other stress. Current therapeutics, such as early myocardial revascularization after myocardial infarction, are focused exclusively upon minimizing cardiac myocyte necrosis and may even contribute to secondary apoptosis and autophagy. This review explores possible approaches to bring cardiac myocytes that are destined to die, back to life, i.e., cellular resuscitation. Two pro-apoptotic proteins in particular, Bnip3 and Nix, are transcriptionally upregulated specifically in response to myocardial ischemia and pathological hypertrophy and have been examined as therapeutic targets. In Bnip3 and Nix genetic mouse models, prevention of cardiac myocyte apoptosis in ischemic and hemodynamically overloaded hearts salvaged myocardium, minimized late ventricular remodeling, and enhanced ventricular performance. Cardiomyocyte resuscitation by preventing programmed cell death shows promise as an additive approach to minimizing necrosis for long-term prevention of heart failure.
Collapse
|
16
|
Karlberg M, Xiang Z, Nilsson G. FcγRI-Mediated Activation of Human Mast Cells Promotes Survival and Induction of the Pro-survival Gene Bfl-1. J Clin Immunol 2007; 28:250-5. [DOI: 10.1007/s10875-007-9153-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2007] [Accepted: 11/12/2007] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
|
17
|
Kitamura Y, Oboki K, Ito A. Development of mast cells. PROCEEDINGS OF THE JAPAN ACADEMY. SERIES B, PHYSICAL AND BIOLOGICAL SCIENCES 2007; 83:164-74. [PMID: 24367142 PMCID: PMC3855204 DOI: 10.2183/pjab.83.164] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2007] [Accepted: 06/12/2007] [Indexed: 05/12/2023]
Abstract
Mast cells are progeny of the multipotential hematopoietic stem cell (MHSC). Mast cell-committed progenitors (MCPs) leave hematopoietic tissues, migrate in peripheral blood, invade to connective or mucosal tissue, proliferate and differentiate to morphologically identifiable mast cells. Phenotype of mast cells (connective tissue-type or mucosal type) is determined by the site of lodgment of MCPs. Most progeny of the multipotential hematopoietic stem cell lose proliferation potential after maturation, but connective tissue-type mast cells (CTMCs) possess appreciable proliferation potential after maturation. Even after functioning by degranulation, CTMCs proliferate and restore the original morphology. The most important cytokine for development and survival of mast cells is KIT ligand, and the KIT receptor tyrosine kinase is expressed through the whole developmental process of mast cells from MHSC to mature mast cells. The loss-of-function mutation of KIT gene results in depletion of mast cells, whereas its gain-of-function mutation causes mast cell tumors. Since mast cells are involved in various disease processes, intervention in development of mast cells might be beneficial to the treatment.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yukihiko Kitamura
- Developmental Research Laboratories, Shionogi Co., Ltd., Futaba-cho 3–1–1, Toyonaka, Osaka 561–0825,
Japan
- Recipient of Japan Academy Prize in 2005
- Correspondence to : Y. Kitamura ()
| | - Keisuke Oboki
- Department of Allergy and Immunology, National Research Institute for Child Health and Development, Okura 2–10–1, Setagaya, Tokyo 157–8535,
Japan
| | - Akihiko Ito
- Division of Pathology, Graduate School of Medicine, Kobe University, Kusunoki-cho 7–5–1, Kobe, Hyogo 650–0017,
Japan
| |
Collapse
|