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Takeshita S, Kakita H, Nakamura N, Mori M, Toriuchi K, Aoki H, Inoue Y, Hayashi H, Yamada Y, Aoyama M. Thrombopoietin exerts a neuroprotective effect by inhibiting the suppression of neuronal proliferation and axonal outgrowth in intrauterine growth restriction rats. Exp Neurol 2024; 377:114781. [PMID: 38636773 DOI: 10.1016/j.expneurol.2024.114781] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2023] [Revised: 04/03/2024] [Accepted: 04/15/2024] [Indexed: 04/20/2024]
Abstract
Chronic hypoxia in utero causes intrauterine growth restriction (IUGR) of the fetus. IUGR infants are known to be at higher risk for neurodevelopmental disorders, but the mechanism is unclear. In this study, we analyzed the structure of the cerebral cortex using IUGR model rats generated through a reduced uterine perfusion pressure operation. IUGR rats exhibited thinner cerebral white matter and enlarged lateral ventricles compared with control rats. Expression of neuron cell markers, Satb2, microtubule-associated protein (MAP)-2, α-tubulin, and nestin was reduced in IUGR rats, indicating that neurons were diminished at various developmental stages in IUGR rats, from neural stem cells to mature neurons. However, there was no increase in apoptosis in IUGR rats. Cells positive for Ki67, a marker of cell proliferation, were reduced in neurons and all glial cells of IUGR rats. In primary neuron cultures, axonal elongation was impaired under hypoxic culture conditions mimicking the intrauterine environment of IUGR infants. Thus, in IUGR rats, chronic hypoxia in utero suppresses the proliferation of neurons and glial cells as well as axonal elongation, resulting in cortical thinning and enlarged lateral ventricles. Thrombopoietin (TPO), a platelet growth factor, inhibited the decrease in neuron number and promoted axon elongation in primary neurons under hypoxic conditions. Intraperitoneal administration of TPO to IUGR rats resulted in increases in the number of NeuN-positive cells and the area coverage of Satb2. In conclusion, suppression of neuronal proliferation and axonal outgrowth in IUGR rats resulted in cortical thinning and enlargement of lateral ventricles. TPO administration might be a novel therapeutic strategy for treating brain dysmaturation in IUGR infants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Satoru Takeshita
- Department of Pathobiology, Nagoya City University Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, 3-1 Tanabe-dori, Mizuho-ku, Nagoya, Aichi 467-8603, Japan; Department of Perinatal and Neonatal Medicine, Aichi Medical University, 1-1 Yazakokarimata, Nagakute, Aichi 480-1195, Japan
| | - Hiroki Kakita
- Department of Pathobiology, Nagoya City University Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, 3-1 Tanabe-dori, Mizuho-ku, Nagoya, Aichi 467-8603, Japan; Department of Perinatal and Neonatal Medicine, Aichi Medical University, 1-1 Yazakokarimata, Nagakute, Aichi 480-1195, Japan
| | - Nami Nakamura
- Department of Perinatal and Neonatal Medicine, Aichi Medical University, 1-1 Yazakokarimata, Nagakute, Aichi 480-1195, Japan; Department of Pediatrics, Aichi Medical University, 1-1 Yazakokarimata, Nagakute, Aichi 480-1195, Japan
| | - Mari Mori
- Department of Perinatal and Neonatal Medicine, Aichi Medical University, 1-1 Yazakokarimata, Nagakute, Aichi 480-1195, Japan
| | - Kohki Toriuchi
- Department of Pathobiology, Nagoya City University Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, 3-1 Tanabe-dori, Mizuho-ku, Nagoya, Aichi 467-8603, Japan
| | - Hiromasa Aoki
- Department of Pathobiology, Nagoya City University Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, 3-1 Tanabe-dori, Mizuho-ku, Nagoya, Aichi 467-8603, Japan
| | - Yasumichi Inoue
- Department of Cell Signaling, Nagoya City University Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, 3-1 Tanabe-dori, Mizuho-ku, Nagoya, Aichi 467-8603, Japan; Department of Innovative Therapeutic Sciences, Cooperative Major in Nanopharmaceutical Sciences, Nagoya City University Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, 3-1 Tanabe-dori, Mizuho-ku, Nagoya, Aichi 467-8603, Japan
| | - Hidetoshi Hayashi
- Department of Cell Signaling, Nagoya City University Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, 3-1 Tanabe-dori, Mizuho-ku, Nagoya, Aichi 467-8603, Japan; Department of Innovative Therapeutic Sciences, Cooperative Major in Nanopharmaceutical Sciences, Nagoya City University Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, 3-1 Tanabe-dori, Mizuho-ku, Nagoya, Aichi 467-8603, Japan
| | - Yasumasa Yamada
- Department of Perinatal and Neonatal Medicine, Aichi Medical University, 1-1 Yazakokarimata, Nagakute, Aichi 480-1195, Japan
| | - Mineyoshi Aoyama
- Department of Pathobiology, Nagoya City University Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, 3-1 Tanabe-dori, Mizuho-ku, Nagoya, Aichi 467-8603, Japan.
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Chincarini G, Walker DW, Wong F, Richardson SJ, Cumberland A, Tolcos M. Thyroid hormone analogues: Promising therapeutic avenues to improve the neurodevelopmental outcomes of intrauterine growth restriction. J Neurochem 2024. [PMID: 38742992 DOI: 10.1111/jnc.16124] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2023] [Revised: 04/14/2024] [Accepted: 04/19/2024] [Indexed: 05/16/2024]
Abstract
Intrauterine growth restriction (IUGR) is a pregnancy complication impairing fetal growth and development. The compromised development is often attributed to disruptions of oxygen and nutrient supply from the placenta, resulting in a number of unfavourable physiological outcomes with impaired brain and organ growth. IUGR is associated with compromised development of both grey and white matter, predisposing the infant to adverse neurodevelopmental outcomes, including long-lasting cognitive and motor difficulties. Cerebral thyroid hormone (TH) signalling, which plays a crucial role in regulating white and grey matter development, is dysregulated in IUGR, potentially contributing to the neurodevelopmental delays associated with this condition. Notably, one of the major TH transporters, monocarboxylate transporter-8 (MCT8), is deficient in the fetal IUGR brain. Currently, no effective treatment to prevent or reverse IUGR exists. Management strategies involve close antenatal monitoring, management of maternal risk factors if present and early delivery if IUGR is found to be severe or worsening in utero. The overall goal is to determine the most appropriate time for delivery, balancing the risks of preterm birth with further fetal compromise due to IUGR. Drug candidates have shown either adverse effects or little to no benefits in this vulnerable population, urging further preclinical and clinical investigation to establish effective therapies. In this review, we discuss the major neuropathology of IUGR driven by uteroplacental insufficiency and the concomitant long-term neurobehavioural impairments in individuals born IUGR. Importantly, we review the existing clinical and preclinical literature on cerebral TH signalling deficits, particularly the impaired expression of MCT8 and their correlation with IUGR. Lastly, we discuss the current evidence on MCT8-independent TH analogues which mimic the brain actions of THs by being metabolised in a similar manner as promising, albeit underappreciated approaches to promote grey and white matter development and improve the neurobehavioural outcomes following IUGR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ginevra Chincarini
- School of Health and Biomedical Sciences, RMIT University, Bundoora, Victoria, Australia
| | - David W Walker
- School of Health and Biomedical Sciences, RMIT University, Bundoora, Victoria, Australia
- Monash Newborn Health, Monash Medical Centre, Clayton, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Flora Wong
- Monash Newborn Health, Monash Medical Centre, Clayton, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | | | - Angela Cumberland
- School of Health and Biomedical Sciences, RMIT University, Bundoora, Victoria, Australia
| | - Mary Tolcos
- School of Health and Biomedical Sciences, RMIT University, Bundoora, Victoria, Australia
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Ahmadzadeh E, Polglase GR, Stojanovska V, Herlenius E, Walker DW, Miller SL, Allison BJ. Does fetal growth restriction induce neuropathology within the developing brainstem? J Physiol 2023; 601:4667-4689. [PMID: 37589339 PMCID: PMC10953350 DOI: 10.1113/jp284191] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2023] [Accepted: 08/04/2023] [Indexed: 08/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Fetal growth restriction (FGR) is a complex obstetric issue describing a fetus that does not reach its genetic growth potential. The primary cause of FGR is placental dysfunction resulting in chronic fetal hypoxaemia, which in turn causes altered neurological, cardiovascular and respiratory development, some of which may be pathophysiological, particularly for neonatal life. The brainstem is the critical site of cardiovascular, respiratory and autonomic control, but there is little information describing how chronic hypoxaemia and the resulting FGR may affect brainstem neurodevelopment. This review provides an overview of the brainstem-specific consequences of acute and chronic hypoxia, and what is known in FGR. In addition, we discuss how brainstem structural alterations may impair functional control of the cardiovascular and respiratory systems. Finally, we highlight the clinical and translational findings of the potential roles of the brainstem in maintaining cardiorespiratory adaptation in the transition from fetal to neonatal life under normal conditions and in response to the pathological environment that arises during development in growth-restricted infants. This review emphasises the crucial role that the brainstem plays in mediating cardiovascular and respiratory responses during fetal and neonatal life. We assess whether chronic fetal hypoxaemia might alter structure and function of the brainstem, but this also serves to highlight knowledge gaps regarding FGR and brainstem development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elham Ahmadzadeh
- The Ritchie CentreHudson Institute of Medical ResearchClaytonVictoriaAustralia
- Department of Obstetrics and GynaecologyMonash UniversityClaytonVictoriaAustralia
| | - Graeme R. Polglase
- The Ritchie CentreHudson Institute of Medical ResearchClaytonVictoriaAustralia
- Department of Obstetrics and GynaecologyMonash UniversityClaytonVictoriaAustralia
| | - Vanesa Stojanovska
- The Ritchie CentreHudson Institute of Medical ResearchClaytonVictoriaAustralia
- Department of Obstetrics and GynaecologyMonash UniversityClaytonVictoriaAustralia
| | - Eric Herlenius
- Department of Women's and Children's HealthKarolinska InstitutetSolnaSweden
- Astrid Lindgren Children´s HospitalKarolinska University Hospital StockholmSolnaSweden
| | - David W. Walker
- The Ritchie CentreHudson Institute of Medical ResearchClaytonVictoriaAustralia
- Neurodevelopment in Health and Disease Research Program, School of Health and Biomedical SciencesRoyal Melbourne Institute of Technology (RMIT)MelbourneVictoriaAustralia
| | - Suzanne L. Miller
- The Ritchie CentreHudson Institute of Medical ResearchClaytonVictoriaAustralia
- Department of Obstetrics and GynaecologyMonash UniversityClaytonVictoriaAustralia
| | - Beth J. Allison
- The Ritchie CentreHudson Institute of Medical ResearchClaytonVictoriaAustralia
- Department of Obstetrics and GynaecologyMonash UniversityClaytonVictoriaAustralia
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Kühne BA, Gutierrez-Vázquez L, Sánchez Lamelas E, Guardia-Escote L, Pla L, Loreiro C, Gratacós E, Barenys M, Illa M. Lactoferrin/sialic acid prevents adverse effects of intrauterine growth restriction on neurite length: investigations in an in vitro rabbit neurosphere model. Front Cell Neurosci 2023; 17:1116405. [PMID: 37180944 PMCID: PMC10169722 DOI: 10.3389/fncel.2023.1116405] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2022] [Accepted: 03/23/2023] [Indexed: 05/16/2023] Open
Abstract
Introduction Intrauterine growth restriction (IUGR) is a well-known cause of impaired neurodevelopment during life. In this study, we aimed to characterize alterations in neuronal development underlying IUGR and discover strategies to ameliorate adverse neurodevelopment effects by using a recently established rabbit in vitro neurosphere culture. Methods IUGR was surgically induced in pregnant rabbits by ligation of placental vessels in one uterine horn, while the contralateral horn remained unaffected for normal growth (control). At this time point, rabbits were randomly assigned to receive either no treatment, docosahexaenoic acid (DHA), melatonin (MEL), or lactoferrin (LF) until c-section. Neurospheres consisting of neural progenitor cells were obtained from control and IUGR pup's whole brain and comparatively analyzed for the ability to differentiate into neurons, extend neurite length, and form dendritic branching or pre-synapses. We established for the very first time a protocol to cultivate control and IUGR rabbit neurospheres not only for 5 days but under long-term conditions up to 14 days under differentiation conditions. Additionally, an in vitro evaluation of these therapies was evaluated by exposing neurospheres from non-treated rabbits to DHA, MEL, and SA (sialic acid, which is the major lactoferrin compound) and by assessing the ability to differentiate neurons, extend neurite length, and form dendritic branching or pre-synapses. Results We revealed that IUGR significantly increased the neurite length after 5 days of cultivation in vitro, a result in good agreement with previous in vivo findings in IUGR rabbits presenting more complex dendritic arborization of neurons in the frontal cortex. MEL, DHA, and SA decreased the IUGR-induced length of primary dendrites in vitro, however, only SA was able to reduce the total neurite length to control level in IUGR neurospheres. After prenatal in vivo administration of SAs parent compound LF with subsequent evaluation in vitro, LF was able to prevent abnormal neurite extension. Discussion We established for the first time the maintenance of the rabbit neurosphere culture for 14 days under differentiation conditions with increasing complexity of neuronal length and branching up to pre-synaptic formation. From the therapies tested, LF or its major compound, SA, prevents abnormal neurite extension and was therefore identified as the most promising therapy against IUGR-induced changes in neuronal development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Britta Anna Kühne
- Grup de Recerca en Toxicologia (GRET) i INSA-UB, Departament de Farmacologia, Toxicologia i Química Terapèutica, Facultat de Farmàcia i Ciències de l'Alimentació, Universitat de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
- BCNatal | Fetal Medicine Research Center (Hospital Clínic and Hospital Sant Joan de Déu), Universitat de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Lara Gutierrez-Vázquez
- Grup de Recerca en Toxicologia (GRET) i INSA-UB, Departament de Farmacologia, Toxicologia i Química Terapèutica, Facultat de Farmàcia i Ciències de l'Alimentació, Universitat de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Estela Sánchez Lamelas
- Grup de Recerca en Toxicologia (GRET) i INSA-UB, Departament de Farmacologia, Toxicologia i Química Terapèutica, Facultat de Farmàcia i Ciències de l'Alimentació, Universitat de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Laia Guardia-Escote
- Grup de Recerca en Toxicologia (GRET) i INSA-UB, Departament de Farmacologia, Toxicologia i Química Terapèutica, Facultat de Farmàcia i Ciències de l'Alimentació, Universitat de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Laura Pla
- BCNatal | Fetal Medicine Research Center (Hospital Clínic and Hospital Sant Joan de Déu), Universitat de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Carla Loreiro
- BCNatal | Fetal Medicine Research Center (Hospital Clínic and Hospital Sant Joan de Déu), Universitat de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
- Institut d’Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer (IDIBAPS), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Eduard Gratacós
- BCNatal | Fetal Medicine Research Center (Hospital Clínic and Hospital Sant Joan de Déu), Universitat de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
- Institut d’Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer (IDIBAPS), Barcelona, Spain
- Center for Biomedical Research on Rare Diseases (CIBER-ER), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Marta Barenys
- Grup de Recerca en Toxicologia (GRET) i INSA-UB, Departament de Farmacologia, Toxicologia i Química Terapèutica, Facultat de Farmàcia i Ciències de l'Alimentació, Universitat de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
- German Centre for the Protection of Laboratory Animals (Bf3R), German Federal Institute for Risk Assessment (BfR), Berlin, Germany
| | - Miriam Illa
- BCNatal | Fetal Medicine Research Center (Hospital Clínic and Hospital Sant Joan de Déu), Universitat de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
- Institut de Recerca Sant Joan de Déu, Esplugues de Llobregat, Spain
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Nugent M, St Pierre M, Brown A, Nassar S, Parmar P, Kitase Y, Duck SA, Pinto C, Jantzie L, Fung C, Chavez-Valdez R. Sexual Dimorphism in the Closure of the Hippocampal Postnatal Critical Period of Synaptic Plasticity after Intrauterine Growth Restriction: Link to Oligodendrocyte and Glial Dysregulation. Dev Neurosci 2023; 45:234-254. [PMID: 37019088 DOI: 10.1159/000530451] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2022] [Accepted: 03/20/2023] [Indexed: 04/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Intrauterine growth restriction (IUGR) resulting from hypertensive disease of pregnancy (HDP) leads to sexually dimorphic hippocampal-dependent cognitive and memory impairment in humans. In our translationally relevant mouse model of IUGR incited by HDP, we have previously shown that the synaptic development in the dorsal hippocampus including GABAergic development, NPTX2+ excitatory synaptic formation, axonal myelination, and perineural net (PNN) formation were perturbed by IUGR at adolescent equivalence in humans (P40). The persistence of these disturbances through early adulthood and the potential upstream mechanisms are currently unknown. Thus, we hypothesized that NPTX2+ expression, PNN formation, axonal myelination, all events closing synaptic development in the hippocampus, will be persistently perturbed, particularly affecting IUGR female mice through P60 given the fact that they had worse short-term recognition memory in this model. We additionally hypothesized that such sexual dimorphism is linked to persistent glial dysregulation. We induced IUGR by a micro-osmotic pump infusion of a potent vasoconstrictor U-46619, a thromboxane A2-analog, in the last week of the C57BL/6 mouse gestation to precipitate HDP. Sham-operated mice were used as controls. At P60, we assessed hippocampal and hemispheric volumes, NPTX2 expression, PNN formation, as well as myelin basic protein (MBP), Olig2, APC/CC1, and M-NF expression. We also evaluated P60 astrocytic (GFAP) reactivity and microglial (Iba1 and TMEM119) activation using immunofluorescent-immunohistochemistry and Imaris morphological analysis plus cytokine profiling using Meso Scale Discovery platform. IUGR offspring continued to have smaller hippocampal volumes at P60 not related to changes in hemisphere volume. NPTX2+ puncta counts and volumes were decreased in IUGR hippocampal CA subregions of female mice compared to sex-matched shams. Intriguingly, NPTX2+ counts and volumes were concurrently increased in the dentate gyrus (DG) subregion. PNN volumes were smaller in CA1 and CA3 of IUGR female mice along with PNN intensity in CA3 but they had larger volumes in the CA3 of IUGR male mice. The myelinated axon (MBP+) areas, volumes, and lengths were all decreased in the CA1 of IUGR female mice compared to sex-matched shams, which correlated with a decrease in Olig2 nuclear expression. No decrease in the number of APC/CC1+ mature oligodendrocytes was identified. We noted an increase in M-NF expression in the mossy fibers connecting DG to CA3 only in IUGR female mice. Reactive astrocytes denoted by GFAP areas, volumes, lengths, and numbers of branching were increased in IUGR female CA1 but not in IUGR male CA3 compared to sex-matched shams. Lastly, activated microglia were only detected in IUGR female CA1 and CA3 subregions. We detected no difference in the cytokine profile between sham and IUGR adult mice of either sex. Collectively, our data support a sexually dimorphic impaired closure of postnatal critical period of synaptic plasticity in the hippocampus of young adult IUGR mice with greater effects on females. A potential mechanism supporting such dimorphism may include oligodendrocyte dysfunction in IUGR females limiting myelination, allowing axonal overgrowth followed by a reactive glial-mediated synaptic pruning.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael Nugent
- Division of Neonatal-Perinatal Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Mark St Pierre
- Division of Neonatal-Perinatal Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Ashley Brown
- Division of Neonatology, Department of Pediatrics, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah, USA
| | - Salma Nassar
- Department of Neurosciences, Johns Hopkins University Krieger School of Arts and Sciences, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Pritika Parmar
- Department of Neurosciences, Johns Hopkins University Krieger School of Arts and Sciences, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Yuma Kitase
- Division of Neonatal-Perinatal Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Sarah Ann Duck
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Johns Hopkins University Krieger School of Arts and Sciences, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Charles Pinto
- Department of Human Biology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Lauren Jantzie
- Division of Neonatal-Perinatal Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Camille Fung
- Division of Neonatology, Department of Pediatrics, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah, USA
| | - Raul Chavez-Valdez
- Division of Neonatal-Perinatal Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
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Sobierajski E, Lauer G, Czubay K, Grabietz H, Beemelmans C, Beemelmans C, Meyer G, Wahle P. Development of myelin in fetal and postnatal neocortex of the pig, the European wild boar Sus scrofa. Brain Struct Funct 2023; 228:947-966. [PMID: 37000250 PMCID: PMC10147765 DOI: 10.1007/s00429-023-02633-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2022] [Accepted: 03/15/2023] [Indexed: 04/01/2023]
Abstract
Myelination of the neocortex of altricial species is mostly a postnatal event, and the appearance of myelin has been associated with the end of the critical period for ocular dominance plasticity in rodent visual cortex. Due to their precocality, ungulates may tell a different story. Here, we analyzed the development of PDGFRα positive oligodendrocyte precursor cells and expression of myelin proteins in the laminar compartments of fetal and postnatal porcine cortex from E45 onwards. Precursor cell density initially increased and then decreased but remained present at P90. MAG and MBP staining were detectable at E70 in subventricular zone and deep white matter, ascending into gyral white matter at E85, and into the gray matter and marginal zone at E100 (birth in pig at E114). Protein blots confirmed the declining expression of PDGFRα from E65 onwards, and the increase of MBP and MAG expression from E80 onwards. Somatosensory input elicited by spontaneous activity is considered important for the formation of the body representation. Indeed, PDGFRα, MBP and MAG expression started earlier in somatosensory than in visual cortex. Taken together, myelination proceeded in white and gray matter and marginal zone of pig cortex before birth with an areal-specific time course, and an almost mature pattern was present at P5 in visual cortex.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eric Sobierajski
- Faculty of Biology and Biotechnology, Developmental Neurobiology, Ruhr University Bochum, 44870, Bochum, Germany
| | - German Lauer
- Faculty of Biology and Biotechnology, Developmental Neurobiology, Ruhr University Bochum, 44870, Bochum, Germany
| | - Katrin Czubay
- Faculty of Biology and Biotechnology, Developmental Neurobiology, Ruhr University Bochum, 44870, Bochum, Germany
| | - Hannah Grabietz
- Faculty of Biology and Biotechnology, Developmental Neurobiology, Ruhr University Bochum, 44870, Bochum, Germany
| | - Christa Beemelmans
- Regionalverband Ruhr Grün, Forsthof Üfter Mark, Forsthausweg 306, 46514, Schermbeck, Germany
| | - Christoph Beemelmans
- Regionalverband Ruhr Grün, Forsthof Üfter Mark, Forsthausweg 306, 46514, Schermbeck, Germany
| | - Gundela Meyer
- Department of Basic Medical Science, Faculty of Medicine, University of La Laguna, 38200, Santa Cruz de Tenerife, Tenerife, Spain
| | - Petra Wahle
- Faculty of Biology and Biotechnology, Developmental Neurobiology, Ruhr University Bochum, 44870, Bochum, Germany.
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Ribas-Prats T, Arenillas-Alcón S, Pérez-Cruz M, Costa-Faidella J, Gómez-Roig MD, Escera C. Speech-Encoding Deficits in Neonates Born Large-for-Gestational Age as Revealed With the Envelope Frequency-Following Response. Ear Hear 2023:00003446-990000000-00115. [PMID: 36759954 DOI: 10.1097/aud.0000000000001330] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/11/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES The present envelope frequency-following response (FFRENV) study aimed at characterizing the neural encoding of the fundamental frequency of speech sounds in neonates born at the higher end of the birth weight continuum (>90th percentile), known as large-for-gestational age (LGA). DESIGN Twenty-five LGA newborns were recruited from the maternity unit of Sant Joan de Déu Barcelona Children's Hospital and paired by age and sex with 25 babies born adequate-for-gestational age (AGA), all from healthy mothers and normal pregnancies. FFRENVs were elicited to the/da/ syllable and recorded while the baby was sleeping in its cradle after a successful universal hearing screening. Neural encoding of the stimulus' envelope of the fundamental frequency (F0ENV) was characterized through the FFRENV spectral amplitude. Relationships between electrophysiological parameters and maternal/neonatal variables that may condition neonatal neurodevelopment were assessed, including pregestational body mass index (BMI), maternal gestational weight gain and neonatal BMI. RESULTS LGA newborns showed smaller spectral amplitudes at the F0ENV compared to the AGA group. Significant negative correlations were found between neonatal BMI and the spectral amplitude at the F0ENV. CONCLUSIONS Our results indicate that in spite of having a healthy pregnancy, LGA neonates' central auditory system is impaired in encoding a fundamental aspect of the speech sounds, namely their fundamental frequency. The negative correlation between the neonates' BMI and FFRENV indicates that this impaired encoding is independent of the pregnant woman BMI and weight gain during pregnancy, supporting the role of the neonatal BMI. We suggest that the higher adipose tissue observed in the LGA group may impair, via proinflammatory products, the fine-grained central auditory system microstructure required for the neural encoding of the fundamental frequency of speech sounds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Teresa Ribas-Prats
- Brainlab-Cognitive Neuroscience Research Group. Department of Clinical Psychology and Psychobiology, University of Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain.,Institute of Neurosciences, University of Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain.,Institut de Recerca Sant Joan de Déu, Esplugues de Llobregat, Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain
| | - Sonia Arenillas-Alcón
- Brainlab-Cognitive Neuroscience Research Group. Department of Clinical Psychology and Psychobiology, University of Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain.,Institute of Neurosciences, University of Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain.,Institut de Recerca Sant Joan de Déu, Esplugues de Llobregat, Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain
| | - Míriam Pérez-Cruz
- Institut de Recerca Sant Joan de Déu, Esplugues de Llobregat, Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain.,BCNatal-Barcelona Center for Maternal Fetal and Neonatal Medicine (Hospital Sant Joan de Déu and Hospital Clínic), University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain
| | - Jordi Costa-Faidella
- Brainlab-Cognitive Neuroscience Research Group. Department of Clinical Psychology and Psychobiology, University of Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain.,Institute of Neurosciences, University of Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain.,Institut de Recerca Sant Joan de Déu, Esplugues de Llobregat, Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain
| | - Maria Dolores Gómez-Roig
- Institut de Recerca Sant Joan de Déu, Esplugues de Llobregat, Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain.,BCNatal-Barcelona Center for Maternal Fetal and Neonatal Medicine (Hospital Sant Joan de Déu and Hospital Clínic), University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain
| | - Carles Escera
- Brainlab-Cognitive Neuroscience Research Group. Department of Clinical Psychology and Psychobiology, University of Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain.,Institute of Neurosciences, University of Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain.,Institut de Recerca Sant Joan de Déu, Esplugues de Llobregat, Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain
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8
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Cumberland A, Hale N, Azhan A, Gilchrist CP, Chincarini G, Tolcos M. Excitatory and inhibitory neuron imbalance in the intrauterine growth restricted fetal guinea pig brain: Relevance to the developmental origins of schizophrenia and autism. Dev Neurobiol 2023; 83:40-53. [PMID: 36373424 PMCID: PMC10953391 DOI: 10.1002/dneu.22907] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2022] [Revised: 10/15/2022] [Accepted: 10/27/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Neurodevelopmental disorders such as schizophrenia and autism are thought to involve an imbalance of excitatory and inhibitory signaling in the brain. Intrauterine growth restriction (IUGR) is a risk factor for these disorders, with IUGR onset occurring during critical periods of neurodevelopment. The aim of this study was to determine the impact of IUGR on excitatory and inhibitory neurons of the fetal neocortex and hippocampus. Fetal brains (n = 2) were first collected from an unoperated pregnant guinea pig at mid-gestation (32 days of gestation [dg]; term ∼67 dg) to visualize excitatory (Ctip2) and inhibitory (calretinin [CR] and somatostatin [SST]) neurons via immunohistochemistry. Chronic placental insufficiency (CPI) was then induced via radial artery ablation at 30 dg in another cohort of pregnant guinea pigs (n = 8) to generate IUGR fetuses (52 dg; n = 8); control fetuses (52 dg; n = 7) were from sham surgeries with no radial artery ablation. At 32 dg, Ctip2- and CR-immunoreactive (IR) cells had populated the cerebral cortex, whereas SST-IR cells had not, suggesting these neurons were yet to complete migration. At 52 dg, in IUGR versus control fetuses, there was a reduction in SST-IR cell density in the cerebral cortex (p = .0175) and hilus of the dentate gyrus (p = .0035) but not the striatum (p > .05). There was no difference between groups in the density of Ctip2-IR (cortex) or CR-IR (cortex, hippocampus) neurons (p > 0.05). Thus, we propose that an imbalance in inhibitory (SST-IR) and excitatory (Ctip2-IR) neurons in the IUGR fetal guinea pig brain could lead to excitatory/inhibitory dysfunction commonly seen in neurodevelopmental disorders such as autism and schizophrenia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Angela Cumberland
- School of Health and Biomedical SciencesRMIT UniversityBundooraVictoriaAustralia
| | - Nadia Hale
- The Ritchie Centre, Hudson Institute of Medical ResearchMonash UniversityMelbourneVictoriaAustralia
| | - Aminath Azhan
- The Ritchie Centre, Hudson Institute of Medical ResearchMonash UniversityMelbourneVictoriaAustralia
| | - Courtney P. Gilchrist
- School of Health and Biomedical SciencesRMIT UniversityBundooraVictoriaAustralia
- Victorian Infant Brain StudiesMurdoch Children's Research InstituteParkvilleVictoriaAustralia
| | - Ginevra Chincarini
- School of Health and Biomedical SciencesRMIT UniversityBundooraVictoriaAustralia
| | - Mary Tolcos
- School of Health and Biomedical SciencesRMIT UniversityBundooraVictoriaAustralia
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Brain protection by transamniotic stem cell therapy (TRASCET) in a model of intrauterine growth restriction (IUGR). J Pediatr Surg 2023; 58:3-7. [PMID: 36344286 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpedsurg.2022.09.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2022] [Accepted: 09/16/2022] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Transamniotic stem cell therapy (TRASCET) with mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) has been shown experimentally to reverse some of the effects of intrauterine growth restriction (IUGR), apparently by attenuating placental inflammation. Neurodevelopmental deficits driven by neuroinflammation are major complications of IUGR. We sought to determine whether MSC-based TRASCET also mitigates inflammation in the fetal brain. METHODS Pregnant Sprague-Dawley dams (n = 8) were exposed to alternating 12-hour hypoxia (10.5% O2) cycles from gestational day 15 (E15) until term (E21). One group remained untreated (n = 28 fetuses). Three groups received volume-matched intra-amniotic injections into all fetuses (n = 72) of either saline (sham; n = 19), or a suspension of amniotic fluid-derived MSCs, either in native state (TRASCET; n = 20), or primed by exposure to interferon-gamma (IFN-γ) and interleukin-1beta (IL-1β) for 24 h prior to administration in vivo (TRASCET-Primed; n = 29). Donor MSCs were syngeneic Lewis rat cells phenotyped by flow cytometry. Normal fetuses served as controls (n = 20). Multiple analyses were performed at term, including ELISA in fetal brains for the pro-inflammatory cytokines tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α) and IL-1β. Statistical comparisons were by Wilcox-rank sum test, including Bonferroni-adjusted significance. RESULTS Overall survival was 75% (88/116). Gross brain weights were significantly decreased from normal in both the untreated and sham groups (both p<0.001) and significantly increased in both TRASCET groups when compared to untreated and sham (p = 0.003 to <0.001). TRASCET-Primed led to significantly lower levels of TNF-α and IL-1β compared to untreated (both p<0.001) and sham (p = 0.017 and p = 0.011, respectively). Non-primed TRASCET led to significantly lower levels of TNF-α and IL-1β compared to untreated (p = 0.009 to <0.001), but not sham (p = 0.133 and p = 0.973, respectively). CONCLUSIONS Transamniotic stem cell therapy with primed mesenchymal stem cells reverses some of the central nervous system effects of intrauterine growth restriction in a rat model, possibly by modulating neuroinflammation. TYPE OF STUDY Animal and laboratory study. LEVEL OF EVIDENCE N/A (animal and laboratory study).
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10
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Kühne BA, Teixidó E, Ettcheto M, Puig T, Planas M, Feliu L, Pla L, Campuzano V, Gratacós E, Fritsche E, Illa M, Barenys M. Application of the adverse outcome pathway to identify molecular changes in prenatal brain programming induced by IUGR: Discoveries after EGCG exposure. Food Chem Toxicol 2022; 170:113506. [DOI: 10.1016/j.fct.2022.113506] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2022] [Revised: 10/27/2022] [Accepted: 10/29/2022] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
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11
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Benítez Marín MJ, Blanco Elena JA, Marín Clavijo J, Jiménez López J, Lubián López DM, González Mesa E. Neurodevelopment Outcome in Children with Fetal Growth Restriction at Six Years of Age: A Retrospective Cohort Study. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2022; 19:11043. [PMID: 36078758 PMCID: PMC9518559 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph191711043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2022] [Revised: 08/27/2022] [Accepted: 08/31/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE This study aimed to describe neurodevelopment in fetal growth restriction children at the age of six. Secondly, we tried to demonstrate influencing factors that can improve or exacerbate this development, as well as predictive factors that might select a population at risk to assist with early childhood support. METHOD It was a study of 70 children affected with FGR. FGR was based on these definitions: birth weight below the 3rd percentile or birth weight below the 10th percentile with an abnormal hemodynamic Doppler study. Neurodevelopment was assessed at 6 years old by means of Batelle Development Inventory. A global development quotient under a 100 score was considered a neurodevelopment delay. All variables regarding pregnancy care, delivery episode, postpartum, neonatal care, sociodemographic issues, and the need for support in the first years were studied. RESULTS The mean gestational age at diagnosis was 33.14 weeks (standard deviation (SD = 4.31), with 32.9% of early-onset diagnoses. The mean gestational age at delivery was 35.61 (SD = 3.21), and the cesarean rate was 64.3%. The average age of the children at the moment of the evaluation was 76.20-month-old (SD = 3.70). The mean global development quotient was 97.28 (SD = 13.97). We were able to record a 57.1% of global development delay. In the cases of cognition, only 17.1% of the children registered a delay. Motor and communication skills were the most frequently affected. We discovered that socioeconomic status was positively related to the global development quotient, as well as both gestational age at delivery and middle cerebral artery pulsatility index was positively related to the global development quotient. CONCLUSIONS We found a higher neurodevelopment delay rate (57.1%). We could relate a higher gestational age at delivery and a higher MCA percentile with better global neurodevelopment quotients.
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Affiliation(s)
- María José Benítez Marín
- Medicine School, Malaga University, 29071 Málaga, Spain
- Obstetrics and Gynecology Service, Virgen de la Victoria University Hospital, 29010 Málaga, Spain
| | - Juan Antonio Blanco Elena
- Medicine School, Malaga University, 29071 Málaga, Spain
- General Surgery Service, Infanta Margarita Hospital, 14940 Córdoba, Spain
| | | | - Jesús Jiménez López
- Obstetrics and Gynecology Service, Regional University Hospital of Malaga, 29011 Málaga, Spain
- Surgical Specialties, Biochemistry and Immunology Department, Málaga University, 29071 Málaga, Spain
- Biomedical Research Institute of Malaga (IBIMA) Research Group in Maternal-Fetal Medicine, Epigenetics, Women’s Diseases and Reproductive Health, 29071 Málaga, Spain
| | - Daniel María Lubián López
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Faculty of Medicine, University Hospital of Jerez de la Frontera, University of Cadiz, 11407 Cadiz, Spain
| | - Ernesto González Mesa
- Obstetrics and Gynecology Service, Regional University Hospital of Malaga, 29011 Málaga, Spain
- Surgical Specialties, Biochemistry and Immunology Department, Málaga University, 29071 Málaga, Spain
- Biomedical Research Institute of Malaga (IBIMA) Research Group in Maternal-Fetal Medicine, Epigenetics, Women’s Diseases and Reproductive Health, 29071 Málaga, Spain
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12
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Fang Q, Liu J, Chen L, Chen Q, Wang Y, Li Z, Fu W, Liu Y. Taurine supplementation improves hippocampal metabolism in immature rats with intrauterine growth restriction (IUGR) through protecting neurons and reducing gliosis. Metab Brain Dis 2022; 37:2077-2088. [PMID: 35048325 DOI: 10.1007/s11011-021-00896-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2021] [Accepted: 12/10/2021] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
Taurine as an essential amino acid in the brain could play an important role in protecting the fetal brain of intrauterine growth restriction (IUGR). The hippocampus with IUGR showed neural metabolic disorder and structure changed that affected memory and learning ability. This study was aimed to identify the effect of taurine supplementation on the metabolism alterations and cellular composition changes of the hippocampus in IUGR immature rats. Metabolite concentrations were determined by magnetic resonance spectroscopy (MRS) in the hippocampus of juvenile rats with IUGR following taurine supplementation with antenatal or postnatal supply. The composition of neural cells in the hippocampus was observed by immunohistochemical staining (IHC) and western blotting (WB). Antenatal taurine supplementation increased the ratios of N-acetylaspartate (NAA) /creatine (Cr) and glutamate (Glu) /Cr of the hippocampus in the IUGR immature rats, but reduced the ratios of choline (Cho) /Cr and myoinositol (mI) /Cr. At the same time, the protein expression of NeuN in the IUGR rats was increased through intrauterine taurine supplementation, and the GFAP expression was reduced. Especially the effect of antenatal taurine was better than postpartum. Furthermore, there existed a positive correlation between the NAA/Cr ratio and the NeuN protein expression (R = 0.496 p < 0.001 IHC; R = 0.568 p < 0.001 WB), the same results existed in the relationship between the mI/Cr ratio and the GFAP protein expression (R = 0.338 p = 0.019 IHC; R = 0.440 p = 0.002 WB). Prenatal taurine supplementation can better improve hippocampal neuronal metabolism by increasing NAA / Cr ratio related to the number of neurons and reducing Cho / Cr ratio related to the number of glial cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qiong Fang
- Department of Pediatrics, Fujian Provincial Hospital, Shengli Clinical Medical College of Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, 350001, Fujian Province, China
| | - Jing Liu
- Department of Neonatology and Neonatal Intensive Care Unit, Beijing Chaoyang District Maternal and Child Healthcare Hospital, No. 25 Huaweili, Chaoyang District, Beijing, 100101, China.
- Department of Pediatrics, The Second School of Clinical Medicine, Southern Medical University, No. 1023-1063, Shatai South Road, Baiyun district, Guangzhou, 510515, Guangdong Province, China.
| | - Lang Chen
- Department of Pediatrics, Fujian Provincial Hospital, Shengli Clinical Medical College of Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, 350001, Fujian Province, China
| | - Qiaobin Chen
- Department of Pediatrics, Fujian Provincial Hospital, Shengli Clinical Medical College of Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, 350001, Fujian Province, China
| | - Yan Wang
- Neonatal Intensive Care Unit of Taian City Central Hospital, Taian, 271000, Shandong, China
| | - Zuanfang Li
- Academy of Integrative Medicine, Fujian Key Laboratory of Integrative Medicine on Geriatrics, Fujian University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Fuzhou, 350001, Fujian Province, China
| | - Wei Fu
- Department of Neonatology and Neonatal Intensive Care Unit, Beijing Chaoyang District Maternal and Child Healthcare Hospital, No. 25 Huaweili, Chaoyang District, Beijing, 100101, China
| | - Ying Liu
- Department of Neonatology and Neonatal Intensive Care Unit, Beijing Chaoyang District Maternal and Child Healthcare Hospital, No. 25 Huaweili, Chaoyang District, Beijing, 100101, China
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Davenport BN, Wilson RL, Jones HN. Interventions for placental insufficiency and fetal growth restriction. Placenta 2022; 125:4-9. [PMID: 35414477 PMCID: PMC10947607 DOI: 10.1016/j.placenta.2022.03.127] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2021] [Revised: 03/09/2022] [Accepted: 03/28/2022] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Abstract
Pregnancy complications adversely impact both mother and/or fetus throughout the lifespan. Fetal growth restriction (FGR) occurs when a fetus fails to reach their intrauterine potential for growth, it is the second highest leading cause of infant mortality, and leads to increased risk of developing non-communicable diseases in later life due 'fetal programming'. Abnormal placental development, growth and/or function underlies approximately 75% of FGR cases and there is currently no treatment save delivery, often prematurely. We previously demonstrated in a murine model of FGR that nanoparticle mediated, intra-placental human IGF-1 gene therapy maintains normal fetal growth. Multiple models of FGR currently exist reflecting the etiologies of human FGR and have been used by us and others to investigate the development of in utero therapeutics as discussed here. In addition to the in vivo models discussed herein, utilizing human models including in vitro (Choriocarcinoma cell lines and primary trophoblasts) and ex vivo (term villous fragments and placenta cotyledon perfusion) we have demonstrated robust nanoparticle uptake, transgene expression, nutrient transporter regulation without transfer to the fetus. For translational gene therapy application in the human placenta, there are multiple avenues that require investigation including syncytial uptake from the maternal circulation, transgene expression, functionality and longevity of treatment, impact of treatment on the mother and developing fetus. The potential impact of treating the placenta during gestation is high, wide-ranging across pregnancy complications, and may offer reduced risk of developing associated cardio-metabolic diseases in later life impacting at both an individual and societal level.
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Affiliation(s)
- Baylea N Davenport
- Center for Research in Perinatal Outcomes, University of Florida College of Medicine, United States
| | - Rebecca L Wilson
- Center for Research in Perinatal Outcomes, University of Florida College of Medicine, United States
| | - Helen N Jones
- Center for Research in Perinatal Outcomes, University of Florida College of Medicine, United States.
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Docosahexaenoic Acid and Melatonin Prevent Impaired Oligodendrogenesis Induced by Intrauterine Growth Restriction (IUGR). Biomedicines 2022; 10:biomedicines10051205. [PMID: 35625940 PMCID: PMC9138514 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines10051205] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2022] [Revised: 05/15/2022] [Accepted: 05/18/2022] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
In this study, our aims were to characterize oligodendrogenesis alterations in fetuses with intrauterine growth restriction (IUGR) and to find therapeutic strategies to prevent/treat them using a novel rabbit in vitro neurosphere culture. IUGR was surgically induced in one uterine horn of pregnant rabbits, while the contralateral horn served as a control. Neural progenitor cells (NPCs) were obtained from pup’s whole brain and cultured as neurospheres mimicking the basic processes of brain development including migration and cell differentiation. Five substances, chosen based on evidence provided in the literature, were screened in vitro in neurospheres from untreated rabbits: Docosahexaenoic acid (DHA), melatonin (MEL), zinc, 3,3′,5-Triiodo-L-thyronine (T3), and lactoferrin (LF) or its metabolite sialic acid (SA). DHA, MEL and LF were further selected for in vivo administration and subsequent evaluation in the Neurosphere Assay. In the IUGR culture, we observed a significantly reduced percentage of oligodendrocytes (OLs) which correlated with clinical findings indicating white matter injury in IUGR infants. We identified DHA and MEL as the most effective therapies. In all cases, our in vitro rabbit neurosphere assay predicted the outcome of the in vivo administration of the therapies and confirmed the reliability of the model, making it a powerful and consistent tool to select new neuroprotective therapies.
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Sinclair AJ, Guo XF, Abedin L. Dietary Alpha-Linolenic Acid Supports High Retinal DHA Levels. Nutrients 2022; 14:nu14020301. [PMID: 35057481 PMCID: PMC8779487 DOI: 10.3390/nu14020301] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2021] [Revised: 01/06/2022] [Accepted: 01/10/2022] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
The retina requires docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) for optimal function. Alpha-linolenic acid (ALA) and DHA are dietary sources of retinal DHA. This research investigated optimizing retinal DHA using dietary ALA. Previous research identified 19% DHA in retinal phospholipids was associated with optimal retinal function in guinea pigs. Pregnant guinea pigs were fed dietary ALA from 2.8% to 17.3% of diet fatty acids, at a constant level of linoleic acid (LA) of 18% for the last one third of gestation and retinal DHA levels were assessed in 3-week-old offspring maintained on the same diets as their mothers. Retinal DHA increased in a linear fashion with the maximum on the diet with LA:ALA of 1:1. Feeding diets with LA:ALA of 1:1 during pregnancy and assessing retinal DHA in 3-week-old offspring was associated with optimized retinal DHA levels. We speculate that the current intakes of ALA in human diets, especially in relation to LA intakes, are inadequate to support high DHA levels in the retina.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew J. Sinclair
- Department of Nutrition, Dietetics and Food, School of Clinical Sciences, Monash University, Melbourne, VIC 3168, Australia
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +61-(0)414-906-341
| | - Xiao-Fei Guo
- Institute of Nutrition & Health, College of Public Health, Qingdao University, Qingdao 266071, China;
| | - Lavinia Abedin
- Department of Food Science and Technology, School of Science, RMIT University, Melbourne, VIC 3001, Australia;
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St. Pierre M, Rastogi N, Brown A, Parmar P, Lechner C, Fung C, Chavez-Valdez R. Intrauterine Growth Restriction Disrupts the Postnatal Critical Period of Synaptic Plasticity in the Mouse Dorsal Hippocampus in a Model of Hypertensive Disease of Pregnancy. Dev Neurosci 2022; 44:214-232. [PMID: 34933306 PMCID: PMC9209574 DOI: 10.1159/000521611] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2021] [Accepted: 12/16/2021] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Intrauterine growth restriction (IUGR) from hypertensive disease of pregnancy complicates up to 10% of all pregnancies. Significant hippocampal-dependent cognitive and memory impairments as well as neuropsychiatric disorders have been linked to IUGR. Because disturbance of the hippocampal critical period (CPd) of synaptic plasticity leads to impairments similar to those described in IUGR human offspring, we hypothesized that IUGR would perturb the CPd of synaptic plasticity in the mouse hippocampus in our model. METHODS IUGR was produced by a micro-osmotic pump infusion of the potent vasoconstrictor U-46619, a thromboxane A2-agonist, at embryonic day 12.5 in C57BL/6J mouse dams to precipitate hypertensive disease of pregnancy and IUGR. Sham-operated mice acted as controls. At P10, P18, and P40, we assessed astrogliosis using GFAP-IHC. In dorsal CA1 and CA3 subfields, we assessed the immunoreactivities (IR) (IF-IHC) to (i) parvalbumin (PV) and glutamate decarboxylase (GAD) 65/67, involved in CPd onset; (ii) PSA-NCAM that antagonizes CPd onset; (iii) NPTX2, necessary for excitatory synapse formation and engagement of CPd; and (iv) MBP and WFA, staining perineural nets (PNNs), marking CPd closure. ImageJ/Fiji and IMARIS were used for image processing and SPSS v24 for statistical analysis. RESULTS Although PV+ interneuron numbers and IR intensity were unchanged, development of GAD65/67+ synaptic boutons was accelerated at P18 IUGR mice and inversely correlated with decreased expression of PSA-NCAM in the CA of P18 IUGR mice at P18. NPTX2+ puncta and total volume were persistently decreased in the CA3 pyramidal and radiatum layers of IUGR mice from P18 to P40. At P40, axonal myelination (MBP+) in CA3 of IUGR mice was decreased and correlated with NPTX2 deficits. Lastly, the volume and integrity of the PNNs in the dorsal CA was disrupted in IUGR mice at P40. DISCUSSION/CONCLUSION IUGR disrupts the molecular and structural initiation, consolidation, and closure of the CPd of synaptic plasticity in the mouse hippocampus in our model, which may explain the learning and memory deficits observed in juvenile IUGR mice and the cognitive disorders seen in human IUGR offspring. The mechanistic links warrant further investigation, to identify therapeutic targets to prevent neurodevelopmental deficits in patients affected by IUGR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mark St. Pierre
- Division of Neonatal-Perinatal Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine. Baltimore, MD
| | - Neetika Rastogi
- Department of Neurosciences, Johns Hopkins University Krieger School of Arts and Sciences, Baltimore, MD
| | - Ashley Brown
- Division of Neonatology, Department of Pediatrics, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT
| | - Pritika Parmar
- Department of Neurosciences, Johns Hopkins University Krieger School of Arts and Sciences, Baltimore, MD
| | - Charles Lechner
- Division of Neonatal-Perinatal Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine. Baltimore, MD
| | - Camille Fung
- Division of Neonatology, Department of Pediatrics, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT
| | - Raul Chavez-Valdez
- Division of Neonatal-Perinatal Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine. Baltimore, MD,Corresponding author: Dr. Raul Chavez-Valdez. Associate Professor. Department of Pediatrics, Division of Neonatology, Johns Hopkins Hospital, 600 N. Wolfe Street, CMSC 6-104, Baltimore, MD 21287, USA. Telephone: (410) 955-7156,
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Ribas-Prats T, Arenillas-Alcón S, Lip-Sosa DL, Costa-Faidella J, Mazarico E, Gómez-Roig MD, Escera C. Deficient neural encoding of speech sounds in term neonates born after fetal growth restriction. Dev Sci 2021; 25:e13189. [PMID: 34758093 DOI: 10.1111/desc.13189] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2020] [Revised: 10/06/2021] [Accepted: 10/12/2021] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Infants born after fetal growth restriction (FGR)-an obstetric condition defined as the failure to achieve the genetic growth potential-are prone to neurodevelopmental delays, with language being one of the major affected areas. Yet, while verbal comprehension and expressive language impairments have been observed in FGR infants, children and even adults, specific related impairments at birth, such as in the ability to encode the sounds of speech, necessary for language acquisition, remain to be disclosed. Here, we used the frequency-following response (FFR), a brain potential correlate of the neural phase locking to complex auditory stimuli, to explore the encoding of speech sounds in FGR neonates. Fifty-three neonates born with FGR and 48 controls born with weight adequate-for-gestational age (AGA) were recruited. The FFR was recorded to the consonant-vowel stimulus (/da/) during sleep and quantified as the spectral amplitude to the fundamental frequency of the syllable and its signal-to-noise ratio (SNR). The outcome was available in 45 AGA and 51 FGR neonates, yielding no differences for spectral amplitudes. However, SNR was strongly attenuated in the FGR group compared to the AGA group at the vowel region of the stimulus. These findings suggest that FGR population present a deficit in the neural pitch tracking of speech sounds already present at birth. Our results pave the way for future research on the potential clinical use of the FFR in this population, so that if confirmed, a disrupted FFR recorded at birth may help deriving FGR neonates at risk for postnatal follow-ups.
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Affiliation(s)
- Teresa Ribas-Prats
- Brainlab - Cognitive Neuroscience Research Group, Department of Clinical Psychology and Psychobiology, University of Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain.,Institute of Neurosciences, University of Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain.,Institut de Recerca Sant Joan de Déu, Esplugues de Llobregat, Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain
| | - Sonia Arenillas-Alcón
- Brainlab - Cognitive Neuroscience Research Group, Department of Clinical Psychology and Psychobiology, University of Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain.,Institute of Neurosciences, University of Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain.,Institut de Recerca Sant Joan de Déu, Esplugues de Llobregat, Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain
| | - Diana Lucia Lip-Sosa
- Institut de Recerca Sant Joan de Déu, Esplugues de Llobregat, Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain.,BCNatal - Barcelona Center for Maternal Fetal and Neonatal Medicine (Hospital Sant Joan de Déu and Hospital Clínic), University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain
| | - Jordi Costa-Faidella
- Brainlab - Cognitive Neuroscience Research Group, Department of Clinical Psychology and Psychobiology, University of Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain.,Institute of Neurosciences, University of Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain.,Institut de Recerca Sant Joan de Déu, Esplugues de Llobregat, Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain
| | - Edurne Mazarico
- Institut de Recerca Sant Joan de Déu, Esplugues de Llobregat, Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain.,BCNatal - Barcelona Center for Maternal Fetal and Neonatal Medicine (Hospital Sant Joan de Déu and Hospital Clínic), University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain
| | - María Dolores Gómez-Roig
- Institut de Recerca Sant Joan de Déu, Esplugues de Llobregat, Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain.,BCNatal - Barcelona Center for Maternal Fetal and Neonatal Medicine (Hospital Sant Joan de Déu and Hospital Clínic), University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain
| | - Carles Escera
- Brainlab - Cognitive Neuroscience Research Group, Department of Clinical Psychology and Psychobiology, University of Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain.,Institute of Neurosciences, University of Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain.,Institut de Recerca Sant Joan de Déu, Esplugues de Llobregat, Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain
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Dudink I, Hüppi PS, Sizonenko SV, Castillo-Melendez M, Sutherland AE, Allison BJ, Miller SL. Altered trajectory of neurodevelopment associated with fetal growth restriction. Exp Neurol 2021; 347:113885. [PMID: 34627856 DOI: 10.1016/j.expneurol.2021.113885] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2021] [Revised: 09/23/2021] [Accepted: 10/02/2021] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Fetal growth restriction (FGR) is principally caused by suboptimal placental function. Poor placental function causes an under supply of nutrients and oxygen to the developing fetus, restricting development of individual organs and overall growth. Estimated fetal weight below the 10th or 3rd percentile with uteroplacental dysfunction, and knowledge regarding the onset of growth restriction (early or late), provide diagnostic criteria for fetuses at greatest risk for adverse outcome. Brain development and function is altered with FGR, with ongoing clinical and preclinical studies elucidating neuropathological etiology. During the third trimester of pregnancy, from ~28 weeks gestation, neurogenesis is complete and neuronal complexity is expanding, through axonal and dendritic outgrowth, dendritic branching and synaptogenesis, accompanied by myelin production. Fetal compromise over this period, as occurs in FGR, has detrimental effects on these processes. Total brain volume and grey matter volume is reduced in infants with FGR, first evident in utero, with cortical volume particularly vulnerable. Imaging studies show that cerebral morphology is disturbed in FGR, with altered cerebral cortex, volume and organization of brain networks, and reduced connectivity of long- and short-range circuits. Thus, FGR induces a deviation in brain development trajectory affecting both grey and white matter, however grey matter volume is preferentially reduced, contributed by cell loss, and reduced neurite outgrowth of surviving neurons. In turn, cell-to-cell local networks are adversely affected in FGR, and whole brain left and right intrahemispheric connections and interhemispheric connections are altered. Importantly, disruptions to region-specific brain networks are linked to cognitive and behavioral impairments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ingrid Dudink
- The Ritchie Centre, Hudson Institute of Medical Research, Translational Research Facility, Clayton, Victoria, Australia; Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria, Australia
| | - Petra S Hüppi
- Department of Pediatrics, Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Stéphane V Sizonenko
- Department of Pediatrics, Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Margie Castillo-Melendez
- The Ritchie Centre, Hudson Institute of Medical Research, Translational Research Facility, Clayton, Victoria, Australia
| | - Amy E Sutherland
- The Ritchie Centre, Hudson Institute of Medical Research, Translational Research Facility, Clayton, Victoria, Australia; Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria, Australia
| | - Beth J Allison
- The Ritchie Centre, Hudson Institute of Medical Research, Translational Research Facility, Clayton, Victoria, Australia; Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria, Australia
| | - Suzanne L Miller
- The Ritchie Centre, Hudson Institute of Medical Research, Translational Research Facility, Clayton, Victoria, Australia; Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria, Australia.
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Brain Sparing Effect on Neurodevelopment in Children with Intrauterine Growth Restriction: A Systematic Review. CHILDREN-BASEL 2021; 8:children8090745. [PMID: 34572177 PMCID: PMC8471063 DOI: 10.3390/children8090745] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2021] [Revised: 08/26/2021] [Accepted: 08/27/2021] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
Background: Fetal growth restriction (FGR) is a pregnancy complication. Multiple studies have connected FGR to poor cognitive development, behavior disorders, and academic difficulties during childhood. Brain sparing has traditionally been defined as an adaptive phenomenon in which the brain obtains the blood flow that it needs. However, this adaptive phenomenon might not have a complete protective effect. This publication aims to systematically review the consequences of brain redistribution on neurodevelopment in children who presented with placental intrauterine growth restriction. Methods: We performed a systematic review according to PRISMA guidelines. It included studies on intrauterine growth restriction or small-for-gestational-age (SGA) fetuses, which middle cerebral artery was measured, and neurodevelopment assessed during childhood. PUBMED and EMBASE databases were searched for relevant published studies. Results: Of the 526 studies reviewed, only 12 were included. Brain sparing was associated with poor cognitive function and lower scores in IQ. Cerebral redistribution was related to better executive function and better behavior at 4 years old but not at 12 years old. Conclusions: We can assume that fetal brain sparing could not be a fully protective phenomenon. We could not find clinical differences in behavioral and executive functions because the results were heterogeneous. Some cognitive abilities could be affected in FGR brain sparing fetuses.
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20
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Abstract
Intrauterine growth restriction is a condition that prevents normal fetal development, and previous studies have reported that intrauterine growth restriction is caused by adverse intrauterine factors. This condition affects both short- and long-term neurodevelopmental disorders. Studies have revealed that neurodevelopmental disorders can contribute to gray and white matter damage and decrease the brain volume of affected individuals. Further, these disorders are associated with increased risks of mental retardation, cognitive impairment, and cerebral palsy, which seriously affect the quality of life. Although the mechanisms underlying the neurologic injury associated with intrauterine growth restriction are not completely clear, studies have revealed that neuronal apoptosis, neuroinflammation, oxidative stress, excitatory toxicity, disruption of blood-brain barrier, and epigenetics may be involved in this process. This article reviews the manifestations and possible mechanisms underlying neurologic injury in intrauterine growth restriction and provides a theoretical basis for the effective prevention and treatment of this condition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lijia Wan
- Department of Pediatrics, 70566The Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China
- Laboratory of Neonatal Disease, Institute of Pediatrics, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Kaiju Luo
- Department of Pediatrics, 70566The Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China
- Laboratory of Neonatal Disease, Institute of Pediatrics, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Pingyang Chen
- Department of Pediatrics, 70566The Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China
- Laboratory of Neonatal Disease, Institute of Pediatrics, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China
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21
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Chang J, Lurie RH, Sharma A, Bashir M, Fung CM, Dettman RW, Dizon MLV. Intrauterine growth restriction followed by oxygen support uniquely interferes with genetic regulators of myelination. eNeuro 2021; 8:ENEURO.0263-20.2021. [PMID: 34099489 PMCID: PMC8266217 DOI: 10.1523/eneuro.0263-20.2021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2020] [Revised: 03/23/2021] [Accepted: 04/23/2021] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Intrauterine growth restriction (IUGR) and oxygen exposure in isolation and combination adversely affect the developing brain, putting infants at risk for neurodevelopmental disability including cerebral palsy. Rodent models of IUGR and postnatal hyperoxia have demonstrated oligodendroglial injury with subsequent white matter injury (WMI) and motor dysfunction. Here we investigate transcriptomic dysregulation in IUGR with and without hyperoxia exposure to account for the abnormal brain structure and function previously documented. We performed RNA sequencing and analysis using a mouse model of IUGR and found that IUGR, hyperoxia, and the combination of IUGR with hyperoxia (IUGR/hyperoxia) produced distinct changes in gene expression. IUGR in isolation demonstrated the fewest differentially expressed genes compared to control. In contrast, we detected several gene alterations in IUGR/hyperoxia; genes involved in myelination were strikingly downregulated. We also identified changes to specific regulators including TCF7L2, BDNF, SOX2, and DGCR8, through Ingenuity Pathway Analysis, that may contribute to impaired myelination in IUGR/hyperoxia. Our findings show that IUGR with hyperoxia induces unique transcriptional changes in the developing brain. These indicate mechanisms for increased risk for WMI in IUGR infants exposed to oxygen and suggest potential therapeutic targets to improve motor outcomes.Significance StatementThis study demonstrates that perinatal exposures of IUGR and/or postnatal hyperoxia result in distinct transcriptomic changes in the developing brain. In particular, we found that genes involved in normal developmental myelination, myelin maintenance, and remyelination were most dysregulated when IUGR was combined with hyperoxia. Understanding how multiple risk factors lead to WMI is the first step in developing future therapeutic interventions. Additionally, because oxygen exposure is often unavoidable after birth, an understanding of gene perturbations in this setting will increase our awareness of the need for tight control of oxygen use to minimize future motor disability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jill Chang
- Children's Hospital of Chicago, Department of Pediatrics, Division of Neonatology, Chicago, Illinois, USA
| | - Robert H Lurie
- Children's Hospital of Chicago, Department of Pediatrics, Division of Neonatology, Chicago, Illinois, USA
| | - Abhineet Sharma
- Children's Hospital of Chicago, Department of Pediatrics, Division of Neonatology, Chicago, Illinois, USA
| | - Mirrah Bashir
- Children's Hospital of Chicago, Department of Pediatrics, Division of Neonatology, Chicago, Illinois, USA
| | - Camille M Fung
- University of Utah, Department of Pediatrics, Salt Lake City, Utah, USA
| | - Robert W Dettman
- Children's Hospital of Chicago, Department of Pediatrics, Division of Neonatology, Chicago, Illinois, USA
| | - Maria L V Dizon
- Children's Hospital of Chicago, Department of Pediatrics, Division of Neonatology, Chicago, Illinois, USA
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22
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Fang Q, Liu J, Chen L, Chen Q, Ke J, Zhang J, Liu Y, Fu W. Taurine improves the differentiation of neural stem cells in fetal rats with intrauterine growth restriction via activation of the PKA-CREB-BDNF signaling pathway. Metab Brain Dis 2021; 36:969-981. [PMID: 33608831 DOI: 10.1007/s11011-021-00672-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2020] [Accepted: 01/08/2021] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
Intrauterine growth restriction (IUGR) affects brain neural stem cell (NSC) differentiation. In the present study, we investigated whether taurine supplementation may improve NSC differentiation in IUGR fetal rats via the protein kinase A-cyclic adenosine monophosphate (cAMP) response element protein-brain derived neurotrophic factor (PKA-CREB-BDNF) signaling pathway. The IUGR fetal rat model was established with a low-protein diet. Fresh subventricular zone (SVZ) tissue from the fetuses on the 14th day of pregnancy was microdissected and dissociated into single-cell suspensions, then was cultured to form neurospheres. The neurospheres were divided into the control group, the IUGR group, the IUGR+taurine (taurine) group, the IUGR+H89 (H89) group and the IUGR+taurine+H89 (taurine+H89) group. The mRNA and protein expression levels of PKA, CREB and BDNF were measured by reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) and Western blotting (WB). Tuj-1-positive neurons and GFAP-positive glial cells were detected by immunofluorescence. The total number of proliferating NSCs and the percentage of Tuj-1-positive neurons in the IUGR group were lower than those in the control group, but the percentage of GFAP-positive cells was higher in the IUGR group than in the control group. Taurine supplementation increased the total number of neural cells and the percentage of Tuj-1-positive neurons, and reduced the percentage of GFAP-positive cells among differentiated NSCs after IUGR. H89 reduced the total number and percentage of Tuj-1-positive neurons and increased the percentage of GFAP-positive cells. The mRNA and protein levels of PKA, CREB, and BDNF were lower in the IUGR group. The mRNA and protein expression levels of these factors were increased by taurine supplementation but reduced by the addition of H89. Taurine supplementation increased the ratio of neurons to glial cells and prevented gliosis in the differentiation of NSCs in IUGR fetal rats by activating the PKA-CREB-BDNF signaling pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qiong Fang
- Department of Pediatrics, The Second School of Clinical Medicine, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, 510515, Guangdong Province, China
- Department of Neonatal Intensive Care Unit of Bayi Children's Hospital, Seventh Medical Center of PLA General Hospital affiliated to Southern Medical University, Beijing, 100700, China
- Department of Neonatology and NICU, Beijing Chaoyang District Maternal and Child Healthcare Hospital, Beijing, 100021, China
- Department of Pediatrics, Fujian Provincial Hospital, Shengli Clinical Medical College Affiliated to Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, 350001, Fujian Province, China
| | - Jing Liu
- Department of Pediatrics, The Second School of Clinical Medicine, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, 510515, Guangdong Province, China.
- Department of Neonatal Intensive Care Unit of Bayi Children's Hospital, Seventh Medical Center of PLA General Hospital affiliated to Southern Medical University, Beijing, 100700, China.
- Department of Neonatology and NICU, Beijing Chaoyang District Maternal and Child Healthcare Hospital, Beijing, 100021, China.
| | - Lang Chen
- Department of Pediatrics, Fujian Provincial Hospital, Shengli Clinical Medical College Affiliated to Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, 350001, Fujian Province, China
| | - Qiaobin Chen
- Department of Pediatrics, Fujian Provincial Hospital, Shengli Clinical Medical College Affiliated to Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, 350001, Fujian Province, China
| | - Jun Ke
- Department of Emergency, Fujian Provincial Hospital, Provincial Clinical Medical College Affiliated to Fujian Medical University, Fujian Provincial Institute of Emergency Medicine, Fuzhou, 350001, China
| | - Jiuyun Zhang
- Department of Emergency, Fujian Provincial Hospital, Provincial Clinical Medical College Affiliated to Fujian Medical University, Fujian Provincial Institute of Emergency Medicine, Fuzhou, 350001, China
| | - Ying Liu
- Department of Neonatology and NICU, Beijing Chaoyang District Maternal and Child Healthcare Hospital, Beijing, 100021, China
| | - Wei Fu
- Department of Neonatology and NICU, Beijing Chaoyang District Maternal and Child Healthcare Hospital, Beijing, 100021, China
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23
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Tveden-Nyborg P. Vitamin C Deficiency in the Young Brain-Findings from Experimental Animal Models. Nutrients 2021; 13:1685. [PMID: 34063417 PMCID: PMC8156420 DOI: 10.3390/nu13051685] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2021] [Revised: 05/06/2021] [Accepted: 05/11/2021] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Severe and long-term vitamin C deficiency can lead to fatal scurvy, which is fortunately considered rare today. However, a moderate state of vitamin C (vitC) deficiency (hypovitaminosis C)-defined as a plasma concentration below 23 μM-is estimated to affect up to 10% of the population in the Western world, albeit clinical hallmarks in addition to scurvy have not been linked to vitC deficiency. The brain maintains a high vitC content and uniquely high levels during deficiency, supporting vitC's importance in the brain. Actions include both antioxidant and co-factor functions, rendering vitamin C deficiency likely to affect several targets in the brain, and it could be particularly significant during development where a high cellular metabolism and an immature antioxidant system might increase sensitivity. However, investigations of a non-scorbutic state of vitC deficiency and effects on the developing young brain are scarce. This narrative review provides a comprehensive overview of the complex mechanisms that regulate vitC homeostasis in vivo and in the brain in particular. Functions of vitC in the brain and the potential consequences of deficiency during brain development are highlighted, based primarily on findings from experimental animal models. Perspectives for future investigations of vitC are outlined.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pernille Tveden-Nyborg
- Section of Experimental Animal Models, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, 1870 Copenhagen, Denmark
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24
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Pagnin M, Kondos-Devcic D, Chincarini G, Cumberland A, Richardson SJ, Tolcos M. Role of thyroid hormones in normal and abnormal central nervous system myelination in humans and rodents. Front Neuroendocrinol 2021; 61:100901. [PMID: 33493504 DOI: 10.1016/j.yfrne.2021.100901] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2020] [Revised: 01/07/2021] [Accepted: 01/16/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Thyroid hormones (THs) are instrumental in promoting the molecular mechanisms which underlie the complex nature of neural development and function within the central nervous system (CNS) in vertebrates. The key neurodevelopmental process of myelination is conserved between humans and rodents, of which both experience peak fetal TH concentrations concomitant with onset of myelination. The importance of supplying adequate levels of THs to the myelin producing cells, the oligodendrocytes, for promoting their maturation is crucial for proper neural function. In this review we examine the key TH distributor and transport proteins, including transthyretin (TTR) and monocarboxylate transporter 8 (MCT8), essential for supporting proper oligodendrocyte and myelin health; and discuss disorders with impaired TH signalling in relation to abnormal CNS myelination in humans and rodents. Furthermore, we explore the importance of using novel TH analogues in the treatment of myelination disorders associated with abnormal TH signalling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maurice Pagnin
- School of Health and Biomedical Sciences, RMIT University, Bundoora 3083, Australia
| | - Delphi Kondos-Devcic
- School of Health and Biomedical Sciences, RMIT University, Bundoora 3083, Australia
| | - Ginevra Chincarini
- School of Health and Biomedical Sciences, RMIT University, Bundoora 3083, Australia
| | - Angela Cumberland
- School of Health and Biomedical Sciences, RMIT University, Bundoora 3083, Australia
| | | | - Mary Tolcos
- School of Health and Biomedical Sciences, RMIT University, Bundoora 3083, Australia.
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25
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Pla L, Illa M, Loreiro C, Lopez MC, Vázquez-Aristizabal P, Kühne BA, Barenys M, Eixarch E, Gratacós E. Structural Brain Changes during the Neonatal Period in a Rabbit Model of Intrauterine Growth Restriction. Dev Neurosci 2021; 42:217-229. [PMID: 33677448 DOI: 10.1159/000512948] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2020] [Accepted: 11/10/2020] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Intrauterine growth restriction (IUGR) is associated with abnormal neurodevelopment, but the associated structural brain changes are poorly documented. The aim of this study was to describe in an animal model the brain changes at the cellular level in the gray and white matter induced by IUGR during the neonatal period. METHODS The IUGR model was surgically induced in pregnant rabbits by ligating 40-50% of the uteroplacental vessels in 1 horn, whereas the uteroplacental vessels of the contralateral horn were not ligated. After 5 days, IUGR animals from the ligated horn and controls from the nonligated were delivered. On the day of delivery, perinatal data and placentas were collected. On postnatal day 1, functional changes were first evaluated, and thereafter, neuronal arborization in the frontal cortex and density of pre-oligodendrocytes, astrocytes, and microglia in the corpus callosum were evaluated. RESULTS Higher stillbirth in IUGR fetuses together with a reduced birth weight as compared to controls was evidenced. IUGR animals showed poorer functional results, an altered neuronal arborization pattern, and a decrease in the pre-oligodendrocytes, with no differences in microglia and astrocyte densities. CONCLUSIONS Overall, in the rabbit model used, IUGR is related to functional and brain changes evidenced already at birth, including changes in the neuronal arborization and abnormal oligodendrocyte maturation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura Pla
- BCNatal
- Fetal Medicine Research Center (Hospital Clínic and Hospital Sant Joan de Déu), Universitat de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Miriam Illa
- BCNatal
- Fetal Medicine Research Center (Hospital Clínic and Hospital Sant Joan de Déu), Universitat de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain, .,Institut de Recerca Sant Joan de Déu, Esplugues de Llobregat, Spain,
| | - Carla Loreiro
- BCNatal
- Fetal Medicine Research Center (Hospital Clínic and Hospital Sant Joan de Déu), Universitat de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain.,Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer (IDIBAPS), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Mari Carmen Lopez
- BCNatal
- Fetal Medicine Research Center (Hospital Clínic and Hospital Sant Joan de Déu), Universitat de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Paula Vázquez-Aristizabal
- BCNatal
- Fetal Medicine Research Center (Hospital Clínic and Hospital Sant Joan de Déu), Universitat de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Britta Anna Kühne
- BCNatal
- Fetal Medicine Research Center (Hospital Clínic and Hospital Sant Joan de Déu), Universitat de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain.,GRET, INSA-UB and Toxicology Unit, Pharmacology, Toxicology and Therapeutical Chemistry Department, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Marta Barenys
- GRET, INSA-UB and Toxicology Unit, Pharmacology, Toxicology and Therapeutical Chemistry Department, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Elisenda Eixarch
- BCNatal
- Fetal Medicine Research Center (Hospital Clínic and Hospital Sant Joan de Déu), Universitat de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain.,Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer (IDIBAPS), Barcelona, Spain.,Center for Biomedical Research on Rare Diseases (CIBER-ER), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Eduard Gratacós
- BCNatal
- Fetal Medicine Research Center (Hospital Clínic and Hospital Sant Joan de Déu), Universitat de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain.,Institut de Recerca Sant Joan de Déu, Esplugues de Llobregat, Spain.,Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer (IDIBAPS), Barcelona, Spain.,Center for Biomedical Research on Rare Diseases (CIBER-ER), Barcelona, Spain
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26
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Coviello C, Perrone S, Buonocore G, Negro S, Longini M, Dani C, de Vries LS, Groenendaal F, Vijlbrief DC, Benders MJNL, Tataranno ML. Isoprostanes as Biomarker for White Matter Injury in Extremely Preterm Infants. Front Pediatr 2021; 8:618622. [PMID: 33585368 PMCID: PMC7874160 DOI: 10.3389/fped.2020.618622] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2020] [Accepted: 12/14/2020] [Indexed: 01/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Background and Aim: Preterm white matter is vulnerable to lipid peroxidation-mediated injury. F2-isoprostanes (IPs), are a useful biomarker for lipid peroxidation. Aim was to assess the association between early peri-postnatal IPs, white matter injury (WMI) at term equivalent age (TEA), and neurodevelopmental outcome in preterm infants. Methods: Infants with a gestational age (GA) below 28 weeks who had an MRI at TEA were included. IPs were measured in cord blood (cb) at birth and on plasma (pl) between 24 and 48 h after birth. WMI was assessed using Woodward MRI scoring system. Multiple regression analyses were performed to assess the association between IPs with WMI and then with BSITD-III scores at 24 months corrected age (CA). Receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve analysis was used to evaluate the predictive value of pl-IPs for the development of WMI. Results: Forty-four patients were included. cb-IPs were not correlated with WMI score at TEA, whereas higher pl-IPs and lower GA predicted higher WMI score (p = 0.037 and 0.006, respectively) after controlling for GA, FiO2 at sampling and severity of IVH. The area under the curve was 0.72 (CI 95% = 0.51-0.92). The pl-IPs levels plotted curve indicated that 31.8 pg/ml had the best predictive threshold with a sensitivity of 86% and a specificity of 60%, to discriminate newborns with any WMI from newborns without WMI. IPs were not associated with outcome at 24 months. Conclusion: Early measurement of pl-IPs may help discriminate patients showing abnormal WMI score at TEA, thus representing an early biomarker to identify newborns at risk for brain injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Caterina Coviello
- Division of Neonatology, Careggi University Hospital of Florence, Florence, Italy
| | - Serafina Perrone
- Department of Medicine and Surgery, University of Parma, Parma, Italy
| | - Giuseppe Buonocore
- Department of Molecular and Developmental Medicine, University of Siena, Siena, Italy
| | - Simona Negro
- Department of Molecular and Developmental Medicine, University of Siena, Siena, Italy
| | - Mariangela Longini
- Department of Molecular and Developmental Medicine, University of Siena, Siena, Italy
| | - Carlo Dani
- Division of Neonatology, Careggi University Hospital of Florence, Florence, Italy
| | - Linda S. de Vries
- Department of Neonatology, University Medical Center Utrecht and Utrecht University, Utrecht, Netherlands
| | - Floris Groenendaal
- Department of Neonatology, University Medical Center Utrecht and Utrecht University, Utrecht, Netherlands
| | - Daniel C. Vijlbrief
- Department of Neonatology, University Medical Center Utrecht and Utrecht University, Utrecht, Netherlands
| | - Manon J. N. L. Benders
- Department of Neonatology, University Medical Center Utrecht and Utrecht University, Utrecht, Netherlands
| | - Maria Luisa Tataranno
- Department of Neonatology, University Medical Center Utrecht and Utrecht University, Utrecht, Netherlands
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27
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Shaw JC, Crombie GK, Palliser HK, Hirst JJ. Impaired Oligodendrocyte Development Following Preterm Birth: Promoting GABAergic Action to Improve Outcomes. Front Pediatr 2021; 9:618052. [PMID: 33634057 PMCID: PMC7901941 DOI: 10.3389/fped.2021.618052] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2020] [Accepted: 01/12/2021] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Preterm birth is associated with poor long-term neurodevelopmental and behavioral outcomes, even in the absence of obvious brain injury at the time of birth. In particular, behavioral disorders characterized by inattention, social difficulties and anxiety are common among children and adolescents who were born moderately to late preterm (32-37 weeks' gestation). Diffuse deficits in white matter microstructure are thought to play a role in these poor outcomes with evidence suggesting that a failure of oligodendrocytes to mature and myelinate axons is responsible. However, there remains a major knowledge gap over the mechanisms by which preterm birth interrupts normal oligodendrocyte development. In utero neurodevelopment occurs in an inhibitory-dominant environment due to the action of placentally derived neurosteroids on the GABAA receptor, thus promoting GABAergic inhibitory activity and maintaining the fetal behavioral state. Following preterm birth, and the subsequent premature exposure to the ex utero environment, this action of neurosteroids on GABAA receptors is greatly reduced. Coinciding with a reduction in GABAergic inhibition, the preterm neonatal brain is also exposed to ex utero environmental insults such as periods of hypoxia and excessive glucocorticoid concentrations. Together, these insults may increase levels of the excitatory neurotransmitter glutamate in the developing brain and result in a shift in the balance of inhibitory: excitatory activity toward excitatory. This review will outline the normal development of oligodendrocytes, how it is disrupted under excitation-dominated conditions and highlight how shifting the balance back toward an inhibitory-dominated environment may improve outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julia C Shaw
- School of Biomedical Sciences and Pharmacy, University of Newcastle, Newcastle, NSW, Australia.,Mothers and Babies Research Centre, Hunter Medical Research Institute, New Lambton Heights, NSW, Australia
| | - Gabrielle K Crombie
- School of Biomedical Sciences and Pharmacy, University of Newcastle, Newcastle, NSW, Australia.,Mothers and Babies Research Centre, Hunter Medical Research Institute, New Lambton Heights, NSW, Australia
| | - Hannah K Palliser
- School of Biomedical Sciences and Pharmacy, University of Newcastle, Newcastle, NSW, Australia.,Mothers and Babies Research Centre, Hunter Medical Research Institute, New Lambton Heights, NSW, Australia
| | - Jonathan J Hirst
- School of Biomedical Sciences and Pharmacy, University of Newcastle, Newcastle, NSW, Australia.,Mothers and Babies Research Centre, Hunter Medical Research Institute, New Lambton Heights, NSW, Australia
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28
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Gilchrist CP, Cumberland AL, Kondos-Devcic D, Hill RA, Khore M, Quezada S, Reichelt AC, Tolcos M. Hippocampal neurogenesis and memory in adolescence following intrauterine growth restriction. Hippocampus 2020; 31:321-334. [PMID: 33320965 DOI: 10.1002/hipo.23291] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2020] [Revised: 10/18/2020] [Accepted: 11/15/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Intrauterine growth restriction (IUGR) is associated with hippocampal alterations that can increase the risk of short-term memory impairments later in life. Despite the role of hippocampal neurogenesis in learning and memory, research into the long-lasting impact of IUGR on these processes is limited. We aimed to determine the effects of IUGR on neuronal proliferation, differentiation and morphology, and on memory function at adolescent equivalent age. At embryonic day (E) 18 (term ∼E22), placental insufficiency was induced in pregnant Wistar rats via bilateral uterine vessel ligation to generate IUGR offspring (n = 10); control offspring (n = 11) were generated via sham surgery. From postnatal day (P) 36-44, spontaneous location recognition (SLR), novel object location and recognition (NOL, NOR), and open field tests were performed. Brains were collected at P45 to assess neurogenesis (immunohistochemistry), dendritic morphology (Golgi staining), and brain-derived neurotrophic factor expression (BDNF; Western blot analysis). In IUGR versus control rats there was no difference in object preference in the NOL or NOR, the similar and dissimilar condition of the SLR task, or in locomotion and anxiety-like behavior in the open field. There was a significant increase in the linear density of immature neurons (DCX+) in the subgranular zone (SGZ) of the dentate gyrus (DG), but no difference in the linear density of proliferating cells (Ki67+) in the SGZ, nor in areal density of mature neurons (NeuN+) or microglia (Iba-1+) in the DG in IUGR rats compared to controls. Dendritic morphology of dentate granule cells did not differ between groups. Protein expression of the BDNF precursor (pro-BDNF), but not mature BDNF, was increased in the hippocampus of IUGR compared with control rats. These findings highlight that while the long-lasting prenatal hypoxic environment may impact brain development, it may not impact hippocampal-dependent learning and memory in adolescence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Courtney P Gilchrist
- School of Health and Biomedical Sciences, RMIT University, Bundoora, Victoria, Australia
| | - Angela L Cumberland
- School of Health and Biomedical Sciences, RMIT University, Bundoora, Victoria, Australia
| | - Delphi Kondos-Devcic
- School of Health and Biomedical Sciences, RMIT University, Bundoora, Victoria, Australia
| | - Rachel A Hill
- Department of Psychiatry, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria, Australia
| | - Madhavi Khore
- School of Health and Biomedical Sciences, RMIT University, Bundoora, Victoria, Australia
| | - Sebastian Quezada
- School of Health and Biomedical Sciences, RMIT University, Bundoora, Victoria, Australia
| | - Amy C Reichelt
- School of Health and Biomedical Sciences, RMIT University, Bundoora, Victoria, Australia.,Florey Institute of Neuroscience and Mental Health, Parkville, Victoria, Australia.,Schulich School of Medicine and Dentistry, Western University, London, Ontario, Canada
| | - Mary Tolcos
- School of Health and Biomedical Sciences, RMIT University, Bundoora, Victoria, Australia
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Choi MS, Chung YY, Kim DJ, Kim ST, Jun YH. Immunoreactivity of MAPK Signaling in a Rat Model of Intrauterine Growth Retardation Induced by Uterine Artery Ligation. In Vivo 2020; 34:649-657. [PMID: 32111765 DOI: 10.21873/invivo.11819] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2019] [Revised: 12/21/2019] [Accepted: 01/05/2020] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND/AIM Intrauterine growth retardation (IUGR) causes very low birth weight and is related to the morbidity and mortality of the newborn. In our previous study, expression of brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) was found reduced in the cerebral cortex and dentate gyrus of fetuses with IUGR. BDNF protected cortical neurons against hypoxic injury via activation of the extracellular signal-related kinase (ERK) pathway. The aim of the current study was to observe the immunoreactivity of ERK in mature neurons and proliferating cells. MATERIALS AND METHODS Uterine artery ligation was performed at 17 days of gestation (dg). Rat fetuses were obtained at 21 dg using cesarean section. Fetuses were designated either to the growth retardation (GR) group when removed from the horn with uterine artery ligation, or to the control group when removed from the other horn with the untied artery. Immunohistochemistry was performed with primary antibodies on paraffin-embedded forebrain sections. RESULTS The density and proportion of cells expressing PCNA, ERK, and phosphate ERK in the subventricular zone (SVZ) was not different between the control and GR group. The density and proportion of NeuN- and phosphate ERK-positive cells in the cerebral parietal cortex was lower in the GR group, compared to the control group. CONCLUSION Although IUGR had no effect on the proliferation of cells in the SVZ, it reduced neuronal survival in the cerebral parietal cortex, which was associated with the decrease of pERK-positive cell density and proportion in the cerebral cortex.
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Affiliation(s)
- Min Seon Choi
- Department of Pediatrics, Chosun University Hospital, Gwang-ju, Republic of Korea
| | - Yoon Young Chung
- Department of Anatomy, School of Medicine, Chosun University, Gwang-ju, Republic of Korea
| | - Dong-Joon Kim
- Department of Anesthesiology and Pain Medicine, Chosun University Hospital, Gwang-ju, Republic of Korea
| | - Seong Taeck Kim
- Department of Ophthalmology, Chosun University Hospital, Gwang-ju, Republic of Korea
| | - Yong Hyun Jun
- Department of Anatomy, School of Medicine, Chosun University, Gwang-ju, Republic of Korea
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Ross-Munro E, Kwa F, Kreiner J, Khore M, Miller SL, Tolcos M, Fleiss B, Walker DW. Midkine: The Who, What, Where, and When of a Promising Neurotrophic Therapy for Perinatal Brain Injury. Front Neurol 2020; 11:568814. [PMID: 33193008 PMCID: PMC7642484 DOI: 10.3389/fneur.2020.568814] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2020] [Accepted: 09/18/2020] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Midkine (MK) is a small secreted heparin-binding protein highly expressed during embryonic/fetal development which, through interactions with multiple cell surface receptors promotes growth through effects on cell proliferation, migration, and differentiation. MK is upregulated in the adult central nervous system (CNS) after multiple types of experimental injury and has neuroprotective and neuroregenerative properties. The potential for MK as a therapy for developmental brain injury is largely unknown. This review discusses what is known of MK's expression and actions in the developing brain, areas for future research, and the potential for using MK as a therapeutic agent to ameliorate the effects of brain damage caused by insults such as birth-related hypoxia and inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emily Ross-Munro
- Neurodevelopment in Health and Disease Research Program, School of Health and Biomedical Sciences, Royal Melbourne Institute of Technology (RMIT), Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Faith Kwa
- Neurodevelopment in Health and Disease Research Program, School of Health and Biomedical Sciences, Royal Melbourne Institute of Technology (RMIT), Melbourne, VIC, Australia.,School of Health Sciences, Swinburne University of Technology, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Jenny Kreiner
- Neurodevelopment in Health and Disease Research Program, School of Health and Biomedical Sciences, Royal Melbourne Institute of Technology (RMIT), Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Madhavi Khore
- Neurodevelopment in Health and Disease Research Program, School of Health and Biomedical Sciences, Royal Melbourne Institute of Technology (RMIT), Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Suzanne L Miller
- The Ritchie Centre, Hudson Institute of Medical Research, Monash University, Clayton, VIC, Australia
| | - Mary Tolcos
- Neurodevelopment in Health and Disease Research Program, School of Health and Biomedical Sciences, Royal Melbourne Institute of Technology (RMIT), Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Bobbi Fleiss
- Neurodevelopment in Health and Disease Research Program, School of Health and Biomedical Sciences, Royal Melbourne Institute of Technology (RMIT), Melbourne, VIC, Australia.,Neurodiderot, Inserm U1141, Universita de Paris, Paris, France
| | - David W Walker
- Neurodevelopment in Health and Disease Research Program, School of Health and Biomedical Sciences, Royal Melbourne Institute of Technology (RMIT), Melbourne, VIC, Australia
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Zanno AE, Romer MA, Fox L, Golden T, Jaeckle-Santos L, Simmons RA, Grinspan JB. Reducing Th2 inflammation through neutralizing IL-4 antibody rescues myelination in IUGR rat brain. J Neurodev Disord 2019; 11:34. [PMID: 31839002 PMCID: PMC6913005 DOI: 10.1186/s11689-019-9297-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2019] [Accepted: 11/11/2019] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Intrauterine growth restriction (IUGR) is a common complication of pregnancy and is associated with significant neurological deficits in infants, including white matter damage. Previous work using an animal model of IUGR has demonstrated that IUGR rats exhibit neurobehavioral deficits and developmental delays in oligodendrocyte maturation and myelination, but the mechanisms which cause this delay are unknown. Inflammation may be an important etiological factor in IUGR and has been recognized as playing a fundamental role in the pathogenesis of myelin disorders, including cerebral palsy. METHODS To create the model, the uterine arteries of pregnant rats were ligated at embryonic day 15. Rats delivered spontaneously. Cytokine and chemokine expression was evaluated at one prenatal and three postnatal time points, and myelin protein expression and oligodendrocyte cell numbers were evaluated by several methods at postnatal day 14. IL-4 was identified as a potential inhibitor of myelination, and rat pups were injected with IL-4 function blocking antibody from postnatal days 1-5 and myelination was assessed. RESULTS Here, we show a novel mechanism of white matter injury. IUGR induces an exaggerated Th2 response in the developing rat brain, including upregulation of several Th2 cytokines. Of these, IL-4 is significantly increased during the period corresponding to robust developmental myelination. We show that neutralizing IL-4 antibody therapy given in the newborn period ameliorates inflammation and restores myelin protein expression and oligodendrocyte cell number in the IUGR brain to control levels, demonstrating a novel role for Th2 responses and IL-4 in IUGR and white matter injury. In addition, IL-4 directly affects oligodendrocytes in vitro decreasing differentiation. CONCLUSIONS In this study, we have identified inflammation as a factor in the decrease in myelin seen in an animal model of IUGR. IL-4, an inflammatory protein often thought to be protective in the adult, is specifically increased, and treatment of these animals to prevent this increase ameliorates white matter damage. Our results suggest that the immune system plays a role in IUGR that is different in the perinatal period than in the adult and preventing this exaggerated Th2 response may be a potential therapeutic target.
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Affiliation(s)
- Allison E. Zanno
- Department of Pediatrics, Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia, Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA USA
| | - Micah A. Romer
- Department of Neurology, Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia, Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, 516D Abramson Center, 3615 Civic Center Blvd, Philadelphia, PA 19104 USA
| | - Lauren Fox
- Department of Pediatrics, Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia, Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA USA
| | - Thea Golden
- Department of Pediatrics, Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia, Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA USA
| | - Lane Jaeckle-Santos
- Department of Pediatrics, Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia, Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA USA
| | - Rebecca A. Simmons
- Department of Pediatrics, Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia, Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA USA
| | - Judith B. Grinspan
- Department of Neurology, Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia, Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, 516D Abramson Center, 3615 Civic Center Blvd, Philadelphia, PA 19104 USA
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32
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Jougleux JL, Rioux FM, Fiset S, Boudreau LH, Surette ME. Influence of iron-deficient diets during gestation and lactation on cerebral fatty acids and eicosanoids in guinea pig offspring-Comparison of studies with different sources of dietary lipids. Prostaglandins Leukot Essent Fatty Acids 2019; 149:37-45. [PMID: 31422159 DOI: 10.1016/j.plefa.2019.08.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2019] [Revised: 07/26/2019] [Accepted: 08/07/2019] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Previous studies showed that mild iron deficiency anaemia (IDA) induced by feeding an iron deficient (ID) diet to female guinea pigs during gestation and lactation to alters the auditory functions of the offspring when corn oil is the only source of dietary lipids. Conversely, feeding an ID diet with a dietary fatty acid composition similar to that of typical human western diets induced minor impairments. Since tissue fatty acid metabolism is affected by dietary iron, the current study measured the impacts of these ID diets (ID-corn and ID-west) compared to the corresponding iron-sufficient control diets (IS-corn and IS-west) on encephalum fatty acid metabolism in the offspring at post-natal day 24. IDA induced by the ID-corn diet resulted in significant increases in encephalum n-6 PUFA content, but IDA induced by the ID-west diet had little impact on fatty acid profiles compared to the IS-west group. Brain COX II protein expression and FADS2 mRNA expression were statistically unaffected in both experiments, but encephalum PGE2 concentrations were significantly reduced in ID-west pups. These results suggest IDA studies during prenatal development should consider dietary lipid compositions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jean-Luc Jougleux
- Département de Chimie et Biochimie, Université de Moncton, 18 Antonine-Maillet Avenue, Moncton, NB, E1A 3E9, Canada
| | - France M Rioux
- École des sciences de la Nutrition, Faculté des Sciences de la Santé, Université d'Ottawa, Ottawa, ON, K1N 6N5, Canada
| | - Sylvain Fiset
- Secteur Administration et Sciences Humaines, Université de Moncton, Campus Edmundston, Edmundston, NB, E3V 2S8, Canada
| | - Luc H Boudreau
- Département de Chimie et Biochimie, Université de Moncton, 18 Antonine-Maillet Avenue, Moncton, NB, E1A 3E9, Canada
| | - Marc E Surette
- Département de Chimie et Biochimie, Université de Moncton, 18 Antonine-Maillet Avenue, Moncton, NB, E1A 3E9, Canada.
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33
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Malhotra A, Sepehrizadeh T, Dhollander T, Wright D, Castillo-Melendez M, Sutherland AE, Pham Y, Ditchfield M, Polglase GR, de Veer M, Jenkin G, Pannek K, Shishegar R, Miller SL. Advanced MRI analysis to detect white matter brain injury in growth restricted newborn lambs. NEUROIMAGE-CLINICAL 2019; 24:101991. [PMID: 31473545 PMCID: PMC6728876 DOI: 10.1016/j.nicl.2019.101991] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2019] [Revised: 08/06/2019] [Accepted: 08/21/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Background Fetal growth restriction (FGR) is a serious pregnancy complication associated with increased risk of adverse neurodevelopment and neuromorbidity. Current imaging techniques, including conventional magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), are not sensitive enough to detect subtle structural abnormalities in the FGR brain. We examined whether advanced MRI analysis techniques have the capacity to detect brain injury (particularly white matter injury) caused by chronic hypoxia-induced fetal growth restriction in newborn preterm lambs. Methods Surgery was undertaken in twin bearing pregnant ewes at 88–90 days gestation (term = 150 days) to induce FGR in one fetus. At 127 days gestation (~32 weeks human brain development), FGR and control (appropriate for gestational age, AGA) lambs were delivered by caesarean section, intubated and ventilated. Conventional and advanced brain imaging was conducted within the first two hours of life using a 3T MRI scanner. T1-weighted (T1w) and T2-weighted (T2w) structural imaging, magnetic resonance spectroscopy (MRS), and diffusion MRI (dMRI) data were acquired. Diffusion tensor imaging (DTI) modelling and analysis of dMRI data included the following regions of interest (ROIs): subcortical white matter, periventricular white matter, cerebellum, hippocampus, corpus callosum and thalamus. Fixel-based analysis of 3-tissue constrained spherical deconvolution (CSD) of the dMRI data was performed and compared between FGR and AGA lambs. Lambs were euthanised immediately after the scans and brain histology performed in the regions of interest to correlate with imaging. Results FGR and AGA lamb (body weight, mean (SD): 2.2(0.5) vs. 3.3(0.3) kg, p = .002) MRI brain scans were analysed. There were no statistically significant differences observed between the groups in conventional T1w, T2w or MRS brain data. Mean, axial and radial diffusivity, and fractional anisotropy indices obtained from DTI modelling also did not show any statistically significant differences between groups in the ROIs. Fixel-based analysis of 3-tissue CSD, however, did reveal a decrease in fibre cross-section (FC, p < .05) but not in fibre density (FD) or combined fibre density and cross-section (FDC) in FGR vs. AGA lamb brains. The specific tracts that showed a decrease in FC were in the regions of the periventricular white matter, hippocampus and cerebellar white matter, and were supported by histological evidence of white matter hypomyelination and disorganisation in corresponding FGR lamb brain regions. Conclusions The neuropathology associated with FGR in neonatal preterm lambs is subtle and imaging detection may require advanced MRI and tract-based analysis techniques. Fixel-based analysis of 3-tissue CSD demonstrates that the preterm neonatal FGR brain shows evidence of macrostructural (cross-sectional) deficits in white matter subsequent to altered antenatal development. These findings can inform analysis of similar brain pathology in neonatal infants. FGR brain injury can be subtle, and not easily detected on conventional imaging. Fixel-based analysis showed differences in fibre content of FGR lamb brain tracts. Histological stain confirmed myelination deficits in corresponding brain regions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Atul Malhotra
- Monash Newborn, Monash Children's Hospital, Melbourne, Australia; Department of Paediatrics, Monash University, Melbourne, Australia; The Ritchie Centre, Hudson Institute of Medical Research, Melbourne, Australia.
| | | | - Thijs Dhollander
- The Florey Institute of Neuroscience and Mental Health, Melbourne, Australia; The Florey Department of Neuroscience and Mental Health, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Australia
| | - David Wright
- The Florey Institute of Neuroscience and Mental Health, Melbourne, Australia; Department of Neuroscience, Central Clinical School, Monash University, Australia
| | - Margie Castillo-Melendez
- The Ritchie Centre, Hudson Institute of Medical Research, Melbourne, Australia; Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Monash University, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Amy E Sutherland
- The Ritchie Centre, Hudson Institute of Medical Research, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Yen Pham
- The Ritchie Centre, Hudson Institute of Medical Research, Melbourne, Australia
| | | | - Graeme R Polglase
- The Ritchie Centre, Hudson Institute of Medical Research, Melbourne, Australia; Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Monash University, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Michael de Veer
- Monash Biomedical Imaging, Monash University, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Graham Jenkin
- The Ritchie Centre, Hudson Institute of Medical Research, Melbourne, Australia; Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Monash University, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Kerstin Pannek
- Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organisation, Brisbane, Australia
| | - Rosita Shishegar
- Monash Biomedical Imaging, Monash University, Melbourne, Australia; The Turner Institute for Brain and Mental Health, Monash University, Melbourne, Australia; CSIRO Health and Biosecurity, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
| | - Suzanne L Miller
- The Ritchie Centre, Hudson Institute of Medical Research, Melbourne, Australia; Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Monash University, Melbourne, Australia
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Atik A, De Matteo R, Boomgardt M, Rees S, Harding R, Cheong J, Rana S, Crossley K, Tolcos M. Impact of High-Dose Caffeine on the Preterm Ovine Cerebrum and Cerebellum. Front Physiol 2019; 10:990. [PMID: 31427988 PMCID: PMC6688582 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2019.00990] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2019] [Accepted: 07/18/2019] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Caffeine is one of the few treatments available for infants with apnea of prematurity. As the recommended dosing regimen is not always sufficient to prevent apnea, higher doses may be prescribed. However, little is currently known about the impact of high-dose caffeine on the developing brain; thus, our aim was to investigate the consequences of a high-dose regimen on the immature ovine brain. High-dose caffeine (25 mg/kg caffeine base loading dose; 20 mg/kg daily maintenance dose; n = 9) or saline (n = 8) was administered to pregnant sheep from 105 to 118 days of gestation (DG; term = 147 days); this is broadly equivalent to 28-33 weeks of human gestation. At 119DG, the cerebral cortex, striatum, and cerebellum were assessed histologically and by immunohistochemistry. Compared with controls, caffeine-exposed fetuses showed (i) an increase in the density of Ctip2-positive layers V-VI projection neurons (p = 0.02), Tbr1-positive layers V-VI projection neurons (p < 0.0001), astrocytes (p = 0.03), and oligodendrocytes (p = 0.02) in the cerebral cortex, (ii) a decrease in the density of Cux1-positive layers II-IV projection neurons (p = 0.01) in the cerebral cortex, and (iii) a reduction in the area of Purkinje cell bodies in the cerebellum (p = 0.03). Comparing high-dose caffeine-exposed fetuses with controls, there was no difference (p > 0.05) in: (i) the volume of the cerebral cortex or striatum, (ii) the density of neurons (total and output projection neurons) in the striatum, (iii) dendritic spine density of layer V pyramidal cells, (iv) the density of cortical GABAergic interneurons, microglia, mature oligodendrocytes or proliferating cells, (v) total cerebellar area or dimensions of cerebellar layers, or (vi) the density of cerebellar white matter microglia, astrocytes, oligodendrocytes, or myelin. Daily exposure of the developing brain to high-dose caffeine affects some aspects of neuronal and glial development in the cerebral cortex and cerebellum in the short-term; the long-term structural and functional consequences of these alterations need to be investigated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anzari Atik
- Department of Anatomy and Developmental Biology, Monash University, Clayton, VIC, Australia
| | - Robert De Matteo
- Department of Anatomy and Developmental Biology, Monash University, Clayton, VIC, Australia
| | - Meghan Boomgardt
- The Ritchie Centre, Hudson Institute of Medical Research, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Monash University, Clayton, VIC, Australia
| | - Sandra Rees
- Department of Anatomy and Neuroscience, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Richard Harding
- Department of Anatomy and Developmental Biology, Monash University, Clayton, VIC, Australia
| | - Jeanie Cheong
- Department of Neonatal Services, Royal Women's Hospital, Victorian Infant Brain Studies, Murdoch Children's Research Institute, and Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Shreya Rana
- The Ritchie Centre, Hudson Institute of Medical Research, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Monash University, Clayton, VIC, Australia
| | - Kelly Crossley
- The Ritchie Centre, Hudson Institute of Medical Research, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Monash University, Clayton, VIC, Australia
| | - Mary Tolcos
- The Ritchie Centre, Hudson Institute of Medical Research, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Monash University, Clayton, VIC, Australia.,School of Health and Biomedical Sciences, RMIT University, Bundoora, VIC, Australia
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Volpe JJ. Dysmaturation of Premature Brain: Importance, Cellular Mechanisms, and Potential Interventions. Pediatr Neurol 2019; 95:42-66. [PMID: 30975474 DOI: 10.1016/j.pediatrneurol.2019.02.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 154] [Impact Index Per Article: 30.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2019] [Revised: 02/12/2019] [Accepted: 02/19/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Prematurity, especially preterm birth (less than 32 weeks' gestation), is common and associated with high rates of both survival and neurodevelopmental disability, especially apparent in cognitive spheres. The neuropathological substrate of this disability is now recognized to be related to a variety of dysmaturational disturbances of the brain. These disturbances follow initial brain injury, particularly cerebral white matter injury, and involve many of the extraordinary array of developmental events active in cerebral white and gray matter structures during the premature period. This review delineates these developmental events and the dysmaturational disturbances that occur in premature infants. The cellular mechanisms involved in the genesis of the dysmaturation are emphasized, with particular focus on the preoligodendrocyte. A central role for the diffusely distributed activated microglia and reactive astrocytes in the dysmaturation is now apparent. As these dysmaturational cellular mechanisms appear to occur over a relatively long time window, interventions to prevent or ameliorate the dysmaturation, that is, neurorestorative interventions, seem possible. Such interventions include pharmacologic agents, especially erythropoietin, and particular attention has also been paid to such nutritional factors as quality and source of milk, breastfeeding, polyunsaturated fatty acids, iron, and zinc. Recent studies also suggest a potent role for interventions directed at various experiential factors in the neonatal period and infancy, i.e., provision of optimal auditory and visual exposures, minimization of pain and stress, and a variety of other means of environmental behavioral enrichment, in enhancing brain development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joseph J Volpe
- Department of Neurology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts; Department of Pediatric Newborn Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts.
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36
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Lim JM, Porayette P, Marini D, Chau V, Au-Young SH, Saini A, Ly LG, Blaser S, Shroff M, Branson HM, Sananes R, Hickey EJ, Gaynor JW, Van Arsdell G, Miller SP, Seed M. Associations Between Age at Arterial Switch Operation, Brain Growth, and Development in Infants With Transposition of the Great Arteries. Circulation 2019; 139:2728-2738. [PMID: 31132861 DOI: 10.1161/circulationaha.118.037495] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Brain injury, impaired brain growth, and long-term neurodevelopmental problems are common in children with transposition of the great arteries. We sought to identify clinical risk factors for brain injury and poor brain growth in infants with transposition of the great arteries undergoing the arterial switch operation, and to examine their relationship with neurodevelopmental outcome. METHODS The brains of 45 infants with transposition of the great arteries undergoing surgical repair were imaged pre- and postoperatively using magnetic resonance imaging. Brain weight z scores were calculated based on brain volume and autopsy reference data. Brain injury scores were determined as previously described. Neurodevelopment was assessed at 18 months using the Bayley-III scores of infant development. The relationships between clinical variables, brain injury, perioperative brain growth, and 18-month Bayley-III scores were analyzed. RESULTS On preoperative imaging, moderate or severe white matter injury was present in 10 of 45 patients, whereas stroke was seen in 4 of 45. A similar prevalence of injury was seen on postoperative imaging, and we were unable to identify any clinical risk factors for brain injury. Brain weight z scores decreased perioperatively in 35 of 45 patients. The presence of a ventricular septal defect ( P=0.009) and older age at surgery ( P=0.007) were associated with impaired perioperative brain growth. When patients were divided into those undergoing surgery during the first 2 weeks of life (32/45) versus those being repaired later (13/45), infants repaired later had significantly worse perioperative brain growth (late repair postoperative brain weight z = -1.0±0.90 versus early repair z = -0.33±0.64; P=0.008). Bayley-III testing scores fell within the normal range for all patients, although age at repair ( P=0.03) and days of open chest ( P=0.03) were associated with a lower composite language score, and length of stay was associated with a lower composite cognitive score ( P=0.02). CONCLUSIONS Surgery beyond 2 weeks of age is associated with impaired brain growth and slower language development in infants with transposition of the great arteries cared for at our center. Although the mechanisms underlying this association are still unclear, extended periods of cyanosis and pulmonary overcirculation may adversely impact brain growth and subsequent neurodevelopment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jessie Mei Lim
- Department of Physiology (J.M.L.), University of Toronto, Canada
| | - Prashob Porayette
- Division of Cardiology (P.O., D.M., A.S., M. Seed), The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Canada
| | - Davide Marini
- Division of Cardiology (P.O., D.M., A.S., M. Seed), The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Canada
| | - Vann Chau
- Division of Neurology (V.C., S.H.A.-Y., S.P.M.), The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Canada.,Division of Neonatology (V.C., L.G.L.), The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Canada
| | - Stephanie H Au-Young
- Division of Neurology (V.C., S.H.A.-Y., S.P.M.), The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Canada.,Neurosciences and Mental Health, The Hospital for Sick Children Research Institute, Toronto, Canada (S.H.A.-Y.)
| | - Amandeep Saini
- Division of Cardiology (P.O., D.M., A.S., M. Seed), The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Canada
| | - Linh G Ly
- Division of Neonatology (V.C., L.G.L.), The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Canada
| | - Susan Blaser
- Department of Diagnostic Imaging (S.B., M. Shroff, H.M.B.), The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Canada
| | - Manohar Shroff
- Department of Medical Imaging (M. Shroff), University of Toronto, Canada.,Department of Diagnostic Imaging (S.B., M. Shroff, H.M.B.), The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Canada
| | - Helen M Branson
- Department of Diagnostic Imaging (S.B., M. Shroff, H.M.B.), The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Canada
| | - Renee Sananes
- Department of Pediatrics (R.S., S.P.M., M. Seed), University of Toronto, Canada.,Labatt Family Heart Centre (R.S.), The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Canada
| | - Edward J Hickey
- Division of Cardiovascular Surgery (E.J.H., G.V.A.), The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Canada
| | - J William Gaynor
- Department of Surgery, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, PA (J.W.G.)
| | - Glen Van Arsdell
- Division of Cardiovascular Surgery (E.J.H., G.V.A.), The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Canada
| | - Steven P Miller
- Department of Pediatrics (R.S., S.P.M., M. Seed), University of Toronto, Canada.,Division of Neurology (V.C., S.H.A.-Y., S.P.M.), The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Canada
| | - Mike Seed
- Department of Pediatrics (R.S., S.P.M., M. Seed), University of Toronto, Canada.,Division of Cardiology (P.O., D.M., A.S., M. Seed), The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Canada
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Wixey JA, Sukumar KR, Pretorius R, Lee KM, Colditz PB, Bjorkman ST, Chand KK. Ibuprofen Treatment Reduces the Neuroinflammatory Response and Associated Neuronal and White Matter Impairment in the Growth Restricted Newborn. Front Physiol 2019; 10:541. [PMID: 31133875 PMCID: PMC6523042 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2019.00541] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2019] [Accepted: 04/17/2019] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Intrauterine growth restriction (IUGR) is a condition where the fetus does not achieve optimal growth, commonly caused by placental insufficiency. The chronic decrease in blood flow restricts oxygen and nutrient supply to the fetus, which can damage numerous organ systems, with the fetal brain being particularly vulnerable. Although white matter and neuronal injury are evident in IUGR infants, the specific mechanisms underlying these changes are poorly understood. Inflammation is considered to be a main driver in exacerbating brain injury. Using a spontaneous piglet model of IUGR, we aim to determine whether administration of the anti-inflammatory drug ibuprofen will decrease inflammation at postnatal day 4 (P4). The treatment group received ibuprofen (20 mg/kg/day on day 1 and 10 mg/kg/day on days 2 and 3) in piglet formula during the morning feed each day and brains examined on P4. Markers of inflammation, apoptosis, cell proliferation, neuronal injury, and white matter injury were examined. Ibuprofen treatment ameliorated the increase in numbers of microglia and astrocytes in the parietal cortex and white matter tracts of the IUGR piglet brain on P4 as well as decreasing proinflammatory cytokines. Ibuprofen treatment prevented the reduction in apoptosis, neuronal cell counts, and myelin index in the IUGR piglets. Our findings demonstrate ibuprofen reduces the inflammatory response in the IUGR neonatal brain and concurrently reduces neuronal and white matter impairment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julie A Wixey
- UQ Centre for Clinical Research, Faculty of Medicine, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
| | - Kishen R Sukumar
- UQ Centre for Clinical Research, Faculty of Medicine, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
| | - Rinaldi Pretorius
- UQ Centre for Clinical Research, Faculty of Medicine, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
| | - Kah Meng Lee
- Institute of Health Biomedical Innovation, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
| | - Paul B Colditz
- UQ Centre for Clinical Research, Faculty of Medicine, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD, Australia.,Perinatal Research Centre, Royal Brisbane and Women's Hospital, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
| | - S Tracey Bjorkman
- UQ Centre for Clinical Research, Faculty of Medicine, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
| | - Kirat K Chand
- UQ Centre for Clinical Research, Faculty of Medicine, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
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Wixey JA, Lee KM, Miller SM, Goasdoue K, Colditz PB, Tracey Bjorkman S, Chand KK. Neuropathology in intrauterine growth restricted newborn piglets is associated with glial activation and proinflammatory status in the brain. J Neuroinflammation 2019; 16:5. [PMID: 30621715 PMCID: PMC6323795 DOI: 10.1186/s12974-018-1392-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2018] [Accepted: 12/17/2018] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The fetal brain is particularly vulnerable to intrauterine growth restriction (IUGR) conditions evidenced by neuronal and white matter abnormalities and altered neurodevelopment in the IUGR infant. To further our understanding of neurodevelopment in the newborn IUGR brain, clinically relevant models of IUGR are required. This information is critical for the design and implementation of successful therapeutic interventions to reduce aberrant brain development in the IUGR newborn. We utilise the piglet as a model of IUGR as growth restriction occurs spontaneously in the pig as a result of placental insufficiency, making it a highly relevant model of human IUGR. The purpose of this study was to characterise neuropathology and neuroinflammation in the neonatal IUGR piglet brain. METHODS Newborn IUGR (< 5th centile) and normally grown (NG) piglets were euthanased on postnatal day 1 (P1; < 18 h) or P4. Immunohistochemistry was utilised to examine neuronal, white matter and inflammatory responses, and PCR for cytokine analysis in parietal cortex of IUGR and NG piglets. RESULTS The IUGR piglet brain displayed less NeuN-positive cells and reduced myelination at both P1 and P4 in the parietal cortex, indicating neuronal and white matter disruption. A concurrent decrease in Ki67-positive proliferative cells and increase in cell death (caspase-3) in the IUGR piglet brain was also apparent on P4. We observed significant increases in the number of both Iba-1-positive microglia and GFAP-positive astrocytes in the white matter in IUGR piglet brain on both P1 and P4 compared with NG piglets. These increases were associated with a change in activation state, as noted by altered glial morphology. This inflammatory state was further evident with increased expression levels of proinflammatory cytokines (interleukin-1β, tumour necrosis factor-α) and decreased levels of anti-inflammatory cytokines (interleukin-4 and -10) observed in the IUGR piglet brains. CONCLUSIONS These findings suggest that the piglet model of IUGR displays the characteristic neuropathological outcomes of neuronal and white matter impairment similar to those reported in the IUGR human brain. The activated glial morphology and elevated proinflammatory cytokines is indicative of an inflammatory response that may be associated with neuronal damage and white matter disruption. These findings support the use of the piglet as a pre-clinical model for studying mechanisms of altered neurodevelopment in the IUGR newborn.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julie A Wixey
- UQ Centre for Clinical Research, Faculty of Medicine, The University of Queensland, Herston, QLD, 4029, Australia.
| | - Kah Meng Lee
- Institute of Health Biomedical Innovation (IHBI), Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, Australia
| | - Stephanie M Miller
- UQ Centre for Clinical Research, Faculty of Medicine, The University of Queensland, Herston, QLD, 4029, Australia
| | - Kate Goasdoue
- UQ Centre for Clinical Research, Faculty of Medicine, The University of Queensland, Herston, QLD, 4029, Australia
| | - Paul B Colditz
- UQ Centre for Clinical Research, Faculty of Medicine, The University of Queensland, Herston, QLD, 4029, Australia.,Perinatal Research Centre, Royal Brisbane and Women's Hospital, Herston, QLD, 4029, Australia
| | - S Tracey Bjorkman
- UQ Centre for Clinical Research, Faculty of Medicine, The University of Queensland, Herston, QLD, 4029, Australia
| | - Kirat K Chand
- UQ Centre for Clinical Research, Faculty of Medicine, The University of Queensland, Herston, QLD, 4029, Australia
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Hirst JJ, Palliser HK, Shaw JC, Crombie G, Walker DW, Zakar T. Birth and Neonatal Transition in the Guinea Pig: Experimental Approaches to Prevent Preterm Birth and Protect the Premature Fetus. Front Physiol 2018; 9:1802. [PMID: 30618814 PMCID: PMC6297273 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2018.01802] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2018] [Accepted: 11/29/2018] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The guinea pig (Cavia porcellus) displays many features of gestational physiology that makes it the most translationally relevant rodent species. Progesterone production undergoes a luteal to placental shift as in human pregnancy with levels rising during gestation and with labor and delivery occurring without a precipitous decline in maternal progesterone levels. In contrast to other laboratory rodents, labor in guinea pigs is triggered by a functional progesterone withdrawal, which involves the loss of uterine sensitivity to progesterone like in women. In both species the amnion membrane is a major source of labor-inducing prostaglandins, which promote functional progesterone withdrawal by modifying myometrial progesterone receptor expression. These similar features appear to result from convergent evolution rather than closer evolutionally relationship to primates compared to other rodents. Nevertheless, the similarities in the production, metabolism and actions of progesterone and prostaglandins allow information gained in pregnant guinea pigs to be extended to pregnant women with confidence. This includes exploring the effects of pregnancy complications including growth restriction and the mechanisms by which stressful conditions increase the incidence of preterm labor. The relatively long gestation of the guinea pig and the maturity of the pups at birth particularly in brain development means that a greater proportion of brain development happens in utero. This allows adverse intrauterine conditions to make a sustained impact on the developing brain like in compromised human pregnancies. In addition, the brain is exposed to a protective neurosteroid environment in utero, which has been suggested to promote development in the guinea pig and the human. Moreover, in utero stresses that have been shown to adversely affect long term neurobehavioral outcomes in clinical studies, can be modeled successfully in guinea pigs. Overall, these parallels to the human have led to increasing interest in the guinea pig for translational studies of treatments and therapies that potentially improve outcomes following adverse events in pregnancy and after preterm birth.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jonathan J Hirst
- Mothers and Babies Research Centre, Hunter Medical Research Institute, Newcastle, NSW, Australia.,School of Biomedical Sciences and Pharmacy, University of Newcastle, Newcastle, NSW, Australia
| | - Hannah K Palliser
- Mothers and Babies Research Centre, Hunter Medical Research Institute, Newcastle, NSW, Australia.,School of Biomedical Sciences and Pharmacy, University of Newcastle, Newcastle, NSW, Australia
| | - Julia C Shaw
- Mothers and Babies Research Centre, Hunter Medical Research Institute, Newcastle, NSW, Australia.,School of Biomedical Sciences and Pharmacy, University of Newcastle, Newcastle, NSW, Australia
| | - Gabrielle Crombie
- Mothers and Babies Research Centre, Hunter Medical Research Institute, Newcastle, NSW, Australia.,School of Biomedical Sciences and Pharmacy, University of Newcastle, Newcastle, NSW, Australia
| | - David W Walker
- School of Health and Biomedical Sciences, RMIT University, Bundoora, VIC, Australia
| | - Tamas Zakar
- Mothers and Babies Research Centre, Hunter Medical Research Institute, Newcastle, NSW, Australia.,School of Medicine and Public Health, University of Newcastle, Newcastle, NSW, Australia
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Morrison JL, Botting KJ, Darby JRT, David AL, Dyson RM, Gatford KL, Gray C, Herrera EA, Hirst JJ, Kim B, Kind KL, Krause BJ, Matthews SG, Palliser HK, Regnault TRH, Richardson BS, Sasaki A, Thompson LP, Berry MJ. Guinea pig models for translation of the developmental origins of health and disease hypothesis into the clinic. J Physiol 2018; 596:5535-5569. [PMID: 29633280 PMCID: PMC6265540 DOI: 10.1113/jp274948] [Citation(s) in RCA: 90] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2017] [Accepted: 03/19/2018] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Over 30 years ago Professor David Barker first proposed the theory that events in early life could explain an individual's risk of non-communicable disease in later life: the developmental origins of health and disease (DOHaD) hypothesis. During the 1990s the validity of the DOHaD hypothesis was extensively tested in a number of human populations and the mechanisms underpinning it characterised in a range of experimental animal models. Over the past decade, researchers have sought to use this mechanistic understanding of DOHaD to develop therapeutic interventions during pregnancy and early life to improve adult health. A variety of animal models have been used to develop and evaluate interventions, each with strengths and limitations. It is becoming apparent that effective translational research requires that the animal paradigm selected mirrors the tempo of human fetal growth and development as closely as possible so that the effect of a perinatal insult and/or therapeutic intervention can be fully assessed. The guinea pig is one such animal model that over the past two decades has demonstrated itself to be a very useful platform for these important reproductive studies. This review highlights similarities in the in utero development between humans and guinea pigs, the strengths and limitations of the guinea pig as an experimental model of DOHaD and the guinea pig's potential to enhance clinical therapeutic innovation to improve human health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Janna L. Morrison
- Early Origins of Adult Health Research Group, School of Pharmacy and Medical Sciences, Sansom Institute for Health ResearchUniversity of South AustraliaAdelaideSouth AustraliaAustralia
| | - Kimberley J. Botting
- Department of Physiology, Development and NeuroscienceUniversity of CambridgeCambridgeUK
| | - Jack R. T. Darby
- Early Origins of Adult Health Research Group, School of Pharmacy and Medical Sciences, Sansom Institute for Health ResearchUniversity of South AustraliaAdelaideSouth AustraliaAustralia
| | - Anna L. David
- Research Department of Maternal Fetal Medicine, Institute for Women's HealthUniversity College LondonLondonUK
| | - Rebecca M. Dyson
- Department of Paediatrics & Child Health and Centre for Translational PhysiologyUniversity of OtagoWellingtonNew Zealand
| | - Kathryn L. Gatford
- Robinson Research Institute and Adelaide Medical SchoolUniversity of AdelaideAdelaideSouth AustraliaAustralia
| | - Clint Gray
- Department of Paediatrics & Child Health and Centre for Translational PhysiologyUniversity of OtagoWellingtonNew Zealand
| | - Emilio A. Herrera
- Pathophysiology Program, Biomedical Sciences Institute (ICBM), Faculty of MedicineUniversity of ChileSantiagoChile
| | - Jonathan J. Hirst
- Mothers and Babies Research Centre, Hunter Medical Research Institute, School of Biomedical Sciences and PharmacyUniversity of NewcastleCallaghanNew South WalesAustralia
| | - Bona Kim
- Department of PhysiologyUniversity of TorontoTorontoOntarioCanada
| | - Karen L. Kind
- School of Animal and Veterinary SciencesUniversity of AdelaideAdelaideSouth AustraliaAustralia
| | - Bernardo J. Krause
- Division of Paediatrics, Faculty of MedicinePontificia Universidad Católica de ChileSantiagoChile
| | | | - Hannah K. Palliser
- Mothers and Babies Research Centre, Hunter Medical Research Institute, School of Biomedical Sciences and PharmacyUniversity of NewcastleCallaghanNew South WalesAustralia
| | - Timothy R. H. Regnault
- Departments of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Physiology and PharmacologyWestern University, and Children's Health Research Institute and Lawson Health Research InstituteLondonOntarioCanada
| | - Bryan S. Richardson
- Departments of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Physiology and PharmacologyWestern University, and Children's Health Research Institute and Lawson Health Research InstituteLondonOntarioCanada
| | - Aya Sasaki
- Department of PhysiologyUniversity of TorontoTorontoOntarioCanada
| | - Loren P. Thompson
- Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology, and Reproductive SciencesUniversity of Maryland School of MedicineBaltimoreMDUSA
| | - Mary J. Berry
- Department of Paediatrics & Child Health and Centre for Translational PhysiologyUniversity of OtagoWellingtonNew Zealand
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Chang JL, Bashir M, Santiago C, Farrow K, Fung C, Brown AS, Dettman RW, Dizon MLV. Intrauterine Growth Restriction and Hyperoxia as a Cause of White Matter Injury. Dev Neurosci 2018; 40:344-357. [PMID: 30428455 DOI: 10.1159/000494273] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2018] [Accepted: 10/03/2018] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Intrauterine growth restriction (IUGR) is estimated to occur in 5% of pregnancies, with placental insufficiency being the most common cause in developed countries. While it is known that white matter injury occurs in premature infants, the extent of IUGR on white matter injury is less defined in term infants. We used a novel murine model that utilizes a thromboxane A2 (TXA2) analog (U46619), a potent vasoconstrictor, to induce maternal hypertension and mimic human placental insufficiency-induced IUGR to study the white matter. We also investigated the role of hyperoxia as an additional risk factor for white matter injury, as IUGR infants are at increased risk of respiratory comorbidities leading to increased oxygen exposure. We found that TXA2 analog-induced IUGR results in white matter injury as demonstrated by altered myelin structure and changes in the oligodendroglial cell/oligodendrocyte population. In addition, our study demonstrates that hyperoxia exposure independently results in white matter perturbation. To our knowledge, this is the first study to report single and combined effects of IUGR with hyperoxia impacting the white matter and motor function. These results draw attention to the need for close monitoring of motor development in IUGR babies following hospital discharge as well as highlighting the importance of limiting, as clinically feasible, the degree of oxygen overexposure to potentially improve motor outcomes in this population of infants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jill L Chang
- Division of Neonatology, Department of Pediatrics, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, Illinois, USA,
| | - Mirrah Bashir
- Division of Neonatology, Department of Pediatrics, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, Illinois, USA
| | | | - Kathryn Farrow
- Division of Neonatology, Department of Pediatrics, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, Illinois, USA
| | - Camille Fung
- Division of Neonatology, Department of Pediatrics, University of Utah School of Medicine, Salt Lake City, Utah, USA
| | - Ashley S Brown
- Division of Neonatology, Department of Pediatrics, University of Utah School of Medicine, Salt Lake City, Utah, USA
| | - Robert W Dettman
- Stanley Manne Children's Research Institute, Chicago, Illinois, USA
| | - Maria L V Dizon
- Division of Neonatology, Department of Pediatrics, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, Illinois, USA
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Ellery SJ, Kelleher M, Grigsby P, Burd I, Derks JB, Hirst J, Miller SL, Sherman LS, Tolcos M, Walker DW. Antenatal prevention of cerebral palsy and childhood disability: is the impossible possible? J Physiol 2018; 596:5593-5609. [PMID: 29928763 DOI: 10.1113/jp275595] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2017] [Accepted: 05/15/2018] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
This review covers our current knowledge of the causes of perinatal brain injury leading to cerebral palsy-like outcomes, and argues that much of this brain damage is preventable. We review the experimental evidence that there are treatments that can be safely administered to women in late pregnancy that decrease the likelihood and extent of perinatal brain damage that occurs because of acute and severe hypoxia that arises during some births, and the additional impact of chronic fetal hypoxia, infection, inflammation, growth restriction and preterm birth. We discuss the types of interventions required to ameliorate or even prevent apoptotic and necrotic cell death, and the vulnerability of all the major cell types in the brain (neurons, astrocytes, oligodendrocytes, microglia, cerebral vasculature) to hypoxia/ischaemia, and whether a pan-protective treatment given to the mother before birth is a realistic prospect.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stacey J Ellery
- The Ritchie Centre, Hudson Institute of Medical Research and Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Monash University, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Meredith Kelleher
- Oregon National Primate Research Center, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR, USA
| | - Peta Grigsby
- Oregon National Primate Research Center, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR, USA
| | - Irina Burd
- Department of Gynecology & Obstetrics, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Jan B Derks
- Department of Perinatal Medicine University Medical Center Utrecht, The Netherlands, Gynaecology, Monash University, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Jon Hirst
- University of Newcastle, Newcastle, Australia
| | - Suzanne L Miller
- The Ritchie Centre, Hudson Institute of Medical Research and Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Monash University, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Larry S Sherman
- Oregon National Primate Research Center, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR, USA
| | - Mary Tolcos
- School of Health & Biomedical Sciences, RMIT University, Bundoora, Melbourne, Australia
| | - David W Walker
- The Ritchie Centre, Hudson Institute of Medical Research and Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Monash University, Melbourne, Australia.,School of Health & Biomedical Sciences, RMIT University, Bundoora, Melbourne, Australia
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Koren G, Ornoy A, Berkovitch M. Hyperemesis gravidarum-Is it a cause of abnormal fetal brain development? Reprod Toxicol 2018; 79:84-88. [PMID: 29913206 DOI: 10.1016/j.reprotox.2018.06.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2018] [Revised: 05/20/2018] [Accepted: 06/14/2018] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Hyperemesis gravidarum (HG) is characterized by severe gestational nausea and vomiting, leading to dehydration, electrolyte imbalance and nutritional deficits. HG adversely affects the health and wellbeing of the woman. However, the detrimental impact of HG on fetal brain development has not been addressed. We evaluate herein the emerging evidence suggesting that HG interferes with human brain development, and discuss putative mechanisms. Evidence emerges from prospective developmental studies in offspring exposed in utero to HG, from studies of pregnancy outcome after in utero exposure to famine, as well as evidence on specific nutritional deficiencies affecting fetal brain development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gideon Koren
- Motherisk Israel, Clinical Pharmacology and Toxicology Unit, Assaf Harofeh Medical Center, Zerifin; Maccabi Institute for Research and Innovation, Israel; Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Israel; Westen University, ON, Canada; The Hebrew University, Israel.
| | - Asher Ornoy
- Westen University, ON, Canada; The Hebrew University, Israel
| | - Matitiahu Berkovitch
- Motherisk Israel, Clinical Pharmacology and Toxicology Unit, Assaf Harofeh Medical Center, Zerifin; Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Israel; The Hebrew University, Israel
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45
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Barbeito-Andrés J, Gleiser PM, Bernal V, Hallgrímsson B, Gonzalez PN. Brain Structural Networks in Mouse Exposed to Chronic Maternal Undernutrition. Neuroscience 2018; 380:14-26. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2018.03.049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2018] [Revised: 03/28/2018] [Accepted: 03/29/2018] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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46
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Wixey JA, Chand KK, Pham L, Colditz PB, Bjorkman ST. Therapeutic potential to reduce brain injury in growth restricted newborns. J Physiol 2018; 596:5675-5686. [PMID: 29700828 DOI: 10.1113/jp275428] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2017] [Accepted: 03/28/2018] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Brain injury in intrauterine growth restricted (IUGR) infants is a major contributing factor to morbidity and mortality worldwide. Adverse outcomes range from mild learning difficulties, to attention difficulties, neurobehavioral issues, cerebral palsy, epilepsy, and other cognitive and psychiatric disorders. While the use of medication to ameliorate neurological deficits in IUGR neonates has been identified as warranting urgent research for several years, few trials have been reported. This review summarises clinical trials focusing on brain protection in the IUGR newborn as well as therapeutic interventions trialled in animal models of IUGR. Therapeutically targeting mechanisms of brain injury in the IUGR neonate is fundamental to improving long-term neurodevelopmental outcomes. Inflammation is a key mechanism in neonatal brain injury; and therefore an appealing target. Ibuprofen, an anti-inflammatory drug currently used in the preterm neonate, may be a potential therapeutic candidate to treat brain injury in the IUGR neonate. To better understand the potential of ibuprofen and other therapeutic agents to be neuroprotective in the IUGR neonate, long-term follow-up information of neurodevelopmental outcomes must be studied. Where agents such as ibuprofen are shown to be effective, have a good safety profile and are relatively inexpensive, they can be widely adopted and lead to improved outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julie A Wixey
- UQ Centre for Clinical Research, Faculty of Medicine, The University of Queensland, Herston, Queensland, 4029, Australia
| | - Kirat K Chand
- UQ Centre for Clinical Research, Faculty of Medicine, The University of Queensland, Herston, Queensland, 4029, Australia
| | - Lily Pham
- UQ Centre for Clinical Research, Faculty of Medicine, The University of Queensland, Herston, Queensland, 4029, Australia
| | - Paul B Colditz
- UQ Centre for Clinical Research, Faculty of Medicine, The University of Queensland, Herston, Queensland, 4029, Australia
| | - S Tracey Bjorkman
- UQ Centre for Clinical Research, Faculty of Medicine, The University of Queensland, Herston, Queensland, 4029, Australia
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47
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Tolcos M, McDougall A, Shields A, Chung Y, O'Dowd R, Turnley A, Wallace M, Rees S. Intrauterine Growth Restriction Affects Cerebellar Granule Cells in the Developing Guinea Pig Brain. Dev Neurosci 2018; 40:162-174. [PMID: 29763885 DOI: 10.1159/000487797] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2015] [Accepted: 02/15/2018] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Intrauterine growth restriction (IUGR) can lead to adverse neurodevelopmental sequelae in postnatal life. However, the effects of IUGR on the cerebellum are still to be fully elucidated. A major determinant of growth and development of the cerebellum is proliferation and subsequent migration of cerebellar granule cells. Our objective was to determine whether IUGR, induced by chronic placental insufficiency (CPI) in guinea pigs, results in abnormal cerebellar development due to deficits suggestive of impaired granule cell proliferation and/or migration. CPI was induced by unilateral ligation of the uterine artery at mid-gestation, producing growth-restricted (GR) foetuses at 52 and 60 days of gestation (dg), and neonates at 1 week postnatal age (term approx. 67 dg). Controls were from sham-operated animals. In GR foetuses compared with controls at 52 dg, the external granular layer (EGL) width and internal granular layer (IGL) area were similar. In GR foetuses compared with controls at 60 dg: (a) the EGL width was greater (p < 0.005); (b) the IGL area was smaller (p < 0.005); (c) the density of Ki67-negative (postmitotic) granule cells in the EGL was greater (p < 0.01); (d) the somal area of Purkinje cells was reduced (p < 0.005), and (e) the linear density of Bergmann glia was similar. The EGL width in GR foetuses at 60 dg was comparable to that of 52 dg control and GR foetuses. The pattern of p27-immunoreactivity in the EGL was the inverse of Ki67-immunoreactivity at both foetal ages; there was no difference between control and GR foetuses at either age in the width of p27-immunoreactivity, or in the percentage of the EGL width that it occupied. In the molecular layer of GR neonates compared with controls there was an increase in the areal density of granule cells (p < 0.05) and in the percentage of migrating to total number of granule cells (p < 0.01) at 1 week but not at 60 dg (p > 0.05). Thus, we found no specific evidence that IUGR affects granule cell proliferation, but it alters the normal program of migration to the IGL and, in addition, the development of Purkinje cells. Such alterations will likely affect the development of appropriate circuitry and have implications for cerebellar function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mary Tolcos
- The Ritchie Centre, Hudson Institute of Medical Research, Clayton, Victoria, Australia.,Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria, Australia.,School of Health and Biomedical Sciences, RMIT University, Bundoora, Victoria, Australia
| | - Annie McDougall
- The Ritchie Centre, Hudson Institute of Medical Research, Clayton, Victoria, Australia.,Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria, Australia.,Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria, Australia
| | - Amy Shields
- The Ritchie Centre, Hudson Institute of Medical Research, Clayton, Victoria, Australia
| | - Yoonyoung Chung
- Department of Anatomy, School of Medicine, Chosun University, Gwangju, Republic of Korea
| | - Rachael O'Dowd
- Department of Anatomy and Neuroscience, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
| | - Ann Turnley
- Department of Anatomy and Neuroscience, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
| | - Megan Wallace
- The Ritchie Centre, Hudson Institute of Medical Research, Clayton, Victoria, Australia.,Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria, Australia
| | - Sandra Rees
- Department of Anatomy and Neuroscience, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
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48
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Developmental Changes in Oligodendrocyte Genesis, Myelination, and Associated Behavioral Dysfunction in a Rat Model of Intra-generational Protein Malnutrition. Mol Neurobiol 2018; 56:595-610. [PMID: 29752656 DOI: 10.1007/s12035-018-1065-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2018] [Accepted: 04/05/2018] [Indexed: 10/16/2022]
Abstract
Impairments in oligodendrocyte development and resultant myelination deficits appear as a common denominator to all neurological diseases. An optimal in utero environment is obligatory for normal fetal brain development and later life brain functioning. Late embryonic and early postnatal brains from F1 rat born to protein malnourished mothers were studied through a combination of immunocytochemical and quantitative PCR assay for analyzing the relative expression of platelet-derived growth factor receptor-α (PDGFRα), myelin-associated glycoprotein (MAG), proteolipid protein (PLP), and myelin oligodendrocyte glycoprotein (MOG) to determine oligodendrocyte genesis, differentiation, maturation, and myelination. Myelin integrity and corpus callosum caliber was assessed by Luxol fast blue (LFB) staining, whereas grip strength test and open field activity monitoring for behavioral evaluation in F1 rats. We demonstrate that intra-generational protein deprivation results in drastically low PDGFRα+ oligodendrocyte precursor (OPC) population and significantly reduced expression of myelin protein genes resulting in poor pre-myelinating and mature myelinating oligodendrocyte number, hypo-myelination, and misaligned myelinated fibers. LFB staining and MOG immunolabeling precisely revealed long-term changes in corpus callosum (CC) caliber and demyelination lesions in LP brain supporting the behavioral and cognitive changes at early adolescence and adulthood following maternal protein malnutrition (PMN). Thus, intra-generational PMN negatively affects the oligodendrocyte development and maturation resulting in myelination impairments and associated with behavioral deficits typically mimicking clinical hallmarks of neuropsychiatric disorders. Our results further strengthen and augment the hypothesis "Impaired gliogenesis is a big hit for neuropsychiatric phenotype."
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Bove RM. Why monkeys do not get multiple sclerosis (spontaneously): An evolutionary approach. EVOLUTION MEDICINE AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2018; 2018:43-59. [PMID: 29492266 PMCID: PMC5824939 DOI: 10.1093/emph/eoy002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2017] [Accepted: 11/07/2017] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
The goal of this review is to apply an evolutionary lens to understanding the origins of multiple sclerosis (MS), integrating three broad observations. First, only humans are known to develop MS spontaneously. Second, humans have evolved large brains, with characteristically large amounts of metabolically costly myelin. This myelin is generated over long periods of neurologic development—and peak MS onset coincides with the end of myelination. Third, over the past century there has been a disproportionate increase in the rate of MS in young women of childbearing age, paralleling increasing westernization and urbanization, indicating sexually specific susceptibility in response to changing exposures. From these three observations about MS, a life history approach leads us to hypothesize that MS arises in humans from disruption of the normal homeostatic mechanisms of myelin production and maintenance, during our uniquely long myelination period. This review will highlight under-explored areas of homeostasis in brain development, that are likely to shed new light on the origins of MS and to raise further questions about the interactions between our ancestral genes and modern environments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Riley M Bove
- Department of Neurology, UCSF, San Francisco, CA, USA
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50
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Colella M, Frérot A, Novais ARB, Baud O. Neonatal and Long-Term Consequences of Fetal Growth Restriction. Curr Pediatr Rev 2018; 14:212-218. [PMID: 29998808 PMCID: PMC6416241 DOI: 10.2174/1573396314666180712114531] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2018] [Revised: 05/22/2018] [Accepted: 05/29/2018] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Fetal Growth Restriction (FGR) is one of the most common noxious antenatal conditions in humans, inducing a substantial proportion of preterm delivery and leading to a significant increase in perinatal mortality, neurological handicaps and chronic diseases in adulthood. This review summarizes the current knowledge about the postnatal consequences of FGR, with a particular emphasis on the long-term consequences on respiratory, cardiovascular and neurological structures and functions. RESULT AND CONCLUSION FGR represents a global health challenge, and efforts are urgently needed to improve our understanding of the critical factors leading to FGR and subsequent insults to the developing organs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marina Colella
- University Paris Diderot, Sorbone Paris-Cité, Inserm U1141, Neonatal intensive care unit, Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, Robert Debré Children’s hospital, Paris, France
| | - Alice Frérot
- University Paris Diderot, Sorbone Paris-Cité, Inserm U1141, Neonatal intensive care unit, Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, Robert Debré Children’s hospital, Paris, France
| | - Aline Rideau Batista Novais
- University Paris Diderot, Sorbone Paris-Cité, Inserm U1141, Neonatal intensive care unit, Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, Robert Debré Children’s hospital, Paris, France
| | - Olivier Baud
- University Paris Diderot, Sorbone Paris-Cité, Inserm U1141, Neonatal intensive care unit, Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, Robert Debré Children’s hospital, Paris, France
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