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Schmidt JK, Wilson RL, Davenport BN, Hacker TA, Fitz C, Simmons HA, Schotzko ML, Golos TG, Jones HN. Nanoparticle-mediated delivery of placental gene therapy via uterine artery catheterization in a pregnant rhesus macaque. bioRxiv 2024:2024.04.10.588902. [PMID: 38645086 PMCID: PMC11030404 DOI: 10.1101/2024.04.10.588902] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/23/2024]
Abstract
Nanoparticles offer promise as a mechanism to non-invasively deliver targeted placental therapeutics. Our previous studies utilizing intraplacental administration demonstrate efficient nanoparticle uptake into placental trophoblast cells and overexpression of human IGF1 ( hIGF1 ). Nanoparticle-mediated placental overexpression of hIGF1 in small animal models of placental insufficiency and fetal growth restriction improved nutrient transport and restored fetal growth. The objective of this pilot study was to extend these studies to the pregnant nonhuman primate and develop a method for local delivery of nanoparticles to the placenta via maternal blood flow from the uterine artery. Nanoparticles containing hIGF1 plasmid driven by the placenta-specific PLAC1 promoter were delivered to a mid-gestation pregnant rhesus macaque via a catheterization approach that is clinically used for uterine artery embolization. Maternal-fetal interface, fetal and maternal tissues were collected four days post-treatment to evaluate the efficacy of hIGF1 treatment in the placenta. The uterine artery catheterization procedure and nanoparticle treatment was well tolerated by the dam and fetus through the four-day study period following catheterization. Nanoparticles were taken up by the placenta from maternal blood as plasmid-specific hIGF1 expression was detected in multiple regions of the placenta via in situ hybridization and qPCR. The uterine artery catheterization approach enabled successful delivery of nanoparticles to maternal circulation in close proximity to the placenta with no concerns to maternal or fetal health in this short-term feasibility study. In the future, this delivery approach can be used for preclinical evaluation of the long-term safety and efficacy of nanoparticle-mediated placental therapies in a rhesus macaque model. Highlights Novel method to deliver therapeutics to maternal-fetal interfaceDelivery of nanoparticles to the placenta via maternal catheterization.
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Davenport BN, Wilson RL, Williams AA, Jones HN. Placental Nanoparticle-mediated IGF1 Gene Therapy Corrects Fetal Growth Restriction in a Guinea Pig Model. bioRxiv 2024:2024.04.05.587765. [PMID: 38645174 PMCID: PMC11030242 DOI: 10.1101/2024.04.05.587765] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/23/2024]
Abstract
Fetal growth restriction (FGR) caused by placental insufficiency is a major contributor to neonatal morbidity and mortality. There is currently no in utero treatment for placental insufficiency or FGR. The placenta serves as the vital communication, supply, exchange, and defense organ for the developing fetus and offers an excellent opportunity for therapeutic interventions. Here we show efficacy of repeated treatments of trophoblast-specific human insulin-like 1 growth factor ( IGF1 ) gene therapy delivered in a non-viral, polymer nanoparticle to the placenta for the treatment of FGR. Using the guinea pig maternal nutrient restriction model of FGR, nanoparticle-mediated IGF1 treatment was delivered to the placenta via ultrasound guidance across the second half of pregnancy, after establishment of FGR. This treatment resulted in correction of fetal weight in MNR animals compared to control, improved fetal physiology and no negative maternal side-effects. Overall, we show for the first time a therapy capable of improving the entire pregnancy environment: maternal, placental, and fetal. This combined with our previous studies using this therapy at both mid pregnancy and in numerous cell and animal models demonstrate the plausibility of this therapy for future human translation to improve health outcomes of neonates and decrease numerous morbidities associated with the developmental origins of disease.
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Wilson RL, Kropp Schmidt J, Davenport BN, Ren E, Keding LT, Shaw SA, Schotzko ML, Antony KM, Simmons HA, Golos TG, Jones HN. Maternal, placental and fetal response to a non-viral, polymeric nanoparticle gene therapy in nonhuman primates. bioRxiv 2023:2023.06.16.545278. [PMID: 38168281 PMCID: PMC10760006 DOI: 10.1101/2023.06.16.545278] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2024]
Abstract
Background Currently, there are no placenta-targeted treatments to alter the in utero environment. Water-soluble polymers have a distinguished record of clinical relevance outside of pregnancy. We have demonstrated the effective delivery of polymer-based nanoparticles containing a non-viral human insulin-like 1 growth factor ( IGF1 ) transgene to correct placental insufficiency in small animal models of fetal growth restriction (FGR). Our goal was to extend these studies to the pregnant nonhuman primate (NHP) and assess maternal, placental and fetal responses to nanoparticle-mediated IGF1 treatment. Methods Pregnant macaques underwent ultrasound-guided intraplacental injections of nanoparticles ( GFP- or IGF1- expressing plasmid under the control of the trophoblast-specific PLAC1 promoter complexed with a HPMA-DMEAMA co-polymer) at approximately gestational day 100 (term = 165 days). Fetectomy was performed 24 h ( GFP ; n =1), 48 h ( IGF1 ; n = 3) or 10 days ( IGF1 ; n = 3) after nanoparticle delivery. Routine pathological assessment was performed on biopsied maternal tissues, and placental and fetal tissues. Maternal blood was analyzed for complete blood count (CBC), immunomodulatory proteins and growth factors, progesterone (P4) and estradiol (E2). Placental ERK/AKT/mTOR signaling was assessed using western blot and qPCR. Findings Fluorescent microscopy and in situ hybridization confirmed placental uptake and transgene expression in villous syncytiotrophoblast. No off-target expression was observed in maternal and fetal tissues. Histopathological assessment of the placenta recorded observations not necessarily related to the IGF1 nanoparticle treatment. In maternal blood, CBCs, P4 and E2 remained within the normal range for pregnant macaques across the treatment period. Changes to placental ERK and AKT signaling at 48 h and 10 d after IGF1 nanoparticle treatment indicated an upregulation in placental homeostatic mechanisms to prevent over activity in the normal pregnancy environment. Interpretation Maternal toxicity profile analysis and lack of adverse reaction to nanoparticle-mediated IGF1 treatment, combined with changes in placental signaling to maintain homeostasis indicates no deleterious impact of treatment. Funding National Institutes of Health, and Wisconsin National Primate Research Center.
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Miles KG, Liu J, Tseng SY, DeFranco EA, Divanovic AA, Jones HN, Ollberding NJ, Cnota JF. Neonatal Depression Is Associated With 1-Year Mortality in Critical Congenital Heart Disease. J Am Heart Assoc 2023; 12:e028774. [PMID: 37260029 PMCID: PMC10381992 DOI: 10.1161/jaha.122.028774] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2022] [Accepted: 05/03/2023] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
Background Low 5-minute Apgar scores (AS) are predictive of term and preterm neonatal mortality but have not been well studied in the critical congenital heart disease (CCHD) population. We analyzed US national vital statistics data to evaluate the association between neonatal depression (AS 0-3) and 1-year mortality in CCHD. Methods and Results We performed a retrospective cohort study using 2014 to 2018 Centers for Disease Control and Prevention cohort-linked birth certificate and infant death records. Five-minute AS were categorized as ≤3, 4 to 6, or ≥7. We calculated birth rates and associated mortality rates by AS group in infants with and without CCHD. Multivariable logistic regression analyzed neonatal, maternal, and pregnancy-related risk factors for neonatal depression and 1-year mortality. Of 11 642 neonates with CCHD (0.06% of all births), the 5.8% with AS 0 to 3 accounted for 23.3% of all 1-year CCHD mortality, with 69.9% of deaths occurring within 1 month of life. Gestational age at birth, growth restriction, extracardiac defects, race, and low maternal education were associated with an increased odds of AS 0 to 3 in neonates with CCHD relative to those with AS 7 to 10 on multivariable analysis. AS 0 to 3 was associated with 1-year CCHD mortality after adjusting for these factors, prenatal care, and delivery location (adjusted odds ratio, 14.57 [95% CI, 11.73-18.10]). Conclusions The AS is a routine clinical measure providing important prognostic information in CCHD. These findings suggest that prenatal and perinatal factors, beyond those included in current risk stratification tools, are important for CCHD outcomes. Multidisciplinary collaboration to understand the pathophysiology underlying neonatal depression may help identify interventions to improve CCHD mortality rates.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - James Liu
- Division of Maternal‐Fetal Medicine, Department of Obstetrics and GynecologyUniversity of CincinnatiCincinnatiOH
| | | | - Emily A. DeFranco
- Division of Maternal‐Fetal Medicine, Department of Obstetrics and GynecologyUniversity of CincinnatiCincinnatiOH
| | | | - Helen N. Jones
- Department of Physiology and AgingUniversity of FloridaGainesvilleFL
| | - Nicholas J. Ollberding
- Division of Biostatistics and EpidemiologyCincinnati Children’s Hospital Medical CenterCincinnatiOH
| | - James F. Cnota
- The Heart InstituteCincinnati Children’s HospitalCincinnatiOH
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Wilson RL, Stephens KK, Jones HN. Placental nanoparticle gene therapy normalizes gene expression changes in the fetal liver associated with fetal growth restriction in a fetal sex-specific manner. J Dev Orig Health Dis 2023; 14:325-332. [PMID: 36794386 PMCID: PMC10947591 DOI: 10.1017/s2040174423000016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/17/2023]
Abstract
Fetal growth restriction (FGR) is associated with increased risk of developing non-communicable diseases. We have a placenta-specific nanoparticle gene therapy protocol that increases placental expression of human insulin-like growth factor 1 (hIGF1), for the treatment of FGR in utero. We aimed to characterize the effects of FGR on hepatic gluconeogenesis pathways during early stages of FGR establishment, and determine whether placental nanoparticle-mediated hIGF1 therapy treatment could resolve differences in the FGR fetus. Female Hartley guinea pigs (dams) were fed either a Control or Maternal Nutrient Restriction (MNR) diet using established protocols. At GD30-33, dams underwent ultrasound guided, transcutaneous, intraplacental injection of hIGF1 nanoparticle or PBS (sham) and were sacrificed 5 days post-injection. Fetal liver tissue was fixed and snap frozen for morphology and gene expression analysis. In female and male fetuses, liver weight as a percentage of body weight was reduced by MNR, and not changed with hIGF1 nanoparticle treatment. In female fetal livers, expression of hypoxia inducible factor 1 (Hif1α) and tumor necrosis factor (Tnfα) were increased in MNR compared to Control, but reduced in MNR + hIGF1 compared to MNR. In male fetal liver, MNR increased expression of Igf1 and decreased expression of Igf2 compared to Control. Igf1 and Igf2 expression was restored to Control levels in the MNR + hIGF1 group. This data provides further insight into the sex-specific mechanistic adaptations seen in FGR fetuses and demonstrates that disruption to fetal developmental mechanisms may be returned to normal by treatment of the placenta.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rebecca L Wilson
- Center for Research in Perinatal Outcomes, University of Florida College of Medicine, Gainesville, Florida 32610, USA
- Department of Physiology and Aging, University of Florida College of Medicine, Gainesville, Florida 32610, USA
| | - Kendal K Stephens
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, Ohio, 45229, USA
| | - Helen N Jones
- Center for Research in Perinatal Outcomes, University of Florida College of Medicine, Gainesville, Florida 32610, USA
- Department of Physiology and Aging, University of Florida College of Medicine, Gainesville, Florida 32610, USA
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Brockway HM, Wilson SL, Kallapur SG, Buhimschi CS, Muglia LJ, Jones HN. Characterization of methylation profiles in spontaneous preterm birth placental villous tissue. PLoS One 2023; 18:e0279991. [PMID: 36952446 PMCID: PMC10035933 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0279991] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2022] [Indexed: 03/25/2023] Open
Abstract
Preterm birth is a global public health crisis which results in significant neonatal and maternal mortality. Yet little is known regarding the molecular mechanisms of idiopathic spontaneous preterm birth, and we have few diagnostic markers for adequate assessment of placental development and function. Previous studies of placental pathology and our transcriptomics studies suggest a role for placental maturity in idiopathic spontaneous preterm birth. It is known that placental DNA methylation changes over gestation. We hypothesized that if placental hypermaturity is present in our samples, we would observe a unique idiopathic spontaneous preterm birth DNA methylation profile potentially driving the gene expression differences we previously identified in our placental samples. Our results indicate the idiopathic spontaneous preterm birth DNA methylation pattern mimics the term birth methylation pattern suggesting hypermaturity. Only seven significant differentially methylated regions fitting the idiopathic spontaneous preterm birth specific (relative to the controls) profile were identified, indicating unusually high similarity in DNA methylation between idiopathic spontaneous preterm birth and term birth samples. We identified an additional 1,718 significantly methylated regions in our gestational age matched controls where the idiopathic spontaneous preterm birth DNA methylation pattern mimics the term birth methylation pattern, again indicating a striking level of similarity between the idiopathic spontaneous preterm birth and term birth samples. Pathway analysis of these regions revealed differences in genes within the WNT and Cadherin signaling pathways, both of which are essential in placental development and maturation. Taken together, these data demonstrate that the idiopathic spontaneous preterm birth samples display a hypermature methylation signature than expected given their respective gestational age which likely impacts birth timing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Heather M. Brockway
- Department of Physiology and Functional Genomics, College of Medicine at the University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, United States of America
| | - Samantha L. Wilson
- Princess Margaret Cancer Centre, University Health Network, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Suhas G. Kallapur
- Divisions of Neonatology and Developmental Biology, David Geffen School of Medicine at the University of California, UCLA Mattel Children’s Hospital, Los Angeles, California, United States of America
| | - Catalin S. Buhimschi
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, The University of Illinois College of Medicine, Chicago, Illinois, United States of America
| | - Louis J. Muglia
- Burroughs Wellcome Fund, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina, United States of America
| | - Helen N. Jones
- Department of Physiology and Functional Genomics, College of Medicine at the University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, United States of America
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Davenport BN, Jones HN, Wilson RL. Placental treatment with insulin-like growth factor 1 via nanoparticle differentially impacts vascular remodeling factors in guinea pig sub-placenta/decidua. Front Physiol 2023; 13:1055234. [PMID: 36685211 PMCID: PMC9845775 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2022.1055234] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2022] [Accepted: 12/13/2022] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Clinically, fetal growth restriction (FGR) is only detectable in later gestation, despite pathophysiological establishment likely earlier in pregnancy. Additionally, there are no effective in utero treatment options for FGR. We have developed a nanoparticle to deliver human insulin-like 1 growth factor (hIGF-1) in a trophoblast-specific manner which results in increased expression of hIGF-1. IGF-1 signaling in the placenta regulates multiple developmental processes including trophoblast invasion and maternal vascular remodeling, both of which can be diminished in the FGR placenta. We aimed to determine the effects of short-term hIGF-1 nanoparticle treatment on sub-placenta/decidua trophoblast signaling mechanisms in FGR and under normal growth conditions. Using the guinea pig maternal nutrient restriction (MNR) model of FGR, ultrasound-guided, intra-placenta injections of hIGF-1 nanoparticle were performed at gestational day 30-33, and dams sacrificed 5 days later. Sub-placenta/decidua tissue was separated from placenta for further analyses. Western blot was used to analyze protein expression of ERK/AKT/mTOR signaling proteins (phospho-Erk (pERK), phospho-Akt (pAKT), raptor, rictor and deptor). qPCR was used to analyze gene expression of vascular/remodeling factors [vascular endothelial growth factor (Vegf), placenta growth factor (Pgf), platelet-derived growth factor (Pdgf)) and tight junction/adhesion proteins (claudin 5 (Cldn5), p-glycoprotein (Abcb1), occludin (Ocln) and tight junction protein 1 (Zo1)]. MNR reduced expression of pERK, PdgfB and Cldn5, and increased expression of Ocln and Zo1 in the sub-placenta/decidua. In MNR + hIGF1 nanoparticle sub-placenta/decidua, expression of PdgfB, Ocln and Zo1 was normalized, whilst pAkt, VegfB, Vegf receptor 1 and PdgfB receptor were increased compared to MNR. In contrast, hIGF-1 nanoparticle treatment of normal placentas reduced expression of pERK, raptor and increased expression of the mTOR inhibitor deptor. This was associated with reduced expression of VegfA, Plgf, and PdgfB. Here we have shown that the impact of hIGF-1 nanoparticle treatment is dependent on pregnancy environment. Under MNR/FGR, hIGF-1 nanoparticle treatment triggers increased expression of growth factors and normalization of EMT factors. However, under normal conditions, the response of the placenta is to decrease AKT/mTOR signaling and growth factor expression to achieve homeostasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Baylea N. Davenport
- Center for Research in Perinatal Outcomes, University of Florida College of Medicine, Gainesville, FL, United States
- Department of Physiology and Aging, University of Florida College of Medicine, Gainesville, FL, United States
| | - Helen N. Jones
- Center for Research in Perinatal Outcomes, University of Florida College of Medicine, Gainesville, FL, United States
- Department of Physiology and Aging, University of Florida College of Medicine, Gainesville, FL, United States
| | - Rebecca L. Wilson
- Center for Research in Perinatal Outcomes, University of Florida College of Medicine, Gainesville, FL, United States
- Department of Physiology and Aging, University of Florida College of Medicine, Gainesville, FL, United States
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Wilson RL, Lampe K, Gupta MK, Duvall CL, Jones HN. Nanoparticle-mediated transgene expression of insulin-like growth factor 1 in the growth restricted guinea pig placenta increases placenta nutrient transporter expression and fetal glucose concentrations. Mol Reprod Dev 2022; 89:540-553. [PMID: 36094907 PMCID: PMC10947605 DOI: 10.1002/mrd.23644] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2022] [Revised: 08/23/2022] [Accepted: 08/28/2022] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Fetal growth restriction (FGR) significantly contributes to neonatal and perinatal morbidity and mortality. Currently, there are no effective treatment options for FGR during pregnancy. We have developed a nanoparticle gene therapy targeting the placenta to increase expression of human insulin-like growth factor 1 (hIGF1) to correct fetal growth trajectories. Using the maternal nutrient restriction guinea pig model of FGR, an ultrasound-guided, intraplacental injection of nonviral, polymer-based hIGF1 nanoparticle containing plasmid with the hIGF1 gene and placenta-specific Cyp19a1 promotor was administered at mid-pregnancy. Sustained hIGF1 expression was confirmed in the placenta 5 days after treatment. Whilst increased hIGF1 did not change fetal weight, circulating fetal glucose concentration were 33%-67% higher. This was associated with increased expression of glucose and amino acid transporters in the placenta. Additionally, hIGF1 nanoparticle treatment increased the fetal capillary volume density in the placenta, and reduced interhaemal distance between maternal and fetal circulation. Overall, our findings, that trophoblast-specific increased expression of hIGF1 results in changes to glucose transporter expression and increases fetal glucose concentrations within a short time period, highlights the translational potential this treatment could have in correcting impaired placental nutrient transport in human pregnancies complicated by FGR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rebecca L. Wilson
- Center for Research in Perinatal Outcomes, University of Florida College of Medicine, Gainesville, Florida, USA
- Department of Physiology and Functional Genomics, University of Florida College of Medicine, Gainesville, Florida, USA
| | - Kristin Lampe
- Center for Fetal and Placental Research, Cincinnati Children’s Hospital and Medical Center, Cincinnati, Ohio, USA
| | - Mukesh K. Gupta
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee, USA
| | - Craig L. Duvall
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee, USA
| | - Helen N. Jones
- Center for Research in Perinatal Outcomes, University of Florida College of Medicine, Gainesville, Florida, USA
- Department of Physiology and Functional Genomics, University of Florida College of Medicine, Gainesville, Florida, USA
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Abstract
Pregnancy complications adversely impact both mother and/or fetus throughout the lifespan. Fetal growth restriction (FGR) occurs when a fetus fails to reach their intrauterine potential for growth, it is the second highest leading cause of infant mortality, and leads to increased risk of developing non-communicable diseases in later life due 'fetal programming'. Abnormal placental development, growth and/or function underlies approximately 75% of FGR cases and there is currently no treatment save delivery, often prematurely. We previously demonstrated in a murine model of FGR that nanoparticle mediated, intra-placental human IGF-1 gene therapy maintains normal fetal growth. Multiple models of FGR currently exist reflecting the etiologies of human FGR and have been used by us and others to investigate the development of in utero therapeutics as discussed here. In addition to the in vivo models discussed herein, utilizing human models including in vitro (Choriocarcinoma cell lines and primary trophoblasts) and ex vivo (term villous fragments and placenta cotyledon perfusion) we have demonstrated robust nanoparticle uptake, transgene expression, nutrient transporter regulation without transfer to the fetus. For translational gene therapy application in the human placenta, there are multiple avenues that require investigation including syncytial uptake from the maternal circulation, transgene expression, functionality and longevity of treatment, impact of treatment on the mother and developing fetus. The potential impact of treating the placenta during gestation is high, wide-ranging across pregnancy complications, and may offer reduced risk of developing associated cardio-metabolic diseases in later life impacting at both an individual and societal level.
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Affiliation(s)
- Baylea N Davenport
- Center for Research in Perinatal Outcomes, University of Florida College of Medicine, United States
| | - Rebecca L Wilson
- Center for Research in Perinatal Outcomes, University of Florida College of Medicine, United States
| | - Helen N Jones
- Center for Research in Perinatal Outcomes, University of Florida College of Medicine, United States.
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Wilson RL, Troja W, Sumser EK, Maupin A, Lampe K, Jones HN. Insulin-like growth factor 1 signaling in the placenta requires endothelial nitric oxide synthase to support trophoblast function and normal fetal growth. Am J Physiol Regul Integr Comp Physiol 2021; 320:R653-R662. [PMID: 33621475 PMCID: PMC8163607 DOI: 10.1152/ajpregu.00250.2020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2020] [Revised: 02/19/2021] [Accepted: 02/22/2021] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Currently, there is no effective treatment for placental dysfunction in utero. In a ligated mouse model of fetal growth restriction (FGR), nanoparticle-mediated human insulin-like 1 growth factor (hIGF1) gene delivery (NP-Plac1-hIGF1) increased hIGF1 expression and maintained fetal growth. However, whether it can restore fetal growth remains to be determined. Using the endothelial nitric oxide synthase knockout (eNOS-/-) mouse model, a genetic model of FGR, we found that despite inducing expression of hIGF1 in the placentas treated with NP-Plac1-hIGF1 (P = 0.0425), FGR did not resolve. This was associated with no change to the number of fetal capillaries in the placental labyrinth; an outcome which was increased with NP-Plac1-hIGF1 treatment in the ligated mouse model, despite increased expression of angiopoietin 1 (P = 0.05), and suggested IGF1 signaling in the placenta requires eNOS to modulate placenta angiogenesis. To further assess this hypothesis, BeWo choriocarcinoma cell line and human placental explant cultures were treated with NP-Plac1-hIGF1, oxidative stress was induced with hydrogen peroxide (H2O2), and NOS activity was inhibited using the inhibitor NG-monomethyl-l-arginine (l-NMMA). In both BeWo cells and explants, the protective effect of NP-Plac1-hIGF1 treatment against H2O2-induced cell death/lactate dehydrogenase release was prevented by eNOS inhibition (P = 0.003 and P < 0.0001, respectively). This was associated with an increase in mRNA expression of oxidative stress markers hypoxia inducing factor 1α (HIF1α; P < 0.0001) and ADAM10 (P = 0.0002) in the NP-Plac1-hIGF1 + H2O2 + l-NMMA-treated BeWo cells. These findings show for the first time the requirement of eNOS/NOS in IGF1 signaling in placenta cells that may have implications for placental angiogenesis and fetal growth.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rebecca L Wilson
- Department of Physiology and Functional Genomics, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida
| | - Weston Troja
- Center for Fetal and Placental Research, Cincinnati Children's Hospital and Medical Center, Cincinnati, Ohio
| | - Emily K Sumser
- Center for Fetal and Placental Research, Cincinnati Children's Hospital and Medical Center, Cincinnati, Ohio
| | - Alec Maupin
- Center for Fetal and Placental Research, Cincinnati Children's Hospital and Medical Center, Cincinnati, Ohio
| | - Kristin Lampe
- Center for Fetal and Placental Research, Cincinnati Children's Hospital and Medical Center, Cincinnati, Ohio
| | - Helen N Jones
- Department of Physiology and Functional Genomics, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida
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Wilson RL, Stephens KK, Lampe K, Jones HN. Sexual dimorphisms in brain gene expression in the growth-restricted guinea pig can be modulated with intra-placental therapy. Pediatr Res 2021; 89:1673-1680. [PMID: 33531677 PMCID: PMC8254736 DOI: 10.1038/s41390-021-01362-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2020] [Revised: 11/20/2020] [Accepted: 12/18/2020] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Fetal responses to adverse pregnancy environments are sex-specific. In fetal guinea pigs (GPs), we assessed morphology and messenger RNA (mRNA) expression in fetal growth-restricted (FGR) tissues at midpregnancy. METHODS Female GPs were assigned either an ad libitum diet (C) or 30% restricted diet (R) prior to pregnancy to midpregnancy. At midpregnancy, a subset of R females underwent ultrasound-guided nanoparticle (NP) injection to enhance placental function. Five days later, fetuses were sampled. Fetal brain, heart, and liver were assessed for morphology (hematoxylin and eosin), proliferation (Ki67), and vascularization (CD31), as well as expression of inflammatory markers. RESULTS R fetuses were 19% lighter with reduced organ weights and evidence of brain sparing compared to controls. No increased necrosis, proliferation, or vascularization was found between C and R nor male or female fetal organs. Sexual dimorphism in mRNA expression of Tgfβ and Ctgf was observed in R but not C fetal brains: increased expression in females. NP treatment increased fetal brain mRNA expression of Tgfβ and Ctgf in R males, abolishing the significant difference observed in untreated R fetuses. CONCLUSIONS Sex-specific differences in mRNA expression in the fetal brain with FGR could impart a potential survival bias and may be useful for the development of treatments for obstetric diseases. IMPACT Male and female fetuses respond differently to adverse pregnancy environments. Under fetal growth restriction conditions, inflammatory marker mRNA expression in the fetal brain was higher in females compared to males. Differences in gene expression between males and females may confer a selective advantage/disadvantage under adverse conditions. Better characterization of sexual dimorphism in fetal development will aid better development of treatments for obstetric diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rebecca L Wilson
- Department of Physiology and Functional Genomics, College of Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, 32610, USA.
| | - Kendal K Stephens
- Center for Fetal and Placental Research, Cincinnati Children's Hospital and Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH, 45229, USA
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, OH, 45267, USA
| | - Kristin Lampe
- Center for Fetal and Placental Research, Cincinnati Children's Hospital and Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH, 45229, USA
| | - Helen N Jones
- Department of Physiology and Functional Genomics, College of Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, 32610, USA
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, College of Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, 32610, USA
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Wilson RL, Jones HN. Targeting the Dysfunctional Placenta to Improve Pregnancy Outcomes Based on Lessons Learned in Cancer. Clin Ther 2021; 43:246-264. [PMID: 33446335 DOI: 10.1016/j.clinthera.2020.12.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2020] [Revised: 12/07/2020] [Accepted: 12/14/2020] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
In recent decades, our understanding of the disrupted mechanisms that contribute to major obstetrical diseases, including preeclampsia, fetal growth restriction, preterm birth, and gestational diabetes, has increased exponentially. Common to many of these obstetric diseases is placental maldevelopment and dysfunction; the placenta is a significant component of the maternal-fetal interface involved in coordinating, facilitating, and regulating maternal and fetal nutrient, oxygen and waste exchange, and hormone and cytokine production. Despite the advances in our understanding of placental development and function, there are currently no treatments for placental maldevelopment and dysfunction. However, given the transient nature and accessibility from the maternal circulation, the placenta offers a unique opportunity to develop targeted therapeutics for routine obstetric practices. Furthermore, given the similar developmental paradigms between the placenta and cancer, there is an opportunity to appropriate current knowledge from advances in targeted therapeutics in cancer treatments. In this review, we highlight the similarities between early placental development and cancer and introduce a number of targeted therapies currently being explored in cancer and pregnancy. We also propose a number of new effectors currently being targeted in cancer research that have the potential to be targeted in the development of treatments for pregnancy complications. Finally, we describe a method for targeting the placenta using nonviral polymers that are capable of delivering plasmids, small interfering RNA, and other effector nucleic acids, which could ultimately improve fetal and maternal outcomes from complicated pregnancies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rebecca L Wilson
- Department of Physiology and Functional Genomics, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA.
| | - Helen N Jones
- Department of Physiology and Functional Genomics, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA.
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Abstract
Evolution of highly invasive placentation in the stem lineage of eutherians and subsequent extension of pregnancy set eutherians apart from other mammals, that is, marsupials with short-lived placentas, and oviparous monotremes. Recent studies suggest that eutherian implantation evolved from marsupial attachment reaction, an inflammatory process induced by the direct contact of fetal placenta with maternal endometrium after the breakdown of the shell coat, and shortly before the onset of parturition. Unique to eutherians, a dramatic downregulation of inflammation after implantation prevents the onset of premature parturition, and is critical for the maintenance of gestation. This downregulation likely involved evolutionary changes on maternal as well as fetal/placental side. Tripartite-motif family-like2 (TRIML2) only exists in eutherian genomes and shows preferential expression in preimplantation embryos, and trophoblast-derived structures, such as chorion and placental disc. Comparative genomic evidence supports that TRIML2 originated from a gene duplication event in the stem lineage of Eutheria that also gave rise to eutherian TRIML1. Compared with TRIML1, TRIML2 lost the catalytic RING domain of E3 ligase. However, only TRIML2 is induced in human choriocarcinoma cell line JEG3 with poly(I:C) treatment to simulate inflammation during viral infection. Its knockdown increases the production of proinflammatory cytokines and reduces trophoblast survival during poly(I:C) stimulation, while its overexpression reduces proinflammatory cytokine production, supporting TRIML2’s role as a regulatory inhibitor of the inflammatory pathways in trophoblasts. TRIML2’s potential virus-interacting PRY/SPRY domain shows significant signature of selection, suggesting its contribution to the evolution of eutherian-specific inflammation regulation during placentation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xuzhe Zhang
- Division of Human Genetics, Center for Prevention of Preterm Birth, Perinatal Institute, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH.,Department of Pediatrics, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, OH.,March of Dimes Prematurity Research Center Ohio Collaborative, Cincinnati, OH
| | - Mihaela Pavlicev
- Division of Human Genetics, Center for Prevention of Preterm Birth, Perinatal Institute, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH.,Department of Pediatrics, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, OH.,March of Dimes Prematurity Research Center Ohio Collaborative, Cincinnati, OH
| | - Helen N Jones
- Division of Pediatric Surgery, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH.,Department of Surgery, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, OH
| | - Louis J Muglia
- Division of Human Genetics, Center for Prevention of Preterm Birth, Perinatal Institute, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH.,Department of Pediatrics, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, OH.,March of Dimes Prematurity Research Center Ohio Collaborative, Cincinnati, OH
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14
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Wilson RL, Owens K, Sumser EK, Fry MV, Stephens KK, Chuecos M, Carrillo M, Schlabritz-Loutsevitch N, Jones HN. Nanoparticle mediated increased insulin-like growth factor 1 expression enhances human placenta syncytium function. Placenta 2020; 93:1-7. [PMID: 32090963 DOI: 10.1016/j.placenta.2020.02.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2019] [Revised: 02/01/2020] [Accepted: 02/07/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Placental dysfunction is an underlying cause of many major obstetric diseases and treatment options for complications like fetal growth restriction (FGR) are limited .We previously demonstrated nanoparticle delivery of the human insulin-like growth factor 1 (hIGF1) transgene under control of the trophoblast-specific PLAC1 promoter maintains normal fetal growth in a surgically-induced FGR mouse model. However, uptake by human placental syncytiotrophoblast has yet to be determined. METHODS An ex vivo human placenta perfusion model, term placenta villous fragments, and other in vitro syncytiotrophoblast models were used to determine nanoparticle uptake, transgene expression, and functional responses under oxidative stress conditions. RESULTS In the ex vivo perfusion, fluorescence from a Texas-Red conjugated nanoparticle increased in maternal perfusate upon nanoparticle addition and declined by the conclusion of the experiment (P < 0.001. Fluorescent histology confirmed localization in the syncytiotrophoblasts. No Texas-Red fluorescence was detected in the fetal perfusate. Transgene expression of hIGF1 in differentiated BeWo cells, isolated primary trophoblasts and fragments was increased compared to untreated (55,000-fold, P = 0.0003; 95-fold, P = 0.003; 400-fold, P < 0.001, respectively). Functionally, increased hIGF1 expression in villous fragments resulted in translocation of glucose transporter 1 to the syncytiotrophoblast cell membrane and under conditions of oxidative stress in BeWo cells, protected against increased cell death (P < 0.01) and decreased mitochondrial activity (P < 0.01). CONCLUSION The current study confirms that our nanoparticle is capable of uptake in human placental syncytium which results in enhanced transgene expression, functional changes to cellular activity and protection against increased oxidative stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rebecca L Wilson
- Center for Fetal and Placental Research, Cincinnati Children's Hospital and Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH, USA, 45229.
| | - Kathryn Owens
- Center for Fetal and Placental Research, Cincinnati Children's Hospital and Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH, USA, 45229
| | - Emily K Sumser
- Center for Fetal and Placental Research, Cincinnati Children's Hospital and Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH, USA, 45229
| | - Matthew V Fry
- Center for Fetal and Placental Research, Cincinnati Children's Hospital and Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH, USA, 45229
| | - Kendal K Stephens
- Center for Fetal and Placental Research, Cincinnati Children's Hospital and Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH, USA, 45229
| | - Marcel Chuecos
- Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center at the Permian Basin, Odessa, TX, USA, 79763
| | - Maira Carrillo
- Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center at the Permian Basin, Odessa, TX, USA, 79763
| | | | - Helen N Jones
- Center for Fetal and Placental Research, Cincinnati Children's Hospital and Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH, USA, 45229
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15
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Oria M, Duru S, Scorletti F, Vuletin F, Encinas JL, Correa-Martín L, Bakri K, Jones HN, Sanchez-Margallo FM, Peiro JL. Intracisternal BioGlue injection in the fetal lamb: a novel model for creation of obstructive congenital hydrocephalus without additional chemically induced neuroinflammation. J Neurosurg Pediatr 2019; 24:1-11. [PMID: 31561226 DOI: 10.3171/2019.6.peds19141] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2019] [Accepted: 06/10/2019] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The authors hypothesized that new agents such as BioGlue would be as efficacious as kaolin in the induction of hydrocephalus in fetal sheep. METHODS This study was performed in 34 fetal lambs randomly divided into 2 studies. In the first study, fetuses received kaolin, BioGlue (2.0 mL), or Onyx injected into the cisterna magna, or no injection (control group) between E85 and E90. In the second study, fetuses received 2.0-mL or 2.5-mL injections of BioGlue into the cisterna magna between E85 and E90. Fetuses were monitored using ultrasound to assess lateral ventricle size and progression of hydrocephalus. The fetuses were delivered (E120-E125) and euthanized for histological analysis. Selected brain sections were stained for ionized calcium binding adaptor 1 (Iba1) and glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP) to assess the presence and activation of microglia and astroglia, respectively. Statistical comparisons were performed with Student's t-test for 2 determinations and ANOVA 1-way and 2-way repeated measures for multiple determinations. RESULTS At 30 days after injection, the lateral ventricles were larger in all 3 groups that had undergone injection than in controls (mean diameter in controls 3.76 ± 0.05 mm, n = 5). However, dilatation was greater in the fetuses injected with 2 mL of BioGlue (11.34 ± 4.76 mm, n = 11) than in those injected with kaolin (6.4 ± 0.98 mm, n = 7) or Onyx (5.7 ± 0.31 mm, n = 6) (ANOVA, *p ≤ 0.0001). Fetuses injected with 2.0 mL or 2.5 mL of BioGlue showed the same ventricle dilatation but it appeared earlier (at 10 days postinjection) in those injected with 2.5 mL. The critical threshold of ventricle dilatation was 0.1 for all the groups, and only the BioGlue 2.0 mL and BioGlue 2.5 mL groups exceeded this critical value (at 30 days and 18 days after injection, respectively) (ANOVA, *p ≤ 0.0001). Moderate to severe hydrocephalus with corpus callosum disruption was observed in all experimental groups. All experimental groups showed ventriculomegaly with significant microgliosis and astrogliosis in the subventricular zone around the lateral ventricles. Only kaolin resulted in significant microgliosis in the fourth ventricle area (ANOVA, *p ≤ 0.005). CONCLUSIONS The results of these studies demonstrate that BioGlue is more effective than Onyx or kaolin for inducing hydrocephalus in the fetal lamb and results in a volume-related response by obstructive space-occupancy without local neuroinflammatory reaction. This novel use of BioGlue generates a model with potential for new insights into hydrocephalus pathology and the development of therapeutics in obstructive hydrocephalus. In addition, this model allows for the study of acute and chronic obstructive hydrocephalus by using different BioGlue volumes for intracisternal injection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marc Oria
- 1Center for Fetal and Placental Research, Division of Pediatric General and Thoracic Surgery, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center (CCHMC), Cincinnati, Ohio
| | - Soner Duru
- 1Center for Fetal and Placental Research, Division of Pediatric General and Thoracic Surgery, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center (CCHMC), Cincinnati, Ohio
| | - Federico Scorletti
- 1Center for Fetal and Placental Research, Division of Pediatric General and Thoracic Surgery, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center (CCHMC), Cincinnati, Ohio
- 3Department of Pediatric Surgery, Hospital Bambino Gesu, Rome, Italy
| | - Fernando Vuletin
- 4Department of Pediatric Surgery, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile; and
| | - Jose L Encinas
- 5Department of Pediatric Surgery, Hospital La Paz, Madrid, Spain
| | | | - Kenan Bakri
- 1Center for Fetal and Placental Research, Division of Pediatric General and Thoracic Surgery, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center (CCHMC), Cincinnati, Ohio
| | - Helen N Jones
- 1Center for Fetal and Placental Research, Division of Pediatric General and Thoracic Surgery, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center (CCHMC), Cincinnati, Ohio
| | | | - Jose L Peiro
- 1Center for Fetal and Placental Research, Division of Pediatric General and Thoracic Surgery, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center (CCHMC), Cincinnati, Ohio
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16
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Courtney JA, Cnota JF, Jones HN. The Role of Abnormal Placentation in Congenital Heart Disease; Cause, Correlate, or Consequence? Front Physiol 2018; 9:1045. [PMID: 30131711 PMCID: PMC6091057 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2018.01045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2018] [Accepted: 07/13/2018] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Congenital heart disease (CHD) is the most common birth defect, affecting ~1% of all live births (van der Linde et al., 2011). Despite improvements in clinical care, it is the leading cause of infant mortality related to birth defects (Yang et al., 2006) and burdens survivors with significant morbidity (Gilboa et al., 2016). Furthermore, CHD accounts for the largest proportion (26.7%) of birth defect-associated hospitalization costs—up to $6.1 billion in 2013 (Arth et al., 2017). Yet after decades of research with a primary focus on genetic etiology, the underlying cause of these defects remains unknown in the majority of cases (Zaidi and Brueckner, 2017). Unexplained CHD may be secondary to undiscovered roles of noncoding genetic, epigenetic, and environmental factors, among others (Russell et al., 2018). Population studies have recently demonstrated that pregnancies complicated by CHD also carry a higher risk of developing pathologies associated with an abnormal placenta including growth disturbances (Puri et al., 2017), preeclampsia (Auger et al., 2015; Brodwall et al., 2016), preterm birth (Laas et al., 2012), and stillbirth (Jorgensen et al., 2014). Both the heart and placenta are vascular organs and develop concurrently; therefore, shared pathways almost certainly direct the development of both. The involvement of placental abnormalities in congenital heart disease, whether causal, commensurate or reactive, is under investigated and given the common developmental window and shared developmental pathways of the heart and placenta and concurrent vasculature development, we propose that further investigation combining clinical data, in vitro, in vivo, and computer modeling is fundamental to our understanding and the potential to develop therapeutics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jennifer A Courtney
- Molecular and Developmental Biology Graduate Program, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH, United States.,Division of General Pediatric and Thoracic Surgery, Center for Fetal and Placental Research, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH, United States
| | - James F Cnota
- Heart Institute, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH, United States
| | - Helen N Jones
- Division of General Pediatric and Thoracic Surgery, Center for Fetal and Placental Research, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH, United States
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Rebholz SL, Melchior JT, Davidson WS, Jones HN, Welge JA, Prentice AM, Moore SE, Woollett LA. Studies in genetically modified mice implicate maternal HDL as a mediator of fetal growth. FASEB J 2018; 32:717-727. [PMID: 28982731 PMCID: PMC6266630 DOI: 10.1096/fj.201700528r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2017] [Accepted: 09/18/2017] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Studies in humans have shown a direct association between maternal plasma cholesterol concentrations and infant birthweight. Similarly, previous studies in our laboratory have shown that chow-fed mice lacking apolipoprotein (apo) A-I, the major protein in HDL, have low HDL-cholesterol (HDL-C) concentrations and smaller fetuses in midgestation. In the current study, we measured fetal weights in mice with varying levels of apoA-I gene dose (knockout, wild-type, and transgenic) and examined metabolic pathways known to affect fetal growth. As expected, we found the differences in apoA-I expression led to changes in HDL particle size and protein cargo as well as plasma cholesterol concentrations. Fetal masses correlated directly with maternal plasma cholesterol and apoA-I concentrations, but placental masses and histology did not differ between groups of mice. There was no significant difference in glucose or amino acid transport to the fetus or in expression levels of the glucose (glucose transporter 1 and 2) or amino acid (sodium-coupled neutral amino acid transporter 1 and 2) transporters in whole placentas, although there was a trend for greater uptake of both nutrients in the whole fetal unit (fetus + placenta) of mice with greater apoA-I levels; significant differences in transport rates occurred when mice without apoA-I (knockout) vs. mice with apoA-I (wild-type and transgenic) were compared. Glucose tolerance tests were improved in the mice with the highest level of apoA-I, suggesting increased insulin-induced uptake of glucose by tissues of apoA-I transgenic mice. Thus, maternal HDL is associated with fetal growth, an effect that is likely mediated by plasma cholesterol or other HDL-cargo, including apolipoproteins or complement system proteins. A direct role of enhanced glucose and/or amino acid transport cannot be excluded.-Rebholz, S. L., Melchior, J. T., Davidson, W. S., Jones, H. N., Welge, J. A., Prentice, A. M., Moore, S. E., Woollett, L. A. Studies in genetically modified mice implicate maternal HDL as a mediator of fetal growth.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sandra L. Rebholz
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine University of Cincinnati Medical School, Cincinnati, Ohio, USA
| | - John T. Melchior
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine University of Cincinnati Medical School, Cincinnati, Ohio, USA
| | - W. Sean Davidson
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine University of Cincinnati Medical School, Cincinnati, Ohio, USA
| | - Helen N. Jones
- Division of General and Thoracic Surgery and Reproductive Sciences, Cincinnati Children’s Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, Ohio, USA
| | - Jeffrey A. Welge
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Neuroscience, University of Cincinnati Medical School, Cincinnati, Ohio, USA
| | - Andrew M. Prentice
- Medical Research Council (MRC) Unit, Serekunda, The Gambia
- MCR International Nutrition Group, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine (LSHTM), London, United Kingdom; and
| | - Sophie E. Moore
- Medical Research Council (MRC) Unit, Serekunda, The Gambia
- Division of Women’s Health, King’s College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Laura A. Woollett
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine University of Cincinnati Medical School, Cincinnati, Ohio, USA
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18
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Lamm KYB, Johnson ML, Baker Phillips J, Muntifering MB, James JM, Jones HN, Redline RW, Rokas A, Muglia LJ. Inverted formin 2 regulates intracellular trafficking, placentation, and pregnancy outcome. eLife 2018; 7. [PMID: 29309034 PMCID: PMC5758111 DOI: 10.7554/elife.31150] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2017] [Accepted: 12/12/2017] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Healthy pregnancy depends on proper placentation-including proliferation, differentiation, and invasion of trophoblast cells-which, if impaired, causes placental ischemia resulting in intrauterine growth restriction and preeclampsia. Mechanisms regulating trophoblast invasion, however, are unknown. We report that reduction of Inverted formin 2 (INF2) alters intracellular trafficking and significantly impairs invasion in a model of human extravillous trophoblasts. Furthermore, global loss of Inf2 in mice recapitulates maternal and fetal phenotypes of placental insufficiency. Inf2-/- dams have reduced spiral artery numbers and late gestational hypertension with resolution following delivery. Inf2-/- fetuses are growth restricted and demonstrate changes in umbilical artery Doppler consistent with poor placental perfusion and fetal distress. Loss of Inf2 increases fetal vascular density in the placenta and dysregulates trophoblast expression of angiogenic factors. Our data support a critical regulatory role for INF2 in trophoblast invasion-a necessary process for placentation-representing a possible future target for improving placentation and fetal outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katherine Young Bezold Lamm
- Center for the Prevention of Preterm Birth, Perinatal Institute, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, United States.,Department of Pediatrics, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, United States.,Molecular and Developmental Biology Graduate Program, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, United States.,Division of Developmental Biology, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, United States
| | - Maddison L Johnson
- Department of Biological Sciences, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, United States
| | - Julie Baker Phillips
- Department of Biological Sciences, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, United States
| | - Michael B Muntifering
- Division of Developmental Biology, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, United States
| | - Jeanne M James
- The Heart Institute, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, United States
| | - Helen N Jones
- Molecular and Developmental Biology Graduate Program, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, United States
| | - Raymond W Redline
- Department of Pathology, University Hospitals Cleveland Medical Center, Cleveland, United States
| | - Antonis Rokas
- Department of Biological Sciences, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, United States
| | - Louis J Muglia
- Center for the Prevention of Preterm Birth, Perinatal Institute, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, United States.,Department of Pediatrics, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, United States.,Division of Human Genetics, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, United States
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Abd Ellah NH, Taylor L, Ayres N, Elmahdy MM, Fetih GN, Jones HN, Ibrahim EA, Pauletti GM. NF-κB decoy polyplexes decrease P-glycoprotein-mediated multidrug resistance in colorectal cancer cells. Cancer Gene Ther 2016; 23:149-55. [PMID: 27125866 DOI: 10.1038/cgt.2016.17] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2015] [Revised: 02/14/2016] [Accepted: 02/26/2016] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Multidrug resistance (MDR), a major cause for chemotherapy failure, has been linked to upregulation of ATP-dependent membrane efflux systems that limit intracellular accumulation of cytotoxic anticancer agents. P-glycoprotein (P-gp) encoded by the human ABCB1 gene was the first efflux transporter identified to contribute to MDR. ABCB1 gene expression is correlated with constitutive activation of the NF-κB signaling pathway in tumor cells. The objective of this research is to modulate P-gp activity in colon cancer cells using NF-κB decoy oligodeoxynucleotides (ODNs) that are effectively delivered into the nucleus of colorectal cancer cells by self-assembling nonviral nanoparticles comprising the novel poly[N-(2-hydroxypropyl)methacrylamide]-poly(N,N-dimethylaminoethylmethacrylate) diblock copolymer (pHPMA-b-pDMAEMA). Ethidium bromide intercalation and gel retardation assays demonstrated high DNA condensation capacity of pHPMA-b-pDMAEMA. Nanoparticles prepared with and without decoy ODNs did not significantly compromise cellular safety at N/P ratios ⩽4. Transfection efficiency of pHPMA-b-pDMAEMA polyplexes (N/P=4) in Caco-2 cells was comparable to TurboFect transfection standard, resulting in a 98% reduction in P-gp protein levels. As a pharmacodynamic consequence, intracellular accumulation of the P-gp substrate Rhodamine123 significantly increased by almost twofold. In conclusion, NF-κB ODN polyplexes fabricated with pHPMA-b-pDMAEMA polymer effectively reduced P-gp-mediated efflux activity in Caco-2 cells, suggesting successful interference with NF-κB-binding sites in the promoter region of the ABCB1 gene.
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Affiliation(s)
- N H Abd Ellah
- James L. Winkle College of Pharmacy, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, OH, USA.,Faculty of Pharmacy, Assiut University, Assiut, Arab Republic of Egypt
| | - L Taylor
- Department of Chemistry, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, OH, USA
| | - N Ayres
- Department of Chemistry, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, OH, USA
| | - M M Elmahdy
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Assiut University, Assiut, Arab Republic of Egypt
| | - G N Fetih
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Assiut University, Assiut, Arab Republic of Egypt
| | - H N Jones
- Division of General and Thoracic Surgery and Reproductive Sciences, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH, USA
| | - E A Ibrahim
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Assiut University, Assiut, Arab Republic of Egypt
| | - G M Pauletti
- James L. Winkle College of Pharmacy, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, OH, USA
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20
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Jones HN, Olbrych SK, Smith KL, Cnota JF, Habli M, Ramos-Gonzales O, Owens KJ, Hinton AC, Polzin WJ, Muglia LJ, Hinton RB. Hypoplastic left heart syndrome is associated with structural and vascular placental abnormalities and leptin dysregulation. Placenta 2015; 36:1078-86. [PMID: 26278057 PMCID: PMC4609616 DOI: 10.1016/j.placenta.2015.08.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 75] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2014] [Revised: 07/29/2015] [Accepted: 08/04/2015] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Hypoplastic left heart syndrome (HLHS) is a severe cardiovascular malformation (CVM) associated with fetal growth abnormalities. Genetic and environmental factors have been identified that contribute to pathogenesis, but the role of the placenta is unknown. The purpose of this study was to systematically examine the placenta in HLHS with and without growth abnormalities. METHODS HLHS term singleton births were identified from a larger cohort when placenta tissue was available. Clinical data were collected from maternal and neonatal medical records, including anthropometrics and placental pathology reports. Placental tissues from cases and controls were analyzed to assess parenchymal morphology, vascular architecture and leptin signaling. RESULTS HLHS cases (n = 16) and gestational age-matched controls (n = 18) were analyzed. Among cases, the average birth weight was 2993 g, including 31% that were small for gestational age. When compared with controls, gross pathology of HLHS cases demonstrated significantly reduced placental weight and increased fibrin deposition, while micropathology showed increased syncytial nuclear aggregates, decreased terminal villi, reduced vasculature and increased leptin expression in syncytiotrophoblast and endothelial cells. DISCUSSION Placentas from pregnancies complicated by fetal HLHS are characterized by abnormal parenchymal morphology, suggesting immature structure may be due to vascular abnormalities. Increased leptin expression may indicate an attempt to compensate for these vascular abnormalities. Further investigation into the regulation of angiogenesis in the fetus and placenta may elucidate the causes of HLHS and associated growth abnormalities in some cases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Helen N Jones
- Divisions of Pediatric Surgery, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH, USA
| | - Stephanie K Olbrych
- Divisions of Cardiology, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH, USA
| | - Kathleen L Smith
- The Division of Maternal Fetal Medicine, Good Samaritan Hospital, Cincinnati, OH, USA
| | - James F Cnota
- Divisions of Cardiology, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH, USA
| | - Mounira Habli
- Divisions of Pediatric Surgery, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH, USA; The Division of Maternal Fetal Medicine, Good Samaritan Hospital, Cincinnati, OH, USA; The Fetal Care Center, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, OH, USA
| | - Osniel Ramos-Gonzales
- Divisions of Cardiology, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH, USA
| | - Kathryn J Owens
- Divisions of Pediatric Surgery, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH, USA
| | - Andrea C Hinton
- The Division of Maternal Fetal Medicine, Good Samaritan Hospital, Cincinnati, OH, USA
| | - William J Polzin
- The Division of Maternal Fetal Medicine, Good Samaritan Hospital, Cincinnati, OH, USA; The Fetal Care Center, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, OH, USA
| | - Louis J Muglia
- Divisions of Neonatology, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH, USA
| | - Robert B Hinton
- Divisions of Cardiology, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH, USA.
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21
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Chaturvedi V, Ertelt JM, Jiang TT, Kinder JM, Xin L, Owens KJ, Jones HN, Way SS. CXCR3 blockade protects against Listeria monocytogenes infection-induced fetal wastage. J Clin Invest 2015; 125:1713-25. [PMID: 25751061 DOI: 10.1172/jci78578] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2014] [Accepted: 01/22/2015] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Mammalian pregnancy requires protection against immunological rejection of the developing fetus bearing discordant paternal antigens. Immune evasion in this developmental context entails silenced expression of chemoattractant proteins (chemokines), thereby preventing harmful immune cells from penetrating the maternal-fetal interface. Here, we demonstrate that fetal wastage triggered by prenatal Listeria monocytogenes infection is driven by placental recruitment of CXCL9-producing inflammatory neutrophils and macrophages that promote infiltration of fetal-specific T cells into the decidua. Maternal CD8+ T cells with fetal specificity upregulated expression of the chemokine receptor CXCR3 and, together with neutrophils and macrophages, were essential for L. monocytogenes-induced fetal resorption. Conversely, decidual accumulation of maternal T cells with fetal specificity and fetal wastage were extinguished by CXCR3 blockade or in CXCR3-deficient mice. Remarkably, protection against fetal wastage and in utero L. monocytogenes invasion was maintained even when CXCR3 neutralization was initiated after infection, and this protective effect extended to fetal resorption triggered by partial ablation of immune-suppressive maternal Tregs, which expand during pregnancy to sustain fetal tolerance. Together, our results indicate that functionally overriding chemokine silencing at the maternal-fetal interface promotes the pathogenesis of prenatal infection and suggest that therapeutically reinforcing this pathway represents a universal approach for mitigating immune-mediated pregnancy complications.
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MESH Headings
- Adoptive Transfer
- Ampicillin/therapeutic use
- Animals
- Anti-Bacterial Agents/therapeutic use
- CD8-Positive T-Lymphocytes/immunology
- Chemokine CXCL9/biosynthesis
- Chemokine CXCL9/genetics
- Chemokine CXCL9/physiology
- Chemokines/metabolism
- Crosses, Genetic
- Decidua/immunology
- Female
- Fetal Death/etiology
- Fetal Death/prevention & control
- Fetal Resorption/immunology
- Fetal Resorption/prevention & control
- Listeriosis/drug therapy
- Listeriosis/immunology
- Macrophages/immunology
- Male
- Maternal-Fetal Exchange
- Mice
- Mice, Inbred BALB C
- Mice, Inbred C57BL
- Mice, Transgenic
- Neutrophils/immunology
- Ovalbumin/genetics
- Ovalbumin/immunology
- Peptide Fragments/genetics
- Peptide Fragments/immunology
- Pregnancy
- Pregnancy Complications, Infectious/drug therapy
- Pregnancy Complications, Infectious/immunology
- Receptors, CXCR3/antagonists & inhibitors
- Receptors, CXCR3/biosynthesis
- Receptors, CXCR3/deficiency
- Receptors, CXCR3/genetics
- Receptors, CXCR3/physiology
- Spleen/immunology
- T-Cell Antigen Receptor Specificity
- T-Lymphocyte Subsets/immunology
- T-Lymphocytes, Regulatory/immunology
- Up-Regulation
- Virulence
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Troja W, Kil K, Klanke C, Jones HN. Interaction between human placental microvascular endothelial cells and a model of human trophoblasts: effects on growth cycle and angiogenic profile. Physiol Rep 2014; 2:e00244. [PMID: 24760505 PMCID: PMC4002231 DOI: 10.1002/phy2.244] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2014] [Accepted: 01/29/2014] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Abstract Intrauterine growth restriction (IUGR) is a leading cause of perinatal complications, and is commonly associated with reduced placental vasculature. Recent studies demonstrated over-expression of IGF-1 in IUGR animal models maintains placental vasculature. However, the cellular environment of the placental chorionic villous is unknown. The close proximity of trophoblasts and microvascular endothelial cells in vivo alludes to autocrine/paracrine regulation following Ad-HuIGF-1 treatment. We investigated the co-culturing of BeWo Choriocarcinoma and Human Placental Microvascular Endothelial Cells (HPMVECs) on the endothelial angiogenic profile and the effect Ad-HuIGF-1 treatment of one cell has on the other. HPMVECs were isolated from human term placentas and cultured in EGM-2 at 37°C with 5% CO2. BeWo cells were maintained in Ham's F12 nutrient mix with 10% FBS and 1% pen/strep. Co-cultured HPMVECS+BeWo cells were incubated in serum-free control media, Ad-HuIGF-1, or Ad-LacZ at MOI 0 and MOI 100:1 for 48 h. Non-treated cells and mono-cultured cells were compared to co-cultured cells. Angiogenic gene expression and proliferative and apoptotic protein expression were analysed by RT-qPCR and immunocytochemistry, respectively. Statistical analyses was performed using student's t-test with P < 0.05 considered significant. Direct Ad-HuIGF-1 treatment increased HPMVEC proliferation (n = 4) and reduced apoptosis (n = 3). Co-culturing HPMVECs+BeWo cells significantly altered RNA expression of the angiogenic profile compared to mono-cultured HPMVECs (n = 8). Direct Ad-HuIGF-1 treatment significantly increased Ang-1 (n = 4) in BeWo cells. Ad-HuIGF-1 treatment of HPMVECs did not alter the RNA expression of angiogenic factors. Trophoblastic factors may play a key role in placental vascular development and IGF-1 may have an important role in HPMVEC growth.
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Affiliation(s)
- Weston Troja
- Division of Pediatric Surgery, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, Ohio
| | - Kicheol Kil
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Charles Klanke
- Division of Pediatric Surgery, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, Ohio
| | - Helen N. Jones
- Division of Pediatric Surgery, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, Ohio
- Division of Reproductive Sciences, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, Ohio
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23
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Jones HN, Crombleholme T, Habli M. Adenoviral-mediated placental gene transfer of IGF-1 corrects placental insufficiency via enhanced placental glucose transport mechanisms. PLoS One 2013; 8:e74632. [PMID: 24019972 PMCID: PMC3760855 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0074632] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2013] [Accepted: 08/05/2013] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Previous work in our laboratory demonstrated that over-expression of human insulin-like growth factor -1 (hIGF-1) in the placenta corrects fetal weight deficits in mouse, rat, and rabbit models of intrauterine growth restriction without changes in placental weight. The underlying mechanisms of this effect have not been elucidated. To investigate the effect of intra-placental IGF-1 over-expression on placental function we examined glucose transporter expression and localization in both a mouse model of IUGR and a model of human trophoblast, the BeWo Choriocarcinoma cell line.
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Affiliation(s)
- Helen N. Jones
- Center for Fetal Cellular and Molecular Therapy, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, Ohio, United States of America
- * E-mail:
| | - Timothy Crombleholme
- Colorado Fetal Care Center, Children's Hospital Colorado, Aurora, Colorado, United States of America
| | - Mounira Habli
- Center for Fetal Cellular and Molecular Therapy, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, Ohio, United States of America
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24
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Jansson N, Rosario FJ, Gaccioli F, Lager S, Jones HN, Roos S, Jansson T, Powell TL. Activation of placental mTOR signaling and amino acid transporters in obese women giving birth to large babies. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2013; 98:105-13. [PMID: 23150676 PMCID: PMC3537112 DOI: 10.1210/jc.2012-2667] [Citation(s) in RCA: 206] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
CONTEXT Babies of obese women are often large at birth, which is associated with perinatal complications and metabolic syndrome later in life. The mechanisms linking maternal obesity to fetal overgrowth are largely unknown. OBJECTIVE We tested the hypothesis that placental insulin/IGF-I and mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) signaling is activated and amino acid transporter activity is increased in large babies of obese women. DESIGN AND SETTING Pregnant women were recruited prospectively for collection of placental tissue at a university hospital and academic biomedical center. PATIENTS OR OTHER PARTICIPANTS Twenty-three Swedish pregnant women with first trimester body mass index ranging from 18.5 to 44.9 kg/m(2) and with uncomplicated pregnancies participated in the study. INTERVENTIONS There were no interventions. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES We determined the phosphorylation of key signaling molecules (including Akt, IRS-1, S6K1, 4EBP-1, RPS6, and AMPK) in the placental insulin/IGF-I, AMPK, and mTOR signaling pathways. The activity and protein expression of the amino acid transporter systems A and L were measured in syncytiotrophoblast microvillous plasma membranes. RESULTS Birth weights (range, 3025-4235 g) were positively correlated to maternal body mass index (P < 0.05). The activity of placental insulin/IGF-I and mTOR signaling was positively correlated (P < 0.001), whereas AMPK phosphorylation was inversely (P < 0.05) correlated to birth weight. Microvillous plasma membrane system A, but not system L, activity and protein expression of the system A isoform SNAT2 were positively correlated to birth weight (P < 0.001). CONCLUSIONS Up-regulation of specific placental amino acid transporter isoforms may contribute to fetal overgrowth in maternal obesity. This effect may be mediated by activation of insulin/IGF-I and mTOR signaling pathways, which are positive regulators of placental amino acid transporters.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nina Jansson
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Texas Health Science Center San Antonio, 7703 Floyd Curl Drive, San Antonio, Texas 78229-3900, USA
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25
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Lager S, Gaccioli F, Ramirez VI, Jones HN, Jansson T, Powell TL. Oleic acid stimulates system A amino acid transport in primary human trophoblast cells mediated by toll-like receptor 4. J Lipid Res 2012; 54:725-733. [PMID: 23275648 DOI: 10.1194/jlr.m033050] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Obese women have an increased risk to deliver large babies. However, the mechanisms underlying fetal overgrowth in these pregnancies are not well understood. Obese pregnant women typically have elevated circulating lipid levels. We tested the hypothesis that fatty acids stimulate placental amino acid transport, mediated via toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4) and mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) signaling pathways. Circulating NEFA levels and placental TLR4 expression were assessed in women with varying prepregnancy body mass index (BMI). The effects of oleic acid on system A and system L amino acid transport, and on the activation of the mTOR (4EBP1, S6K1, rpS6), TLR4 (IĸB, JNK, p38 MAPK), and STAT3 signaling pathways were determined in cultured primary human trophoblast cells. Maternal circulating NEFAs (n = 33), but not placental TLR4 mRNA expression (n = 16), correlated positively with BMI (P < 0.05). Oleic acid increased trophoblast JNK and STAT3 phosphorylation (P < 0.05), whereas mTOR activity was unaffected. Furthermore, oleic acid doubled trophoblast system A activity (P < 0.05), without affecting system L activity. siRNA-mediated silencing of TLR4 expression prevented the stimulatory effect of oleic acid on system A activity. Our data suggest that maternal fatty acids can increase placental nutrient transport via TLR4, thereby potentially affecting fetal growth.
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Affiliation(s)
- Susanne Lager
- Center for Pregnancy and Newborn Research, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Texas Health Science Center, San Antonio, TX; Department of Physiology, Institute of Neuroscience and Physiology, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Francesca Gaccioli
- Center for Pregnancy and Newborn Research, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Texas Health Science Center, San Antonio, TX
| | - Vanessa I Ramirez
- Center for Pregnancy and Newborn Research, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Texas Health Science Center, San Antonio, TX
| | - Helen N Jones
- Center for Molecular Fetal Therapy, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH
| | - Thomas Jansson
- Center for Pregnancy and Newborn Research, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Texas Health Science Center, San Antonio, TX
| | - Theresa L Powell
- Center for Pregnancy and Newborn Research, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Texas Health Science Center, San Antonio, TX
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26
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Keswani SG, Balaji S, Le L, Leung A, Katz AB, Lim FY, Habli M, Jones HN, Wilson JM, Crombleholme TM. Pseudotyped AAV vector-mediated gene transfer in a human fetal trachea xenograft model: implications for in utero gene therapy for cystic fibrosis. PLoS One 2012; 7:e43633. [PMID: 22937069 PMCID: PMC3427158 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0043633] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2012] [Accepted: 07/23/2012] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Lung disease including airway infection and inflammation currently causes the majority of morbidities and mortalities associated with cystic fibrosis (CF), making the airway epithelium and the submucosal glands (SMG) novel target cells for gene therapy in CF. These target cells are relatively inaccessible to postnatal gene transfer limiting the success of gene therapy. Our previous work in a human-fetal trachea xenograft model suggests the potential benefit for treating CF in utero. In this study, we aim to validate adeno-associated virus serotype 2 (AAV2) gene transfer in a human fetal trachea xenograft model and to compare transduction efficiencies of pseudotyping AAV2 vectors in fetal xenografts and postnatal xenograft controls. Methodology/Principal Findings Human fetal trachea or postnatal bronchus controls were xenografted onto immunocompromised SCID mice for a four-week engraftment period. After injection of AAV2/2, 2/1, 2/5, 2/7 or 2/8 with a LacZ reporter into both types of xenografts, we analyzed for transgene expression in the respiratory epithelium and SMGs. At 1 month, transduction by AAV2/2 and AAV2/8 in respiratory epithelium and SMG cells was significantly greater than that of AAV2/1, 2/5, and 2/7 in xenograft tracheas. Efficiency in SMG transduction was significantly greater in AAV2/8 than AAV2/2. At 3 months, AAV2/2 and AAV2/8 transgene expression was >99% of respiratory epithelium and SMG. At 1 month, transduction efficiency of AAV2/2 and AAV2/8 was significantly less in adult postnatal bronchial xenografts than in fetal tracheal xenografts. Conclusions/Significance Based on the effectiveness of AAV vectors in SMG transduction, our findings suggest the potential utility of pseudotyped AAV vectors for treatment of cystic fibrosis. The human fetal trachea xenograft model may serve as an effective tool for further development of fetal gene therapy strategies for the in utero treatment of cystic fibrosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sundeep G Keswani
- Center for Molecular Fetal Therapy, Division of Pediatric, General, Thoracic and Fetal Surgery, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center and The University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, Ohio, United States of America.
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Keswani SG, Balaji S, Le L, Leung A, Lim FY, Habli M, Jones HN, Wilson JM, Crombleholme TM. Pseudotyped adeno-associated viral vector tropism and transduction efficiencies in murine wound healing. Wound Repair Regen 2012; 20:592-600. [PMID: 22713157 DOI: 10.1111/j.1524-475x.2012.00810.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2011] [Accepted: 03/31/2012] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Cell specific gene transfer and sustained transgene expression are goals of cutaneous gene therapy for tissue repair and regeneration. Adeno-associated virus serotype 2 (AAV2/2) mediated gene transfer to the skin results in stable transgene expression in the muscle fascicles of the panniculus carnosus in mice, with minimal gene transfer to the dermal or epidermal elements. We hypothesized that pseudotyped AAV vectors may have a unique and characteristic tropism and transduction efficiency profile for specific cells in the cutaneous wounds. We compared transduction efficiencies of cells in the epidermis, cells in the dermis, and the fascicles of the panniculus carnosus by AAV2/2 and three pseudotyped AAV vectors, AAV2/5, AAV2/7, and AAV2/8 in a murine excisional wound model. AAV2/5 and AAV2/8 result in significantly enhanced transduction of cells both in the epidermis and the dermis compared to AAV2/2. AAV2/5 transduces both the basilar and supra-basilar keratinocytes. In contrast, AAV2/8 transduces mainly supra-basilar keratinocytes. Both AAV2/7 and AAV2/8 result in more efficient gene transfer to the muscular panniculus carnosus compared to AAV2/2. The capsid of the different pseudotyped AAV vectors produces distinct tropism and efficiency profiles in the murine wound healing model. Both AAV2/5 and AAV2/8 administration result in significantly enhanced gene transfer. To further characterize cell specific transduction and tropism profiles of the AAV pseudotyped vectors, we performed in vitro experiments using human and mouse primary dermal fibroblasts. Our data demonstrate that pseudotyping strategy confers a differential transduction of dermal fibroblasts, with higher transduction of both human and murine cells by AAV2/5 and AAV2/8 at early and later time points. At later time points, AAV2/2 demonstrates increased transduction. Interestingly, AAV2/8 appears to be more efficacious in transducing human cells as compared to AAV2/5. The pseudotype-specific pattern of transduction and tropism observed both in vivo and in vitro suggests that choice of AAV vectors should be based on the desired target cell and the timing of transgene expression in wound healing for gene transfer therapy in dermal wounds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sundeep G Keswani
- Center for Molecular Fetal Therapy, Division of Pediatric, General, Thoracic and Fetal Surgery, Cincinnati Children's Hospital and the University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, OH 45229-3039, USA.
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Acharya G, Albrecht C, Benton SJ, Cotechini T, Dechend R, Dilworth MR, Duttaroy AK, Grotmol T, Heazell AE, Jansson T, Johnstone ED, Jones HN, Jones RL, Lager S, Laine K, Nagirnaja L, Nystad M, Powell T, Redman C, Sadovsky Y, Sibley C, Troisi R, Wadsack C, Westwood M, Lash GE. IFPA Meeting 2011 workshop report I: Placenta: Predicting future health; roles of lipids in the growth and development of feto-placental unit; placental nutrient sensing; placental research to solve clinical problems--a translational approach. Placenta 2011; 33 Suppl:S4-8. [PMID: 22154691 DOI: 10.1016/j.placenta.2011.11.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2011] [Revised: 11/17/2011] [Accepted: 11/18/2011] [Indexed: 10/14/2022]
Abstract
Workshops are an important part of the IFPA annual meeting as they allow for discussion of specialized topics. At IFPA meeting 2011 there were twelve themed workshops, four of which are summarized in this report. These workshops related to both basic science and clinical research into placental growth and nutrient sensing and were divided into 1) placenta: predicting future health; 2) roles of lipids in the growth and development of feto-placental unit; 3) placental nutrient sensing; 4) placental research to solve clinical problems: a translational approach.
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Affiliation(s)
- G Acharya
- Women's Health & Perinatology Research Group, Department of Clinical Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Tromsø, Tromsø, Norway
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Wang K, Dong HQ, Wen HY, Xu M, Li C, Li YY, Jones HN, Shi DL, Zhang XZ. Novel Vesicles Self-Assembled From Amphiphilic Star-Armed PEG/Polypeptide Hybrid Copolymers for Drug Delivery. Macromol Biosci 2010; 11:65-71. [DOI: 10.1002/mabi.201000247] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2010] [Revised: 08/02/2010] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
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Le LD, Jones HN, Lim FY, Habli MA, Maldonado AR, Ghobril N, Crombleholme TM, Keswani SG. Interleukin-10 recapitulates fetal hyaluronan-rich pericellular matrices via a STAT mediated mechanism: Implications for regenerative wound repair. J Am Coll Surg 2010. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jamcollsurg.2010.06.207] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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Abstract
OBJECTIVE Maternal adiponectin levels are reduced and placental nutrient transporters are upregulated in obesity and gestational diabetes mellitus; however, the effects of adiponectin on placental function are unknown. We hypothesized that adiponectin regulates placental amino acid transport. RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS Human primary trophoblast cells were cultured and incubated with globular adiponectin (gAd) or full-length adiponectin (fAd) alone or in combination with insulin. System A and L amino acid transport and SNAT1, SNAT2, and SNAT4 isoform expression was measured. The activity of the AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK), phosphatidylinositol 3 kinase-AKT, and peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-alpha (PPARalpha) signaling pathways was determined. RESULTS In the absence of insulin, gAd stimulated AMPK Thr172 phosphorylation, SNAT2 protein expression, and system A activity. This effect appeared to be mediated by interleukin-6 release and signal transducer and activator of transcription 3 (STAT3) signaling because gAd failed to stimulate system A in cells in which STAT3 had been silenced using small interfering RNA. fAd alone had no effect on system A activity or SNAT expression. Insulin increased AKT and insulin receptor substrate 1 (IRS-1) phosphorylation, system A activity, and SNAT2 expression. When combined with insulin, gAd did not affect system A activity or SNAT expression. In contrast, fAd abolished insulin-stimulated AKT Thr308 and IRS-1 Tyr612 phosphorylation, system A activity, and SNAT2 expression. Furthermore, fAd increased PPARalpha expression and PPARalpha (Ser21) phosphorylation. CONCLUSIONS In contrast to the insulin-sensitizing actions of adiponectin in liver and muscle reported in the literature, fAd attenuates insulin signaling in primary human trophoblast cells. As a result, fAd inhibits insulin-stimulated amino acid transport, which may have important implications for placental nutrient transport and fetal growth in pregnancy complications associated with altered maternal adiponectin levels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Helen N Jones
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, Ohio, USA.
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Jones HN, Jansson T, Powell TL. IL-6 stimulates system A amino acid transporter activity in trophoblast cells through STAT3 and increased expression of SNAT2. Am J Physiol Cell Physiol 2009; 297:C1228-35. [PMID: 19741197 DOI: 10.1152/ajpcell.00195.2009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 126] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Changes in placental nutrient transport are closely associated with abnormal fetal growth. However, the molecular mechanisms underlying the regulation of placental amino acid transporters are unknown. We demonstrate that physiological concentrations of the proinflammatory cytokines interleukin (IL)-6 and tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-alpha stimulate the activity of amino acid transporter system A, but not system L, in cultured human primary trophoblast cells. Both cytokines increased the gene and protein expression of the Na(+)-coupled neutral amino acid transporter (SNAT)2 isoform and upregulated SNAT1 protein expression. IL-6 increased Tyr705 phosphorylation of signal transducer and activator of transcription 3 (STAT3). In cells transfected with small interfering RNA (siRNA) targeting STAT3, the RNA and protein expression of SNAT2, but not SNAT1, was reduced and the stimulating effect of IL-6 on system A activity was abolished. Despite eliciting similar responses in amino acid transport activity and transporter expression, TNF-alpha effects on system A activity were not mediated through the JAK/STAT pathway. In conclusion, we have identified a novel regulatory pathway involving increased gene expression of the SNAT2 isoform mediated by a STAT-dependent pathway, which links IL-6 to increased activity of system A, a ubiquitously expressed transporter of neutral amino acids. From these new findings, we propose that upregulation of amino acid transporters by cytokines may contribute to increased placental nutrient transport and fetal overgrowth, which are commonly found in pregnancies complicated by maternal diabetes and obesity.
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Affiliation(s)
- H N Jones
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, College of Medicine, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, Ohio, USA.
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Jones HN, Woollett LA, Barbour N, Prasad PD, Powell TL, Jansson T. High-fat diet before and during pregnancy causes marked up-regulation of placental nutrient transport and fetal overgrowth in C57/BL6 mice. FASEB J 2008; 23:271-8. [PMID: 18827021 DOI: 10.1096/fj.08-116889] [Citation(s) in RCA: 227] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
Maternal overweight and obesity in pregnancy often result in fetal overgrowth, which increases the risk for the baby to develop metabolic syndrome later in life. However, the mechanisms underlying fetal overgrowth are not established. We developed a mouse model and hypothesized that a maternal high-fat (HF) diet causes up-regulation of placental nutrient transport, resulting in fetal overgrowth. C57BL/6J female mice were fed a control (11% energy from fat) or HF (32% energy from fat) diet for 8 wk before mating and throughout gestation and were studied at embryonic day 18.5. The HF diet increased maternal adiposity, as assessed by fat pad weight, and circulating maternal leptin, decreased serum adiponectin concentrations, and caused a marked increase in fetal growth (+43%). The HF diet also increased transplacental transport of glucose (5-fold) and neutral amino acids (10-fold) in vivo. In microvillous plasma membranes (MVMs) isolated from placentas of HF-fed animals, protein expression of glucose transporter 1 (GLUT1) was increased 5-fold, and protein expression of sodium-coupled neutral amino acid transporter (SNAT) 2 was elevated 9-fold. In contrast, MVM protein expression of GLUT 3 or SNAT4 was unaltered. These data suggest that up-regulation of specific placental nutrient transporter isoforms constitute a mechanism linking maternal high-fat diet and obesity to fetal overgrowth.
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Affiliation(s)
- Helen N Jones
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, College of Medicine, University of Cincinnati, 231 Albert Sabin Way, Cincinnati OH 45267, USA.
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Abstract
Fetal growth is primarily determined by nutrient availability, which is intimately related to placental nutrient transport. Detailed information on the regulation of placental nutrient transporters is therefore critical in order to understand the mechanisms underlying altered fetal growth and fetal programming. After briefly summarizing the cellular mechanisms for placental transport of glucose, amino acids and free fatty acids, we will discuss factors shown to regulate placental nutrient transporters and review the data describing how these factors are altered in pregnancy complications associated with abnormal fetal growth. We propose an integrated model of regulation of placental nutrient transport by maternal and placental factors in IUGR.
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Affiliation(s)
- H N Jones
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Cincinnati, College of Medicine, 231 Albert B Sabin Way, Cincinnati, OH 45267, USA.
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35
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Jones HN, Ashworth CJ, Page KR, McArdle HJ. Expression and adaptive regulation of amino acid transport system A in a placental cell line under amino acid restriction. Reproduction 2006; 131:951-60. [PMID: 16672359 DOI: 10.1530/rep.1.00808] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
Trans-placental transport of amino acids is vital for the developing fetus. Using the BeWo cell line as a placental model, we investigated the effect of restricting amino acid availability on amino acid transport system type A. BeWo cells were cultured either in amino acid-depleted (without non-essential amino acids) or control media for 1, 3, 5 or 6 h. System A function was analysed using alpha(methyl-amino)isobutyric acid (MeAIB) transcellular transport studies. Transporter (sodium coupled neutral amino acid transporter (SNAT1/2)) expression was analysed at mRNA and protein level by Northern and Western blotting respectively. Localisation was carried out using immunocytochemistry. MeAIB transcellular transport was significantly (P < 0.05) increased by incubation of the cells in amino acid-depleted medium for 1 h, and longer incubation times caused further increases in the rate of transfer. However, the initial response was not accompanied by an increase in SNAT2 mRNA; this occurred only after 3 h and further increased for the rest of the 6-h incubation. Similarly, it took several hours for a significant increase in SNAT2 protein expression. In contrast, relocalisation of existing SNAT2 transporters occurred within 30 min of amino acid restriction and continued throughout the 6-h incubation. When the cells were incubated in medium with even lower amino acid levels (without non-essential plus 0.5 x essential amino acids), SNAT2 mRNA levels showed further significant (P < 0.0001) up-regulation. However, incubation of cells in depleted medium for 6 h caused a significant (P = 0.014) decrease in the expression of SNAT1 mRNA. System L type amino acid transporter 2 (LAT2) expression was not changed by amino acid restriction, indicating that the responses seen in the system A transporters were not a general cell response. These data have shown that placental cells adapt in vitro to nutritional stress and have identified the physiological, biochemical and genomic mechanisms involved.
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Affiliation(s)
- H N Jones
- Maternal-Fetal Physiology, Rowett Research Institute, Greenburn Road, Bucksburn, Aberdeen AB21 9SB, UK
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Jones HN, Ashworth CJ, Page KR, McArdle HJ. Cortisol stimulates system A amino acid transport and SNAT2 expression in a human placental cell line (BeWo). Am J Physiol Endocrinol Metab 2006; 291:E596-603. [PMID: 16621896 DOI: 10.1152/ajpendo.00359.2005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Both placental system A activity and fetal plasma cortisol concentrations are associated with intrauterine growth retardation, but it is not known if these factors are mechanistically related. Previous functional studies using hepatoma cells and fibroblasts produced conflicting results regarding the regulation of system A by cortisol. Using the b30 BeWo choriocarcinoma cell line, we investigated the regulation of system A by cortisol. System A function was analyzed using methyl amino isobutyric acid (MeAIB) transcellular transport studies. Transporter expression [system A transporter (SNAT)1/2] was studied at the mRNA and protein levels using Northern and Western blotting, respectively. Localization was carried out using immunocytochemistry. The [(14)C]MeAIB transfer rate across BeWo monolayers after preincubation with cortisol for 24 h was significantly increased compared with control. This was associated with a relocalization of the SNAT2 transporter at lower cortisol levels and significant upregulation of mRNA and protein expression levels at cortisol levels >1 microM. This is the first study to show functional and molecular regulation of system A by cortisol in BeWo cells. It is also the first study to identify which system A isoform is regulated. These results suggest that cortisol may be involved in upregulation of system A in the placenta to ensure sufficient amino acid supply to the developing fetus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Helen N Jones
- Maternal-Fetal Physiology, Rowett Research Institute, Aberdeen, AB21 9SB, UK
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Affiliation(s)
- H N Jones
- Bacteriological Laboratory of Syracuse University and the Department of Forest Chemistry of the New York State College of Forestry
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Jones HN. A Simple Method for the Elimination of Protozoa from Mixed Cultures of Bacteria. Science 1916; 43:68-9. [PMID: 17768993 DOI: 10.1126/science.43.1098.68] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/02/2022]
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