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Swanson KA, Nguyen KL, Gupta S, Ricard J, Bethea JR. TNFR1/p38αMAPK signaling in Nex + supraspinal neurons regulates estrogen-dependent chronic neuropathic pain. Brain Behav Immun 2024; 119:261-271. [PMID: 38570102 PMCID: PMC11162907 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbi.2024.03.050] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2023] [Revised: 03/26/2024] [Accepted: 03/30/2024] [Indexed: 04/05/2024] Open
Abstract
Upregulation of soluble tumor necrosis factor (sTNF) cytokine signaling through TNF receptor 1 (TNFR1) and subsequent neuronal hyperexcitability are observed in both animal models and human chronic neuropathic pain (CNP). Previously, we have shown that estrogen modulates sTNF/TNFR1 signaling in CNP, which may contribute to female prevalence of CNP. The estrogen-dependent role of TNFR1-mediated supraspinal neuronal circuitry in CNP remains unknown. In this study, we interrogated the intersect between supraspinal TNFR1 mediated neuronal signaling and sex specificity by selectively removing TNFR1 in Nex + neurons in adult mice (NexCreERT2::TNFR1f/f). We determined that mechanical hypersensitivity induced by chronic constriction injury (CCI) decreases over time in males, but not in females. Subsequently, we investigated two downstream pathways, p38MAPK and NF-κB, important in TNFR1 signaling and injury response. We detected p38MAPK and NF-κB activation in male cortical tissue; however, p38MAPK phosphorylation was reduced in NexCreERT2::TNFR1f/f males. We observed a similar recovery from acute pain in male mice following CCI when p38αMAPK was knocked out of supraspinal Nex + neurons (NexCreERT2::p38αMAPKf/f), while chronic pain developed in female mice. To explore the intersection between estrogen and inflammation in CNP we used a combination therapy of an estrogen receptor β (ER β) inhibitor with a sTNF/TNFR1 or general p38MAPK inhibitor. We determined both combination therapies lends therapeutic relief to females following CCI comparable to the response evaluated in male mice. These data suggest that TNFR1/p38αMAPK signaling in Nex + neurons in CNP is male-specific and lack of therapeutic efficacy following sTNF inhibition in females is due to ER β interference. These studies highlight sex-specific differences in pathways important to pain chronification and elucidate potential therapeutic strategies that would be effective in both sexes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kathryn A Swanson
- Department of Biology, Drexel University, Papadakis Integrated Science Building, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Kayla L Nguyen
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, The George Washington University School of Medicine and Health Sciences, Ross Hall, 2300 I (Eye) St NW, Rm.530A, Washington, D.C 20052, USA.
| | - Shruti Gupta
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, The George Washington University School of Medicine and Health Sciences, Ross Hall, 2300 I (Eye) St NW, Rm.530A, Washington, D.C 20052, USA
| | - Jerome Ricard
- Department of Biology, Drexel University, Papadakis Integrated Science Building, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - John R Bethea
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, The George Washington University School of Medicine and Health Sciences, Ross Hall, 2300 I (Eye) St NW, Rm.530A, Washington, D.C 20052, USA.
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2
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Bracchi-Ricard V, Nguyen K, Ricci D, Gaudette B, Henao-Meija J, Brambilla R, Martynyuk T, Gidalevitz T, Allman D, Bethea JR, Argon Y. Increased activity of IRE1 improves the clinical presentation of EAE. FASEB J 2023; 37:e23283. [PMID: 37983957 PMCID: PMC10662669 DOI: 10.1096/fj.202300769rr] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2023] [Revised: 10/03/2023] [Accepted: 10/17/2023] [Indexed: 11/22/2023]
Abstract
Activation of the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress sensor inositol-requiring enzyme-1α (IRE1α) contributes to neuronal development and is known to induce neuronal remodeling in vitro and in vivo. On the contrary, excessive IRE1 activity is often detrimental and may contribute to neurodegeneration. To determine the consequences of increased activation of IRE1α, we used a mouse model expressing a C148S variant of IRE1α with increased and sustained activation. Surprisingly, the mutation did not affect the differentiation of highly secretory antibody-producing cells but exhibited a beneficial effect in a mouse model of experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE). Although mechanical allodynia was unaffected, significant improvement in motor function was found in IRE1C148S mice with EAE relative to wild type (WT) mice. Coincident with this improvement, there was reduced microgliosis in the spinal cord of IRE1C148S mice, with reduced expression of proinflammatory cytokine genes. This was accompanied by reduced axonal degeneration and enhanced 2',3'-cyclic nucleotide 3'-phosphodiesterase (CNPase) levels, suggesting improved myelin integrity. Interestingly, while the IRE1C148S mutation is expressed in all cells, the reduction in proinflammatory cytokines and in the microglial activation marker ionized calcium-binding adapter molecule (IBA1), along with preservation of phagocytic gene expression, all point to microglia as the cell type contributing to the clinical improvement in IRE1C148S animals. Our data suggest that sustained increase in IRE1α activity can be beneficial in vivo, and that this protection is cell type and context dependent. Considering the overwhelming but conflicting evidence for the role of ER stress in neurological diseases, a better understanding of the function of ER stress sensors in physiological contexts is clearly needed.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Kayla Nguyen
- Department of Biology, Drexel University, Philadelphia, PA
| | - Daniela Ricci
- Department of Pathology and Lab Medicine, The Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia and the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Brian Gaudette
- Department of Pathology and Lab Medicine, the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Jorge Henao-Meija
- Department of Pathology and Lab Medicine, The Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia and the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Roberta Brambilla
- The Miami Project to Cure Paralysis, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL, USA
- Department of Neurobiology Research, Institute of Molecular Medicine, University of Southern Denmark, 5000 Odense, Denmark
- BRIDGE - Brain Research - Inter-Disciplinary Guided Excellence, Department of Clinical Research, University of Southern Denmark, 5000 Odense, Denmark
| | | | | | - David Allman
- Department of Pathology and Lab Medicine, the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - John R. Bethea
- Department of Biology, Drexel University, Philadelphia, PA
| | - Yair Argon
- Department of Pathology and Lab Medicine, The Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia and the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
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3
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Bracchi-Ricard V, Nguyen K, Ricci D, Gaudette B, Henao-Meija J, Brambilla R, Martynyuk T, Gidalevitz T, Allman D, Bethea JR, Argon Y. Increased activity of IRE1 improves the clinical presentation of EAE. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2023:2023.04.19.537391. [PMID: 37131811 PMCID: PMC10153167 DOI: 10.1101/2023.04.19.537391] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
Activation of the ER stress sensor IRE1α contributes to neuronal development and is known to induce neuronal remodeling in vitro and in vivo. On the other hand, excessive IRE1 activity is often detrimental and may contribute to neurodegeneration. To determine the consequences of increased activation of IRE1α, we used a mouse model expressing a C148S variant of IRE1α with increased and sustained activation. Surprisingly, the mutation did not affect the differentiation of highly secretory antibody-producing cells, but exhibited a strong protective effect in a mouse model of experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE). Significant improvement in motor function was found in IRE1C148S mice with EAE relative to WT mice. Coincident with this improvement, there was reduced microgliosis in the spinal cord of IRE1C148S mice, with reduced expression of pro-inflammatory cytokine genes. This was accompanied by reduced axonal degeneration and enhanced CNPase levels, suggestiing improved myelin integrity. Interestingly, while the IRE1C148S mutation is expressed in all cells, the reduction in proinflammatory cytokines and in the activation of microglial activation marker IBA1, along with preservation of phagocytic gene expression, all point to microglia as the cell type contributing to the clinical improvement in IRE1C148S animals. Our data suggest that sustained increase in IRE1α activity can be protective in vivo, and that this protection is cell type and context dependent. Considering the overwhelming but conflicting evidence for the role of the ER stress in neurological diseases, a better understanding of the function of ER stress sensors in physiological contexts is clearly needed.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Kayla Nguyen
- Department of Biology, Drexel University, Philadelphia, PA
| | - Daniela Ricci
- Department of Pathology and Lab Medicine, The Children's Hospital of Philadelphia and the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Brian Gaudette
- Department of Pathology and Lab Medicine, the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Jorge Henao-Meija
- Department of Pathology and Lab Medicine, The Children's Hospital of Philadelphia and the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Roberta Brambilla
- The Miami Project to Cure Paralysis, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL, USA
- Department of Neurobiology Research, Institute of Molecular Medicine, University of Southern Denmark, 5000 Odense, Denmark
- BRIDGE - Brain Research - Inter-Disciplinary Guided Excellence, Department of Clinical Research, University of Southern Denmark, 5000 Odense, Denmark
| | | | | | - David Allman
- Department of Pathology and Lab Medicine, the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - John R Bethea
- Department of Biology, Drexel University, Philadelphia, PA
| | - Yair Argon
- Department of Pathology and Lab Medicine, The Children's Hospital of Philadelphia and the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
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4
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Alvarez-Sanchez N, Dunn SE. Potential biological contributers to the sex difference in multiple sclerosis progression. Front Immunol 2023; 14:1175874. [PMID: 37122747 PMCID: PMC10140530 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2023.1175874] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2023] [Accepted: 04/03/2023] [Indexed: 05/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Multiple sclerosis (MS) is an immune-mediated disease that targets the myelin sheath of central nervous system (CNS) neurons leading to axon injury, neuronal death, and neurological progression. Though women are more highly susceptible to developing MS, men that develop this disease exhibit greater cognitive impairment and accumulate disability more rapidly than women. Magnetic resonance imaging and pathology studies have revealed that the greater neurological progression seen in males correlates with chronic immune activation and increased iron accumulation at the rims of chronic white matter lesions as well as more intensive whole brain and grey matter atrophy and axon loss. Studies in humans and in animal models of MS suggest that male aged microglia do not have a higher propensity for inflammation, but may become more re-active at the rim of white matter lesions as a result of the presence of pro-inflammatory T cells, greater astrocyte activation or iron release from oligodendrocytes in the males. There is also evidence that remyelination is more efficient in aged female than aged male rodents and that male neurons are more susceptible to oxidative and nitrosative stress. Both sex chromosome complement and sex hormones contribute to these sex differences in biology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nuria Alvarez-Sanchez
- Keenan Research Centre for Biomedical Science, St. Michael’s Hospital, Toronto, ON, Canada
- Department of Immunology, 1 King’s College Circle, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Shannon E. Dunn
- Keenan Research Centre for Biomedical Science, St. Michael’s Hospital, Toronto, ON, Canada
- Department of Immunology, 1 King’s College Circle, Toronto, ON, Canada
- Women's College Research Institute, Women's College Hospital, Toronto, ON, Canada
- *Correspondence: Shannon E. Dunn,
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5
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Holban AM, Gregoire CM, Gestal MC. Conquering the host: Bordetella spp. and Pseudomonas aeruginosa molecular regulators in lung infection. Front Microbiol 2022; 13:983149. [PMID: 36225372 PMCID: PMC9549215 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2022.983149] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2022] [Accepted: 08/17/2022] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
Abstract
When bacteria sense cues from the host environment, stress responses are activated. Two component systems, sigma factors, small RNAs, ppGpp stringent response, and chaperones start coordinate the expression of virulence factors or immunomodulators to allow bacteria to respond. Although, some of these are well studied, such as the two-component systems, the contribution of other regulators, such as sigma factors or ppGpp, is increasingly gaining attention. Pseudomonas aeruginosa is the gold standard pathogen for studying the molecular mechanisms to sense and respond to environmental cues. Bordetella spp., on the other hand, is a microbial model for studying host-pathogen interactions at the molecular level. These two pathogens have the ability to colonize the lungs of patients with chronic diseases, suggesting that they have the potential to share a niche and interact. However, the molecular networks that facilitate adaptation of Bordetella spp. to cues are unclear. Here, we offer a side-by-side comparison of what is known about these diverse molecular mechanisms that bacteria utilize to counteract host immune responses, while highlighting the relatively unexplored interactions between them.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alina M. Holban
- Research Institute of the University of Bucharest (ICUB), Bucharest, Romania
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Biology, University of Bucharest, Bucharest, Romania
| | - Courtney M. Gregoire
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Louisiana State University Health Science Center, Shreveport, LA, United States
| | - Monica C. Gestal
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Louisiana State University Health Science Center, Shreveport, LA, United States
- *Correspondence: Monica C. Gestal, ;
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6
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Kwilasz AJ, Clements MA, Larson TA, Harris KM, Litwiler ST, Woodall BJ, Todd LS, Schrama AEW, Mitten EH, Maier SF, Van Dam AM, Rice KC, Watkins LR. Involvement of TLR2-TLR4, NLRP3, and IL-17 in pain induced by a novel Sprague-Dawley rat model of experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis. FRONTIERS IN PAIN RESEARCH 2022; 3:932530. [PMID: 36176709 PMCID: PMC9513159 DOI: 10.3389/fpain.2022.932530] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2022] [Accepted: 08/10/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Up to 92% of patients suffering from multiple sclerosis (MS) experience pain, most without adequate treatment, and many report pain long before motor symptoms associated with MS diagnosis. In the most commonly studied rodent model of MS, experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE), motor impairments/disabilities caused by EAE can interfere with pain testing. In this study, we characterize a novel low-dose myelin-oligodendrocyte-glycoprotein (MOG)-induced Sprague-Dawley (SD) model of EAE-related pain in male rats, optimized to minimize motor impairments/disabilities. Adult male SD rats were treated with increasing doses of intradermal myelin-oligodendrocyte-glycoprotein (MOG1-125) (0, 4, 8, and 16 μg) in incomplete Freund's adjuvant (IFA) vehicle to induce mild EAE. Von Frey testing and motor assessments were conducted prior to EAE induction and then weekly thereafter to assess EAE-induced pain and motor impairment. Results from these studies demonstrated that doses of 8 and 16 μg MOG1-125 were sufficient to produce stable mechanical allodynia for up to 1 month in the absence of hindpaw motor impairments/disabilities. In the follow-up studies, these doses of MOG1-125, were administered to create allodynia in the absence of confounded motor impairments. Then, 2 weeks later, rats began daily subcutaneous injections of the Toll-like receptor 2 and 4 (TLR2-TLR4) antagonist (+)-naltrexone [(+)-NTX] or saline for an additional 13 days. We found that (+)-NTX also reverses EAE-induced mechanical allodynia in the MOG-induced SD rat model of EAE, supporting parallels between models, but now allowing a protracted timecourse to be examined completely free of motor confounds. Exploring further mechanisms, we demonstrated that both spinal NOD-like receptor protein 3 (NLRP3) and interleukin-17 (IL-17) are necessary for EAE-induced pain, as intrathecal injections of NLRP3 antagonist MCC950 and IL-17 neutralizing antibody both acutely reversed EAE-induced pain. Finally, we show that spinal glial immunoreactivity induced by EAE is reversed by (+)-NTX, and that spinal demyelination correlates with the severity of motor impairments/disabilities. These findings characterize an optimized MOG-induced SD rat model of EAE for the study of pain with minimal motor impairments/disabilities. Finally, these studies support the role of TLR2-TLR4 antagonists as a potential treatment for MS-related pain and other pain and inflammatory-related disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew J. Kwilasz
- Department of Psychology and Neuroscience, University of Colorado, Boulder, CO, United States
- The Center for Neuroscience, University of Colorado, Boulder, CO, United States
| | - Madison A. Clements
- Department of Psychology and Neuroscience, University of Colorado, Boulder, CO, United States
- The Center for Neuroscience, University of Colorado, Boulder, CO, United States
| | - Tracey A. Larson
- Department of Psychology and Neuroscience, University of Colorado, Boulder, CO, United States
- The Center for Neuroscience, University of Colorado, Boulder, CO, United States
| | - Kevin M. Harris
- Department of Psychology and Neuroscience, University of Colorado, Boulder, CO, United States
- The Center for Neuroscience, University of Colorado, Boulder, CO, United States
| | - Scott T. Litwiler
- Department of Psychology and Neuroscience, University of Colorado, Boulder, CO, United States
- The Center for Neuroscience, University of Colorado, Boulder, CO, United States
| | - Brodie J. Woodall
- Department of Psychology and Neuroscience, University of Colorado, Boulder, CO, United States
- The Center for Neuroscience, University of Colorado, Boulder, CO, United States
| | - Laurel S. Todd
- Department of Psychology and Neuroscience, University of Colorado, Boulder, CO, United States
- The Center for Neuroscience, University of Colorado, Boulder, CO, United States
| | - Anouk E. W. Schrama
- Department of Psychology and Neuroscience, University of Colorado, Boulder, CO, United States
- The Center for Neuroscience, University of Colorado, Boulder, CO, United States
| | - Eric H. Mitten
- Department of Psychology and Neuroscience, University of Colorado, Boulder, CO, United States
- The Center for Neuroscience, University of Colorado, Boulder, CO, United States
| | - Steven F. Maier
- Department of Psychology and Neuroscience, University of Colorado, Boulder, CO, United States
- The Center for Neuroscience, University of Colorado, Boulder, CO, United States
| | - Anne-Marie Van Dam
- Department of Anatomy and Neuroscience, Amsterdam UMC, Vrije Universiteit, Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - Kenner C. Rice
- Drug Design and Synthesis Section, National Institute on Drug Abuse and National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, United States
| | - Linda R. Watkins
- Department of Psychology and Neuroscience, University of Colorado, Boulder, CO, United States
- The Center for Neuroscience, University of Colorado, Boulder, CO, United States
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7
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Immune Cell Contributors to the Female Sex Bias in Multiple Sclerosis and Experimental Autoimmune Encephalomyelitis. Curr Top Behav Neurosci 2022; 62:333-373. [PMID: 35467295 DOI: 10.1007/7854_2022_324] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
Multiple sclerosis (MS) is a chronic, autoimmune, demyelinating disease of the central nervous system (CNS) that leads to axonal damage and accumulation of disability. Relapsing-remitting MS (RR-MS) is the most frequent presentation of MS and this form of MS is three times more prevalent in females than in males. This female bias in MS is apparent only after puberty, suggesting a role for sex hormones in this regulation; however, very little is known of the biological mechanisms that underpin the sex difference in MS onset. Experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE) is an animal model of RR-MS that presents more severely in females in certain mouse strains and thus has been useful to study sex differences in CNS autoimmunity. Here, we overview the immunopathogenesis of MS and EAE and how immune mechanisms in these diseases differ between a male and female. We further describe how females exhibit more robust myelin-specific T helper (Th) 1 immunity in MS and EAE and how this sex bias in Th cells is conveyed by sex hormone effects on the T cells, antigen presenting cells, regulatory T cells, and innate lymphoid cell populations.
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8
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Maguire AD, Bethea JR, Kerr BJ. TNFα in MS and Its Animal Models: Implications for Chronic Pain in the Disease. Front Neurol 2021; 12:780876. [PMID: 34938263 PMCID: PMC8686517 DOI: 10.3389/fneur.2021.780876] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2021] [Accepted: 11/15/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Multiple Sclerosis (MS) is a debilitating autoimmune disease often accompanied by severe chronic pain. The most common type of pain in MS, called neuropathic pain, arises from disease processes affecting the peripheral and central nervous systems. It is incredibly difficult to study these processes in patients, so animal models such as experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE) mice are used to dissect the complex mechanisms of neuropathic pain in MS. The pleiotropic cytokine tumor necrosis factor α (TNFα) is a critical factor mediating neuropathic pain identified by these animal studies. The TNF signaling pathway is complex, and can lead to cell death, inflammation, or survival. In complex diseases such as MS, signaling through the TNFR1 receptor tends to be pro-inflammation and death, whereas signaling through the TNFR2 receptor is pro-homeostatic. However, most TNFα-targeted therapies indiscriminately block both arms of the pathway, and thus are not therapeutic in MS. This review explores pain in MS, inflammatory TNF signaling, the link between the two, and how it could be exploited to develop more effective TNFα-targeting pain therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aislinn D Maguire
- Neuroscience and Mental Health Institute, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada
| | | | - Bradley J Kerr
- Neuroscience and Mental Health Institute, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada.,Department of Pharmacology, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada.,Department of Anesthesiology and Pain Medicine, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada
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9
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Segal JP, Phillips S, Dubois RM, Silva JR, Haird CM, Gale D, Hopman WM, Gallivan J, Gilron I, Ghasemlou N. Weight bearing as a measure of disease progression in experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis. J Neuroimmunol 2021; 361:577730. [PMID: 34628133 DOI: 10.1016/j.jneuroim.2021.577730] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2021] [Revised: 09/21/2021] [Accepted: 09/27/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
Motor disability in multiple sclerosis is often modeled using experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE) and assessed using the clinical score (CS), an observer-dependent tool that can lead to potential bias. The Advanced Dynamic Weight Bearing (ADWB) system was evaluated as an observer-independent measurement of EAE symptoms. ADWB detected weight shifts onto the front paws as mice develop hindlimb motor disability. CS and ADWB were strongly correlated, indicated that these measures are comparable and suggesting that ADWB may be an appropriate observer-independent tool for the assessment of EAE progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julia P Segal
- Department of Biomedical & Molecular Sciences, Queen's University, Kingston, Ontario, Canada
| | - Sarah Phillips
- Department of Biomedical & Molecular Sciences, Queen's University, Kingston, Ontario, Canada
| | - Rosalin M Dubois
- Department of Biomedical & Molecular Sciences, Queen's University, Kingston, Ontario, Canada
| | - Jaqueline R Silva
- Department of Biomedical & Molecular Sciences, Queen's University, Kingston, Ontario, Canada
| | - Cortney M Haird
- Department of Biomedical & Molecular Sciences, Queen's University, Kingston, Ontario, Canada
| | - Daniel Gale
- Department of Biomedical & Molecular Sciences, Queen's University, Kingston, Ontario, Canada; Centre for Neuroscience Studies, Queen's University, Kingston, Ontario, Canada
| | - Wilma M Hopman
- Clinical Research Centre, Kingston Health Sciences Centre, Kingston, Ontario, Canada
| | - Jason Gallivan
- Department of Biomedical & Molecular Sciences, Queen's University, Kingston, Ontario, Canada; Centre for Neuroscience Studies, Queen's University, Kingston, Ontario, Canada; Department of Psychology, Queen's University, Kingston, Ontario, Canada
| | - Ian Gilron
- Department of Biomedical & Molecular Sciences, Queen's University, Kingston, Ontario, Canada; Centre for Neuroscience Studies, Queen's University, Kingston, Ontario, Canada; Department of Anesthesiology & Perioperative Medicine, Kingston Health Sciences Centre, Kingston, Ontario, Canada
| | - Nader Ghasemlou
- Department of Biomedical & Molecular Sciences, Queen's University, Kingston, Ontario, Canada; Centre for Neuroscience Studies, Queen's University, Kingston, Ontario, Canada; Department of Anesthesiology & Perioperative Medicine, Kingston Health Sciences Centre, Kingston, Ontario, Canada.
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10
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Chen J, Li LF, Hu XR, Wei F, Ma S. Network Pharmacology-Based Strategy for Elucidating the Molecular Basis Forthe Pharmacologic Effects of Licorice ( Glycyrrhiza spp.). Front Pharmacol 2021; 12:590477. [PMID: 33995004 PMCID: PMC8114075 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2021.590477] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2020] [Accepted: 04/06/2021] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Licorice (Glycyrrhiza spp.) is used widely in traditional Chinese medicine (TCM) due to its numerous pharmacologic effects. However, the mechanisms of action of the chemical constituents of licorice and their structure–function relationships are not fully understood. To address these points, we analyzed the chemical compounds in licorice listed in the TCM Systems Pharmacology database and TCM Integrated database. Target proteins of the compounds were predicted using Integrative Pharmacology-based Research Platform of TCM v2.0. Information on the pharmacologic effects of licorice was obtained from the 2020 Chinese Pharmacopoeia, and disease-related genes that have been linked to these effects were identified from the Encyclopedia of TCM database. Pathway analyses using the Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes database were carried out for target proteins, and pharmacologic networks were constructed based on drug target–disease-related gene and protein–protein interactions. A total of 451 compounds were analyzed, of which 211 were from the medicinal parts of the licorice plant. The 241 putative targets of 106 bioactive compounds in licorice comprised 52 flavonoids, 47 triterpenoids, and seven coumarins. Four distinct pharmacologic effects of licorice were defined: 61 major hubs were the putative targets of 23 compounds in heat-clearing and detoxifying effects; 68 were targets of six compounds in spleen-invigorating and qi-replenishing effects; 28 were targets of six compounds in phlegm-expulsion and cough-suppressant effects; 25 compounds were targets of six compounds in spasm-relieving and analgesic effects. The major bioactive compounds of licorice were identified by ultra-high-performance liquid chromatography–quadrupole time-of-flight–tandem mass spectrometry. The anti-inflammatory properties of liquiritin apioside, liquiritigenin, glycyrrhizic acid and isoliquiritin apioside were demonstrated by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) and Western blot analysis. Liquiritin apioside, liquiritigenin, isoliquiritin, isoliquiritin apioside, kaempferol, and kumatakenin were the main active flavonoids, and 18α- and 18β-glycyrrhetinic acid were the main active triterpenoids of licorice. The former were associated with heat-clearing and detoxifying effects, whereas the latter were implicated in the other three pharmacologic effects. Thus, the compounds in licorice have distinct pharmacologic effects according to their chemical structure. These results provide a reference for investigating the potential of licorice in treatment of various diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jia Chen
- School of Chinese Materia Medica, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, China.,Institute for Control of Chinese Traditional Medicine and Ethnic Medicine (ICCTMEM), National Institutes for Food and Drug Control (NIFDC), Beijing, China
| | - Lin-Fu Li
- College of Pharmacy, Gannan Medical University, Ganzhou, China
| | - Xiao-Ru Hu
- Institute for Control of Chinese Traditional Medicine and Ethnic Medicine (ICCTMEM), National Institutes for Food and Drug Control (NIFDC), Beijing, China
| | - Feng Wei
- Institute for Control of Chinese Traditional Medicine and Ethnic Medicine (ICCTMEM), National Institutes for Food and Drug Control (NIFDC), Beijing, China
| | - Shuangcheng Ma
- School of Chinese Materia Medica, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, China.,Institute for Control of Chinese Traditional Medicine and Ethnic Medicine (ICCTMEM), National Institutes for Food and Drug Control (NIFDC), Beijing, China
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11
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Microglial Pruning: Relevance for Synaptic Dysfunction in Multiple Sclerosis and Related Experimental Models. Cells 2021; 10:cells10030686. [PMID: 33804596 PMCID: PMC8003660 DOI: 10.3390/cells10030686] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2021] [Revised: 03/12/2021] [Accepted: 03/17/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Microglia, besides being able to react rapidly to a wide range of environmental changes, are also involved in shaping neuronal wiring. Indeed, they actively participate in the modulation of neuronal function by regulating the elimination (or “pruning”) of weaker synapses in both physiologic and pathologic processes. Mounting evidence supports their crucial role in early synaptic loss, which is emerging as a hallmark of several neurodegenerative diseases, including multiple sclerosis (MS) and its preclinical models. MS is an inflammatory, immune-mediated pathology of the white matter in which demyelinating lesions may cause secondary neuronal death. Nevertheless, primitive grey matter (GM) damage is emerging as an important contributor to patients’ long-term disability, since it has been associated with early and progressive cognitive decline (CD), which seriously worsens the quality of life of MS patients. Widespread synapse loss even in the absence of demyelination, axon degeneration and neuronal death has been demonstrated in different GM structures, thus raising the possibility that synaptic dysfunction could be an early and possibly independent event in the neurodegenerative process associated with MS. This review provides an overview of microglial-dependent synapse elimination in the neuroinflammatory process that underlies MS and its experimental models.
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12
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Kwilasz AJ, Green Fulgham SM, Duran-Malle JC, Schrama AEW, Mitten EH, Todd LS, Patel HP, Larson TA, Clements MA, Harris KM, Litwiler ST, Harvey LO, Maier SF, Chavez RA, Rice KC, Van Dam AM, Watkins LR. Toll-like receptor 2 and 4 antagonism for the treatment of experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE)-related pain. Brain Behav Immun 2021; 93:80-95. [PMID: 33358978 PMCID: PMC8475740 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbi.2020.12.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2020] [Revised: 12/07/2020] [Accepted: 12/16/2020] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Neuropathic pain is a major symptom of multiple sclerosis (MS) with up to 92% of patients reporting bodily pain, and 85% reporting pain severe enough to cause functional disability. None of the available therapeutics target MS pain. Toll-like receptors 2 and 4 (TLR2/TLR4) have emerged as targets for treating a wide array of autoimmune disorders, including MS, as well as having demonstrated success at suppressing pain in diverse animal models. The current series of studies tested systemic TLR2/TLR4 antagonists in males and females in a low-dose Myelin oligodendrocyte glycoprotein (MOG) experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE) model, with reduced motor dysfunction to allow unconfounded testing of allodynia through 50+ days post-MOG. The data demonstrated that blocking TLR2/TLR4 suppressed EAE-related pain, equally in males and females; upregulation of dorsal spinal cord proinflammatory gene expression for TLR2, TLR4, NLRP3, interleukin-1β, IkBα, TNF-α and interleukin-17; and upregulation of dorsal spinal cord expression of glial immunoreactivity markers. In support of these results, intrathecal interleukin-1 receptor antagonist reversed EAE-induced allodynia, both early and late after EAE induction. In contrast, blocking TLR2/TLR4 did not suppress EAE-induced motor disturbances induced by a higher MOG dose. These data suggest that blocking TLR2/TLR4 prevents the production of proinflammatory factors involved in low dose EAE pathology. Moreover, in this EAE model, TLR2/TLR4 antagonists were highly effective in reducing pain, whereas motor impairment, as seen in high dose MOG EAE, is not affected.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew J Kwilasz
- Department of Psychology and Neuroscience, University of Colorado, Boulder, CO, United States; The Center for Neuroscience, University of Colorado, Boulder, CO, United States.
| | - Suzanne M Green Fulgham
- Department of Psychology and Neuroscience, University of Colorado, Boulder, CO, United States; The Center for Neuroscience, University of Colorado, Boulder, CO, United States
| | - Julissa Chante Duran-Malle
- Department of Psychology and Neuroscience, University of Colorado, Boulder, CO, United States; The Center for Neuroscience, University of Colorado, Boulder, CO, United States
| | - Anouk E W Schrama
- Department of Psychology and Neuroscience, University of Colorado, Boulder, CO, United States; The Center for Neuroscience, University of Colorado, Boulder, CO, United States
| | - Eric H Mitten
- Department of Psychology and Neuroscience, University of Colorado, Boulder, CO, United States; The Center for Neuroscience, University of Colorado, Boulder, CO, United States
| | - Laurel S Todd
- Department of Psychology and Neuroscience, University of Colorado, Boulder, CO, United States; The Center for Neuroscience, University of Colorado, Boulder, CO, United States
| | - Hardik P Patel
- Department of Psychology and Neuroscience, University of Colorado, Boulder, CO, United States; The Center for Neuroscience, University of Colorado, Boulder, CO, United States
| | - Tracey A Larson
- Department of Psychology and Neuroscience, University of Colorado, Boulder, CO, United States; The Center for Neuroscience, University of Colorado, Boulder, CO, United States
| | - Madison A Clements
- Department of Psychology and Neuroscience, University of Colorado, Boulder, CO, United States; The Center for Neuroscience, University of Colorado, Boulder, CO, United States
| | - Kevin M Harris
- Department of Psychology and Neuroscience, University of Colorado, Boulder, CO, United States; The Center for Neuroscience, University of Colorado, Boulder, CO, United States
| | - Scott T Litwiler
- Department of Psychology and Neuroscience, University of Colorado, Boulder, CO, United States; The Center for Neuroscience, University of Colorado, Boulder, CO, United States
| | - Lewis O Harvey
- Department of Psychology and Neuroscience, University of Colorado, Boulder, CO, United States; The Center for Neuroscience, University of Colorado, Boulder, CO, United States
| | - Steven F Maier
- Department of Psychology and Neuroscience, University of Colorado, Boulder, CO, United States; The Center for Neuroscience, University of Colorado, Boulder, CO, United States
| | | | - Kenner C Rice
- Drug Design and Synthesis Section, National Institute on Drug Abuse and National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, United States
| | - Anne-Marie Van Dam
- Department of Anatomy and Neuroscience, Amsterdam UMC, Vrije Universiteit, Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - Linda R Watkins
- Department of Psychology and Neuroscience, University of Colorado, Boulder, CO, United States; The Center for Neuroscience, University of Colorado, Boulder, CO, United States
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13
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Jafari M, Schumacher AM, Snaidero N, Ullrich Gavilanes EM, Neziraj T, Kocsis-Jutka V, Engels D, Jürgens T, Wagner I, Weidinger JDF, Schmidt SS, Beltrán E, Hagan N, Woodworth L, Ofengeim D, Gans J, Wolf F, Kreutzfeldt M, Portugues R, Merkler D, Misgeld T, Kerschensteiner M. Phagocyte-mediated synapse removal in cortical neuroinflammation is promoted by local calcium accumulation. Nat Neurosci 2021; 24:355-367. [PMID: 33495636 DOI: 10.1038/s41593-020-00780-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2019] [Accepted: 12/16/2020] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Abstract
Cortical pathology contributes to chronic cognitive impairment of patients suffering from the neuroinflammatory disease multiple sclerosis (MS). How such gray matter inflammation affects neuronal structure and function is not well understood. In the present study, we use functional and structural in vivo imaging in a mouse model of cortical MS to demonstrate that bouts of cortical inflammation disrupt cortical circuit activity coincident with a widespread, but transient, loss of dendritic spines. Spines destined for removal show local calcium accumulations and are subsequently removed by invading macrophages or activated microglia. Targeting phagocyte activation with a new antagonist of the colony-stimulating factor 1 receptor prevents cortical synapse loss. Overall, our study identifies synapse loss as a key pathological feature of inflammatory gray matter lesions that is amenable to immunomodulatory therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mehrnoosh Jafari
- Institute of Clinical Neuroimmunology, University Hospital, Ludwig-Maximilians University Munich, Munich, Germany.,Biomedical Center, Faculty of Medicine, Ludwig-Maximilians University Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Adrian-Minh Schumacher
- Institute of Clinical Neuroimmunology, University Hospital, Ludwig-Maximilians University Munich, Munich, Germany.,Biomedical Center, Faculty of Medicine, Ludwig-Maximilians University Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Nicolas Snaidero
- Institute of Clinical Neuroimmunology, University Hospital, Ludwig-Maximilians University Munich, Munich, Germany.,Institute of Neuronal Cell Biology, Technical University of Munich, Munich, Germany.,German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases, Munich, Germany
| | - Emily M Ullrich Gavilanes
- Institute of Clinical Neuroimmunology, University Hospital, Ludwig-Maximilians University Munich, Munich, Germany.,Biomedical Center, Faculty of Medicine, Ludwig-Maximilians University Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Tradite Neziraj
- Institute of Clinical Neuroimmunology, University Hospital, Ludwig-Maximilians University Munich, Munich, Germany.,Biomedical Center, Faculty of Medicine, Ludwig-Maximilians University Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Virág Kocsis-Jutka
- Institute of Clinical Neuroimmunology, University Hospital, Ludwig-Maximilians University Munich, Munich, Germany.,Biomedical Center, Faculty of Medicine, Ludwig-Maximilians University Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Daniel Engels
- Institute of Clinical Neuroimmunology, University Hospital, Ludwig-Maximilians University Munich, Munich, Germany.,Biomedical Center, Faculty of Medicine, Ludwig-Maximilians University Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Tanja Jürgens
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Ingrid Wagner
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Juan Daniel Flórez Weidinger
- Max Planck Institute for Dynamics and Self-Organization, Göttingen, Germany.,Bernstein Center for Computational Neuroscience, University of Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany.,Max Planck Institute for Experimental Medicine, Göttingen, Germany.,Center for Biostructural Imaging of Neurodegeneration, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Stephanie S Schmidt
- Institute of Clinical Neuroimmunology, University Hospital, Ludwig-Maximilians University Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Eduardo Beltrán
- Institute of Clinical Neuroimmunology, University Hospital, Ludwig-Maximilians University Munich, Munich, Germany.,Biomedical Center, Faculty of Medicine, Ludwig-Maximilians University Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Nellwyn Hagan
- Rare and Neurological Disease Research, Sanofi, Framingham, MA, USA
| | - Lisa Woodworth
- Rare and Neurological Disease Research, Sanofi, Framingham, MA, USA
| | - Dimitry Ofengeim
- Rare and Neurological Disease Research, Sanofi, Framingham, MA, USA
| | - Joseph Gans
- Translational Sciences Genomics, Sanofi, Framingham, MA, USA
| | - Fred Wolf
- Max Planck Institute for Dynamics and Self-Organization, Göttingen, Germany.,Bernstein Center for Computational Neuroscience, University of Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany.,Max Planck Institute for Experimental Medicine, Göttingen, Germany.,Center for Biostructural Imaging of Neurodegeneration, Göttingen, Germany.,Campus Institute for Dynamics of Biological Networks, University of Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Mario Kreutzfeldt
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland.,Division of Clinical Pathology, Geneva University Hospital, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Ruben Portugues
- Sensorimotor Control, Max Planck Institute of Neurobiology, Munich, Germany.,Munich Cluster for Systems Neurology (SyNergy), Munich, Germany
| | - Doron Merkler
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland. .,Division of Clinical Pathology, Geneva University Hospital, Geneva, Switzerland.
| | - Thomas Misgeld
- Institute of Neuronal Cell Biology, Technical University of Munich, Munich, Germany. .,German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases, Munich, Germany. .,Munich Cluster for Systems Neurology (SyNergy), Munich, Germany.
| | - Martin Kerschensteiner
- Institute of Clinical Neuroimmunology, University Hospital, Ludwig-Maximilians University Munich, Munich, Germany. .,Biomedical Center, Faculty of Medicine, Ludwig-Maximilians University Munich, Munich, Germany. .,Munich Cluster for Systems Neurology (SyNergy), Munich, Germany.
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14
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Wu R, Su Y, Yuan Q, Li L, Wuri J, Liu X, Yan T. Sex Effect on Cardiac Damage in Mice With Experimental Autoimmune Encephalomyelitis. ASN Neuro 2021; 13:1759091421991771. [PMID: 33541127 PMCID: PMC7868497 DOI: 10.1177/1759091421991771] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Multiple sclerosis (MS) is a chronic autoimmune disease of the central nervous system. Recent clinical study suggested that MS patient exhibited acute heart failure. Further, 12-lead electrocardiographic study showed a longer QTc interval in both MS patient and experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE) Lewis rat. However, there is limited study regarding the effect of sex on cardiac injury in EAE. To our knowledge, sex effect on cardiac damage in mice with EAE has not yet been published. Herein, we examined the role of the immune system in mediating cardiac dysfunction after EAE in female and male mice. Neurological function was subsequently evaluated and cardiac function was assessed by echocardiography at multiple time points after EAE. EAE mice exhibited severe neurological deficit and significant cardiac dysfunction, including decreased left ventricular ejection fraction (LVEF) and left ventricular fractional shortening (LVFS) at 1 and 2 months after EAE induction. Meanwhile male EAE presented increased expression of the oxidative stress (e.g., nicotinamaide adenine dinucleotide phosphate oxidase-2; NOX-2) in heart, as well as cardiac hypertrophy, increased left ventricle (LV) mass and more severe cardiac fibrosis compared with male control mice. In addition, male EAE mice showed significantly increased cardiac canonical inflammatory mediator (e.g., monocyte chemoattractant protein-1; MCP-1, transforming growth factor-β; TGF-β and toll-like receptor 2; TLR-2) compared with female EAE mice at 2 months after EAE induction. In conclusion, EAE increases inflammatory factor expression and aggravates cardiac dysfunction in male mice compared with female mice, which may contribute to different cardiac outcome in EAE mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruixia Wu
- Department of Geriatrics, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Tianjin, China
| | - Yue Su
- Department of Neurology, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Tianjin Neurological Institute, Key Laboratory of Post Neurotrauma Neurorepair and Regeneration in Central Nervous System, Ministry of Education and Tianjin City, Tianjin, China
| | - Quan Yuan
- Department of Neurology, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Tianjin Neurological Institute, Key Laboratory of Post Neurotrauma Neurorepair and Regeneration in Central Nervous System, Ministry of Education and Tianjin City, Tianjin, China
| | - Linlin Li
- Department of Geriatrics, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Tianjin, China
| | - Jimusi Wuri
- Department of Neurology, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Tianjin Neurological Institute, Key Laboratory of Post Neurotrauma Neurorepair and Regeneration in Central Nervous System, Ministry of Education and Tianjin City, Tianjin, China
| | - Xiaoxuan Liu
- Department of Neurology, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Tianjin Neurological Institute, Key Laboratory of Post Neurotrauma Neurorepair and Regeneration in Central Nervous System, Ministry of Education and Tianjin City, Tianjin, China
| | - Tao Yan
- Department of Neurology, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Tianjin Neurological Institute, Key Laboratory of Post Neurotrauma Neurorepair and Regeneration in Central Nervous System, Ministry of Education and Tianjin City, Tianjin, China
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