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Persistent Organic Pollutants and Fatty Acid Profile in a Typical Cheese from Extensive Farms: First Assessment of Human Exposure by Dietary Intake. Animals (Basel) 2022; 12:ani12243476. [PMID: 36552395 PMCID: PMC9774984 DOI: 10.3390/ani12243476] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2022] [Revised: 11/16/2022] [Accepted: 12/02/2022] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Dairy products represent an important source of beneficial substances for humans. At the same time, they can expose the consumers to environmental contaminants ingested by animals through their diet, influencing their health negatively. This experiment aims to evaluate the risk and benefits related to the consumption of typical stretched cheeses, considering their fatty acid (FA) profile and persistent organic pollutants (POPs) content. Six representative farms, two of them organic, raising Cinisara cattle were selected, considering the typical extensive management systems, based on feeding of natural pasture integrated with concentrate and hay depending on the availability of forage on pastures. A total of 18 cheeses produced in winter, spring and summer with bulk milk of each farm were sampled and analyzed. The chemical composition of cheeses was influenced by farm management, and the FA profile mainly by the season. In particular, cheeses made in spring showed a healthier FA profile with the content of polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA), of omega3-PUFA and omega6/omega3 ratio pair to 7.29%, 1.44% and 1.32, respectively, while in winter 5.44%, 0.98% and 2.55, respectively, and in summer 4.77% 0.49% and 3.04, respectively. Due to high levels of feeding integration, cheese made in winter presented unhealthier characteristics compared to the cheeses made in spring and summer, showing high levels of saturated FA (66.2%, 64.2% and 65.5%, respectively), and large contents of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAH) (57.07 ng/g fat, 36.25 ng/g fat and 10.22 ng/g fat, respectively) and polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) (36.19 ng/g fat, 4.68 ng/g fat and 3.73 ng/g fat, respectively), mainly in those from non-organic farms. Levels of PCBs considered to be hazardous to human health were found in nine samples.
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Kartalović B, Mastanjević K, Novakov N, Vranešević J, Ljubojević Pelić D, Puljić L, Habschied K. Organochlorine Pesticides and PCBs in Traditionally and Industrially Smoked Pork Meat Products from Bosnia and Herzegovina. Foods 2020; 9:E97. [PMID: 31963424 PMCID: PMC7022388 DOI: 10.3390/foods9010097] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/24/2019] [Revised: 01/13/2020] [Accepted: 01/15/2020] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
The aim of this study was to determine the concentration of 19 organochlorine pesticides (OCPs): (hexachlorocyclohexane (α-HCH, β-HCH, δ-HCH), lindane, aldrin, heptachlor, heptachlor epoxide, trans-chlordane, cis-chlordane, endosulfane I, endosulfane II, endosulfane sulfate, dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethane (DDT), dichlorodiphenyldichloroethylene (DDE), dieldrin, endrin, dichlorodiphenyldichloroethane (DDD), methoxychlor and endrin ketone and 6 polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) (PCB 28, PCB 52, PCB 101, PCB 153, PCB 138 and PCB 180). The samples were taken from pancetta, dry pork neck (budiola), pork tenderloin and sausages produced in Rakitno (Bosnia and Herzegovina), smoked in both a traditional smokehouse and in an industrial chamber. Instrumental analysis was performed using gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS). The reliability of the results, i.e., quality control is ensured by standard laboratory practice, which involves participation in proficiency test, the use of blank samples, reference materials and implementation of recommendations given by the relevant international organizations. The concentrations of α-HCH, lindane, PCB 28, PCB 52 and PCB 153 were detected and quantified. The concentrations of OCPs and PCBs did not significantly vary depending on product type and the conditions of production. All the examined samples were for human consumption.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brankica Kartalović
- Scientific Veterinary Institute Novi Sad, Rumenački put 20, 21000 Novi Sad, Serbia; (B.K.); (J.V.); (D.L.P.)
| | - Krešimir Mastanjević
- Faculty of Food technology, Josip Juraj Strossmayer University of Osijek, F. Kuhača 20, 31000 Osijek, Croatia;
| | - Nikolina Novakov
- Faculty of Agriculture Novi Sad, Trg Dositeja Obradovića 8, 21000 Novi Sad, Serbia;
| | - Jelena Vranešević
- Scientific Veterinary Institute Novi Sad, Rumenački put 20, 21000 Novi Sad, Serbia; (B.K.); (J.V.); (D.L.P.)
| | - Dragana Ljubojević Pelić
- Scientific Veterinary Institute Novi Sad, Rumenački put 20, 21000 Novi Sad, Serbia; (B.K.); (J.V.); (D.L.P.)
| | - Leona Puljić
- The Faculty of Agriculture and Food Technology (APTF) of the University of Mostar, Biskupa Čule bb, 88000 Mostar, Bosnia and Herzegovina;
| | - Kristina Habschied
- Faculty of Food technology, Josip Juraj Strossmayer University of Osijek, F. Kuhača 20, 31000 Osijek, Croatia;
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Colter BT, Garber HF, Fleming SM, Fowler JP, Harding GD, Hooven MK, Howes AA, Infante SK, Lang AL, MacDougall MC, Stegman M, Taylor KR, Curran CP. Ahr and Cyp1a2 genotypes both affect susceptibility to motor deficits following gestational and lactational exposure to polychlorinated biphenyls. Neurotoxicology 2019; 65:125-134. [PMID: 29409959 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuro.2018.01.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2017] [Revised: 01/16/2018] [Accepted: 01/21/2018] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
Polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) are persistent organic pollutants known to cause adverse health effects and linked to neurological deficits in both human and animal studies. Children born to exposed mothers are at highest risk of learning and memory and motor deficits. We developed a mouse model that mimics human variation in the aryl hydrocarbon receptor and cytochrome P450 1A2 (CYP1A2) to determine if genetic variation increases susceptibility to developmental PCB exposure. In our previous studies, we found that high-affinity AhrbCyp1a2(-/-) and poor-affinity AhrdCyp1a2(-/-) knockout mice were most susceptible to learning and memory deficits following developmental PCB exposure compared with AhrbCyp1a2(+/+) wild type mice (C57BL/6J strain). Our follow-up studies focused on motor deficits, because human studies have identified PCBs as a potential risk factor for Parkinson's disease. Dams were treated with an environmentally relevant PCB mixture at gestational day 10 and postnatal day 5. We used a motor battery that included tests of nigrostriatal function as well as cerebellar function, because PCBs deplete thyroid hormone, which is essential to normal cerebellar development. There was a significant effect of PCB treatment in the rotarod test with impaired performance in all three genotypes, but decreased motor learning as well in the two Cyp1a2(-/-) knockout lines. Interestingly, we found a main effect of genotype with corn oil-treated control Cyp1a2(-/-) mice performing significantly worse than Cyp1a2(+/+) wild type mice. In contrast, we found that PCB-treated high-affinity Ahrb mice were most susceptible to disruption of nigrostriatal function with the greatest deficits in AhrbCyp1a2(-/-) mice. We conclude that differences in AHR affinity combined with the absence of CYP1A2 protein affect susceptibility to motor deficits following developmental PCB exposure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Breann T Colter
- Department of Biological Sciences, Northern Kentucky University, Highland Heights, KY, 41076, USA
| | - Helen Frances Garber
- Department of Biological Sciences, Northern Kentucky University, Highland Heights, KY, 41076, USA
| | - Sheila M Fleming
- Department of Psychology and Neurology, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, OH, 45267, USA
| | - Jocelyn Phillips Fowler
- Department of Biological Sciences, Northern Kentucky University, Highland Heights, KY, 41076, USA
| | - Gregory D Harding
- Department of Biological Sciences, Northern Kentucky University, Highland Heights, KY, 41076, USA
| | - Molly Kromme Hooven
- Department of Biological Sciences, Northern Kentucky University, Highland Heights, KY, 41076, USA
| | - Amy Ashworth Howes
- Department of Biological Sciences, Northern Kentucky University, Highland Heights, KY, 41076, USA
| | - Smitha Krishnan Infante
- Department of Biological Sciences, Northern Kentucky University, Highland Heights, KY, 41076, USA
| | - Anna L Lang
- Department of Biological Sciences, Northern Kentucky University, Highland Heights, KY, 41076, USA
| | | | - Melinda Stegman
- Department of Biological Sciences, Northern Kentucky University, Highland Heights, KY, 41076, USA
| | - Kelsey Rae Taylor
- Department of Biological Sciences, Northern Kentucky University, Highland Heights, KY, 41076, USA
| | - Christine Perdan Curran
- Department of Biological Sciences, Northern Kentucky University, Highland Heights, KY, 41076, USA.
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Klinefelter K, Hooven MK, Bates C, Colter BT, Dailey A, Infante SK, Kania-Korwel I, Lehmler HJ, López-Juárez A, Ludwig CP, Curran CP. Genetic differences in the aryl hydrocarbon receptor and CYP1A2 affect sensitivity to developmental polychlorinated biphenyl exposure in mice: relevance to studies of human neurological disorders. Mamm Genome 2017; 29:112-127. [PMID: 29197979 DOI: 10.1007/s00335-017-9728-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2017] [Accepted: 11/28/2017] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
Polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) are persistent organic pollutants that remain a human health concern with newly discovered sources of contamination and ongoing bioaccumulation and biomagnification. Children exposed during early brain development are at highest risk of neurological deficits, but highly exposed adults reportedly have an increased risk of Parkinson's disease. Our previous studies found allelic differences in the aryl hydrocarbon receptor and cytochrome P450 1A2 (CYP1A2) affect sensitivity to developmental PCB exposure, resulting in cognitive deficits and motor dysfunction. High-affinity Ahr b Cyp1a2(-/-) mice were most sensitive compared with poor-affinity Ahr d Cyp1a2(-/-) and wild-type Ahr b Cyp1a2(+/+) mice. Our follow-up studies assessed biochemical, histological, and gene expression changes to identify the brain regions and pathways affected. We also measured PCB and metabolite levels in tissues to determine if genotype altered toxicokinetics. We found evidence of AHR-mediated toxicity with reduced thymus and spleen weights and significantly reduced thyroxine at P14 in PCB-exposed pups. In the brain, the greatest changes were seen in the cerebellum where a foliation defect was over-represented in Cyp1a2(-/-) mice. In contrast, we found no difference in tyrosine hydroxylase immunostaining in the striatum. Gene expression patterns varied across the three genotypes, but there was clear evidence of AHR activation. Distribution of parent PCB congeners also varied by genotype with strikingly high levels of PCB 77 in poor-affinity Ahr d Cyp1a2(-/-) while Ahr b Cyp1a2(+/+) mice effectively sequestered coplanar PCBs in the liver. Together, our data suggest that the AHR pathway plays a role in developmental PCB neurotoxicity, but we found little evidence that developmental exposure is a risk factor for Parkinson's disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kelsey Klinefelter
- Department of Biological Sciences, Northern Kentucky University, SC344 Nunn Drive, Highland Heights, KY, 41076, USA.,Division of Developmental Biology, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH, 45229, USA
| | - Molly Kromme Hooven
- Department of Biological Sciences, Northern Kentucky University, SC344 Nunn Drive, Highland Heights, KY, 41076, USA.,Division of Developmental Biology, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH, 45229, USA
| | - Chloe Bates
- Department of Biological Sciences, Northern Kentucky University, SC344 Nunn Drive, Highland Heights, KY, 41076, USA
| | - Breann T Colter
- Department of Biological Sciences, Northern Kentucky University, SC344 Nunn Drive, Highland Heights, KY, 41076, USA
| | - Alexandra Dailey
- Department of Biological Sciences, Northern Kentucky University, SC344 Nunn Drive, Highland Heights, KY, 41076, USA
| | - Smitha Krishnan Infante
- Department of Biological Sciences, Northern Kentucky University, SC344 Nunn Drive, Highland Heights, KY, 41076, USA
| | - Izabela Kania-Korwel
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Health, College of Public Health, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, 52242, USA
| | - Hans-Joachim Lehmler
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Health, College of Public Health, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, 52242, USA
| | - Alejandro López-Juárez
- Division of Experimental Hematology and Cancer Biology, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH, 45229, USA
| | - Clare Pickering Ludwig
- Department of Biological Sciences, Northern Kentucky University, SC344 Nunn Drive, Highland Heights, KY, 41076, USA
| | - Christine Perdan Curran
- Department of Biological Sciences, Northern Kentucky University, SC344 Nunn Drive, Highland Heights, KY, 41076, USA.
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Yu Y, Nie F, Hay A, Lin H, Ma Y, Ju X, Gong D, Chen J, Gooneratne R. Histopathological changes in zebrafish embryos exposed to DLPCBs extract from Zhanjiang coastal sediment. ENVIRONMENTAL MONITORING AND ASSESSMENT 2017; 189:289. [PMID: 28536913 DOI: 10.1007/s10661-017-5987-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2016] [Accepted: 05/09/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Dioxin-like polychlorinated biphenyls (DLPCBs) are ubiquitous persistent pollutants that cause adverse effects in many environmental organisms. DLPCBs in marine sediments can be absorbed by benthic organisms, bioaccumulate, and biomagnify through the food chain and threaten animal and human health. There are no reports of DLPCBs concentrations in the Zhanjiang Gulf seabed. This study was designed to investigate the concentration of DLPCBs in the Zhanjiang coastal sediment and histopathological changes in zebrafish (Diano rerio) embryos exposed to environmentally relevant concentrations of DLPCBs. Of the five sites selected, two sites TS and JSW contained DLPCBs at concentrations of 0.08 and 22.54 ng/g dry sediment, respectively. Two groups of zebrafish embryos were used. One group was exposed to 3.75, 7.5, 15, 30, and 60 mg/ml of DLPCBs extracted from the sediments sampled from the TS site and the second group to 4.375, 8.75, 17.5, 35, and 70 mg/ml of DLPCBs from JSW site from 0.75 h post-fertilization (hpf) to 96 hpf. The zebrafish exposed to 60 and 70 mg/ml of DLPCBs at 96 hpf displayed gross histopathological changes with cardiac lesions including pericardial edema being the most deleterious. Other changes observed were hydropic degeneration of gill filaments and hepatocytes, loss of intestinal folds, and uninflated swim bladder. It appears that only a few sites of the Zhanjiang gulf are contaminated with DLPCBs. This is the first report of histopathological changes in the gills, hepatocytes, intestines, heart, and the swim bladder in zebrafish embryos exposed to DLPCBs from a coastal sediment. Further studies with sampling at different stages of development are required to identify which organ/tissue is most sensitive to DLPCBs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yunpeng Yu
- Department of Veterinary Sciences, Guangdong Ocean University, 524088, Zhanjiang, People's Republic of China
| | - Fanghong Nie
- Department of Food Safety, College of Food Science and Technology, Guangdong Ocean University, 524088, Zhanjiang, People's Republic of China
| | - Anthony Hay
- Department of Microbiology, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, 14853, USA
| | - Hongying Lin
- Department of Veterinary Sciences, Guangdong Ocean University, 524088, Zhanjiang, People's Republic of China
| | - Yi Ma
- Department of Veterinary Sciences, Guangdong Ocean University, 524088, Zhanjiang, People's Republic of China
| | - Xianghong Ju
- Department of Veterinary Sciences, Guangdong Ocean University, 524088, Zhanjiang, People's Republic of China
| | - Dongliang Gong
- Department of Veterinary Sciences, Guangdong Ocean University, 524088, Zhanjiang, People's Republic of China
| | - Jinjun Chen
- Department of Veterinary Sciences, Guangdong Ocean University, 524088, Zhanjiang, People's Republic of China.
| | - Ravi Gooneratne
- Department of Wine, Food and Molecular Biosciences, Faculty of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Lincoln University, Lincoln, 7647, New Zealand.
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Hernández ÁR, Boada LD, Mendoza Z, Ruiz-Suárez N, Valerón PF, Camacho M, Zumbado M, Almeida-González M, Henríquez-Hernández LA, Luzardo OP. Consumption of organic meat does not diminish the carcinogenic potential associated with the intake of persistent organic pollutants (POPs). ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2017; 24:4261-4273. [PMID: 25893622 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-015-4477-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2015] [Accepted: 03/30/2015] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
Numerous studies have shown an epidemiological link between meat consumption and the incidence of cancer, and it has been suggested that this relationship may be motivated by the presence of carcinogenic contaminants on it. Among the most frequently detected contaminants in meat are several types of persistent organic pollutants (POPs), and it is well known that many of them are carcinogenic. On the other hand, an increasing number of consumers choose to feed on what are perceived as healthier foods. Thus, the number of consumers of organic food is growing. However, environmental contamination by POPs is ubiquitous, and it is therefore unlikely that the practices of organic food production are able to prevent this contamination. To test this hypothesis, we acquired 76 samples of meat (beef, chicken, and lamb) of two modes of production (organic and conventional) and quantified their levels of 33 carcinogenic POPs. On this basis, we determined the human meat-related daily dietary exposure to these carcinogens using as a model a population with a high consumption of meat, such as the Spanish population. The maximum allowable meat consumption for this population and the carcinogenic risk quotients associated with the current pattern of consumption were calculated. As expected, no sample was completely free of carcinogenic contaminants, and the differences between organically and conventionally produced meats were minimal. According to these results, the current pattern of meat consumption exceeded the maximum limits, which are set according to the levels of contaminations, and this is associated with a relevant carcinogenic risk. Strikingly, the consumption of organically produced meat does not diminish this carcinogenic risk, but on the contrary, it seems to be even higher, especially that associated with lamb consumption.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ángel Rodríguez Hernández
- Toxicology Unit, Department of Clinical Sciences, University of Las Palmas de Gran Canaria, Plaza Dr. Pasteur s/n, 35016, Las Palmas de Gran Canaria, Spain
| | - Luis D Boada
- Toxicology Unit, Department of Clinical Sciences, University of Las Palmas de Gran Canaria, Plaza Dr. Pasteur s/n, 35016, Las Palmas de Gran Canaria, Spain
- Canary Islands Institute for the Research of Cancer (ICIC), Las Palmas de Gran Canaria, Spain
- Spanish Biomedical Research Centre in Physiopathology of Obesity and Nutrition (CIBERObn), Las Palmas de Gran Canaria, Spain
| | - Zenaida Mendoza
- Toxicology Unit, Department of Clinical Sciences, University of Las Palmas de Gran Canaria, Plaza Dr. Pasteur s/n, 35016, Las Palmas de Gran Canaria, Spain
| | - Norberto Ruiz-Suárez
- Toxicology Unit, Department of Clinical Sciences, University of Las Palmas de Gran Canaria, Plaza Dr. Pasteur s/n, 35016, Las Palmas de Gran Canaria, Spain
| | - Pilar F Valerón
- Toxicology Unit, Department of Clinical Sciences, University of Las Palmas de Gran Canaria, Plaza Dr. Pasteur s/n, 35016, Las Palmas de Gran Canaria, Spain
- Spanish Biomedical Research Centre in Physiopathology of Obesity and Nutrition (CIBERObn), Las Palmas de Gran Canaria, Spain
| | - María Camacho
- Toxicology Unit, Department of Clinical Sciences, University of Las Palmas de Gran Canaria, Plaza Dr. Pasteur s/n, 35016, Las Palmas de Gran Canaria, Spain
| | - Manuel Zumbado
- Toxicology Unit, Department of Clinical Sciences, University of Las Palmas de Gran Canaria, Plaza Dr. Pasteur s/n, 35016, Las Palmas de Gran Canaria, Spain
- Canary Islands Institute for the Research of Cancer (ICIC), Las Palmas de Gran Canaria, Spain
- Spanish Biomedical Research Centre in Physiopathology of Obesity and Nutrition (CIBERObn), Las Palmas de Gran Canaria, Spain
| | - Maira Almeida-González
- Toxicology Unit, Department of Clinical Sciences, University of Las Palmas de Gran Canaria, Plaza Dr. Pasteur s/n, 35016, Las Palmas de Gran Canaria, Spain
- Spanish Biomedical Research Centre in Physiopathology of Obesity and Nutrition (CIBERObn), Las Palmas de Gran Canaria, Spain
| | - Luis A Henríquez-Hernández
- Toxicology Unit, Department of Clinical Sciences, University of Las Palmas de Gran Canaria, Plaza Dr. Pasteur s/n, 35016, Las Palmas de Gran Canaria, Spain
- Spanish Biomedical Research Centre in Physiopathology of Obesity and Nutrition (CIBERObn), Las Palmas de Gran Canaria, Spain
| | - Octavio P Luzardo
- Toxicology Unit, Department of Clinical Sciences, University of Las Palmas de Gran Canaria, Plaza Dr. Pasteur s/n, 35016, Las Palmas de Gran Canaria, Spain.
- Canary Islands Institute for the Research of Cancer (ICIC), Las Palmas de Gran Canaria, Spain.
- Spanish Biomedical Research Centre in Physiopathology of Obesity and Nutrition (CIBERObn), Las Palmas de Gran Canaria, Spain.
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Liu H, Nie FH, Lin HY, Ma Y, Ju XH, Chen JJ, Gooneratne R. Developmental toxicity, EROD, and CYP1A mRNA expression in zebrafish embryos exposed to dioxin-like PCB126. ENVIRONMENTAL TOXICOLOGY 2016; 31:201-10. [PMID: 25099626 DOI: 10.1002/tox.22035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2014] [Revised: 07/22/2014] [Accepted: 07/25/2014] [Indexed: 05/15/2023]
Abstract
Dioxin-like PCB126 is a persistent organic pollutant that causes a range of syndromes including developmental toxicity. Dioxins have a high affinity for aryl hydrocarbon receptor (AhR) and induce cytochrome P4501A (CYP1A). However, the role of CYP1A activity in developmental toxicity is less clear. To better understand dioxin induced developmental toxicity, we exposed zebrafish (Danio rerio) embryos to PCB126 at concentrations of 0, 16, 32, 64, and 128 μg L(-1) from 3-h post-fertilization (hpf) to 168 hpf. The embryonic survival rate decreased at 144 and 168 hpf. The fry at 96 hpf displayed gross developmental malformations, including pericardial and yolk sac edema, spinal curvature, abnormal lower jaw growth, and non-inflated swim bladder. The pericardial and yolk sac edema rate significantly increased and the heart rate declined from 96 hpf compared with the controls. PCB126 did not alter the hatching rate. To elucidate the mechanism of PCB126-induced developmental toxicity, we conducted ethoxyresorufin-O-deethylase (EROD) in vivo assay to determine CYP1A enzyme activity, and real-time PCR to study the induction of CYP1A mRNA gene expression in embryo/larval zebrafish at 24, 72, 96, and 132 hpf. In vivo EROD activity was induced by PCB126 at 16 μg L(-1) concentration as early as 72 hpf but significant increases were observed only in zebrafish exposed to 64 and 128 μg L(-1) doses (p < 0.005) at 72, 96, and 132 hpf. Induction of CYP1A mRNA expression was significantly upregulated in zebrafish exposed to 32 and 64 μg L(-1) at 24, 72, 96, and 132 hpf. Overall, the severe pericardial and yolk sac edema and reduced heart rate suggest that heart defects are a sensitive endpoint, and the general trend of dose-dependent increase in EROD activity and induction of CYP1A mRNA gene expression provide evidence that the developmental toxicity of PCB126 to zebrafish embryos is mediated by activation of AhR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Han Liu
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, Agricultural College, Guangdong Ocean University, Zhanjiang, 524088, China
| | - Fang-Hong Nie
- Department of Food Safety, College of Food Science and Technology, Guangdong Ocean University, Zhanjiang, 524088, China
| | - Hong-Ying Lin
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, Agricultural College, Guangdong Ocean University, Zhanjiang, 524088, China
| | - Yi Ma
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, Agricultural College, Guangdong Ocean University, Zhanjiang, 524088, China
| | - Xiang-Hong Ju
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, Agricultural College, Guangdong Ocean University, Zhanjiang, 524088, China
| | - Jin-Jun Chen
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, Agricultural College, Guangdong Ocean University, Zhanjiang, 524088, China
| | - Ravi Gooneratne
- Department of Wine, Food and Molecular Biosciences, Faculty of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Lincoln University, Lincoln, 7647, New Zealand
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Mohr S, Sifuentes dos Santos J, Schwanz TG, Wagner R, Mozzaquatro JO, Lorenzoni AS, Costabeber IH. Polychlorinated biphenyls in umbilical cord serum of newborns from Rio Grande do Sul state, Brazil. Clin Chim Acta 2015; 451:323-8. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cca.2015.10.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2015] [Revised: 10/16/2015] [Accepted: 10/19/2015] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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Determination of Selected Polychlorinated Biphenyl Residues in Meat Products by QuEChERS Method Coupled with Gas Chromatography–Mass Spectrometry. FOOD ANAL METHOD 2015. [DOI: 10.1007/s12161-015-0367-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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10
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Hernández ÁR, Boada LD, Almeida-González M, Mendoza Z, Ruiz-Suárez N, Valeron PF, Camacho M, Zumbado M, Henríquez-Hernández LA, Luzardo OP. An estimation of the carcinogenic risk associated with the intake of multiple relevant carcinogens found in meat and charcuterie products. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2015; 514:33-41. [PMID: 25659303 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2015.01.108] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2015] [Revised: 01/30/2015] [Accepted: 01/30/2015] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
Numerous epidemiological studies have demonstrated a link between excessive meat consumption and the incidence of various cancers, especially colorectal cancer, and it has been suggested that environmental carcinogens present in meat might be related to the increased risk of cancer associated with this food. However, there are no studies evaluating the carcinogenic potential of meat in relation to its content of carcinogens. Our purpose was to emphasize the relevance of environmental carcinogens existing in meat as a determinant of the association between cancer and meat consumption. Because within Europe, Spain shows high consumption of meat and charcuterie, we performed this study focusing on Spanish population. Based on the preferences of consumers we acquired 100 samples of meat and charcuterie that reflect the variety available in the European market. We quantified in these samples the concentration of 33 chemicals with calculated carcinogenic potential (PAHs, organochlorine pesticides, and dioxin-like PCBs). The carcinogenic risk of these contaminants was assessed for each food using a risk ratio based on the current consumption of meat and charcuterie and the maximum tolerable intake of these foods depending on the level of contamination by the carcinogens they contain. Our results indicate that the current consumption of beef, pork, lamb, chicken, and "chorizo", represents a relevant carcinogenic risk for consumers (carcinogenic risk quotient between 1.33 and 13.98). In order to reduce carcinogenic risk, the study population should halve the monthly consumption of these foods, and also not to surpass the number of 5 servings of beef/pork/chicken (considered together).
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Luis D Boada
- Toxicology Unit, Clinical Sciences Department, Universidad de Las Palmas de Gran Canaria, Spain; Canary Islands Institute for the Research of Cancer (ICIC), Spain; Spanish Biomedical Research Centre in Physiopathology of Obesity and Nutrition (CIBERObn), Spain
| | - Maira Almeida-González
- Toxicology Unit, Clinical Sciences Department, Universidad de Las Palmas de Gran Canaria, Spain; Canary Islands Institute for the Research of Cancer (ICIC), Spain
| | - Zenaida Mendoza
- Toxicology Unit, Clinical Sciences Department, Universidad de Las Palmas de Gran Canaria, Spain
| | - Norberto Ruiz-Suárez
- Toxicology Unit, Clinical Sciences Department, Universidad de Las Palmas de Gran Canaria, Spain
| | - Pilar F Valeron
- Toxicology Unit, Clinical Sciences Department, Universidad de Las Palmas de Gran Canaria, Spain; Canary Islands Institute for the Research of Cancer (ICIC), Spain
| | - María Camacho
- Toxicology Unit, Clinical Sciences Department, Universidad de Las Palmas de Gran Canaria, Spain
| | - Manuel Zumbado
- Toxicology Unit, Clinical Sciences Department, Universidad de Las Palmas de Gran Canaria, Spain; Canary Islands Institute for the Research of Cancer (ICIC), Spain; Spanish Biomedical Research Centre in Physiopathology of Obesity and Nutrition (CIBERObn), Spain
| | - Luis A Henríquez-Hernández
- Toxicology Unit, Clinical Sciences Department, Universidad de Las Palmas de Gran Canaria, Spain; Canary Islands Institute for the Research of Cancer (ICIC), Spain
| | - Octavio P Luzardo
- Toxicology Unit, Clinical Sciences Department, Universidad de Las Palmas de Gran Canaria, Spain; Canary Islands Institute for the Research of Cancer (ICIC), Spain; Spanish Biomedical Research Centre in Physiopathology of Obesity and Nutrition (CIBERObn), Spain.
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11
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Kowalski CH, da Silva GA, Godoy HT, Poppi RJ, Augusto F. Application of Kohonen neural network for evaluation of the contamination of Brazilian breast milk with polychlorinated biphenyls. Talanta 2013; 116:315-21. [PMID: 24148409 DOI: 10.1016/j.talanta.2013.05.033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2013] [Revised: 05/13/2013] [Accepted: 05/16/2013] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Due to the tendency of polychlorinated biphenyls (PCB) to accumulate in matrixes with high lipid content, the contamination of the breast milk with these compounds is a serious issue, mainly to the newborn. In this study, milk samples were collected from breastfeeding mothers belonging to 4 Brazilian regions (south, southeast, northeast and north). Twelve PCB were analyzed by HS-SPME-GC-ECD and the corresponding peak areas were correlated to the answers to a questionnaire of general habits, breastfeeding and characteristics of the living places. To realize this exploratory analyze, self-organizing maps generated applying Kohonen neural network were applied. It was possible to verify the occurrence of different PCB congeners in the breast milk relating to the region of the Brazil that the breastfeeding lives, the proximity to an industry, the proximity to a contaminated river or sea, the type of milk (colostrum, foremilk and hindmilk) and the number of past pregnancies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cláudia H Kowalski
- Institute of Chemistry, State University of Campinas-UNICAMP, 13083-970 Campinas, SP, Brazil.
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12
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Lušnic M, Polak T, Gašperlin L, Absec A, Kirinčič S, Kozolc B, Žlender B. Degradation of PCBs in a frankfurter-type meat emulsion: Effects of a meat starter, its proteins extract and thermal treatments. Food Chem Toxicol 2012; 50:2643-7. [DOI: 10.1016/j.fct.2012.05.042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2012] [Revised: 05/16/2012] [Accepted: 05/22/2012] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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13
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Curran CP, Vorhees CV, Williams MT, Genter MB, Miller ML, Nebert DW. In utero and lactational exposure to a complex mixture of polychlorinated biphenyls: toxicity in pups dependent on the Cyp1a2 and Ahr genotypes. Toxicol Sci 2010; 119:189-208. [PMID: 20961953 DOI: 10.1093/toxsci/kfq314] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
Abstract
Polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) are persistent toxic pollutants occurring as complex mixtures in the environment. Humans are known genetically to have > 60-fold differences in hepatic cytochrome P450 1A2 (CYP1A2) levels and > 12-fold differences in aryl hydrocarbon receptor (AHR) affinity, both of which could affect PCB pharmacokinetics. Thus, we compared Ahr(b1)_Cyp1a2(+/+) high-affinity AHR wild-type, Ahr(d)_Cyp1a2(+/+) poor affinity AHR wild-type, Ahr(b1)_Cyp1a2(-/-) knockout, and Ahr(d)_Cyp1a2(-/-) knockout mouse lines. We chose a mixture of three coplanar and five noncoplanar PCBs to reproduce that seen in human tissues, breast milk, and the food supply. The mixture was given by gavage to the mother on gestational day 10.5 (GD10.5) and postnatal day 5 (PND5); tissues were collected from pups and mothers at GD11.5, GD18.5, PND6, PND13, and PND28. Ahr(b1)_Cyp1a2(-/-) pups showed lower weight at birth and slower rate of growth postnatally. Absence of CYP1A2 resulted in significant splenic atrophy at PND13 and PND28. Presence of high-affinity AHR enhanced thymic atrophy and liver hypertrophy in the pups. Concentrations of each congener were analyzed at all time points: maximal noncoplanar congener levels in maternal tissues were observed from GD18 until PND6, whereas the highest levels in pups were found between PND6 and PND28. Coplanar PCB concentrations were generally higher in Ahr(d)-containing pup tissues; these findings are consistent with earlier studies demonstrating the crucial importance of AHR-mediated inducible CYP1 in the gastrointestinal tract as a means of detoxication of oral planar polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christine P Curran
- Department of Environmental Health and Center for Environmental Genetics, University of Cincinnati Medical Center, Cincinnati, Ohio 45267-0056, USA
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14
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Miranda AL, Roche H, Randi MAF, Menezes ML, Ribeiro CAO. Bioaccumulation of chlorinated pesticides and PCBs in the tropical freshwater fish Hoplias malabaricus: histopathological, physiological, and immunological findings. ENVIRONMENT INTERNATIONAL 2008; 34:939-949. [PMID: 18400298 DOI: 10.1016/j.envint.2008.02.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2007] [Revised: 11/21/2007] [Accepted: 02/15/2008] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
For assessing the impact of chlorinated compounds, such as organochlorine pesticides, polychlorinated biphenyls, chlorotriazines (atrazine, simazine), and chlorinated phenylureas (diuron), on the Ponta Grossa lake South of Brazil, ten freshwater trahira fish (Hoplias malabaricus) were collected in October 2005. The contamination status was evaluated by the energy budget and various histopathological markers. The results showed detectable amounts of persistent organic pollutants (POPs) in the liver and muscle; the bioaccumulation was higher in the liver than in the muscle. The presence of some banned pesticides, such as hexachlorobenzene and dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethane, in the liver suggests an acute exposure to these compounds. Some physiological disturbances and morphological damages found in the liver of H. malabaricus were associated with chlorinated-compound bioaccumulation. The most important alterations in the liver were lesions such as fibrosis, large necrosis area, leukocyte infiltration, and the absence of melanomacrophages (MM). Individuals containing higher concentrations of pesticides, such as aldrin, alachlor, and dichloroaniline (a metabolite of diuron), showed the nonoccurrence of MM in the liver. These data suggest an immunosuppression in the individuals from Ponta Grossa Lake after exposure to POPs. According to the present data, the POPs found in the studied site are bioavailable, induce severe damages in target organs such as the liver, and can disturb the immune system of the trahira. This is the first study of POPs in the Paraná state, and one among the few studies in the south of Brazil. The present data suggest and motivate further chemical and biomonitoring studies in freshwater ecosystems in the south of Brazil.
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Affiliation(s)
- A L Miranda
- Departamento de Biologia Celular, Universidade Federal do Paraná, Caixa Postal 19031, CEP: 81, 531-990, Curitiba, PR, Brazil
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15
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Skrbic B, Durisic-Mladenovic N. Non-dioxin-like PCBs in crops and related products: Levels and intakes in Serbia. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2007; 24:652-62. [PMID: 17487606 DOI: 10.1080/02652030701222683] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
Levels of six non-dioxin-like indicator PCBs in 36 composite samples of agricultural crops, related by-products and foodstuffs were pooled from a total of 938 individual samples collected in Serbia in 2002 and 2004. After extraction and cleanup, PCBs were determined by capillary GC using ECD. The highest total PCB levels were found in dried sugar beet pulp (2.89 ng g(-1) whole weight (ww)) and crude sunflower oil (1.83 ng g(-1) lipid), while the lowest levels were found in molasses (0.05 ng g(-1) ww). The calculated daily intake of PCBs for the crop products included in this study were compared with the maximum permissible risk (MPR) level established by the Dutch National Institute for Public Health and the Environment. Cereal products (flour, bread, pastry, pasta, cookies) were made a relatively large contribution (23% of MPR), while sugar (2% of MPR) and oil (4% of MPR) made a low and fairly uniform contribution to intake. The levels and intake of PCBs in Serbia were compared with data from other recent international surveys.
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Affiliation(s)
- Biljana Skrbic
- Faculty of Technology, University of Novi Sad, Bulevar cara Lazara 1, 21000 Novi Sad, Serbia.
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16
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Kowalski CH, da Silva GA, Poppi RJ, Godoy HT, Augusto F. Neuro-genetic multioptimization of the determination of polychlorinated biphenyl congeners in human milk by headspace solid phase microextraction coupled to gas chromatography with electron capture detection. Anal Chim Acta 2006; 585:66-75. [PMID: 17386648 DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2006.11.073] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2006] [Revised: 10/30/2006] [Accepted: 11/29/2006] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Polychlorinated biphenyls (PCB) can eventually contaminate breast milk, which is a serious issue to the newborn due to their high vulnerability. Solid phase microextraction (SPME) can be a very convenient technique for their isolation and pre-concentration prior chromatographic analysis. Here, a simultaneous multioptimization strategy based on a neuro-genetic approach was applied to a headspace SPME method for determination of 12 PCB in human milk. Gas chromatography with electron capture detection (ECD) was adopted for the separation and detection of the analytes. Experiments according to a Doehlert design were carried out with varied extraction time and temperature, media ionic strength and concentration of the methanol (co-solvent). To find the best model that simultaneously correlate all PCB peak areas and SPME extraction conditions, a multivariate calibration method based on a Bayesian Neural Network (BNN) was applied. The net output from the neural network was used as input in a genetic algorithm (GA) optimization operation (neuro-genetic approach). The GA pointed out that the best values of the overall SPME operational conditions were the saturation of the media with NaCl, extraction temperature of 95 degrees C, extraction time of 60 min and addition of 5% (v/v) methanol to the media. These optimized parameters resulted in the decrease of the detection limits and increase on the sensitivity for all tested analytes, showing that the use of neuro-genetic approach can be a promising way for optimization of SPME methods.
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Santos JS, Xavier AAO, Ries EF, Costabeber I, Emanuelli T. Assessment of polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) in cheese from Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil. CHEMOSPHERE 2006; 65:1544-50. [PMID: 16765413 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2006.04.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2005] [Revised: 02/21/2006] [Accepted: 04/01/2006] [Indexed: 05/10/2023]
Abstract
Polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) are among the most toxic environmental pollutants. Food, especially animal based, has been described as the major source for human exposure to PCBs. We investigated PCB levels (congeners 10, 28, 52, 153, 138, and 180) in cheese from 14 cities of Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil. The fat was extracted using sodium sulfate and petroleum ether, and PCBs purification was conducted using florisil and hexane. The identification and quantification were made in a gas chromatograph with microelectron capture detector (GC-microECD). PCB congeners were found (lower bound data as ngg(-1) fat) in the following rank: 52 (15.75)>180 (4.91)>28 (3.43)>153 (3.00)>10 (2.38)>138 (1.37). Summation operatorPCB contamination ranged from 0 to 78.32 ngg(-1) fat. Differences in PCB levels between industrialized (33.32 ngg(-1) fat) and homemade (26.58 ngg(-1) fat) cheese and between two different regions (36.19 vs. 26.95 ngg(-1) fat) were not statistically significant. For university students, the estimated daily intake (EDI) of PCBs from cheese ranged from 0 to 3.13 pgkg(-1) b.w. EDI was significantly higher for industrialized than homemade cheese, and for cheese from Mountain/Porto Alegre region than from Santa Maria/South/Western region. No sample exceeded maximum level of PCBs allowed in dairy products in the European Community.
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Affiliation(s)
- J S Santos
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciência e Tecnologia de Alimentos, Centro de Ciências Rurais, Universidade Federal de Santa Maria, Santa Maria, CEP 97105-900, RS, Brazil.
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18
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Turci R, Turconi G, Comizzoli S, Roggi C, Minoia C. Assessment of dietary intake of polychlorinated biphenyls from a total diet study conducted in Pavia, Northern Italy. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2006; 23:919-38. [PMID: 16901861 DOI: 10.1080/02652030600699296] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
The diet is considered to be the main source of body burden of polychlorobiphenyls (PCBs) in the general population. The most cost-effective and reliable way to estimate the dietary intake is based on total diet studies (TDSs). The aim of the present study was to provide a reliable estimate of recent average dietary intakes of PCBs in Northern Italy. Congener-specific analysis of PCBs was undertaken on total diet samples collected at the cafeteria of the University of Pavia. The average daily intake for total PCBs was calculated to be 0.26 microg/person day-1. The major contributor to PCB intake was accounted for by pooled samples of bread, cereals and potatoes, followed by the protein composite, and fruit and vegetables. Although diverse dietary habits and differences in sampling and analytical procedures make comparison between different studies difficult, the daily intake of PCBs in Northern Italy can be located in the lower part of the range for values reported in the literature.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Turci
- Laboratory for Environmental and Toxicological Testing, Salvatore Maugeri Foundation, Via S. Maugeri 6, I-27100 Pavia, Italy.
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