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Flasch M, Bueschl C, Del Favero G, Adam G, Schuhmacher R, Marko D, Warth B. Elucidation of xenoestrogen metabolism by non-targeted, stable isotope-assisted mass spectrometry in breast cancer cells. ENVIRONMENT INTERNATIONAL 2022; 158:106940. [PMID: 34673318 DOI: 10.1016/j.envint.2021.106940] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2021] [Revised: 09/13/2021] [Accepted: 10/12/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Environmental exposure to xenoestrogens, i.e., chemicals that imitate the hormone 17β-estradiol, has the potential to influence hormone homeostasis and action. Detailed knowledge of xenobiotic biotransformation processes in cell models is key when transferring knowledge learned from in vitro models to in vivo relevance. This study elucidated the metabolism of two naturally-occurring phyto- and mycoestrogens; namely genistein and zearalenone, in an estrogen receptor positive breast cancer cell line (MCF-7) with the aid of stable isotope-assisted metabolomics and the bioinformatic tool MetExtract II. Metabolism was studied in a time course experiment after 2 h, 6 h and 24 h incubation. Twelve and six biotransformation products of zearalenone and genistein were detected, respectively, clearly demonstrating the abundant xenobiotic biotransformation capability of the cells. Zearalenone underwent extensive phase-I metabolism resulting in α-zearalenol (α-ZEL), a molecule known to possess a significantly higher estrogenicity, and several phase-II metabolites (sulfo- and glycoconjugates) of the native compound and the major phase I metabolite α-ZEL. Moreover, potential adducts of zearalenone with a vitamin and several hydroxylated metabolites were annotated. Genistein metabolism resulted in sulfation, combined sulfation and hydroxylation, acetylation, glucuronidation and unexpectedly adduct formation with pentose- and hexose sugars. Kinetics of metabolite formation and subsequent excretion into the extracellular medium revealed a time-dependent increase in most biotransformation products. The untargeted elucidation of biotransformation products formed during cell culture experiments enables an improved and more meaningful interpretation of toxicological assays and has the potential to identify unexpected or unknown metabolites.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mira Flasch
- University of Vienna, Faculty of Chemistry, Department of Food Chemistry and Toxicology, Währinger Str. 38, 1090 Vienna, Austria
| | - Christoph Bueschl
- University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, Vienna (BOKU), Department of Agrobiotechnology, IFA-Tulln, Institute of Bioanalytics and Agro-Metabolomics, Konrad-Lorenz-Str. 20, 3430 Tulln, Austria; University of Vienna, Faculty of Chemistry, Department of Analytical Chemistry, Währinger Str. 38, 1090 Vienna, Austria
| | - Giorgia Del Favero
- University of Vienna, Faculty of Chemistry, Department of Food Chemistry and Toxicology, Währinger Str. 38, 1090 Vienna, Austria
| | - Gerhard Adam
- University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, Vienna (BOKU), Department of Applied Genetics and Cell Biology, Institute of Microbial Genetics, Konrad-Lorenz-Str. 24, 3430 Tulln, Austria
| | - Rainer Schuhmacher
- University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, Vienna (BOKU), Department of Agrobiotechnology, IFA-Tulln, Institute of Bioanalytics and Agro-Metabolomics, Konrad-Lorenz-Str. 20, 3430 Tulln, Austria
| | - Doris Marko
- University of Vienna, Faculty of Chemistry, Department of Food Chemistry and Toxicology, Währinger Str. 38, 1090 Vienna, Austria
| | - Benedikt Warth
- University of Vienna, Faculty of Chemistry, Department of Food Chemistry and Toxicology, Währinger Str. 38, 1090 Vienna, Austria.
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2
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Xia H. Extensive metabolism of flavonoids relevant to their potential efficacy on Alzheimer's disease. Drug Metab Rev 2021; 53:563-591. [PMID: 34491868 DOI: 10.1080/03602532.2021.1977316] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD) is an age-related neurodegenerative disorder, the incidence of which is climbing with ever-growing aged population, but no cure is hitherto available. The epidemiological studies unveiled that chronic intake of flavonoids was negatively associated with AD risk. Flavonoids, a family of natural polyphenols widely distributed in human daily diets, were readily conjugated by phase II drug metabolizing enzymes after absorption in vivo, and glucuronidation could occur in 1 min following intravenous administration. Recently, as many as 191 metabolites were obtained after intragastric administration of a single flavonoid, indicating that other bioactive metabolites, besides conjugates, might be formed and account for the contradiction between efficacy of flavonoids in human or animal models and low systematic exposure of flavonoid glycosides or aglycones. In this review, metabolism of complete 68 flavonoid monomers potential for AD treatment, grouped in flavonoid O-glycosides, flavonoid aglycones, flavonoid C-glycosides, flavonoid dimers, flavonolignans and prenylated flavonoids according to their common structural elements, respectively, has been systematically retrospected, summarized and discussed, including their unequivocally identified metabolites, metabolic interconversions, metabolic locations, metabolic sites (regio- or stereo-selectivity), primarily involved metabolic enzymes or intestinal bacteria, and interspecies correlations or differences in metabolism, and their bioactive metabolites and the underlying mechanism to reverse AD pathology were also reviewed, providing whole perspective about advances on extensive metabolism of diverse potent flavonoids in vivo and in vitro up to date and aiming at elucidation of mechanism of actions of flavonoids on AD or other central nervous system (CNS) disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hongjun Xia
- Medical College, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, People's Republic of China
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3
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Yu L, Rios E, Castro L, Liu J, Yan Y, Dixon D. Genistein: Dual Role in Women's Health. Nutrients 2021; 13:3048. [PMID: 34578926 PMCID: PMC8472782 DOI: 10.3390/nu13093048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2021] [Revised: 08/25/2021] [Accepted: 08/25/2021] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Advanced research in recent years has revealed the important role of nutrients in the protection of women's health and in the prevention of women's diseases. Genistein is a phytoestrogen that belongs to a class of compounds known as isoflavones, which structurally resemble endogenous estrogen. Genistein is most often consumed by humans via soybeans or soya products and is, as an auxiliary medicinal, used to treat women's diseases. In this review, we focused on analyzing the geographic distribution of soybean and soya product consumption, global serum concentrations of genistein, and its metabolism and bioactivity. We also explored genistein's dual effects in women's health through gathering, evaluating, and summarizing evidence from current in vivo and in vitro studies, clinical observations, and epidemiological surveys. The dose-dependent effects of genistein, especially when considering its metabolites and factors that vary by individuals, indicate that consumption of genistein may contribute to beneficial effects in women's health and disease prevention and treatment. However, consumption and exposure levels are nuanced because adverse effects have been observed at lower concentrations in in vitro models. Therefore, this points to the duplicity of genistein as a possible therapeutic agent in some instances and as an endocrine disruptor in others.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | - Darlene Dixon
- Molecular Pathogenesis Group, Mechanistic Toxicology Branch (MTB), Division of the National Toxicology Program (DNTP), National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences (NIEHS), National Institutes of Health (NIH), Research Triangle Park, Durham, NC 27709, USA; (L.Y.); (E.R.); (L.C.); (J.L.); (Y.Y.)
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4
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Liu B, Jiao L, Chai J, Bao C, Jiang P, Li Y. Encapsulation and Targeted Release. Food Hydrocoll 2021. [DOI: 10.1007/978-981-16-0320-4_11] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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5
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Screening of flavonoid aglycons' metabolism mediated by the human liver cytochromes P450. ACTA PHARMACEUTICA (ZAGREB, CROATIA) 2019; 69:541-562. [PMID: 31639084 DOI: 10.2478/acph-2019-0039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 07/23/2019] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
Biological effects of flavonoids have been extensively studied in the last 80 years. As flavonoids represent a rather large group of compounds, data on metabolic biotransformations of these compounds is relatively limited to those well studied. The objective of this study was to screen the metabolism of 30 selected flavonoid aglycons mediated by the most relevant metabolic enzymes, human liver cytochromes P450. For this purpose, in vitro experiments with human liver microsomes and recombinant enzymes were conducted. To evaluate flavonoid's metabolism and structure of the products, high-performance liquid chromatography coupled with high-resolution mass spectrometry was used. Out of 30 flavonoids, 15 were susceptible to oxidative metabolism mediated by cytochromes P450. Dominant reactions were aromatic hydroxylation and O-demethylation, or a combination of these reactions. The dominant enzyme responsible for the observed metabolic reactions is CYP1A2, whereas other human liver cytochromes P450, namely, CYP2C19, CYP2D6, CYP2E1 and CYP3A4, contribute to flavonoid metabolism to a lesser degree. These results, to some extent, contribute to the understanding of the metabolism of constituents found in antioxidant dietary supplements and their possible interactions with other xenobiotics, i.e., medicinal products.
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Yin J, Zhang X, Zhang Y, Ma Y, Li L, Li D, Zhang L, Zhang Z. Comprehensive Study of the in Vivo and in Vitro Metabolism of Dietary Isoflavone Biochanin A Based on UHPLC-Q-TOF-MS/MS. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2019; 67:12481-12495. [PMID: 31630515 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.9b05776] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Biochanin A is a dietary isoflavone with multiple biological functions. Owing to a lack of comprehensive studies of biochanin A metabolism, this study was designed to further clarify the processes involved in biochanin A metabolism. In this study, ultrahigh-performance liquid chromatography coupled with quadrupole time-of-flight mass spectrometry (UHPLC-Q-TOF-MS/MS) was utilized to characterize the metabolism of biochanin A in vivo and in vitro. As a result, 43 metabolites in rats, 22 metabolites in liver microsomes, and 18 metabolites in intestinal flora were elucidated, and 5 metabolites were identified by comparison with standards. Oxidation, demethylation, hydrogenation, internal hydrolysis, conjugation (e.g., glucuronidation, sulfonation, glucose conjugation, methylation, and acetylation), and their composite reactions were determined to be major processes involved in biochanin A biotransformation. The results contribute to a better understanding of the pharmacological mechanism of biochanin A and provide a basis for comprehension of the safety and toxicity of biochanin A.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jintuo Yin
- Department of Pharmaceutical Analysis, School of Pharmacy , Hebei Medical University , Shijiazhuang 050017 , P. R. China
| | - Xiaowei Zhang
- The Second Hospital of Hebei Medical University , Shijiazhuang 050000 , P. R. China
| | - Yuqian Zhang
- The Second Hospital of Hebei Medical University , Shijiazhuang 050000 , P. R. China
| | - Yinling Ma
- Hebei General Hospital , Shijiazhuang , Hebei 050051 , P. R. China
| | - Luya Li
- Department of Pharmaceutical Analysis, School of Pharmacy , Hebei Medical University , Shijiazhuang 050017 , P. R. China
| | - Deqiang Li
- The Second Hospital of Hebei Medical University , Shijiazhuang 050000 , P. R. China
| | - Lantong Zhang
- Department of Pharmaceutical Analysis, School of Pharmacy , Hebei Medical University , Shijiazhuang 050017 , P. R. China
| | - Zhiqing Zhang
- The Second Hospital of Hebei Medical University , Shijiazhuang 050000 , P. R. China
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7
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Zheng XX, Du Y, Xu BJ, Wang TY, Zhong QQ, Li Z, Ji S, Guo MZ, Yang DZ, Tang DQ. Off-line two-dimensional liquid chromatography coupled with diode array detection and quadrupole-time of flight mass spectrometry for the biotransformation kinetics of Ginkgo biloba leaves extract by diabetic rat liver microsomes. J Chromatogr B Analyt Technol Biomed Life Sci 2019; 1109:1-9. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jchromb.2019.01.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2018] [Revised: 01/22/2019] [Accepted: 01/22/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
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8
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The delivery of sensitive food bioactive ingredients: Absorption mechanisms, influencing factors, encapsulation techniques and evaluation models. Food Res Int 2019; 120:130-140. [PMID: 31000223 DOI: 10.1016/j.foodres.2019.02.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 98] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2018] [Revised: 02/10/2019] [Accepted: 02/14/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Food-sourced bioactive compounds have drawn much attention due to their health benefits such as anti-oxidant, anti-cancer, anti-diabetes and cardiovascular disease-preventing functions. However, the poor solubility, low stability and limited bioavailability of sensitive bioactive compounds greatly limited their application in food industry. Therefore, numbers of carriers were developed for improving their dispersibility, stability and bioavailability. This review addresses the digestion and absorption mechanisms of bioactive compounds in epithelial cells based on several well-known in vitro and in vivo models. Factors such as environmental stimuli, stomach conditions and mucus barrier influencing the utilization efficacy of the bioactive compounds are discussed. Delivery systems with enhanced utilization efficacy, such as complex coacervates, cross-linked polysaccharides, self-assembled micro-/nano-particles and Pickering emulsions are compared. It is a comprehensive multidisciplinary review which provides useful guidelines for application of bioactive compounds in food industry.
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9
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Li AP, Alam N, Amaral K, Ho MCD, Loretz C, Mitchell W, Yang Q. Cryopreserved Human Intestinal Mucosal Epithelium: A Novel In Vitro Experimental System for the Evaluation of Enteric Drug Metabolism, Cytochrome P450 Induction, and Enterotoxicity. Drug Metab Dispos 2018; 46:1562-1571. [PMID: 30006371 DOI: 10.1124/dmd.118.082875] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2018] [Accepted: 07/11/2018] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
We report here a novel in vitro enteric experimental system, cryopreserved human intestinal mucosa (CHIM), for the evaluation of enteric drug metabolism, drug-drug interaction, drug toxicity, and pharmacology. CHIM was isolated from the small intestines of four human donors. The small intestines were first dissected into the duodenum, jejunum, and ileum, followed by collagenase digestion of the intestinal lumen. The isolated mucosa was gently homogenized to yield multiple cellular fragments, which were then cryopreserved in a programmable liquid cell freezer and stored in liquid nitrogen. After thawing and recovery, CHIM retained robust cytochrome P450 (P450) and non-P450 drug-metabolizing enzyme activities and demonstrated dose-dependent induction of transcription of CYP24A1 (approximately 300-fold) and CYP3A4 (approximately 3-fold) by vitamin D3 as well as induction of CYP3A4 (approximately 3-fold) by rifampin after 24 hours of treatment. Dose-dependent decreases in cell viability quantified by cellular ATP content were observed for naproxen and acetaminophen, with higher enterotoxicity observed for naproxen, consistent with that observed in humans in vivo. These results suggest that CHIM may be a useful in vitro experimental model for the evaluation of enteric drug properties, including drug metabolism, drug-drug interactions, and drug toxicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Albert P Li
- In Vitro ADMET Laboratories Inc., Advanced Pharmaceutical Sciences Inc., Columbia, Maryland
| | - Novera Alam
- In Vitro ADMET Laboratories Inc., Advanced Pharmaceutical Sciences Inc., Columbia, Maryland
| | - Kirsten Amaral
- In Vitro ADMET Laboratories Inc., Advanced Pharmaceutical Sciences Inc., Columbia, Maryland
| | - Ming-Chih David Ho
- In Vitro ADMET Laboratories Inc., Advanced Pharmaceutical Sciences Inc., Columbia, Maryland
| | - Carol Loretz
- In Vitro ADMET Laboratories Inc., Advanced Pharmaceutical Sciences Inc., Columbia, Maryland
| | - Walter Mitchell
- In Vitro ADMET Laboratories Inc., Advanced Pharmaceutical Sciences Inc., Columbia, Maryland
| | - Qian Yang
- In Vitro ADMET Laboratories Inc., Advanced Pharmaceutical Sciences Inc., Columbia, Maryland
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10
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Lee DH, Kim MJ, Song EJ, Kim JH, Ahn J, Nam YD, Jang YJ, Ha TY, Jung CH. Nutrikinetic study of genistein metabolites in ovariectomized mice. PLoS One 2017; 12:e0186320. [PMID: 29059247 PMCID: PMC5653299 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0186320] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2017] [Accepted: 09/28/2017] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
This study was designed to evaluate the effect of ovariectomy on nutrikinetics of genistein metabolites. To characterize the time-dependent changes in genistein metabolite concentrations, we identified 13 genistein metabolites using ultra-performance liquid chromatography-quadrupole time-of-flight mass spectrometry. The nutrikinetics of the individual metabolites at different time points were analyzed. Nutrikinetic analysis showed that genistein, genistein 4'-glucuronide, genistein 7-glucuronide, 3-hydroxygenistein, and hippuric acid showed relatively high bioavailability in the sham group compared to that in the ovariectomy group, suggesting that ovariectomy likely results in lower genistein bioavailability. These results may be related to alteration of gut microbiota by ovariectomy. The relative abundance of species of the Parabacteroides, Dorea, and Butyricimonas genera, and Desulfovibrionaceae_unclassified, Lachnospiraceae_unclassified, and Rikenellaceae_unclassified families increased in the ovariectomy group while the relative abundance of 523_7_unclassified and Y52_unclassified_unclassified increased in the sham group. These results suggest that gut microbiota alteration by ovariectomy may affect genistein bioavailability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Da-Hye Lee
- Research Group of Metabolic Mechanism, Korea Food Research Institute, Seongnam, Republic of Korea
- Department of Food Biotechnology, Korea University of Science and Technology, Seongnam, Republic of Korea
| | - Min Jung Kim
- Research Group of Metabolic Mechanism, Korea Food Research Institute, Seongnam, Republic of Korea
| | - Eun-Ji Song
- Department of Food Biotechnology, Korea University of Science and Technology, Seongnam, Republic of Korea
- Research Group of Gut Microbiome, Korea Food Research Institute, Seongnam, Republic of Korea
| | - Jin Hee Kim
- Research Group of Metabolic Mechanism, Korea Food Research Institute, Seongnam, Republic of Korea
| | - Jiyun Ahn
- Research Group of Metabolic Mechanism, Korea Food Research Institute, Seongnam, Republic of Korea
- Department of Food Biotechnology, Korea University of Science and Technology, Seongnam, Republic of Korea
| | - Young-Do Nam
- Department of Food Biotechnology, Korea University of Science and Technology, Seongnam, Republic of Korea
- Research Group of Gut Microbiome, Korea Food Research Institute, Seongnam, Republic of Korea
| | - Young-Jin Jang
- Research Group of Metabolic Mechanism, Korea Food Research Institute, Seongnam, Republic of Korea
| | - Tae-Youl Ha
- Research Group of Metabolic Mechanism, Korea Food Research Institute, Seongnam, Republic of Korea
- Department of Food Biotechnology, Korea University of Science and Technology, Seongnam, Republic of Korea
| | - Chang Hwa Jung
- Research Group of Metabolic Mechanism, Korea Food Research Institute, Seongnam, Republic of Korea
- Department of Food Biotechnology, Korea University of Science and Technology, Seongnam, Republic of Korea
- * E-mail:
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11
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Abstract
Increasing evidence supports dicarbonyl stress such as methylglyoxal (MGO) as one of the major pathogenic links between hyperglycemia and diabetic complications. In vitro studies have shown that dietary flavonoids can inhibit the formation of advanced glycation end products (AGEs) by trapping MGO. However, whether flavonoids can trap MGO in vivo and whether biotransformation limits the trapping capacity of flavonoids remain virtually unknown. In this study, we investigated whether genistein (GEN), the major soy isoflavone, could trap MGO in mice by promoting the formation of MGO adducts of GEN and its metabolites. Two different mouse studies were conducted. In the acute study, a single dose of MGO and GEN were administered to mice via oral gavage. In the chronic study, MGO was given to mice in drinking water for 1 month and then GEN was given to mice for 4 consecutive days via oral gavage. Two mono-MGO adducts of GEN and six mono-MGO adducts of GEN phase I and microbial metabolites were identified in mouse urine samples from these studies using liquid chromatography/electrospray ionization tandem mass spectrometry. The structures of these MGO adducts were confirmed by analyzing their MS(n) (n = 1-4) spectra as well as by comparing them with the tandem mass spectra of authentic standards. All of the MGO adducts presented in their phase II conjugated forms in mouse urine samples in the acute and chronic studies. To our knowledge, this is the first in vivo evidence to demonstrate the trapping efficacy of GEN in mice and to show that the metabolites of GEN remain bioactive.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pei Wang
- Laboratory for Functional Foods and Human Health, Center for Excellence in Post-Harvest Technologies, North Carolina Agricultural and Technical State University , North Carolina Research Campus, 500 Laureate Way, Kannapolis, North Carolina 28081, United States
| | - Huadong Chen
- Laboratory for Functional Foods and Human Health, Center for Excellence in Post-Harvest Technologies, North Carolina Agricultural and Technical State University , North Carolina Research Campus, 500 Laureate Way, Kannapolis, North Carolina 28081, United States
| | - Shengmin Sang
- Laboratory for Functional Foods and Human Health, Center for Excellence in Post-Harvest Technologies, North Carolina Agricultural and Technical State University , North Carolina Research Campus, 500 Laureate Way, Kannapolis, North Carolina 28081, United States
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12
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Identification of the absorbed components and metabolites of Zhi-Zi-Da-Huang decoction in rat plasma by ultra-high performance liquid chromatography coupled with quadrupole-time-of-flight mass spectrometry. J Pharm Biomed Anal 2015; 111:277-87. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jpba.2015.03.043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2015] [Revised: 03/13/2015] [Accepted: 03/15/2015] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
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13
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Ting Y, Zhao Q, Xia C, Huang Q. Using in vitro and in vivo models to evaluate the oral bioavailability of nutraceuticals. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2015; 63:1332-1338. [PMID: 25615514 DOI: 10.1021/jf5047464] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
Nutraceuticals are the bioactive compounds found in many dietary sources. Numerous publications have reported their ability to prevent the development of degenerative diseases through modulation of physiological and physiochemical processes in living systems. Having sufficient concentration at the target site of action is the most critical factor for nutraceuticals to deliver the health benefits. For consumers, it is commonly accepted to ingest these bioactive components through oral delivery route because it is convenient and cost-efficient and allows flexible dosing schedule. Thus, it is important to understand the oral bioavailability of nutraceuticals to evaluate their qualifications as disease preventive agents and to calculate the required ingestion dosages. To predict the oral bioavailability of nutraceuticals, many in vitro and in vivo models have been developed to reduce the need for frequent human pharmacokinetic studies, which are costly and time-consuming and involve ethical complications. These models evaluate one or more of the influential factors that contribute to the oral bioavailability and are efficient screening techniques with the potential of predicting the pharmacokinetic process in humans. To accurately predict human oral bioavailability, further research is required to develop not only a better correlation between the in vitro and in vivo models but also an accurate scaling factor that takes into account interspecies variations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuwen Ting
- Department of Food Science, Rutgers University , 65 Dudley Road, New Brunswick, New Jersey 08901, United States
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14
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Toro-Funes N, Morales-Gutiérrez FJ, Veciana-Nogués MT, Vidal-Carou MC, Spencer JPE, Rodriguez-Mateos A. The intracellular metabolism of isoflavones in endothelial cells. Food Funct 2014; 6:98-108. [PMID: 25410768 DOI: 10.1039/c4fo00772g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Data from epidemiological and human intervention studies have highlighted potential cardiovascular benefits of soy isoflavone-containing foods. In humans, genistein and daidzein are extensively metabolized after absorption into glucuronides and sulfate metabolites. However, limited data exist on isoflavone cellular metabolism, in particular in endothelial cells. We investigated the uptake and cellular metabolism of genistein, daidzein and its major in vivo microbial metabolite, equol, in human endothelial (HUVEC), liver (HepG2) and intestinal epithelial cells (Caco-2 monolayer). Our results indicate that genistein and daidzein are taken up by endothelial cells, and metabolized into methoxy-genistein-glucuronides, methoxy-genistein-sulfates and methoxy-daidzein-glucuronides. In contrast, equol was taken up but not metabolized. In HepG2 and Caco-2 cells, glucuronide and sulfate conjugates of genistein and daidzein and a sulfate conjugate of equol were formed. Our findings suggest that endothelial cell metabolism needs to be taken into account when investigating the cardioprotective mechanisms of action of isoflavones.
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Affiliation(s)
- Natalia Toro-Funes
- Department of Nutrition and Food Science-XaRTA, Faculty of Pharmacy, Campus de l'Alimentació Torribera, University of Barcelona, Avda. Prat de la Riba 171, 08921-Santa Coloma de Gramenet, Barcelona, Spain
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15
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Urinary metabolites of isorhynchophylline in rats and their neuroprotective activities in the HT22 cell assay. Fitoterapia 2014; 97:156-63. [PMID: 24910000 DOI: 10.1016/j.fitote.2014.05.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2014] [Revised: 05/26/2014] [Accepted: 05/28/2014] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Isorhynchophylline is one of the major alkaloids from the Uncaria hook possessing the effects of lowered blood pressure, vasodilatation and protection against ischemia-induced neuronal damage. However, the metabolic pathway of isorhynchophylline has not been fully reported yet. In this paper, the metabolism of isorhynchophylline was investigated in rats. Five metabolites were isolated by using solvent extraction and repeated chromatographic methods, and identified by spectroscopic methods including UV, MS, NMR and CD experiments. Three new compounds were identified as 5-oxoisorhynchophyllic acid-22-O-β-D-glucuronide (M1), 17-O-demethyl-16,17-dihydro isorhynchophylline (M2) and 5-oxoisorhynchophyllic acid (M4) together with two known compounds isorhynchophylline (M0) and rhynchophylline (M3). Possible metabolic pathways of isorhynchophylline are proposed. Furthermore, the activity assay for all the metabolites showed that isorhynchophylline (M0) exhibited potent neuroprotective effects against glutamate-induced HT22 cell death. However, little or weak neuroprotective activities were observed for M1-M4. Our present study is important to further understand its metabolic fate and disposition in humans.
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16
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Chiou YS, Wu JC, Huang Q, Shahidi F, Wang YJ, Ho CT, Pan MH. Metabolic and colonic microbiota transformation may enhance the bioactivities of dietary polyphenols. J Funct Foods 2014. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jff.2013.08.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
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17
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Determination of genistein in rat liver and kidney by a HPLC/UV method. Possible extrapolation from animals to humans. REV ROMANA MED LAB 2014. [DOI: 10.2478/rrlm-2014-0006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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18
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Lee S, Seo MH, Oh DK, Lee CH. Targeted metabolomics for Aspergillus oryzae-mediated biotransformation of soybean isoflavones, showing variations in primary metabolites. Biosci Biotechnol Biochem 2014; 78:167-74. [PMID: 25036500 DOI: 10.1080/09168451.2014.877827] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
This study aimed to investigate the biotransformation of soybean isoflavones to hydroxyisoflavones, and the primary and secondary metabolite change during Aspergillus oryzae KACC40247-mediated fermentation by gas chromatography-time of flight-mass spectrometry and LC-MS with multivariate analysis. The mass spectrometric analysis revealed that acetylglycosides and glycosides decreased during the first 12 h of fermentation, while the aglycones increased up to that time point. This was followed by a decrease in aglycone levels due to the formation of hydroxyisoflavones. The hydroxyflavones, 8-hydroxydaidzein, hydroxygenistein, and hydroxyglycitein, resulting from the biotransformation of the corresponding aglycones, increased up to 24 h, and then subsequently decreased. During fermentation, the levels of monosaccharides, aspartic acid, pyroglutamic acid, gamma-aminobutyric acid, and organic acids gradually decreased, whereas the levels of threonine, serine, and glycine increased. Hydroxyisoflavone was more strongly correlated with antioxidant activity than the other metabolites. Our results suggest that biotransformation has the potential to improve the nutritional properties of soy-based food.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sunmin Lee
- a Department of Bioscience and Biotechnology , Konkuk University , Seoul , Republic of Korea
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19
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Yang Z, Kulkarni K, Zhu W, Hu M. Bioavailability and pharmacokinetics of genistein: mechanistic studies on its ADME. Anticancer Agents Med Chem 2013; 12:1264-80. [PMID: 22583407 DOI: 10.2174/187152012803833107] [Citation(s) in RCA: 143] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2011] [Revised: 02/20/2012] [Accepted: 02/20/2012] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Genistein, one of the most active natural flavonoids, exerts various biological effects including chemoprevention, antioxidation, antiproliferation and anticancer. More than 30 clinical trials of genistein with various disease indications have been conducted to evaluate its clinical efficacy. Based on many animals and human pharmacokinetic studies, it is well known that the most challenge issue for developing genistein as a chemoprevention agent is the low oral bioavailability, which may be the major reason relating to its ambiguous therapeutic effects and large interindividual variations in clinical trials. In order to better correlate pharmacokinetic to pharmacodynamics results in animals and clinical studies, an in-depth understanding of pharmacokinetic behavior of genistein and its ADME properties are needed. Numerous in vitro/in vivo ADME studies had been conducted to reveal the main factors contributing to the low oral bioavailability of genistein. Therefore, this review focuses on summarizing the most recent progress on mechanistic studies of genistein ADME and provides a systemic view of these processes to explain genistein pharmacokinetic behaviors in vivo. The better understanding of genistein ADME property may lead to development of proper strategy to improve genistein oral bioavailability via mechanism-based approaches.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhen Yang
- Department of Pharmacological and Pharmaceutical Science, College of Pharmacy, University of Houston, Houston, TX 77030, USA
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Effect of combining in vitro estrogenicity data with kinetic characteristics of estrogenic compounds on the in vivo predictive value. Toxicol In Vitro 2013; 27:44-51. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tiv.2012.09.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2012] [Revised: 09/17/2012] [Accepted: 09/18/2012] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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21
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Wen XD, Liu EH, Yang J, Li CY, Gao W, Qi LW, Wang CZ, Yuan CS, Li P. Identification of metabolites of Buyang Huanwu decoction in rat urine using liquid chromatography-quadrupole time-of-flight mass spectrometry. J Pharm Biomed Anal 2012; 67-68:114-22. [PMID: 22591804 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpba.2012.04.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2011] [Revised: 04/10/2012] [Accepted: 04/18/2012] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
In the present study, rapid resolution liquid chromatography was coupled with quadrupole time-of-flight tandem mass spectrometry (RRLC-Q-TOF-MS) to identify the absorbed components and metabolites in rat urine after oral administration of Buyang Huanwu decoction (BYHWD). After oral administration of BYHWD, urine samples were collected and pretreated by solid phase extraction. The mass measurements were accurate within 5 ppm of error for all the protonated molecules, and subsequent fragment ions offered higher quality structural information for interpretation of the fragmentation pathways of various compounds. A total of 50 compounds were detected in rat urine samples within 20 min, including 12 parent compounds and 38 metabolites. Except for three prototype components (Hydroxysafflor yellow A, Paeoniflorin, and Amygdalin), the metabolites identified mainly came from Radix Astragali, Radix Angelicae Sinensis, and Rhizoma Chuanxiong. The results indicated that glucuronidation and sulfation were the major metabolic pathways of isoflavonoids, while glutathione conjugation, glucuronidation and sulfation were the main metabolic pathways of phthalides. No saponin-related metabolites were detected. The present study provided important structural information on the metabolism of BYHWD. Furthermore, the results of this work have demonstrated the feasibility of the RRLC/ESI-Q-TOF-MS approach for rapid and reliable characterization of metabolites from herbal medicines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiao-Dong Wen
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 210009, China
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22
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Li CY, Qi LW, Li P. Correlative analysis of metabolite profiling of Danggui Buxue Tang in rat biological fluids by rapid resolution LC-TOF/MS. J Pharm Biomed Anal 2011; 55:146-60. [PMID: 21277133 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpba.2010.12.034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2010] [Revised: 12/22/2010] [Accepted: 12/25/2010] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
In this work, the metabolite profiles of Danggui Buxue Tang (DBT) in rat bile and plasma were qualitatively described, and the possible metabolic pathways of DBT were subsequently proposed. Emphasis was put on correlative analysis of metabolite profiling in different biological fluids. After oral administration of DBT, bile and plasma samples were collected and pretreated by solid phase extraction. Rapid resolution liquid chromatography coupled to time-of-flight mass spectrometry (RRLC-TOFMS) was used for characterization of DBT-related compounds (parent compounds and metabolites) in biological matrices. A total of 142 metabolites were detected and tentatively identified from the drug-containing bile and plasma samples. Metabolite profiling shows that rat bile contained relatively more glutathione-derived conjugates, more saponins compounds and more diverse forms of metabolites than urine. The metabolite profile in plasma revealed that glucuronide conjugates of isoflavonoids, dimmers, acetylcysteine conjugates and parent form of phthalides, as well as saponin aglycones were the major circulating forms of DBT. Collectively, the metabolite profile analysis of DBT in different biological matrices provided a comprehensive understanding of the in vivo metabolic fates of constituents in DBT.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chang-Yin Li
- China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 210009, China
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Sotoca AM, Bovee TFH, Brand W, Velikova N, Boeren S, Murk AJ, Vervoort J, Rietjens IMCM. Superinduction of estrogen receptor mediated gene expression in luciferase based reporter gene assays is mediated by a post-transcriptional mechanism. J Steroid Biochem Mol Biol 2010; 122:204-11. [PMID: 20599613 DOI: 10.1016/j.jsbmb.2010.06.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2010] [Revised: 05/21/2010] [Accepted: 06/18/2010] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Several estrogenic compounds including the isoflavonoid genistein have been reported to induce a higher maximal response than the natural estrogen 17β-estradiol in in vitro luciferase based reporter gene bioassays for testing estrogenicity. The phenomenon has been referred to as superinduction. The mechanism underlying this effect and thus also its biological relevance remain to be elucidated. In the present study several hypotheses for the possible mechanisms underlying this superinduction were investigated using genistein as the model compound. These hypotheses included (i) a non-estrogen receptor (ER)-mediated mechanism, (ii) a role for an ER activating genistein metabolite with higher ER inducing activity than genistein itself, and (iii) a post-transcriptional mechanism that is not biologically relevant but specific for the luciferase based reporter gene assays. The data presented in this study indicate that induction and also superinduction of the reporter gene is ER-mediated, and that superinduction by genistein could be ascribed to stabilization of the firefly luciferase reporter enzyme increasing the bioluminescent signal during the cell-based assay. This indicates that the phenomenon of superinduction may not be biologically relevant but may rather represent a post-transcriptional effect on enzyme stability.
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Affiliation(s)
- A M Sotoca
- Division of Toxicology, Wageningen University, Tuinlaan 5, 6703 HE Wageningen, Gelderland, The Netherlands.
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Bai X, Xie Y, Liu J, Qu J, Kano Y, Yuan D. Isolation and Identification of Urinary Metabolites of Kakkalide in Rats. Drug Metab Dispos 2009; 38:281-6. [DOI: 10.1124/dmd.109.028555] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
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25
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Li CY, Qi LW, Li P, Wen XD, Zhu YF, Liu EH, Gong Z, Yang XL, Ren MT, Li YJ, Ge XX. Identification of metabolites of Danggui Buxue Tang in rat urine by liquid chromatography coupled with electrospray ionization time-of-flight mass spectrometry. RAPID COMMUNICATIONS IN MASS SPECTROMETRY : RCM 2009; 23:1977-1988. [PMID: 19504482 DOI: 10.1002/rcm.4110] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
A method coupling liquid chromatography with electrospray ionization time-of-flight mass spectrometry (LC/ESI-TOF/MS) has been developed for rapid and sensitive analysis of rat urinary metabolite profile of Danggui Buxue Tang (DBT), a well-known Chinese herbal formula. After oral administration of DBT, urine samples were collected during 0-24 h, and then pretreated by solid-phase extraction. A total of 68 compounds including 13 parent compounds and 55 metabolites were detected in the drug-containing urines compared with blank urines. The total analytical time was less than 20 min. Metabolites of DBT were identified using dynamic adjustment of the fragmentor voltage to produce structure-relevant fragment ions. By using this approach, the mass accuracy of precursor and fragment ions was typically within +/-5 ppm of the theoretical values, and enabled the identification of 43 metabolites including 27 isoflavanoid and 16 phthalide metabolites. Our results indicated that glucuronidation and sulfation were the major metabolic pathways of isoflavonoids, while glutathione conjugation, glucuronidation and sulfation were the main metabolic pathways of phthalides. No saponin-related metabolites were detected. The results of the present study provided important structural information relating to the metabolism of DBT. Furthermore, this work demonstrated the potential of the LC/ESI-TOF/MS approach for identification of metabolites from Chinese herbal medicines in urine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chang-Yin Li
- Key Laboratory of Modern Chinese Medicines (China Pharmaceutical University), Ministry of Education, No. 24 Tongjia Lane, Nanjing 210009, China
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Jia C, Shi H, Jin W, Zhang K, Jiang Y, Zhao M, Tu P. Metabolism of Echinacoside, a Good Antioxidant, in Rats: Isolation and Identification of Its Biliary Metabolites. Drug Metab Dispos 2008; 37:431-8. [DOI: 10.1124/dmd.108.023697] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
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Pfitscher A, Reiter E, Jungbauer A. Receptor binding and transactivation activities of red clover isoflavones and their metabolites. J Steroid Biochem Mol Biol 2008; 112:87-94. [PMID: 18809497 DOI: 10.1016/j.jsbmb.2008.08.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2008] [Revised: 08/22/2008] [Accepted: 08/28/2008] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Red clover extracts contain a variety of isoflavones, which have affinity toward estrogen receptor alpha (ERalpha), estrogen receptor beta (ERbeta), androgen receptor (AR), and progesterone receptor (PR). Upon ingestion, they undergo various metabolic transformations. For a complete evaluation of red clover extracts and possible health benefits, the resulting metabolites should also be investigated. Biochanin A, formononetin, genistein, daidzein, dihydrobiochanin A, dihydroformononetin, dihydrogenistein, dihydrodaidzein, 3'-hydroxygenistein, 6-hydroxydaidzein, 6-hydroxydesmethylangolensin, equol, O-desmethylangolensin, angolensin, and p-ethylphenol were tested for their transactivation potential toward ERalpha, AR, and PR in yeast. Competitive binding assays with radiolabeled 17beta-estradiol, 17alpha-methyltrienolone or progesterone assessed binding to the respective ERalpha and ERbeta, AR, and PR. The compounds showed only weak binding affinity to AR and PR, with IC(50) values being greater (i.e., lesser affinity) than 10(-5)M for the respective receptor. So far, beneficial health effects have been attributed to the production of equol. We propose that other metabolites can also contribute to these effects. However, more detailed information for the formation of these metabolites in humans and for bioavailability data are required to confirm our assumptions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Angelika Pfitscher
- Department of Biotechnology, University of Natural Resources and Applied Life Sciences, Vienna, Austria
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Food flavonoid aryl hydrocarbon receptor-mediated agonistic/antagonistic/synergic activities in human and rat reporter gene assays. Anal Chim Acta 2008; 637:337-45. [PMID: 19286049 DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2008.09.054] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2008] [Revised: 09/24/2008] [Accepted: 09/24/2008] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
Aryl hydrocarbon receptor (AhR) is a ligand-activated transcription factor mediating the adverse effects of dioxins and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs). In this study, we investigated the genetic-, time-, dose-, species- and tissue-dependent AhR-mediated agonistic/antagonistic activities of three food flavonoids: quercetin, chrysin and genistein. To that end, four stably transfected cell lines were used in cell-based luciferase reporter gene assays: three lines were transformed with the ptKLuc vector harbouring four dioxin-responsive elements (DREs) upstream of the thymidine kinase promoter and the luciferase gene (HepG2-Luc, T-47D-Luc and H4IIE-ULg). The fourth is a patented cell line transformed with a different construct: H4IIE DR-CALUX((R)). Both H4IIE cells were compared for their genetic construction. Human hepatoma (HepG2-Luc) and human breast tumour (T-47D-Luc) cells were compared for tissue-dependent effects. Rat hepatoma (H4IIE-ULg) and human hepatoma (HepG2-Luc) cells were compared for species-dependent activities. We concluded that quercetin, chrysin and genistein act in a time-, dose-, species- and tissue-specific way. For example, genistein displayed agonistic activities when exposed to rat hepatoma cells during 6h but not after 24h. Flavonoids displayed agonistic/antagonistic activities in human breast tumour cells, depending on the exposure time, while in human hepatoma cells, only antagonistic activities of flavonoids were measured. In addition, we report, in all the cells, a synergy between an isoflavone and two food contaminants; the 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin and 3-methylcholanthrene, a PAH. In rat cells, this synergy occurred when cells were exposed to flavonoids and contaminant for 6h, while it was observed in human cells only after 24h.
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Bursztyka J, Perdu E, Pettersson K, Pongratz I, Fernández-Cabrera M, Olea N, Debrauwer L, Zalko D, Cravedi J. Biotransformation of genistein and bisphenol A in cell lines used for screening endocrine disruptors. Toxicol In Vitro 2008; 22:1595-604. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tiv.2008.06.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2007] [Revised: 05/05/2008] [Accepted: 06/24/2008] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
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Riu A, Balaguer P, Perdu E, Pandelova M, Piccinelli R, Gustafsson JA, Leclercq C, Schramm KW, Dagnino S, Debrauwer L, Cravedi JP, Zalko D. Characterisation of bioactive compounds in infant formulas using immobilised recombinant estrogen receptor-alpha affinity columns. Food Chem Toxicol 2008; 46:3268-78. [PMID: 18692112 DOI: 10.1016/j.fct.2008.07.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2008] [Revised: 06/26/2008] [Accepted: 07/14/2008] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
In this study, the use of recombinant estrogen receptor alpha (ERalpha)-based affinity columns was reported, for the isolation and the identification of estrogenic substances present in complex matrices, focusing on bioactive compounds present in foodstuff. The capability of affinity columns to trap high, but also low-affinity radio-labelled ligands (17beta-estradiol, genistein and bisphenol A) was demonstrated. Three pooled samples of infant formulas (milk-based, hypoallergenic and soy-based formulas for infants aged 0-4 months) from a EU market basket were prepared by the CASCADE Network of Excellence. After determining the estrogenic activity of these food samples, human recombinant ERalpha ligand binding domain (LBD) based affinity columns combined with suitable analytical methods (high resolution LC-MS/MS) were used to identify the bioactive compounds present in the soy-based formula extract, namely phytoestrogens (genistein and daidzein) involved in the agonistic activity measured. Incubations of genistein with liver microsomes were carried out and the extracts analysed following the same protocol, demonstrating that hERalpha affinity columns can also be used for trapping active metabolites. This approach combining bioluminescent cell lines with this useful tool based on hERalpha-LBD affinity columns thus allowed the purification and the concentration of both known and unknown estrogenic ligands prior to investigation of their structure using LC-MS.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Riu
- UMR 1089 Xénobiotiques, INRA-ENVT, BP3, F-31931 Toulouse Cedex 9, France
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