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Nossol C, Landgraf P, Oster M, Kahlert S, Barta-Böszörmenyi A, Kluess J, Wimmers K, Isermann B, Stork O, Dieterich DC, Dänicke S, Rothkötter HJ. Deoxynivalenol triggers the expression of IL-8-related signaling cascades and decreases protein biosynthesis in primary monocyte-derived cells. Mycotoxin Res 2024; 40:279-293. [PMID: 38498144 PMCID: PMC11043135 DOI: 10.1007/s12550-024-00528-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2023] [Revised: 03/01/2024] [Accepted: 03/09/2024] [Indexed: 03/20/2024]
Abstract
Humans and their immune system are confronted with mold-contaminated food and/or mold-contaminated air in daily life and indoor activities. This results in metabolic stress and unspecific disease symptoms. Other studies provided evidence that exposure to mold is associated with the etiology of allergies. Deoxynivalenol (DON) is of great concern due to its frequent occurrence in toxically relevant concentrations. The exposure to this toxin is a permanent health risk for both humans and farm animals because DON cannot be significantly removed during standard milling and processing procedures. However, the direct effect on immunity or hematology is poorly defined because most investigations could not separate the effect of DON-contaminated feed intake. Due to the widespread distribution of DON after rapid absorption, it is not surprising that DON is known to affect the immune system. The immune system of the organism has one important function, to defend against the invasion of unknown substances/organisms. This study shows for the first time a synergistic effect of both-low physiological DON-doses in combination with low LPS-doses with the focus on the IL-8 expression on protein and RNA level. Both doses were found in vivo. IL-8 together with other anorectic cytokines like IL-1β can affect the food intake and anorexia. We could also show that a calcium-response is not involved in the increased IL-8 production after acute DON stimulation with high or low concentrations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Constanze Nossol
- Institute of Anatomy, Medical Faculty, Otto-von-Guericke University Magdeburg, Leipziger Strasse 44, 39120, Magdeburg, Germany.
| | - P Landgraf
- Institute for Pharmacology and Toxicology, Medical Faculty, Otto-von-Guericke University Magdeburg, Leipziger Straße 44, 39120, Magdeburg, Germany
| | - M Oster
- Research Institute for Farm Animal Biology (FBN), Wilhelm-Stahl-Allee 2, 18196, Dummerstorf, Germany
| | - S Kahlert
- Institute of Anatomy, Medical Faculty, Otto-von-Guericke University Magdeburg, Leipziger Strasse 44, 39120, Magdeburg, Germany
| | - A Barta-Böszörmenyi
- Institute of Anatomy, Medical Faculty, Otto-von-Guericke University Magdeburg, Leipziger Strasse 44, 39120, Magdeburg, Germany
| | - J Kluess
- Institute of Animal Nutrition, Friedrich-Loeffler-Institute (FLI), Federal Research Institute for Animal Health, Bundesallee 50, 38116, Braunschweig, Germany
| | - K Wimmers
- Research Institute for Farm Animal Biology (FBN), Wilhelm-Stahl-Allee 2, 18196, Dummerstorf, Germany
| | - B Isermann
- Institute of Laboratory Medicine, Clinical Chemistry and Molecular Diagnostics, Medical Faculty, Paul-List-Str. 13-15, 04103, Leipzig, Germany
| | - O Stork
- Institute of Biology, Faculty of Natural Science, Otto-von-Guericke University Magdeburg, Leipziger Strasse 44, 39120, Magdeburg, Germany
| | - D C Dieterich
- Institute for Pharmacology and Toxicology, Medical Faculty, Otto-von-Guericke University Magdeburg, Leipziger Straße 44, 39120, Magdeburg, Germany
| | - S Dänicke
- Institute of Animal Nutrition, Friedrich-Loeffler-Institute (FLI), Federal Research Institute for Animal Health, Bundesallee 50, 38116, Braunschweig, Germany
| | - H-J Rothkötter
- Institute of Anatomy, Medical Faculty, Otto-von-Guericke University Magdeburg, Leipziger Strasse 44, 39120, Magdeburg, Germany
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Sauvé B, Guay F, Létourneau Montminy MP. Impact of deoxynivalenol in a calcium depletion and repletion nutritional strategy in piglets. J Anim Sci 2024; 102:skae099. [PMID: 38613476 PMCID: PMC11056887 DOI: 10.1093/jas/skae099] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2023] [Accepted: 04/12/2024] [Indexed: 04/15/2024] Open
Abstract
This study evaluated the effect of dietary calcium (Ca) levels and deoxynivalenol (DON) contamination on Ca and phosphorus (P) utilization and bone mineralization in piglets. During an initial 13-d depletion phase, 64 piglets (15.7 ± 0.7 kg) received a control (DON-) or DON-contaminated treatment (DON+, 2.7 mg DON/kg) with either a low Ca (Ca-, 0.39%) or normal Ca level (Ca+, 0.65%) with a constant digestible P level (0.40%). A second group of 16 piglets received DON- or DON+ treatments for 9 d for gene expression analysis. During the subsequent 14-d repletion phase, all piglets were fed a Ca+ DON- diet containing 0.65% Ca and 0.35% digestible P without DON. After 5 d of the depletion phase, the absorption of P (DON × Ca; P < 0.05) and Ca was increased by the Ca- (P < 0.01) and DON+ (P < 0.01) diet. After 13 d, feed conversion ratio (P < 0.01) and average daily feed intake (P = 0.06) tended to decrease with the Ca- diet. The bone mineral content (BMC) gain was decreased by Ca, especially with Ca- DON + (DON × Ca, P < 0.05). The P absorption was increased by Ca- DON + (DON × Ca, P < 0.01), although the P retention efficiency was only increased by Ca+ DON + (DON × Ca, P < 0.001). The absorption of Ca was increased by DON+ (P < 0.001), and the Ca efficiency was increased by Ca- DON- (DON × Ca, P < 0.01). After 9 d, the gene expression of intestinal claudin 12 (P < 0.01) and CYP24A1 (P < 0.05), femur cortical RANKL (P < 0.05) and OPG (P = 0.06), and renal calbindin D9K (P < 0.05) and Klotho (P = 0.07) were decreased by DON+. The Ca (P = 0.06) and magnesium (P < 0.01) concentrations were decreased by DON+, and the Ca (P = 0.06) and P digestibility (P < 0.01) were increased. After the repletion phase, Ca- piglets recovered their BMC deficit, but not those receiving DON+ (DON × Ca; P = 0.06). The Ca (P < 0.05) and P (P = 0.06) retention efficiency tended to increase with Ca-. The absorption of Ca and P was increased by Ca- and DON+ (DON × Ca, P < 0.05). The results show that piglets increased their Ca and P utilization efficiency, allowing them to recover the BMC deficit caused by Ca-, but not when the piglets were exposed to DON. Pigs previously receiving Ca-deficient diet with DON still have lower body Ca and P, leading to elevated calcitriol concentrations and enhanced Ca and P intestinal absorption. The fact that DON decreased the expression of genes implicated in Ca intestinal and renal transport and P excretion after 9 d can potentially explain the reduced plasma Ca concentration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Béatrice Sauvé
- Department of Animal Sciences, Université Laval, Québec (QC), CanadaG1V 0A6
| | - Frédéric Guay
- Department of Animal Sciences, Université Laval, Québec (QC), CanadaG1V 0A6
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Sauvé B, Chorfi Y, Montminy MPL, Guay F. Vitamin D Supplementation Impacts Calcium and Phosphorus Metabolism in Piglets Fed a Diet Contaminated with Deoxynivalenol and Challenged with Lipopolysaccharides. Toxins (Basel) 2023; 15:394. [PMID: 37368695 DOI: 10.3390/toxins15060394] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2023] [Revised: 05/17/2023] [Accepted: 05/25/2023] [Indexed: 06/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Using alternative feed ingredients in pig diets can lead to deoxynivalenol (DON) contamination. DON has been shown to induce anorexia, inflammation, and-more recently-alterations in the vitamin D, calcium, and phosphorus metabolisms. Adding vitamin D supplementation in the form of vitamin D3 and 25-OH-D3 to the feed could modify the effects of DON in piglets. In this study, vitamin D3 or 25-OH-D3 supplementation was used in a control or DON-contaminated treatment. A repetitive exposure over 21 days to DON in the piglets led to disruptions in the vitamin D, calcium, and phosphorus metabolisms, resulting in a decreased growth performance, increased bone mineralization, and the downregulation of genes related to calcium and to phosphorus intestinal and renal absorption. The DON challenge also decreased blood concentrations of 25-OH-D3, 1,25-(OH)2-D3, and phosphate. The DON contamination likely decreased the piglets' vitamin D status indirectly by modifying the calcium metabolism response. Vitamin D supplementations did not restore vitamin D status or bone mineralization. After a lipopolysaccharide-induced inflammatory stimulation, feeding a 25-OH-D3 supplementation increased 25-OH-D3 concentration and 1,25-(OH)2-D3 regulations during the DON challenge. DON contamination likely induced a Ca afflux by altering the intestinal barrier, which resulted in hypercalcemia and hypovitaminosis D. The vitamin D supplementation could increase the calcitriol production to face the combined LPS and DON challenge.
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Affiliation(s)
- Béatrice Sauvé
- Department of Animal Sciences, Laval University, Quebec, QC G1V 0A6, Canada
| | - Younes Chorfi
- Department of Veterinary Biomedicine, Montreal University, Saint-Hyacinthe, QC J2S 2M2, Canada
| | | | - Frédéric Guay
- Department of Animal Sciences, Laval University, Quebec, QC G1V 0A6, Canada
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Dänicke S, Heymann AK, Oster M, Wimmers K, Tesch T, Bannert E, Bühler S, Kersten S, Frahm J, Kluess J, Kahlert S, Rothkötter HJ, Billenkamp F. Does chronic dietary exposure to the mycotoxin deoxynivalenol affect the porcine hepatic transcriptome when an acute-phase response is initiated through first or second-pass LPS challenge of the liver? Innate Immun 2021; 27:388-408. [PMID: 34338001 PMCID: PMC8419296 DOI: 10.1177/17534259211030563] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The sensitivity of pigs to deoxynivalenol (DON) might be increased by systemic inflammation (SI), which also has consequences for hepatic integrity. Liver lesions and a dys-regulated gene network might hamper hepatic handling and elimination of DON whereby the way of initiation of hepatic inflammation might play an additional role. First and second-pass exposure of the liver with LPS for triggering a SI was achieved by LPS infusion via pre- or post-hepatic venous route, respectively. Each infusion group was pre-conditioned either with a control diet (0.12 mg DON/kg diet) or with a DON-contaminated diet (4.59 mg DON/kg diet) for 4 wk. Liver transcriptome was evaluated at 195 min after starting infusions. DON exposure alone failed to modulate the mRNA expression significantly. However, pre- and post-hepatic LPS challenges prompted transcriptional responses in immune and metabolic levels. The mRNAs for B-cell lymphoma 2-like protein 11 as a key factor in apoptosis and IFN-γ released by T cells were clearly up-regulated in DON-fed group infused with LPS post-hepatically. On the other hand, mRNAs for nucleotide binding oligomerization domain containing 2, IFN-α and eukaryotic translation initiation factor 2α kinase 3 as ribosomal stress sensors were exclusively up-regulated in control pigs with pre-hepatic LPS infusion. These diverse effects were traced back to differences in TLR4 signalling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sven Dänicke
- Institute of Animal Nutrition, Federal Research Institute for Animal Health, Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut, Germany
| | - Ann-Katrin Heymann
- Institute of Animal Nutrition, Federal Research Institute for Animal Health, Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut, Germany
| | - Michael Oster
- Institute of Genome Biology, Leibniz Institute for Farm Animal Biology (FBN), Germany
| | - Klaus Wimmers
- Institute of Genome Biology, Leibniz Institute for Farm Animal Biology (FBN), Germany
| | - Tanja Tesch
- Institute of Animal Nutrition, Federal Research Institute for Animal Health, Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut, Germany
| | - Erik Bannert
- Institute of Animal Nutrition, Federal Research Institute for Animal Health, Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut, Germany
| | - Susanne Bühler
- Institute of Animal Nutrition, Federal Research Institute for Animal Health, Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut, Germany
| | - Susanne Kersten
- Institute of Animal Nutrition, Federal Research Institute for Animal Health, Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut, Germany
| | - Jana Frahm
- Institute of Animal Nutrition, Federal Research Institute for Animal Health, Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut, Germany
| | - Jeannette Kluess
- Institute of Animal Nutrition, Federal Research Institute for Animal Health, Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut, Germany
| | - Stefan Kahlert
- Institute of Anatomy, Otto-von-Guericke University Magdeburg, Germany
| | | | - Fabian Billenkamp
- Institute of Animal Nutrition, Federal Research Institute for Animal Health, Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut, Germany
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Microbial contamination of the air in livestock buildings as a threat to human and animal health – a review. ANNALS OF ANIMAL SCIENCE 2021. [DOI: 10.2478/aoas-2020-0080] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
Abstract
Livestock buildings are often contaminated with bacterial and fungal microflora. Animals living in the buildings, especially their excreta and secretions and their feed, can be a source of microorganisms, including pathogens. Significant microbial contamination occurs in pig houses, poultry houses and cowsheds. The microbes most frequently isolated from the air of these buildings are bacteria of the genera Streptococcus, Staphylococcus, Bacillus, and Clostridium and of the family Enterobacteriaceae. Among fungi, the most common are Aspergillus, Trichoderma, Penicillium, Cladosporium and Alternaria. Microbes present in livestock buildings often pose a hazard to workers, in whom they can cause infectious and allergic diseases, especially respiratory disease. Bacterial endotoxins may also pose a threat to humans and animals. For this reason it is important to carry out microbiological monitoring and preventive measures on livestock farms and to maintain appropriate environmental conditions. This will reduce microbiological contamination of livestock buildings and improve both workers’ health and animal welfare.
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Kuehling J, Eisenhofer K, Lechner M, Becker S, Willems H, Reiner G. The effects of boar on susceptibility to swine inflammation and necrosis syndrome in piglets. Porcine Health Manag 2021; 7:15. [PMID: 33509289 PMCID: PMC7842003 DOI: 10.1186/s40813-021-00194-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2020] [Accepted: 01/15/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Inflammation and necrosis can appear in pigs in several parts of the body simultaneously. The signs can affect newborns, suckling piglets and older pigs, and recent studies suggest that the syndrome is primarily endogenous. Inflammation and necrosis indicate impaired animal welfare, and thus should be controlled in pig production. This can be achieved by improving husbandry conditions. However, the variation in signs also appears to have a genetic component. The aim of the present study was therefore to test the effects of different boars from the Duroc and Pietrain breeds on the prevalence of swine inflammation and necrosis syndrome in their offspring. For this purpose, 646 suckling pigs from 39 sows (two herds) and 19 boars were made available. On the third day of life, the piglets were examined for clinical signs of inflammation and necrosis at tail base, tail tip, ears, face, teats, navel and claws. For the evaluation, we included the boar within the breed and the breed as fixed effects and the sow within the herd as random effects. More than 70% of the piglets were affected at the tail base, ears, coronary bands and heels. Bristle loss, swelling, redness, venous congestion and claw wall bleeding occurred most frequently. Exudation and necrosis affected fewer piglets. None of the piglets was completely free from signs of SINS. Offspring from Duroc boars had significantly lower SINS scores (4.87 ± 0.44) than offspring from Pietrain boars (10.13 ± 0.12). Within the Pietrain breed, significant effects of the boar were observed on inflammation and necrosis levels. Under the present study conditions, using Duroc boars instead of Pietrain boars resulted in a 59% reduction in the SINS scores of their offspring. The SINS score in the offspring of the most favourable Pietrain boar was almost 40% lower than that of offspring in the least favourable. These findings confirm considerable genetic effects on the outcome of SINS under a given husbandry. Further studies are necessary to characterise the genetic effects in detail and to make them useful to combat the syndrome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Josef Kuehling
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, Clinic for Swine, Justus-Liebig-University, Frankfurter Strasse 112, 35392, Giessen, Germany
| | - Kathrin Eisenhofer
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, Clinic for Swine, Justus-Liebig-University, Frankfurter Strasse 112, 35392, Giessen, Germany
| | | | - Sabrina Becker
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, Clinic for Swine, Justus-Liebig-University, Frankfurter Strasse 112, 35392, Giessen, Germany
| | - Hermann Willems
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, Clinic for Swine, Justus-Liebig-University, Frankfurter Strasse 112, 35392, Giessen, Germany
| | - Gerald Reiner
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, Clinic for Swine, Justus-Liebig-University, Frankfurter Strasse 112, 35392, Giessen, Germany.
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Dänicke S, Bannert E, Tesch T, Kersten S, Frahm J, Bühler S, Sauerwein H, Görs S, Kahlert S, Rothkötter HJ, Metges CC, Kluess J. Oral exposure of pigs to the mycotoxin deoxynivalenol does not modulate the hepatic albumin synthesis during a LPS-induced acute-phase reaction. Innate Immun 2020; 26:716-732. [PMID: 32703050 PMCID: PMC7787558 DOI: 10.1177/1753425920937778] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The sensitivity of pigs to deoxynivalenol (DON) might be influenced by systemic
inflammation (SI) which impacts liver. Besides following acute-phase proteins,
our aim was to investigate both the hepatic fractional albumin (ALB) synthesis
rate (FSR) and the ALB concentration as indicators of ALB metabolism in presence
and absence of SI induced by LPS via pre- or post-hepatic venous route. Each
infusion group was pre-conditioned either with a control diet (CON, 0.12 mg
DON/kg diet) or with a DON-contaminated diet (DON, 4.59 mg DON/kg diet) for 4
wk. A depression of ALB FSR was observed 195 min after LPS challenge,
independent of feeding group or LPS application route, which was not paralleled
by a down-regulated ALB mRNA expression but by a reduced availability of free
cysteine. The drop in ALB FSR only partly explained the plasma ALB
concentrations which were more depressed in the DON-pre-exposed groups,
suggesting that ALB levels are influenced by further mechanisms. The abundances
of haptoglobin, C-reactive protein, serum amyloid A, pig major acute-phase
protein, fibrinogen and LPS-binding protein mRNA were up-regulated upon LPS
stimulation but not accompanied by increases in the plasma concentrations of
these proteins, pointing at an imbalance between synthesis and consumption.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sven Dänicke
- Institute of Animal Nutrition, Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut, Federal Research Institute for Animal Health, Braunschweig, Germany
| | - Erik Bannert
- Institute of Animal Nutrition, Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut, Federal Research Institute for Animal Health, Braunschweig, Germany
| | - Tanja Tesch
- Institute of Animal Nutrition, Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut, Federal Research Institute for Animal Health, Braunschweig, Germany
| | - Susanne Kersten
- Institute of Animal Nutrition, Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut, Federal Research Institute for Animal Health, Braunschweig, Germany
| | - Jana Frahm
- Institute of Animal Nutrition, Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut, Federal Research Institute for Animal Health, Braunschweig, Germany
| | - Susanne Bühler
- Institute of Animal Nutrition, Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut, Federal Research Institute for Animal Health, Braunschweig, Germany
| | - Helga Sauerwein
- Institute for Animal Science, Physiology and Hygiene, University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany
| | - Solvig Görs
- Institute of Nutritional Physiology "Oskar Kellner", Leibniz Institute for Farm Animal Biology, Dummerstorf, Germany
| | - Stefan Kahlert
- Institute of Anatomy, Otto-von-Guericke University Magdeburg, Magdeburg, Germany
| | | | - Cornelia C Metges
- Institute of Nutritional Physiology "Oskar Kellner", Leibniz Institute for Farm Animal Biology, Dummerstorf, Germany
| | - Jeannette Kluess
- Institute of Animal Nutrition, Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut, Federal Research Institute for Animal Health, Braunschweig, Germany
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Hlavová K, Štěpánová H, Šťastný K, Levá L, Hodkovicová N, Vícenová M, Matiašovic J, Faldyna M. Minimal Concentrations of Deoxynivalenol Reduce Cytokine Production in Individual Lymphocyte Populations in Pigs. Toxins (Basel) 2020; 12:toxins12030190. [PMID: 32197345 PMCID: PMC7150743 DOI: 10.3390/toxins12030190] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2020] [Revised: 03/14/2020] [Accepted: 03/16/2020] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Deoxynivalenol (DON) is a mycotoxin frequently found in cereals, and pigs are one of the most sensitive farm species to DON. The aim of this study was to determine the effects of DON in very low doses on peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC) and on particular lymphocyte subpopulations. The cells were exposed to 1, 10 and 100 ng/mL of DON and lymphocyte viability, proliferation, and cytokine (Interleukin (IL)-1β, IL-2, IL-8, IL-17, Interferon (IFN) γ and tumor necrosis factor (TNF) α production were studied. Cells exposed to DON for 5 days in concentrations of 1 and 10 ng/mL showed higher viability compared to control cells. After 18 h of DON (100 ng/mL) exposure, a significantly lower proliferation after mitogen stimulation was observed. In contrast, an increase of spontaneous proliferation induced by DON (100 ng/mL) was detected. After DON exposure, the expression of cytokine genes decreased, with the exception of IL-1β and IL-8, which increased after 18 h exposure to 100 ng/mL of DON. Among lymphocyte subpopulations, helper T-cells and γδ T-cells exhibiting lower production of IL-17, IFNγ and TNFα were most affected by DON exposure (10 ng/mL). These findings show that subclinical doses of DON lead to changes in immune response.
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Roque K, Shin KM, Jo JH, Lim GD, Song ES, Shin SJ, Gautam R, Lee JH, Kim YG, Cho AR, Kim CY, Kim HJ, Lee MS, Oh HG, Lee BC, Kim JH, Kim KH, Jeong HK, Kim HA, Heo Y. Association between endotoxin levels in dust from indoor swine housing environments and the immune responses of pigs. J Vet Sci 2018; 19:331-338. [PMID: 29366303 PMCID: PMC5974514 DOI: 10.4142/jvs.2018.19.3.331] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2017] [Revised: 01/08/2018] [Accepted: 01/23/2018] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Indoor animal husbandry environments are inevitably contaminated with endotoxins. Endotoxin exposure is associated with various inflammatory illnesses in animals. This cross-sectional study evaluated the relationship between the degree of endotoxin exposure and the cellular and humoral immune profiles of fattening pigs. Blood samples were taken from the jugular vein of 47 pigs from ten pig farms in Korea. Whole blood cell counts and plasma immunoglobulin (Ig) classes were determined. Peripheral-blood mononuclear cells were stimulated in vitro with concanavalin A for 48 h, and cytokines released into culture supernatants were measured. The barns in which the pigs lived were assessed for endotoxin levels in the total and respirable dust by using the limulus amebocyte lysate kinetic QCL method. Low and high endotoxin exposures were defined as ≤ 30 and > 30 EU/m3, respectively. Compared to pigs with low endotoxin exposure (n = 19), highly exposed pigs (n = 28) had higher circulating neutrophil and lymphocyte (particularly B cells) counts, IgG and IgE levels, interferon-gamma (IFNγ) and interleukin (IL)-4 productions, and lower IgA levels and tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNFα) production. The IL-4, IFNγ, and TNFα levels significantly correlated with endotoxin level and/or pig age. Constant exposure of pigs to high levels of airborne endotoxins can lead to aberrant immune profiles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katharine Roque
- Department of Occupational Health, College of Bio-Medical Sciences, Daegu Catholic University, Gyeongsan 38430, Korea
| | - Kyung Min Shin
- Department of Occupational Health, College of Bio-Medical Sciences, Daegu Catholic University, Gyeongsan 38430, Korea
| | - Ji Hoon Jo
- Department of Occupational Health, College of Bio-Medical Sciences, Daegu Catholic University, Gyeongsan 38430, Korea
| | - Gyeong Dong Lim
- Department of Occupational Health, College of Bio-Medical Sciences, Daegu Catholic University, Gyeongsan 38430, Korea
| | - Eun Seob Song
- Department of Occupational Health, College of Bio-Medical Sciences, Daegu Catholic University, Gyeongsan 38430, Korea
| | - So Jung Shin
- Department of Occupational Health, College of Bio-Medical Sciences, Daegu Catholic University, Gyeongsan 38430, Korea
| | - Ravi Gautam
- Department of Occupational Health, College of Bio-Medical Sciences, Daegu Catholic University, Gyeongsan 38430, Korea
| | - Jae Hee Lee
- Department of Occupational Health, College of Bio-Medical Sciences, Daegu Catholic University, Gyeongsan 38430, Korea
| | - Yeon Gyeong Kim
- Department of Occupational Health, College of Bio-Medical Sciences, Daegu Catholic University, Gyeongsan 38430, Korea
| | - Ah Rang Cho
- Department of Occupational Health, College of Bio-Medical Sciences, Daegu Catholic University, Gyeongsan 38430, Korea
| | - Chang Yul Kim
- Department of Occupational Health, College of Bio-Medical Sciences, Daegu Catholic University, Gyeongsan 38430, Korea
| | - Hyun Ji Kim
- Department of Occupational Health, College of Bio-Medical Sciences, Daegu Catholic University, Gyeongsan 38430, Korea
| | - Myung Sook Lee
- Technology Services Division, National Institute of Animal Science, Wanju 55365, Korea
| | - Hyeong-Geu Oh
- Technology Services Division, National Institute of Animal Science, Wanju 55365, Korea
| | - Byung-Chul Lee
- Technology Services Division, National Institute of Animal Science, Wanju 55365, Korea
| | - Jung Hee Kim
- Dodram Pig Farmer's Cooperative, Veterinary Service Center, Daejeon 35352, Korea
| | - Kwang-Ho Kim
- Dodram Pig Farmer's Cooperative, Veterinary Service Center, Daejeon 35352, Korea
| | - Hyun Kyu Jeong
- Dodram Pig Farmer's Cooperative, Veterinary Service Center, Daejeon 35352, Korea
| | - Hyoung Ah Kim
- Department of Preventive Medicine, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul 06591, Korea
| | - Yong Heo
- Department of Occupational Health, College of Bio-Medical Sciences, Daegu Catholic University, Gyeongsan 38430, Korea
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Li R, Li Y, Su Y, Shen D, Dai P, Li C. Short-term ingestion of deoxynivalenol in naturally contaminated feed alters piglet performance and gut hormone secretion. Anim Sci J 2018; 89:1134-1143. [PMID: 29808618 DOI: 10.1111/asj.13034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2017] [Accepted: 03/06/2018] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
The mycotoxin deoxynivalenol (DON) generally exists in cereals and affects human and animal health. The aim of this study is to analyze the impacts of DON in naturally contaminated feed on piglet growth performance and intestinal hormone secretion in the short term. We randomly divided 5-week-old piglets into four groups: Control, DON 1,000, DON 2,000 and DON 3,000 groups. Piglets received a feed naturally contaminated with DON (approximately 400, 1,000, 2,000 or 3,000 μg/kg) for 21 days. Body weight showed no significant difference following exposure to DON. The balance of anti-oxidation and oxidation was disrupted by DON after 21 days. The concentration of tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α) and cyclooxgenase-2 (COX-2) significantly increased (p < .001) in all DON-treated groups. Gut anorexigenic hormone secretion of peptide YY (PYY) and cholecystokinin (CCK) had a time- and dose-dependent relationship with DON exposure; however, there was no effect on orexigenic hormone ghrelin secretion. Changes of histomorphology in the jejunum were observed in DON-treated groups, including villi flattening and fusion, and apical necrosis of villi. These results indicated that DON could suppress piglet growth performance and alter gut hormone secretion in the short term.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruonan Li
- Jiangsu Provincial Key Laboratory of Gastrointestinal Nutrition and Animal Health, College of Animal Science and Technology, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
| | - Yansen Li
- Jiangsu Provincial Key Laboratory of Gastrointestinal Nutrition and Animal Health, College of Animal Science and Technology, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
| | - Yongteng Su
- Jiangsu Aomai Bio-Tech Company, Nanjing White Horse National Modern Agricultural High-Tech Industrial Park, Nanjing, China
| | - Dan Shen
- Jiangsu Provincial Key Laboratory of Gastrointestinal Nutrition and Animal Health, College of Animal Science and Technology, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
| | - Pengyuan Dai
- Jiangsu Provincial Key Laboratory of Gastrointestinal Nutrition and Animal Health, College of Animal Science and Technology, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
| | - Chunmei Li
- Jiangsu Provincial Key Laboratory of Gastrointestinal Nutrition and Animal Health, College of Animal Science and Technology, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
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Renner L, Kahlert S, Tesch T, Bannert E, Frahm J, Barta-Böszörményi A, Kluess J, Kersten S, Schönfeld P, Rothkötter HJ, Dänicke S. Chronic DON exposure and acute LPS challenge: effects on porcine liver morphology and function. Mycotoxin Res 2017; 33:207-218. [PMID: 28474303 PMCID: PMC5511606 DOI: 10.1007/s12550-017-0279-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2016] [Revised: 04/11/2017] [Accepted: 04/17/2017] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
The aim of the present study was to examine the role of chronic deoxynivalenol (DON) exposition on the liver morphology and function in combination with pre- and post-hepatic lipopolysaccharide (LPS) stress in young pigs fed for 4 weeks with a DON-contaminated diet (4.59 mg/kg feed). At the end of the experiment, LPS (7.5 μg/kg BW) was administered for 1 h pre-hepatically (Vena portae hepatis) or post-hepatically (Vena jugularis). Liver morphology was macroscopically checked and showed haemorrhage in all LPS groups, significantly higher relative liver weights, accompanied by marked oedema in the gallbladder wall. Histological changes were judged by a modified histology activity index (HAI). Liver HAI score was significantly increased in all LPS groups compared to placebo, primarily due to neutrophil infiltration and haemorrhage. DON feed alone was without effect on the liver HAI. Liver function was characterized by (i) hepatic biochemical markers, (ii) mitochondrial respiration and (iii) Ca2+ accumulation capacity of isolated mitochondria. Clinical chemical parameters characterizing liver function were initially (<3 h) slightly influenced by LPS. After 3 h, bilirubin and alkaline phosphatase were increased significantly, in DON-fed, jugular-infused LPS group. Respiration and Ca2+ accumulation capacity of isolated liver mitochondria was not impaired by chronic DON exposure, acute LPS challenge or combined treatments. DON-contaminated feed did not change macroscopy and histology of the liver, but modified the function under LPS stress. The different function was not linked to modifications of liver mitochondria.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lydia Renner
- Institute of Anatomy, Otto von Guericke University Magdeburg, Leipziger Str. 44, 39120 Magdeburg, Germany
| | - Stefan Kahlert
- Institute of Anatomy, Otto von Guericke University Magdeburg, Leipziger Str. 44, 39120 Magdeburg, Germany
| | - Tanja Tesch
- Institute of Animal Nutrition, Friedrich-Loeffler-Institute, Federal Research Institute for Animal Health, Bundesallee 50, 38116 Braunschweig, Germany
| | - Erik Bannert
- Institute of Animal Nutrition, Friedrich-Loeffler-Institute, Federal Research Institute for Animal Health, Bundesallee 50, 38116 Braunschweig, Germany
| | - Jana Frahm
- Institute of Animal Nutrition, Friedrich-Loeffler-Institute, Federal Research Institute for Animal Health, Bundesallee 50, 38116 Braunschweig, Germany
| | - Anikó Barta-Böszörményi
- Institute of Anatomy, Otto von Guericke University Magdeburg, Leipziger Str. 44, 39120 Magdeburg, Germany
| | - Jeannette Kluess
- Institute of Animal Nutrition, Friedrich-Loeffler-Institute, Federal Research Institute for Animal Health, Bundesallee 50, 38116 Braunschweig, Germany
| | - Susanne Kersten
- Institute of Animal Nutrition, Friedrich-Loeffler-Institute, Federal Research Institute for Animal Health, Bundesallee 50, 38116 Braunschweig, Germany
| | - Peter Schönfeld
- Institute of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Otto von Guericke University Magdeburg, Leipziger Str. 44, 39120 Magdeburg, Germany
| | - Hermann-Josef Rothkötter
- Institute of Anatomy, Otto von Guericke University Magdeburg, Leipziger Str. 44, 39120 Magdeburg, Germany
| | - Sven Dänicke
- Institute of Animal Nutrition, Friedrich-Loeffler-Institute, Federal Research Institute for Animal Health, Bundesallee 50, 38116 Braunschweig, Germany
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Dänicke S, Beineke A, Berk A, Kersten S. Deoxynivalenol (DON) Contamination of Feed and Grinding Fineness: Are There Interactive Implications on Stomach Integrity and Health of Piglets? Toxins (Basel) 2017; 9:toxins9010016. [PMID: 28045426 PMCID: PMC5308248 DOI: 10.3390/toxins9010016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2016] [Revised: 12/10/2016] [Accepted: 12/26/2016] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
The common feed contaminant deoxynivalenol (DON) was reported to influence the morphology of the pars nonglandularis (PN) of porcine stomach. Moreover, finely ground feed is known to trigger the development of ulcers and other pathologies of PN while coarsely ground feed protects from such lesions. The interactions between grinding fineness and DON contamination of feed were not examined so far. Therefore, both finely and coarsely ground feeds were tested either in the absence or presence of a DON contaminated wheat on growth performance and health of rearing piglets, including stomach integrity. DON contamination significantly reduced feed intake and serum albumin concentration with this effect being more pronounced after feeding the coarsely ground feed. Albeit at a higher level, albumin concentration was also reduced after feeding the finely ground and uncontaminated feed. Finely ground and DON-contaminated feed caused a significantly more pronounced lymphoplasmacytic infiltration both of PN and pars glandularis, partly paralleled by lymph follicle formation and detritus filled foveolae and tubes suggesting a local immune response probably triggered by epithelial lesions. It is concluded that DON contamination of feed exacerbates the adverse effects of finely ground feed on stomach mucosal integrity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sven Dänicke
- Institute of Animal Nutrition, Friedrich-Loeffler-Institute (FLI), Federal Research Institute for Animal Health, Bundesallee 50, D-38116 Braunschweig, Germany.
| | - Andreas Beineke
- Institute of Pathology, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Foundation, Bünteweg 17, D30559 Hannover, Germany.
| | - Andreas Berk
- Institute of Animal Nutrition, Friedrich-Loeffler-Institute (FLI), Federal Research Institute for Animal Health, Bundesallee 50, D-38116 Braunschweig, Germany.
| | - Susanne Kersten
- Institute of Animal Nutrition, Friedrich-Loeffler-Institute (FLI), Federal Research Institute for Animal Health, Bundesallee 50, D-38116 Braunschweig, Germany.
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Escrivá L, Font G, Manyes L. In vivo toxicity studies of fusarium mycotoxins in the last decade: A review. Food Chem Toxicol 2015; 78:185-206. [DOI: 10.1016/j.fct.2015.02.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 201] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2014] [Revised: 01/26/2015] [Accepted: 02/01/2015] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
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14
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Systemic E. coli lipopolysaccharide but not deoxynivalenol results in transient leukopenia and diminished metabolic activity of peripheral blood mononuclear cells ex vivo. Mycotoxin Res 2014; 31:41-50. [PMID: 25315977 DOI: 10.1007/s12550-014-0212-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2014] [Revised: 09/22/2014] [Accepted: 09/28/2014] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
The mycotoxin deoxynivalenol (DON) and lipopolysaccharides (LPS) are reported to act synergistically in the animal organism. Thus, we tested the hypothesis that systemic co-exposure of DON and LPS aggravates the impact of the individual toxin on leukocyte counts in vivo and peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC) ex vivo. Growing barrows were fed a standard diet, equipped with permanent venous catheters and infused for 1 h with one of four treatments: control group with physiological saline (CON, n=8), mycotoxin group (DON, n=6) with 100 μg/kg body weight (BW) deoxynivalenol, endotoxin group (LPS, n=6) with 7.5 μg/kg BW Escherichia coli LPS, and co-exposed group (DON+LPS, n=6) with 100 μg/kg BW DON and 7.5 μg/kg BW LPS. Blood was collected 30 min prior to infusion and 10, 20, 30, 60, 360, 720 and 1440 min after start of infusion for total and differential leukocyte counts. PBMC were isolated from blood drawn at 3 and 24 h and subjected to an ex vivo 3-[4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl]-2,5-diphenyl-tetrazolium bromide (MTT) assay, either non-stimulated or stimulated with concanavalin A. LPS induced a transient significant leukopenia between 30 and 360 min, owing to a decrease in segmented neutrophils and lymphocytes (time×treatment: p<0.001). Metabolic activity of stimulated PBMC ex vivo was severely compromised in pigs 3 h after LPS exposure (<50% of control, p<0.001), but already regained 80% of its activity at 24 h, thus showing no difference between treatments. DON alone did not affect leukocytes in vivo or PBMC activity ex vivo and neither aggravated the effect of LPS.
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15
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Stelter K, Frahm J, Paulsen J, Berk A, Kleinwächter M, Selmar D, Dänicke S. Effects of oregano on performance and immunmodulating factors in weaned piglets. Arch Anim Nutr 2014; 67:461-76. [PMID: 24228909 DOI: 10.1080/1745039x.2013.858897] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
Many health effects can be attributed to the Mediterranean herb oregano (Origanum vulgare L.) and several studies demonstrated the improving effect on performance, changes in blood count, antibacterial, antifungal and immunmodulating abilities. The majority of these investigations were carried out with processed essential oil, while whole plant material was only used in a few studies. Thus, the aim of the present experiment was to test the effect of increasing proportions of dried oregano in piglet feed on health and performance, with a special focus on immune modulation. A total of 80 male castrated weaned piglets (body weight [BW] 7.9 kg ± 1.0 kg) were used in a feeding experiment lasting 5 weeks. They were assigned to 4 experimental groups: a control diet, and three diets with an oregano supplementation at 2 g, 4 g and 8 g per kg feed, respectively, corresponding to 23.5 mg, 46.9 mg and 93.9 mg carvacrol/kg DM. After 3 weeks, half of each group was challenged with 5 µg lipopolysaccharides (LPS) per kg BW. Blood samples were collected 2 h after LPS stimulation and analysed for T-cell phenotypes, granulocyte activity, clinical-chemistry as well as white and red blood count. The results indicate no effects of oregano on performance. In contrast, oregano altered the lymphocyte proportion and the ratio of CD4(+) and CD8(+) T-cells as well as the triglyceride concentration in the serum of non-stimulated and in LPS-stimulated piglets. In conclusion, whole plant supplementation of oregano to piglet feed altered immune-related parameters, but did not modulate the acute inflammatory response induced by LPS stimulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katrin Stelter
- a Institute of Animal Nutrition , Friedrich-Loeffler-Institute (FLI), Federal Research Institute for Animal Health , Braunschweig , Germany
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Lipopolysaccharides (LPS) modulate the metabolism of deoxynivalenol (DON) in the pig. Mycotoxin Res 2014; 30:161-70. [PMID: 24948114 DOI: 10.1007/s12550-014-0201-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2014] [Revised: 05/27/2014] [Accepted: 05/28/2014] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
Pigs might be exposed to lipopolysaccharides (LPS) and deoxynivalenol (DON) at the same time, and both toxins are thought to interactively affect the intestinal barrier, the innate immune system, and the xenobiotics metabolism. Hence, we aimed at examining the single and combined effects of both toxins on nutrient digestibility and DON metabolism. For this purpose, barrows (26 ± 4 kg) were fed restrictedly either a control diet (CON) or a diet contaminated with 3.1 mg DON/kg (DON) for 37 days. At day 37 of the experiment, pigs were infused intravenously for 60 min either with 100 μg DON/kg body weight (BW) (CON-DON), 7.5 μg LPS/kg BW (CON-LPS, DON-LPS) or a combination of both substances (CON-DON + LPS), or physiological saline (CON-CON, DON-CON). Blood samples were collected frequently until 3.25 h before the pigs were sacrificed for bile, liver, and kidney collection. The apparent digestibility of N-free extractives was significantly increased by 1 % when the DON-contaminated diet was fed. The total DON content in blood was significantly higher in endotoxemic pigs (34.8 ng/mL; CON-DON + LPS) when compared to the pigs infused with DON alone (18.8 ng/mL; CON-DON) while bile concentrations were not influenced by LPS. DON residue levels in liver and kidney closely reflected the treatment effects as described for blood. In contrast to DON infusion, the LPS challenge resulted in a significantly lower total DON concentration (13.2 vs. 7.5 ng/mL in groups DON-CON and DON-LPS, respectively) when the pigs were exposed to DON through the diet. The conjugation degree for DON in blood and bile was not influenced by treatments. In conclusion, endotoxemic pigs are characterized by higher DON residue levels in blood, liver, and kidney, probably by a compromised elimination.
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Dänicke S, Brezina U. Kinetics and metabolism of the Fusarium toxin deoxynivalenol in farm animals: Consequences for diagnosis of exposure and intoxication and carry over. Food Chem Toxicol 2013; 60:58-75. [DOI: 10.1016/j.fct.2013.07.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 80] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2013] [Revised: 07/07/2013] [Accepted: 07/08/2013] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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