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Joshi VR, Altfeld M. Harnessing natural killer cells to target HIV-1 persistence. Curr Opin HIV AIDS 2024; 19:141-149. [PMID: 38457230 DOI: 10.1097/coh.0000000000000848] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/09/2024]
Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW The purpose of this article is to review recent advances in the role of natural killer (NK) cells in approaches aimed at reducing the latent HIV-1 reservoir. RECENT FINDINGS Multiple approaches to eliminate cells harboring latent HIV-1 are being explored, but have been met with limited success so far. Recent studies have highlighted the role of NK cells and their potential in HIV-1 cure efforts. Anti-HIV-1 NK cell function can be optimized by enhancing NK cell activation, antibody dependent cellular cytotoxicity, reversing inhibition of NK cells as well as by employing immunotherapeutic complexes to enable HIV-1 specificity of NK cells. While NK cells alone do not eliminate the HIV-1 reservoir, boosting NK cell function might complement other strategies involving T cell and B cell immunity towards an HIV-1 functional cure. SUMMARY Numerous studies focusing on targeting latently HIV-1-infected cells have emphasized a potential role of NK cells in these strategies. Our review highlights recent advances in harnessing NK cells in conjunction with latency reversal agents and other immunomodulatory therapeutics to target HIV-1 persistence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vinita R Joshi
- Department of Virus Immunology, Leibniz Institute of Virology
| | - Marcus Altfeld
- Institute of Immunology, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
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Zhang L, Peng X, Ma T, Liu J, Yi Z, Bai J, Li Y, Li L, Zhang L. Natural killer cells affect the natural course, drug resistance, and prognosis of multiple myeloma. Front Cell Dev Biol 2024; 12:1359084. [PMID: 38410372 PMCID: PMC10895066 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2024.1359084] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2023] [Accepted: 01/30/2024] [Indexed: 02/28/2024] Open
Abstract
Multiple myeloma (MM), a stage-developed plasma cell malignancy, evolves from monoclonal gammopathy of undetermined significance (MGUS) or smoldering MM (SMM). Emerging therapies including immunomodulatory drugs, proteasome inhibitors, monoclonal antibodies, chimeric antigen-T/natural killer (NK) cells, bispecific T-cell engagers, selective inhibitors of nuclear export, and small-molecule targeted therapy have considerably improved patient survival. However, MM remains incurable owing to inevitable drug resistance and post-relapse rapid progression. NK cells with germline-encoded receptors are involved in the natural evolution of MGUS/SMM to active MM. NK cells actively recognize aberrant plasma cells undergoing malignant transformation but are yet to proliferate during the elimination phase, a process that has not been revealed in the immune editing theory. They are potential effector cells that have been neglected in the therapeutic process. Herein, we characterized changes in NK cells regarding disease evolution and elucidated its role in the early clinical monitoring of MM. Additionally, we systematically explored dynamic changes in NK cells from treated patients who are in remission or relapse to explore future combination therapy strategies to overcome drug resistance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Li Zhang
- Department of Hematology, Lanzhou University Second Hospital, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, China
- Key Laboratory of the Hematology of Gansu Province, Lanzhou University Second Hospital, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, China
| | - Xiaohuan Peng
- Department of Hematology, Lanzhou University Second Hospital, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, China
- Key Laboratory of the Hematology of Gansu Province, Lanzhou University Second Hospital, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, China
| | - Tao Ma
- Department of Hematology, Lanzhou University Second Hospital, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, China
- Key Laboratory of the Hematology of Gansu Province, Lanzhou University Second Hospital, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, China
- Department of Hematology, The Affiliated Hospital of Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, China
| | - Jia Liu
- Department of Hematology, Lanzhou University Second Hospital, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, China
- Key Laboratory of the Hematology of Gansu Province, Lanzhou University Second Hospital, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, China
| | - Zhigang Yi
- Department of Hematology, Lanzhou University Second Hospital, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, China
- Key Laboratory of the Hematology of Gansu Province, Lanzhou University Second Hospital, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, China
| | - Jun Bai
- Key Laboratory of the Hematology of Gansu Province, Lanzhou University Second Hospital, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, China
| | - Yanhong Li
- Key Laboratory of the Hematology of Gansu Province, Lanzhou University Second Hospital, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, China
| | - Lijuan Li
- Department of Hematology, Lanzhou University Second Hospital, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, China
- Key Laboratory of the Hematology of Gansu Province, Lanzhou University Second Hospital, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, China
| | - Liansheng Zhang
- Department of Hematology, Lanzhou University Second Hospital, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, China
- Key Laboratory of the Hematology of Gansu Province, Lanzhou University Second Hospital, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, China
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3
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Bewersdorf JP, Shallis RM, Sharon E, Park S, Ramaswamy R, Roe CE, Irish JM, Caldwell A, Wei W, Yacoub A, Madanat YF, Zeidner JF, Altman JK, Odenike O, Yerrabothala S, Kovacsovics T, Podoltsev NA, Halene S, Little RF, Piekarz R, Gore SD, Kim TK, Zeidan AM. A multicenter phase Ib trial of the histone deacetylase inhibitor entinostat in combination with pembrolizumab in patients with myelodysplastic syndromes/neoplasms or acute myeloid leukemia refractory to hypomethylating agents. Ann Hematol 2024; 103:105-116. [PMID: 38036712 DOI: 10.1007/s00277-023-05552-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2023] [Accepted: 11/13/2023] [Indexed: 12/02/2023]
Abstract
Patients with myelodysplastic syndromes/neoplasms (MDS) or acute myeloid leukemia (AML) with hypomethylating agent failure have a poor prognosis. Myeloid-derived suppressor cells (MDSCs) can contribute to MDS progression and mediate resistance to anti-PD1 therapy. As histone deacetylase inhibitors (HDACi) decrease MDSCs in preclinical models, we conducted an investigator-initiated, NCI-Cancer Therapy Evaluation Program-sponsored, multicenter, dose escalation, and expansion phase Ib trial (NCT02936752) of the HDACi entinostat and the anti-PD1 antibody pembrolizumab. Twenty-eight patients (25 MDS and 3 AML) were enrolled. During dose escalation (n=13 patients), there was one dose-limiting toxicity (DLT) on dose level (DL) 1 (G5 pneumonia/bronchoalveolar hemorrhage) and two DLTs at DL 2 (G3 pharyngeal mucositis and G3 anorexia). Per the 3 + 3 dose escalation design, DL 1 (entinostat 8 mg PO days 1 and 15 + pembrolizumab 200 mg IV day 1 every 21 days) was expanded and another 15 patients were enrolled. Hematologic adverse events (AEs) were common. The most common non-hematologic ≥G3 AEs were infection (32%), hypoxia/respiratory failure (11%), and dyspnea (11%). There were no protocol-defined responses among the 28 patients enrolled. Two patients achieved a marrow complete remission (mCR). Using a systems immunology approach with mass cytometry and machine learning analysis, mCR patients had increased classical monocytes and macrophages but there was no significant change of MDSCs. In conclusion, combining entinostat with pembrolizumab in patients with advanced MDS and AML was associated with limited clinical efficacy and substantial toxicity. Absence of an effect on MDSCs could be a potential explanation for the limited efficacy of this combination. ClinicalTrial.gov Identifier: NCT02936752.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jan Philipp Bewersdorf
- Section of Hematology, Department of Internal Medicine, Yale Cancer Center, Yale School of Medicine, Yale University, New Haven, CT, USA.
- Leukemia Service, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, USA.
| | - Rory M Shallis
- Section of Hematology, Department of Internal Medicine, Yale Cancer Center, Yale School of Medicine, Yale University, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Elad Sharon
- Cancer Therapy Evaluation Program, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Silvia Park
- Division of Hematology/Oncology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, USA
| | - Rahul Ramaswamy
- Division of Hematology/Oncology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, USA
| | - Caroline E Roe
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN, USA
- Department of Pathology, Microbiology and Immunology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, USA
- Vanderbilt Center for Immunobiology, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN, USA
| | - Jonathan M Irish
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN, USA
- Department of Pathology, Microbiology and Immunology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, USA
- Vanderbilt Center for Immunobiology, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN, USA
| | - Anne Caldwell
- Section of Hematology, Department of Internal Medicine, Yale Cancer Center, Yale School of Medicine, Yale University, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Wei Wei
- Section of Hematology, Department of Internal Medicine, Yale Cancer Center, Yale School of Medicine, Yale University, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Abdulraheem Yacoub
- The Division of Hematologic Malignancies and Cellular Therapeutics (HMCT), The University of Kansas Cancer Center, Westwood, KS, USA
| | - Yazan F Madanat
- Harold C. Simmons Comprehensive Cancer Center, UT Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, USA
| | - Joshua F Zeidner
- Lineberger Cancer Center, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - Jessica K Altman
- Robert H. Lurie Comprehensive Cancer Center of Northwestern University, Chicago, IL, USA
| | | | | | | | - Nikolai A Podoltsev
- Section of Hematology, Department of Internal Medicine, Yale Cancer Center, Yale School of Medicine, Yale University, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Stephanie Halene
- Section of Hematology, Department of Internal Medicine, Yale Cancer Center, Yale School of Medicine, Yale University, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Richard F Little
- Cancer Therapy Evaluation Program, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Richard Piekarz
- Cancer Therapy Evaluation Program, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Steven D Gore
- Cancer Therapy Evaluation Program, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Tae Kon Kim
- Section of Hematology, Department of Internal Medicine, Yale Cancer Center, Yale School of Medicine, Yale University, New Haven, CT, USA.
- Division of Hematology/Oncology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, USA.
- Department of Pathology, Microbiology and Immunology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, USA.
- Vanderbilt Center for Immunobiology, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN, USA.
| | - Amer M Zeidan
- Section of Hematology, Department of Internal Medicine, Yale Cancer Center, Yale School of Medicine, Yale University, New Haven, CT, USA.
- Hematology Section, Department of Internal Medicine, Yale School of Medicine, Yale University, 333 Cedar Street, PO Box 208028, New Haven, CT, 06520-8028, USA.
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4
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Lee EC, Kim K, Jung WJ, Kim HP. Vorinostat-induced acetylation of RUNX3 reshapes transcriptional profile through long-range enhancer-promoter interactions in natural killer cells. BMB Rep 2023; 56:398-403. [PMID: 37220907 PMCID: PMC10390292] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2023] [Revised: 04/07/2023] [Accepted: 05/09/2023] [Indexed: 05/25/2023] Open
Abstract
Natural killer (NK) cells are an essential part of the innate immune system that helps control infections and tumors. Recent studies have shown that Vorinostat, a histone deacetylase (HDAC) inhibitor, can cause significant changes in gene expression and signaling pathways in NK cells. Since gene expression in eukaryotic cells is closely linked to the complex three-dimensional (3D) chromatin architecture, an integrative analysis of the transcriptome, histone profiling, chromatin accessibility, and 3D genome organization is needed to gain a more comprehensive understanding of how Vorinostat impacts transcription regulation of NK cells from a chromatin-based perspective. The results demonstrate that Vorinostat treatment reprograms the enhancer landscapes of the human NK-92 NK cell line while overall 3D genome organization remains largely stable. Moreover, we identified that the Vorinostat-induced RUNX3 acetylation is linked to the increased enhancer activity, leading to elevated expression of immune response-related genes via long-range enhancerpromoter chromatin interactions. In summary, these findings have important implications in the development of new therapies for cancer and immune-related diseases by shedding light on the mechanisms underlying Vorinostat's impact on transcriptional regulation in NK cells within the context of 3D enhancer network. [BMB Reports 2023; 56(7): 398-403].
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Affiliation(s)
- Eun-Chong Lee
- Department of Tropical Medicine, Institute of Tropical Medicine, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul 03722, Korea
| | - Kyungwoo Kim
- Department of Tropical Medicine, Institute of Tropical Medicine, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul 03722, Korea
- Brain Korea 21 PLUS Project for Medical Science, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul 03722, Korea
| | - Woong-Jae Jung
- Department of Tropical Medicine, Institute of Tropical Medicine, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul 03722, Korea
| | - Hyoung-Pyo Kim
- Department of Tropical Medicine, Institute of Tropical Medicine, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul 03722, Korea
- Brain Korea 21 PLUS Project for Medical Science, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul 03722, Korea
- Yonsei Genome Center, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul 03722, Korea
- Division of Biology, Pohang University of Science and Technology, Pohang 37673, Korea
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5
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Guo R, Li J, Hu J, Fu Q, Yan Y, Xu S, Wang X, Jiao F. Combination of epidrugs with immune checkpoint inhibitors in cancer immunotherapy: From theory to therapy. Int Immunopharmacol 2023; 120:110417. [PMID: 37276826 DOI: 10.1016/j.intimp.2023.110417] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2023] [Revised: 05/28/2023] [Accepted: 05/30/2023] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Immunotherapy based on immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICIs) has revolutionized treatment strategies in multiple types of cancer. However, the resistance and relapse as associated with the extreme complexity of cancer-immunity interactions remain a major challenge to be resolved. Owing to the epigenome plasticity of cancer and immune cells, a growing body of evidence has been presented indicating that epigenetic treatments have the potential to overcome current limitations of immunotherapy, thus providing a rationalefor the combination of ICIs with epigenetic agents (epidrugs). In this review, we first make an overview about the epigenetic regulations in tumor biology and immunodevelopment. Subsequently, a diverse array of inhibitory agents under investigations targeted epigenetic modulators (Azacitidine, Decitabine, Vorinostat, Romidepsin, Belinostat, Panobinostat, Tazemetostat, Enasidenib and Ivosidenib, etc.) and immune checkpoints (Atezolizmab, Avelumab, Cemiplimab, Durvalumb, Ipilimumab, Nivolumab and Pembrolizmab, etc.) to increase anticancer responses were described and the potential mechanisms were further discussed. Finally, we summarize the findings of clinical trials and provide a perspective for future clinical studies directed at investigating the combination of epidrugs with ICIs as a treatment for cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruoyu Guo
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Binzhou Medical University, Yantai 264003, PR China
| | - Jixia Li
- Department of Clinical Laboratory Medicine, Yantaishan Hospital, Yantai 264003, PR China
| | - Jinxia Hu
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Binzhou Medical University, Yantai 264003, PR China
| | - Qiang Fu
- School of Pharmacology, Institute of Aging Medicine, Binzhou Medical University, Yantai 264003, PR China
| | - Yunfei Yan
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Binzhou Medical University, Yantai 264003, PR China
| | - Sen Xu
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Binzhou Medical University, Yantai 264003, PR China
| | - Xin Wang
- Department of Clinical Laboratory & Health Service Training, 970 Hospital of the PLA Joint Logistic Support Force, Yantai 264002, PR China.
| | - Fei Jiao
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Binzhou Medical University, Yantai 264003, PR China.
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6
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Lordo MR, Stiff AR, Oakes CC, Mundy-Bosse BL. Effects of epigenetic therapy on natural killer cell function and development in hematologic malignancy. J Leukoc Biol 2023; 113:518-524. [PMID: 36860165 PMCID: PMC10443672 DOI: 10.1093/jleuko/qiad026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2022] [Revised: 02/16/2023] [Accepted: 02/22/2023] [Indexed: 03/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Epigenetic therapy is an emerging field in the treatment of human cancer, including hematologic malignancies. This class of therapeutic agents approved by the US Food and Drug Administration for cancer treatment includes DNA hypomethylating agents, histone deacetylase inhibitors, IDH1/2 inhibitors, EZH2 inhibitors, and numerous preclinical targets/agents. Most studies measuring the biological effects of epigenetic therapy focus their attention on either their direct cytotoxic effects on malignant cells or their effects on modifying tumor cell antigen expression, exposing them to immune surveillance mechanisms. However, a growing body of evidence suggests that epigenetic therapy also has effects on the development and function of the immune system, including natural killer cells, which can alter their response to cancer cells. In this review, we summarize the body of literature studying the effects of different classes of epigenetic therapy on the development and/or function of natural killer cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew R. Lordo
- Comprehensive Cancer Center, The Ohio State University, 460 W. 10th Avenue, Columbus, OH 43210, USA
- Medical Scientist Training Program, Biomedical Sciences Graduate Program, The Ohio State University, 370 W. 9th Avenue, Columbus, OH 43210, USA
| | - Andrew R. Stiff
- Comprehensive Cancer Center, The Ohio State University, 460 W. 10th Avenue, Columbus, OH 43210, USA
- Physician Scientist Training Program, The Ohio State University, 370 W. 9th Avenue, Columbus, OH 43210, USA
- Division of Hematology, Department of Internal Medicine, The Ohio State University Wexner Medical Center, 460 W. 12th Avenue, Columbus, OH 43210, USA
| | - Christopher C. Oakes
- Comprehensive Cancer Center, The Ohio State University, 460 W. 10th Avenue, Columbus, OH 43210, USA
- Division of Hematology, Department of Internal Medicine, The Ohio State University Wexner Medical Center, 460 W. 12th Avenue, Columbus, OH 43210, USA
| | - Bethany L. Mundy-Bosse
- Comprehensive Cancer Center, The Ohio State University, 460 W. 10th Avenue, Columbus, OH 43210, USA
- Division of Hematology, Department of Internal Medicine, The Ohio State University Wexner Medical Center, 460 W. 12th Avenue, Columbus, OH 43210, USA
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Hojjatipour T, Maali A, Azad M. Natural killer cell epigenetic reprogramming in tumors and potential for cancer immunotherapy. Epigenomics 2023; 15:249-266. [PMID: 37125432 DOI: 10.2217/epi-2022-0454] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Natural killer (NK) cells are critical members of the innate lymphoid cell population and have a pivotal role in cancer eradication. NK cell maturation, development and function are tightly regulated by epigenetic modifications, which can also be recruited for cancer propagation and immune escape. NK cells have the potential to be activated against tumors through several epigenetic regulators. Given that epigenetic changes are inducible and reversible, focusing on aberrant epigenetic regulations recruited by tumor cells provides a tremendous opportunity for cancer treatment. This review presents a comprehensive picture of NK cell normal epigenetic regulation and cancer-driven epigenetic modifications. From our perspective, a better understanding of epigenetic regulators that can edit and revise NK cells' activity is a promising avenue for NK cell-based therapy in cancer management.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tahereh Hojjatipour
- Department of Hematology & Blood Transfusion, Students Research Center, School of Allied Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Amirhosein Maali
- Department of Immunology, Pasteur Institute of Iran, Tehran, Iran
- Department of Medical Biotechnology, School of Paramedicine, Qazvin University of Medical Sciences, Qazvin, Iran
| | - Mehdi Azad
- Department of Medical Laboratory Sciences, School of Paramedicine, Qazvin University of Medical Sciences, Qazvin, Iran
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Moran B, Davern M, Reynolds JV, Donlon NE, Lysaght J. The impact of histone deacetylase inhibitors on immune cells and implications for cancer therapy. Cancer Lett 2023; 559:216121. [PMID: 36893893 DOI: 10.1016/j.canlet.2023.216121] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2022] [Revised: 02/27/2023] [Accepted: 03/07/2023] [Indexed: 03/09/2023]
Abstract
Many cancers possess the ability to suppress the immune response to malignant cells, thus facilitating tumour growth and invasion, and this has fuelled research to reverse these mechanisms and re-activate the immune system with consequent important therapeutic benefit. One such approach is to use histone deacetylase inhibitors (HDACi), a novel class of targeted therapies, which manipulate the immune response to cancer through epigenetic modification. Four HDACi have recently been approved for clinical use in malignancies including multiple myeloma and T-cell lymphoma. Most research in this context has focussed on HDACi and tumour cells, however, little is known about their impact on the cells of the immune system. Additionally, HDACi have been shown to impact the mechanisms by which other anti-cancer therapies exert their effects by, for example, increasing accessibility to exposed DNA through chromatin relaxation, impairing DNA damage repair pathways and increasing immune checkpoint receptor expression. This review details the effects of HDACi on immune cells, highlights the variability in these effects depending on experimental design, and provides an overview of clinical trials investigating the combination of HDACi with chemotherapy, radiotherapy, immunotherapy and multimodal regimens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brendan Moran
- Cancer Immunology and Immunotherapy Group, Trinity St. James's Cancer Institute, Department of Surgery, School of Medicine, Trinity Translational Medicine Institute, Trinity College Dublin, Ireland; Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland, 123 St. Stephen's Green, Dublin 2, Ireland
| | - Maria Davern
- Dana-Farber Cancer Institute and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | | | - Noel E Donlon
- Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland, 123 St. Stephen's Green, Dublin 2, Ireland
| | - Joanne Lysaght
- Cancer Immunology and Immunotherapy Group, Trinity St. James's Cancer Institute, Department of Surgery, School of Medicine, Trinity Translational Medicine Institute, Trinity College Dublin, Ireland.
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9
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Covino DA, Desimio MG, Doria M. Impact of IL-15 and latency reversing agent combinations in the reactivation and NK cell-mediated suppression of the HIV reservoir. Sci Rep 2022; 12:18567. [PMID: 36329160 PMCID: PMC9633760 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-022-23010-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2022] [Accepted: 10/21/2022] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Inhibitors of histone deacetylases (HDACis) are major latency reversing agent (LRA) candidates in 'shock and kill' strategies to eradicate the HIV reservoir in infected patients. The poor achievements of initial HDACi-based trials and subsequent studies have highlighted the need for more efficient approaches such as combinatory and immunostimulating therapies. Here we studied combinations of IL-15 with pan-HDACi (Vorinostat, Romidepsin, Panobinostat) or class I selective-HDACi (Entinostat) with or without a PKC agonist (Prostratin) for their impact on in vitro reactivation and NK cell-mediated suppression of latent HIV. Results showed that pan-HDACis but not Entinostat reduced NK cell viability and function; yet, combined IL-15 reverted the negative effects of pan-HDACis except for Panobinostat. All HDACis were ineffective at reactivating HIV in a CD4+ T cell model of latency, with pan-HDACis suppressing spontaneous and IL-15- or Prostratin-induced HIV release, while IL-15 + Prostratin combination showed maximal activity. Moreover, Panobinostat impaired STAT5 and NF-κB activation by IL-15 and Prostratin, respectively. Finally, by using effectors (NK) and targets (latently infected CD4+ T cells) equally exposed to drug combinations, we found that IL-15-mediated suppression of HIV reactivation by NK cells was inhibited by Panobinostat. Our data raise concerns and encouragements for therapeutic application of IL-15/LRA combinations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniela Angela Covino
- grid.414603.4Primary Immunodeficiency Research Unit, Bambino Gesù Children’s Hospital, IRCCS, 00165 Rome, Italy
| | - Maria Giovanna Desimio
- grid.414603.4Primary Immunodeficiency Research Unit, Bambino Gesù Children’s Hospital, IRCCS, 00165 Rome, Italy
| | - Margherita Doria
- grid.414603.4Primary Immunodeficiency Research Unit, Bambino Gesù Children’s Hospital, IRCCS, 00165 Rome, Italy
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10
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Tumor Immune Microenvironment in Lymphoma: Focus on Epigenetics. Cancers (Basel) 2022; 14:cancers14061469. [PMID: 35326620 PMCID: PMC8946119 DOI: 10.3390/cancers14061469] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2022] [Revised: 02/23/2022] [Accepted: 03/11/2022] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Lymphoma is a neoplasm arising from B or T lymphocytes or natural killer cells characterized by clonal lymphoproliferation. This tumor comprises a diverse and heterogeneous group of malignancies with distinct clinical, histopathological, and molecular characteristics. Despite advances in lymphoma treatment, clinical outcomes of patients with relapsed or refractory disease remain poor. Thus, a deeper understanding of molecular pathogenesis and tumor progression of lymphoma is required. Epigenetic alterations contribute to cancer initiation, progression, and drug resistance. In fact, over the past decade, dysregulation of epigenetic mechanisms has been identified in lymphomas, and the knowledge of the epigenetic aberrations has led to the emergence of the promising epigenetic therapy field in lymphoma tumors. However, epigenetic aberrations in lymphoma not only have been found in tumor cells, but also in cells from the tumor microenvironment, such as immune cells. Whereas the epigenetic dysregulation in lymphoma cells is being intensively investigated, there are limited studies regarding the epigenetic mechanisms that affect the functions of immune cells from the tumor microenvironment in lymphoma. Therefore, this review tries to provide a general overview of epigenetic alterations that affect both lymphoma cells and infiltrating immune cells within the tumor, as well as the epigenetic cross-talk between them.
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Cristoferi I, Giacon TA, Boer K, van Baardwijk M, Neri F, Campisi M, Kimenai HJAN, Clahsen-van Groningen MC, Pavanello S, Furian L, Minnee RC. The applications of DNA methylation as a biomarker in kidney transplantation: a systematic review. Clin Epigenetics 2022; 14:20. [PMID: 35130936 PMCID: PMC8822833 DOI: 10.1186/s13148-022-01241-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2021] [Accepted: 01/27/2022] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Although kidney transplantation improves patient survival and quality of life, long-term results are hampered by both immune- and non-immune-mediated complications. Current biomarkers of post-transplant complications, such as allograft rejection, chronic renal allograft dysfunction, and cutaneous squamous cell carcinoma, have a suboptimal predictive value. DNA methylation is an epigenetic modification that directly affects gene expression and plays an important role in processes such as ischemia/reperfusion injury, fibrosis, and alloreactive immune response. Novel techniques can quickly assess the DNA methylation status of multiple loci in different cell types, allowing a deep and interesting study of cells’ activity and function. Therefore, DNA methylation has the potential to become an important biomarker for prediction and monitoring in kidney transplantation.
Purpose of the study The aim of this study was to evaluate the role of DNA methylation as a potential biomarker of graft survival and complications development in kidney transplantation. Material and Methods A systematic review of several databases has been conducted. The Newcastle–Ottawa scale and the Jadad scale have been used to assess the risk of bias for observational and randomized studies, respectively.
Results Twenty articles reporting on DNA methylation as a biomarker for kidney transplantation were included, all using DNA methylation for prediction and monitoring. DNA methylation pattern alterations in cells isolated from different tissues, such as kidney biopsies, urine, and blood, have been associated with ischemia–reperfusion injury and chronic renal allograft dysfunction. These alterations occurred in different and specific loci. DNA methylation status has also proved to be important for immune response modulation, having a crucial role in regulatory T cell definition and activity. Research also focused on a better understanding of the role of this epigenetic modification assessment for regulatory T cells isolation and expansion for future tolerance induction-oriented therapies. Conclusions Studies included in this review are heterogeneous in study design, biological samples, and outcome. More coordinated investigations are needed to affirm DNA methylation as a clinically relevant biomarker important for prevention, monitoring, and intervention. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s13148-022-01241-7.
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Affiliation(s)
- Iacopo Cristoferi
- Division of HPB and Transplant Surgery, Department of Surgery, Erasmus MC, University Medical Center Rotterdam, Doctor Molewaterplein 40, 3015GD, Rotterdam, the Netherlands. .,Department of Pathology and Clinical Bioinformatics, Erasmus MC, University Medical Center Rotterdam, Doctor Molewaterplein 40, 3015GD, Rotterdam, the Netherlands. .,Erasmus MC Transplant Institute, Erasmus MC, University Medical Center Rotterdam, Doctor Molewaterplein 40, 3015GD, Rotterdam, the Netherlands.
| | - Tommaso Antonio Giacon
- Kidney and Pancreas Transplantation Unit, Department of Surgical, Oncological and Gastroenterological Sciences, Padua University Hospital, Via Giustiniani 2, 35128, Padua, Italy.,Occupational Medicine, Department of Cardiac, Thoracic, Vascular Sciences and Public Health, Padua University, Via Giustiniani 2, 35128, Padua, Italy.,Environmental and Respiratory Physiology Laboratory, Department of Biomedical Sciences, Padua University, Via Marzolo 3, 35131, Padua, Italy.,Institute of Anaesthesia and Intensive Care, Department of Medicine - DIMED, Padua University Hospital, Via Cesare Battisti 267, 35128, Padua, Italy
| | - Karin Boer
- Erasmus MC Transplant Institute, Erasmus MC, University Medical Center Rotterdam, Doctor Molewaterplein 40, 3015GD, Rotterdam, the Netherlands.,Division of Nephrology and Transplantation, Department of Internal Medicine, Erasmus MC, University Medical Center Rotterdam, Doctor Molewaterplein 40, 3015GD, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Myrthe van Baardwijk
- Division of HPB and Transplant Surgery, Department of Surgery, Erasmus MC, University Medical Center Rotterdam, Doctor Molewaterplein 40, 3015GD, Rotterdam, the Netherlands.,Department of Pathology and Clinical Bioinformatics, Erasmus MC, University Medical Center Rotterdam, Doctor Molewaterplein 40, 3015GD, Rotterdam, the Netherlands.,Erasmus MC Transplant Institute, Erasmus MC, University Medical Center Rotterdam, Doctor Molewaterplein 40, 3015GD, Rotterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Flavia Neri
- Kidney and Pancreas Transplantation Unit, Department of Surgical, Oncological and Gastroenterological Sciences, Padua University Hospital, Via Giustiniani 2, 35128, Padua, Italy
| | - Manuela Campisi
- Occupational Medicine, Department of Cardiac, Thoracic, Vascular Sciences and Public Health, Padua University, Via Giustiniani 2, 35128, Padua, Italy
| | - Hendrikus J A N Kimenai
- Division of HPB and Transplant Surgery, Department of Surgery, Erasmus MC, University Medical Center Rotterdam, Doctor Molewaterplein 40, 3015GD, Rotterdam, the Netherlands.,Erasmus MC Transplant Institute, Erasmus MC, University Medical Center Rotterdam, Doctor Molewaterplein 40, 3015GD, Rotterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Marian C Clahsen-van Groningen
- Department of Pathology and Clinical Bioinformatics, Erasmus MC, University Medical Center Rotterdam, Doctor Molewaterplein 40, 3015GD, Rotterdam, the Netherlands.,Erasmus MC Transplant Institute, Erasmus MC, University Medical Center Rotterdam, Doctor Molewaterplein 40, 3015GD, Rotterdam, the Netherlands.,Institute of Experimental Medicine and Systems Biology, RWTH Aachen University, Pauwelsstraße 30, 52074, Aachen, Germany
| | - Sofia Pavanello
- Occupational Medicine, Department of Cardiac, Thoracic, Vascular Sciences and Public Health, Padua University, Via Giustiniani 2, 35128, Padua, Italy
| | - Lucrezia Furian
- Kidney and Pancreas Transplantation Unit, Department of Surgical, Oncological and Gastroenterological Sciences, Padua University Hospital, Via Giustiniani 2, 35128, Padua, Italy
| | - Robert C Minnee
- Division of HPB and Transplant Surgery, Department of Surgery, Erasmus MC, University Medical Center Rotterdam, Doctor Molewaterplein 40, 3015GD, Rotterdam, the Netherlands.,Erasmus MC Transplant Institute, Erasmus MC, University Medical Center Rotterdam, Doctor Molewaterplein 40, 3015GD, Rotterdam, the Netherlands
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12
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Mehrpouri M, Pourbagheri-Sigaroodi A, Bashash D. The contributory roles of histone deacetylases (HDACs) in hematopoiesis regulation and possibilities for pharmacologic interventions in hematologic malignancies. Int Immunopharmacol 2021; 100:108114. [PMID: 34492531 DOI: 10.1016/j.intimp.2021.108114] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2021] [Revised: 08/27/2021] [Accepted: 08/28/2021] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Although the definitive role of epigenetic modulations in a wide range of hematologic malignancies, spanning from leukemia to lymphoma and multiple myeloma, has been evidenced, few articles reviewed the task. Given the high accessibility of histone deacetylase (HDACs) to necessary transcription factors involved in hematopoiesis, this review aims to outline physiologic impacts of these enzymes in normal hematopoiesis, and also to outline the original data obtained from international research laboratories on their regulatory role in the differentiation and maturation of different hematopoietic lineages. Questions on how aberrant expression of HDACs contributes to the formation of hematologic malignancies are also responded, because these classes of enzymes have a respectable share in the development, progression, and recurrence of leukemia, lymphoma, and multiple myeloma. The last section provides a special focus on the therapeutic perspectiveof HDACs inhibitors, either as single agents or in a combined-modal strategy, in these neoplasms. In conclusion, optimizing the dose and the design of more patient-tailored inhibitors, while maintaining low toxicity against normal cells, will help improve clinical outcomes of HDAC inhibitors in hematologic malignancies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mahdieh Mehrpouri
- Department of Laboratory Sciences, School of Allied Medical Sciences, Alborz University of Medical Sciences, Karaj, Iran
| | - Atieh Pourbagheri-Sigaroodi
- Department of Hematology and Blood Banking, School of Allied Medical Sciences, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Davood Bashash
- Department of Hematology and Blood Banking, School of Allied Medical Sciences, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.
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13
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Fuertes MB, Domaica CI, Zwirner NW. Leveraging NKG2D Ligands in Immuno-Oncology. Front Immunol 2021; 12:713158. [PMID: 34394116 PMCID: PMC8358801 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2021.713158] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2021] [Accepted: 07/02/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICI) revolutionized the field of immuno-oncology and opened new avenues towards the development of novel assets to achieve durable immune control of cancer. Yet, the presence of tumor immune evasion mechanisms represents a challenge for the development of efficient treatment options. Therefore, combination therapies are taking the center of the stage in immuno-oncology. Such combination therapies should boost anti-tumor immune responses and/or target tumor immune escape mechanisms, especially those created by major players in the tumor microenvironment (TME) such as tumor-associated macrophages (TAM). Natural killer (NK) cells were recently positioned at the forefront of many immunotherapy strategies, and several new approaches are being designed to fully exploit NK cell antitumor potential. One of the most relevant NK cell-activating receptors is NKG2D, a receptor that recognizes 8 different NKG2D ligands (NKG2DL), including MICA and MICB. MICA and MICB are poorly expressed on normal cells but become upregulated on the surface of damaged, transformed or infected cells as a result of post-transcriptional or post-translational mechanisms and intracellular pathways. Their engagement of NKG2D triggers NK cell effector functions. Also, MICA/B are polymorphic and such polymorphism affects functional responses through regulation of their cell-surface expression, intracellular trafficking, shedding of soluble immunosuppressive isoforms, or the affinity of NKG2D interaction. Although immunotherapeutic approaches that target the NKG2D-NKG2DL axis are under investigation, several tumor immune escape mechanisms account for reduced cell surface expression of NKG2DL and contribute to tumor immune escape. Also, NKG2DL polymorphism determines functional NKG2D-dependent responses, thus representing an additional challenge for leveraging NKG2DL in immuno-oncology. In this review, we discuss strategies to boost MICA/B expression and/or inhibit their shedding and propose that combination strategies that target MICA/B with antibodies and strategies aimed at promoting their upregulation on tumor cells or at reprograming TAM into pro-inflammatory macrophages and remodeling of the TME, emerge as frontrunners in immuno-oncology because they may unleash the antitumor effector functions of NK cells and cytotoxic CD8 T cells (CTL). Pursuing several of these pipelines might lead to innovative modalities of immunotherapy for the treatment of a wide range of cancer patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mercedes Beatriz Fuertes
- Laboratorio de Fisiopatología de la Inmunidad Innata, Instituto de Biología y Medicina Experimental (IBYME-CONICET), Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Carolina Inés Domaica
- Laboratorio de Fisiopatología de la Inmunidad Innata, Instituto de Biología y Medicina Experimental (IBYME-CONICET), Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Norberto Walter Zwirner
- Laboratorio de Fisiopatología de la Inmunidad Innata, Instituto de Biología y Medicina Experimental (IBYME-CONICET), Buenos Aires, Argentina.,Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales, Departamento de Química Biológica, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires, Argentina
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14
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Covino DA, Desimio MG, Doria M. Combinations of Histone Deacetylase Inhibitors with Distinct Latency Reversing Agents Variably Affect HIV Reactivation and Susceptibility to NK Cell-Mediated Killing of T Cells That Exit Viral Latency. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms22136654. [PMID: 34206330 PMCID: PMC8267728 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22136654] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2021] [Accepted: 06/19/2021] [Indexed: 01/23/2023] Open
Abstract
The ‘shock-and-kill’ strategy to purge the latent HIV reservoir relies on latency-reversing agents (LRAs) to reactivate the provirus and subsequent immune-mediated killing of HIV-expressing cells. Yet, clinical trials employing histone deacetylase inhibitors (HDACis; Vorinostat, Romidepsin, Panobinostat) as LRAs failed to reduce the HIV reservoir size, stressing the need for more effective latency reversal strategies, such as 2-LRA combinations, and enhancement of the immune responses. Interestingly, several LRAs are employed to treat cancer because they up-modulate ligands for the NKG2D NK-cell activating receptor on tumor cells. Therefore, using in vitro T cell models of HIV latency and NK cells, we investigated the capacity of HDACis, either alone or combined with a distinct LRA, to potentiate the NKG2D/NKG2D ligands axis. While Bortezomib proteasome inhibitor was toxic for both T and NK cells, the GS-9620 TLR-7 agonist antagonized HIV reactivation and NKG2D ligand expression by HDACis. Conversely, co-administration of the Prostratin PKC agonist attenuated HDACi toxicity and, when combined with Romidepsin, stimulated HIV reactivation and further up-modulated NKG2D ligands on HIV+ T cells and NKG2D on NK cells, ultimately boosting NKG2D-mediated viral suppression by NK cells. These findings disclose limitations of LRA candidates and provide evidence that NK cell suppression of reactivated HIV may be modulated by specific 2-LRA combinations.
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15
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Zalfa C, Paust S. Natural Killer Cell Interactions With Myeloid Derived Suppressor Cells in the Tumor Microenvironment and Implications for Cancer Immunotherapy. Front Immunol 2021; 12:633205. [PMID: 34025641 PMCID: PMC8133367 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2021.633205] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2020] [Accepted: 02/12/2021] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The tumor microenvironment (TME) is a complex and heterogeneous environment composed of cancer cells, tumor stroma, a mixture of tissue-resident and infiltrating immune cells, secreted factors, and extracellular matrix proteins. Natural killer (NK) cells play a vital role in fighting tumors, but chronic stimulation and immunosuppression in the TME lead to NK cell exhaustion and limited antitumor functions. Myeloid-derived suppressor cells (MDSCs) are a heterogeneous group of myeloid cells with potent immunosuppressive activity that gradually accumulate in tumor tissues. MDSCs interact with innate and adaptive immune cells and play a crucial role in negatively regulating the immune response to tumors. This review discusses MDSC-mediated NK cell regulation within the TME, focusing on critical cellular and molecular interactions. We review current strategies that target MDSC-mediated immunosuppression to enhance NK cell cytotoxic antitumor activity. We also speculate on how NK cell-based antitumor immunotherapy could be improved.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Silke Paust
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA, United States
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16
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Xia M, Wang B, Wang Z, Zhang X, Wang X. Epigenetic Regulation of NK Cell-Mediated Antitumor Immunity. Front Immunol 2021; 12:672328. [PMID: 34017344 PMCID: PMC8129532 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2021.672328] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2021] [Accepted: 04/19/2021] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Natural killer (NK) cells are critical innate lymphocytes that can directly kill target cells without prior immunization. NK cell activation is controlled by the balance of multiple germline-encoded activating and inhibitory receptors. NK cells are a heterogeneous and plastic population displaying a broad spectrum of functional states (resting, activating, memory, repressed, and exhausted). In this review, we present an overview of the epigenetic regulation of NK cell-mediated antitumor immunity, including DNA methylation, histone modification, transcription factor changes, and microRNA expression. NK cell-based immunotherapy has been recognized as a promising strategy to treat cancer. Since epigenetic alterations are reversible and druggable, these studies will help identify new ways to enhance NK cell-mediated antitumor cytotoxicity by targeting intrinsic epigenetic regulators alone or in combination with other strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miaoran Xia
- Department of Immunology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China.,Advanced Innovation Center for Human Brain Protection, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China.,Beijing Key Laboratory for Cancer Invasion and Metastasis Research, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China.,Department of Oncology, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Bingbing Wang
- Department of Immunology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China.,Advanced Innovation Center for Human Brain Protection, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China.,Beijing Key Laboratory for Cancer Invasion and Metastasis Research, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China.,Department of Oncology, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Zihan Wang
- Department of Immunology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China.,Advanced Innovation Center for Human Brain Protection, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China.,Beijing Key Laboratory for Cancer Invasion and Metastasis Research, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China.,Department of Oncology, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Xulong Zhang
- Department of Immunology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Xi Wang
- Department of Immunology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China.,Advanced Innovation Center for Human Brain Protection, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China.,Beijing Key Laboratory for Cancer Invasion and Metastasis Research, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China.,Department of Oncology, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
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17
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Lodewijk I, Nunes SP, Henrique R, Jerónimo C, Dueñas M, Paramio JM. Tackling tumor microenvironment through epigenetic tools to improve cancer immunotherapy. Clin Epigenetics 2021; 13:63. [PMID: 33761971 PMCID: PMC7992805 DOI: 10.1186/s13148-021-01046-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2021] [Accepted: 03/01/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Epigenetic alterations are known contributors to cancer development and aggressiveness. Additional to alterations in cancer cells, aberrant epigenetic marks are present in cells of the tumor microenvironment, including lymphocytes and tumor-associated macrophages, which are often overlooked but known to be a contributing factor to a favorable environment for tumor growth. Therefore, the main aim of this review is to give an overview of the epigenetic alterations affecting immune cells in the tumor microenvironment to provoke an immunosuppressive function and contribute to cancer development. Moreover, immunotherapy is briefly discussed in the context of epigenetics, describing both its combination with epigenetic drugs and the need for epigenetic biomarkers to predict response to immune checkpoint blockage. MAIN BODY Combining both topics, epigenetic machinery plays a central role in generating an immunosuppressive environment for cancer growth, which creates a barrier for immunotherapy to be successful. Furthermore, epigenetic-directed compounds may not only affect cancer cells but also immune cells in the tumor microenvironment, which could be beneficial for the clinical response to immunotherapy. CONCLUSION Thus, modulating epigenetics in combination with immunotherapy might be a promising therapeutic option to improve the success of this therapy. Further studies are necessary to (1) understand in depth the impact of the epigenetic machinery in the tumor microenvironment; (2) how the epigenetic machinery can be modulated according to tumor type to increase response to immunotherapy and (3) find reliable biomarkers for a better selection of patients eligible to immunotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Iris Lodewijk
- Molecular Oncology Unit, Centro de Investigaciones Energéticas, Medioambientales Y Tecnológicas (CIEMAT), 28040 Madrid, Spain
- Biomedical Research Institute I+12, University Hospital “12 de Octubre”, 28041 Madrid, Spain
| | - Sandra P. Nunes
- Molecular Oncology Unit, Centro de Investigaciones Energéticas, Medioambientales Y Tecnológicas (CIEMAT), 28040 Madrid, Spain
- Biomedical Research Institute I+12, University Hospital “12 de Octubre”, 28041 Madrid, Spain
- Cancer Biology and Epigenetics Group – Research Center, Portuguese Oncology Institute of Porto (CI-IPOP), 4200-072 Porto, Portugal
| | - Rui Henrique
- Cancer Biology and Epigenetics Group – Research Center, Portuguese Oncology Institute of Porto (CI-IPOP), 4200-072 Porto, Portugal
- Department of Pathology, Portuguese Oncology Institute of Porto, 4200-072 Porto, Portugal
- Department of Pathology and Molecular Immunology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences Abel Salazar – University of Porto (ICBAS-UP), 4050-313 Porto, Portugal
| | - Carmen Jerónimo
- Cancer Biology and Epigenetics Group – Research Center, Portuguese Oncology Institute of Porto (CI-IPOP), 4200-072 Porto, Portugal
- Department of Pathology and Molecular Immunology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences Abel Salazar – University of Porto (ICBAS-UP), 4050-313 Porto, Portugal
| | - Marta Dueñas
- Molecular Oncology Unit, Centro de Investigaciones Energéticas, Medioambientales Y Tecnológicas (CIEMAT), 28040 Madrid, Spain
- Biomedical Research Institute I+12, University Hospital “12 de Octubre”, 28041 Madrid, Spain
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Cáncer (CIBERONC), 28029 Madrid, Spain
| | - Jesús M. Paramio
- Molecular Oncology Unit, Centro de Investigaciones Energéticas, Medioambientales Y Tecnológicas (CIEMAT), 28040 Madrid, Spain
- Biomedical Research Institute I+12, University Hospital “12 de Octubre”, 28041 Madrid, Spain
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Cáncer (CIBERONC), 28029 Madrid, Spain
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18
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Toffoli EC, Sheikhi A, Höppner YD, de Kok P, Yazdanpanah-Samani M, Spanholtz J, Verheul HMW, van der Vliet HJ, de Gruijl TD. Natural Killer Cells and Anti-Cancer Therapies: Reciprocal Effects on Immune Function and Therapeutic Response. Cancers (Basel) 2021; 13:cancers13040711. [PMID: 33572396 PMCID: PMC7916216 DOI: 10.3390/cancers13040711] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2020] [Revised: 02/03/2021] [Accepted: 02/06/2021] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary Natural Killer (NK) cells are innate lymphocytes that play an important role in the immune response against cancer. Their activity is controlled by a balance of inhibitory and activating receptors, which in cancer can be skewed to favor their suppression in support of immune escape. It is therefore imperative to find ways to optimize their antitumor functionality. In this review, we explore and discuss how their activity influences, or even mediates, the efficacy of various anti-cancer therapies and, vice versa, how their activity can be affected by these therapies. Knowledge of the mechanisms underlying these observations could provide rationales for combining anti-cancer treatments with strategies enhancing NK cell function in order to improve their therapeutic efficacy. Abstract Natural Killer (NK) cells are innate immune cells with the unique ability to recognize and kill virus-infected and cancer cells without prior immune sensitization. Due to their expression of the Fc receptor CD16, effector NK cells can kill tumor cells through antibody-dependent cytotoxicity, making them relevant players in antibody-based cancer therapies. The role of NK cells in other approved and experimental anti-cancer therapies is more elusive. Here, we review the possible role of NK cells in the efficacy of various anti-tumor therapies, including radiotherapy, chemotherapy, and immunotherapy, as well as the impact of these therapies on NK cell function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elisa C. Toffoli
- Cancer Center Amsterdam, Department of Medical Oncology, Amsterdam UMC, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, De Boelelaan 1117, 1081 HV Amsterdam, The Netherlands; (E.C.T.); (A.S.); (Y.D.H.); (P.d.K.); (H.J.v.d.V.)
| | - Abdolkarim Sheikhi
- Cancer Center Amsterdam, Department of Medical Oncology, Amsterdam UMC, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, De Boelelaan 1117, 1081 HV Amsterdam, The Netherlands; (E.C.T.); (A.S.); (Y.D.H.); (P.d.K.); (H.J.v.d.V.)
- Department of Immunology, School of Medicine, Dezful University of Medical Sciences, Dezful 64616-43993, Iran
| | - Yannick D. Höppner
- Cancer Center Amsterdam, Department of Medical Oncology, Amsterdam UMC, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, De Boelelaan 1117, 1081 HV Amsterdam, The Netherlands; (E.C.T.); (A.S.); (Y.D.H.); (P.d.K.); (H.J.v.d.V.)
| | - Pita de Kok
- Cancer Center Amsterdam, Department of Medical Oncology, Amsterdam UMC, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, De Boelelaan 1117, 1081 HV Amsterdam, The Netherlands; (E.C.T.); (A.S.); (Y.D.H.); (P.d.K.); (H.J.v.d.V.)
| | - Mahsa Yazdanpanah-Samani
- Department of Medical Biotechnology, School of Advanced Medical Sciences and Technologies, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz 71348-45794, Iran;
| | - Jan Spanholtz
- Glycostem, Kloosterstraat 9, 5349 AB Oss, The Netherlands;
| | - Henk M. W. Verheul
- Department of Medical Oncology, Radboud Institute for Health Sciences, Radboud University Medical Center, Geert Grooteplein Zuid 10, 6525 GA Nijmegen, The Netherlands;
| | - Hans J. van der Vliet
- Cancer Center Amsterdam, Department of Medical Oncology, Amsterdam UMC, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, De Boelelaan 1117, 1081 HV Amsterdam, The Netherlands; (E.C.T.); (A.S.); (Y.D.H.); (P.d.K.); (H.J.v.d.V.)
- Lava Therapeutics, Yalelaan 60, 3584 CM Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Tanja D. de Gruijl
- Cancer Center Amsterdam, Department of Medical Oncology, Amsterdam UMC, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, De Boelelaan 1117, 1081 HV Amsterdam, The Netherlands; (E.C.T.); (A.S.); (Y.D.H.); (P.d.K.); (H.J.v.d.V.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +31-20-4444063
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19
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Prospects for NK Cell Therapy of Sarcoma. Cancers (Basel) 2020; 12:cancers12123719. [PMID: 33322371 PMCID: PMC7763692 DOI: 10.3390/cancers12123719] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2020] [Revised: 12/08/2020] [Accepted: 12/09/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary Sarcomas are a group of aggressive tumors originating from mesenchymal tissues. Patients with advanced disease have poor prognosis due to the ineffectiveness of current treatment protocols. A subset of lymphocytes called natural killer (NK) cells is capable of effective surveillance and clearance of sarcomas, constituting a promising tool for immunotherapeutic treatment. However, sarcomas can cause impairment in NK cell function, associated with enhanced tumor growth and dissemination. In this review, we discuss the molecular mechanisms of sarcoma-mediated suppression of NK cells and their implications for the design of novel NK cell-based immunotherapies against sarcoma. Abstract Natural killer (NK) cells are innate lymphoid cells with potent antitumor activity. One of the most NK cell cytotoxicity-sensitive tumor types is sarcoma, an aggressive mesenchyme-derived neoplasm. While a combination of radical surgery and radio- and chemotherapy can successfully control local disease, patients with advanced sarcomas remain refractory to current treatment regimens, calling for novel therapeutic strategies. There is accumulating evidence for NK cell-mediated immunosurveillance of sarcoma cells during all stages of the disease, highlighting the potential of using NK cells as a therapeutic tool. However, sarcomas display multiple immunoevasion mechanisms that can suppress NK cell function leading to an uncontrolled tumor outgrowth. Here, we review the current evidence for NK cells’ role in immune surveillance of sarcoma during disease initiation, promotion, progression, and metastasis, as well as the molecular mechanisms behind sarcoma-mediated NK cell suppression. Further, we apply this basic understanding of NK–sarcoma crosstalk in order to identify and summarize the most promising candidates for NK cell-based sarcoma immunotherapy.
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20
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Valproic acid inhibits interferon-γ production by NK cells and increases susceptibility to Listeria monocytogenes infection. Sci Rep 2020; 10:17802. [PMID: 33082490 PMCID: PMC7576816 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-74836-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2020] [Accepted: 10/07/2020] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Valproic acid (VPA) is a drug commonly used for epileptic seizure control. Recently, it has been shown that VPA alters the activation of several immune cells, including Natural Killer (NK) cells, which play an important role in the containment of viruses and intracellular bacteria. Although VPA can increase susceptibility to extracellular pathogens, it is unknown whether the suppressor effect of VPA could affect the course of intracellular bacterial infection. This study aimed to evaluate the role of VPA during Listeria monocytogenes (L.m) infection, and whether NK cell activation was affected. We found that VPA significantly augmented mortality in L.m infected mice. This effect was associated with increased bacterial load in the spleen, liver, and blood. Concurrently, decreased levels of IFN-γ in serum and lower splenic indexes were observed. Moreover, in vitro analysis showed that VPA treatment decreased the frequency of IFN-γ-producing NK cells within L.m infected splenocytes. Similarly, VPA inhibited the production of IFN-γ by NK cells stimulated with IL-12 and IL-18, which is a crucial system for early IFN-γ production in listeriosis. Finally, VPA decreased the phosphorylation of STAT4, p65, and p38, without affecting the expression of IL-12 and IL-18 receptors. Altogether, our results indicate that VPA increases the susceptibility to Listeria monocytogenes infection and suggest that NK cell is one of the main targets of VPA, but further work is needed to ascertain this effect.
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21
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Natural Killer Cell Immunotherapy for Osteosarcoma. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2020; 1257:141-154. [PMID: 32483737 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-030-43032-0_12] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Natural killer (NK) cells are lymphocytes of the innate immune system that have the ability to recognize malignant cells through balanced recognition of cell-surface indicators of stress and danger. Once activated through such recognition, NK cells release cytokines and induce target cell lysis through multiple mechanisms. NK cells are increasingly recognized for their role in controlling tumor progression and metastasis and as important mediators of immunotherapeutic modalities such as cytokines, antibodies, immunomodulating drugs, and stem cell transplantation. Recent advances in manipulating NK cell number, function, and genetic modification have caused renewed interest in their potential for adoptive immunotherapies, which are actively being tested in clinical trials. Here, we summarize the evidence for NK cell recognition of osteosarcoma, discuss immune therapies that are directly or indirectly dependent on NK cell function, and describe potential approaches for manipulating NK cell number and function to enhance therapy against osteosarcoma.
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22
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Huang HT, Su SC, Chiou TJ, Lin YH, Shih YC, Wu YX, Fan TH, Twu YC. DNA methylation-mediated Siglec-7 regulation in natural killer cells via two 5' promoter CpG sites. Immunology 2020; 160:38-51. [PMID: 32027025 DOI: 10.1111/imm.13179] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2019] [Revised: 01/06/2020] [Accepted: 01/15/2020] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
First discovered on the natural killer (NK) cell, the cell surface inhibitory receptor sialic acid-binding immunoglobulin-like lectin-7 (Siglec-7) is known for regulating many important biological activities. However, the detail regulatory mechanism for Siglec-7 expression in NK cells currently remains unclear. In this study, we aimed to investigate how cell surface Siglec-7 expression is regulated and found that, in both NK cell lines and peripheral NK cells, transcription was the main regulatory step. Furthermore, when NK-92MI and peripheral NK cells were treated with DNA methyltransferase (DNMT) inhibitor, the CpG island, with 9 CpG sites, in 5' Siglec-7 promoter became noticeably hypomethylated, and Siglec-7 expression increased in both RNA transcript and surface protein. Within this CpG island, we identified both CpG 8 and CpG 9 as two key regulators responsible for Siglec-7 expression. Additionally, by using histone deacetylases (HDAC) inhibitor, butyric acid, we showed that Siglec-7 expression was also subjected to the histone modification. And a combined treatment with both 5-azacytidine and butyric acid showed an additive effect on Siglec-7 transcript expression in peripheral NK cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hsin-Ting Huang
- Department of Biotechnology and Laboratory Science in Medicine, School of Biomedical Science and Engineering, National Yang-Ming University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Shih-Chi Su
- Whole-Genome Research Core Laboratory of Human Diseases, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Keelung, Taiwan
| | - Tzeon-Jye Chiou
- Division of Transfusion Medicine, Department of Medicine, Taipei Veterans General Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan.,Cancer Center, Taipei Municipal Wanfang Hospital, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Yen-Hsi Lin
- Department of Biotechnology and Laboratory Science in Medicine, School of Biomedical Science and Engineering, National Yang-Ming University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Yi-Chen Shih
- Department of Biotechnology and Laboratory Science in Medicine, School of Biomedical Science and Engineering, National Yang-Ming University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Yu-Xuan Wu
- Department of Biotechnology and Laboratory Science in Medicine, School of Biomedical Science and Engineering, National Yang-Ming University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Ting-Hsi Fan
- Department of Biotechnology and Laboratory Science in Medicine, School of Biomedical Science and Engineering, National Yang-Ming University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Yuh-Ching Twu
- Department of Biotechnology and Laboratory Science in Medicine, School of Biomedical Science and Engineering, National Yang-Ming University, Taipei, Taiwan
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Fasbender F, Obholzer M, Metzler S, Stöber R, Hengstler JG, Watzl C. Enhanced activation of human NK cells by drug-exposed hepatocytes. Arch Toxicol 2020; 94:439-448. [PMID: 32060585 DOI: 10.1007/s00204-020-02668-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2020] [Accepted: 02/06/2020] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
Drug-induced liver injury (DILI) represents one of the major causes why drugs have to be withdrawn from the market. In this study, we describe a new interaction between drug-exposed hepatocytes and natural killer (NK) cells. In a previous genome-wide expression analysis of primary human hepatocytes that had been exposed to clinically relevant concentrations of 148 drugs, we found that several activating ligands for NK cell receptors were regulated by various drugs (e.g., valproic acid, ketoconazole, promethazine, isoniazid). Especially expression of the activating NKG2D ligands (MICA, MICB and ULBPs) and the NKp30 ligand B7-H6 were upregulated in primary human hepatocytes upon exposure to many different drugs. Using the human hepatocyte cell lines Huh7 and HepG2, we confirmed that protein levels of activating NK cell ligands were elevated after drug exposure. Hepatocyte cell lines or primary human hepatocytes co-cultivated with NK cells caused enhanced NK cell activation after pretreatment with drugs at in vivo relevant concentrations compared to solvent controls. Enhanced NK cell activation was evident by increased cytotoxicity against hepatocytes and interferon (IFN)-γ production. NK cell activation could be blocked by specific antibodies against activating NK cell receptors. These data support the hypothesis that NK cells can modulate drug-induced liver injury by direct interaction with hepatocytes resulting in cytotoxicity and IFN-γ production.
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Affiliation(s)
- Frank Fasbender
- Department of Immunology, Leibniz Research Centre for Working Environment and Human Factors at the Technical University Dortmund (IfADo), Ardeystrasse 67, 44139, Dortmund, Germany
| | - Martin Obholzer
- Department of Immunology, Leibniz Research Centre for Working Environment and Human Factors at the Technical University Dortmund (IfADo), Ardeystrasse 67, 44139, Dortmund, Germany
| | - Sarah Metzler
- Department of Immunology, Leibniz Research Centre for Working Environment and Human Factors at the Technical University Dortmund (IfADo), Ardeystrasse 67, 44139, Dortmund, Germany
- Department of Toxicology, Leibniz Research Centre for Working Environment and Human Factors at the Technical University Dortmund (IfADo), Ardeystrasse 67, 44139, Dortmund, Germany
| | - Regina Stöber
- Department of Toxicology, Leibniz Research Centre for Working Environment and Human Factors at the Technical University Dortmund (IfADo), Ardeystrasse 67, 44139, Dortmund, Germany
| | - Jan G Hengstler
- Department of Toxicology, Leibniz Research Centre for Working Environment and Human Factors at the Technical University Dortmund (IfADo), Ardeystrasse 67, 44139, Dortmund, Germany
| | - Carsten Watzl
- Department of Immunology, Leibniz Research Centre for Working Environment and Human Factors at the Technical University Dortmund (IfADo), Ardeystrasse 67, 44139, Dortmund, Germany.
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Potential of the NKG2D/NKG2DL Axis in NK Cell-Mediated Clearance of the HIV-1 Reservoir. Int J Mol Sci 2019; 20:ijms20184490. [PMID: 31514330 PMCID: PMC6770208 DOI: 10.3390/ijms20184490] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2019] [Revised: 09/02/2019] [Accepted: 09/09/2019] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Viral persistency in latently infected CD4+ T cells despite antiretroviral therapy (ART) represents a major drawback in the fight against HIV-1. Efforts to purge latent HIV-1 have been attempted using latency reversing agents (LRAs) that activate expression of the quiescent virus. However, initial trials have shown that immune responses of ART-treated patients are ineffective at clearing LRA-reactivated HIV-1 reservoirs, suggesting that an adjuvant immunotherapy is needed. Here we overview multiple lines of evidence indicating that natural killer (NK) cells have the potential to induce anti-HIV-1 responses relevant for virus eradication. In particular, we focus on the role of the NKG2D activating receptor that crucially enables NK cell-mediated killing of HIV-1-infected cells. We describe recent data indicating that LRAs can synergize with HIV-1 at upregulating ligands for NKG2D (NKG2DLs), hence sensitizing T cells that exit from viral latency for recognition and lysis by NK cells; in addition, we report in vivo and ex vivo data showing the potential benefits and drawbacks that LRAs may have on NKG2D expression and, more in general, on the cytotoxicity of NK cells. Finally, we discuss how the NKG2D/NKG2DLs axis can be exploited for the development of effective HIV-1 eradication strategies combining LRA-induced virus reactivation with recently optimized NK cell-based immunotherapies.
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Immunoepigenetics Combination Therapies: An Overview of the Role of HDACs in Cancer Immunotherapy. Int J Mol Sci 2019; 20:ijms20092241. [PMID: 31067680 PMCID: PMC6539010 DOI: 10.3390/ijms20092241] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2019] [Revised: 04/23/2019] [Accepted: 04/28/2019] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Long-standing efforts to identify the multifaceted roles of histone deacetylase inhibitors (HDACis) have positioned these agents as promising drug candidates in combatting cancer, autoimmune, neurodegenerative, and infectious diseases. The same has also encouraged the evaluation of multiple HDACi candidates in preclinical studies in cancer and other diseases as well as the FDA-approval towards clinical use for specific agents. In this review, we have discussed how the efficacy of immunotherapy can be leveraged by combining it with HDACis. We have also included a brief overview of the classification of HDACis as well as their various roles in physiological and pathophysiological scenarios to target key cellular processes promoting the initiation, establishment, and progression of cancer. Given the critical role of the tumor microenvironment (TME) towards the outcome of anticancer therapies, we have also discussed the effect of HDACis on different components of the TME. We then have gradually progressed into examples of specific pan-HDACis, class I HDACi, and selective HDACis that either have been incorporated into clinical trials or show promising preclinical effects for future consideration. Finally, we have included examples of ongoing trials for each of the above categories of HDACis as standalone agents or in combination with immunotherapeutic approaches.
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In-vivo administration of histone deacetylase inhibitors does not impair natural killer cell function in HIV+ individuals. AIDS 2019; 33:605-613. [PMID: 30830886 DOI: 10.1097/qad.0000000000002112] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Histone deacetylase inhibitors (HDACi) have proven to induce HIV-RNA and antigen expression in resting CD4 T cells of antiretroviral therapy (ART)-treated HIV-infected individuals. However, to achieve viral eradication, immune clearance must follow latency reversal, and thus it is essential to understand the impact of latency reversal agents on immune function. DESIGN Here we evaluate the impact of in-vivo administration of vorinostat (VOR) and panobinostat (PNB) during clinical trials on natural killer (NK) cell function and phenotype. METHODS Cryopreserved peripheral blood mononuclear cells from HIV-positive participants receiving VOR (NCT01319383) or PNB (NCT01680094) were selected to assess the impact of the drugs on cell composition, activation, NK cell phenotype (CD16, NKG2D, NKp30, NKp46 and DNAM-1), cytotoxic activity (CD107a), and interferon (IFN)-γ production. RESULTS No impairment of NK cell function was observed during treatment with either VOR or PNB. An increase in the frequency of CD3CD56 NK cells was consistently observed. Interestingly, after VOR administration, NK cells increased expression of NKp46 and CD16, and showed improved degranulation and IFN-γ production capacity. Moreover, taking together VOR and PNB samples, HIV DNA levels in CD4 cells were negatively correlated with NK cell frequency and NK cell expression of CD16. CONCLUSIONS In-vivo treatment with HDACi does not have measurable negative effects on NK cell function, with some evidence of improved function in vitro. These results have important implications for potential combinatorial approaches to target HIV reservoirs, suggesting that the use of HDACis as a latency reversal agent could be paired with interventions to enhance NK cell activity or recruitment.
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Exploring the Drug Repurposing Versatility of Valproic Acid as a Multifunctional Regulator of Innate and Adaptive Immune Cells. J Immunol Res 2019; 2019:9678098. [PMID: 31001564 PMCID: PMC6437734 DOI: 10.1155/2019/9678098] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2018] [Revised: 11/30/2018] [Accepted: 01/02/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Valproic acid (VPA) is widely recognized for its use in the control of epilepsy and other neurological disorders in the past 50 years. Recent evidence has shown the potential of VPA in the control of certain cancers, owed in part to its role in modulating epigenetic changes through the inhibition of histone deacetylases, affecting the expression of genes involved in the cell cycle, differentiation, and apoptosis. The direct impact of VPA in cells of the immune system has only been explored recently. In this review, we discuss the effects of VPA in the suppression of some activation mechanisms in several immune cells that lead to an anti-inflammatory response. As expected, immune cells are not exempt from the effect of VPA, as it also affects the expression of genes of the cell cycle and apoptosis through epigenetic modifications. In addition to inhibiting histone deacetylases, VPA promotes RNA interference, activates histone methyltransferases, or represses the activation of transcription factors. However, during the infectious process, the effectiveness of VPA is subject to the biological nature of the pathogen and the associated immune response; this is because VPA can promote the control or the progression of the infection. Due to its various effects, VPA is a promising alternative for the control of autoimmune diseases and hypersensitivity and needs to be further explored.
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Giuliani E, Desimio MG, Doria M. Hexamethylene bisacetamide impairs NK cell-mediated clearance of acute T lymphoblastic leukemia cells and HIV-1-infected T cells that exit viral latency. Sci Rep 2019; 9:4373. [PMID: 30867508 PMCID: PMC6416400 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-40760-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2018] [Accepted: 02/19/2019] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
The hexamethylene bisacetamide (HMBA) anticancer drug was dismissed due to limited efficacy in leukemic patients but it may re-enter into the clinics in HIV-1 eradication strategies because of its recently disclosed capacity to reactivate latent virus. Here, we investigated the impact of HMBA on the cytotoxicity of natural killer (NK) cells against acute T lymphoblastic leukemia (T-ALL) cells or HIV-1-infected T cells that exit from latency. We show that in T-ALL cells HMBA upmodulated MICB and ULBP2 ligands for the NKG2D activating receptor. In a primary CD4+ T cell-based latency model, HMBA did not reactivate HIV-1, yet enhanced ULBP2 expression on cells harboring virus reactivated by prostratin (PRO). However, HMBA reduced the expression of NKG2D and its DAP10 adaptor in NK cells, hence impairing NKG2D-mediated cytotoxicity and DAP10-dependent response to IL-15 stimulation. Alongside, HMBA dampened killing of T-ALL targets by IL-15-activated NK cells and impaired NK cell-mediated clearance of PRO-reactivated HIV-1+ cells. Overall, our results demonstrate a dominant detrimental effect of HMBA on the NKG2D pathway that crucially controls NK cell-mediated killing of tumors and virus-infected cells, providing one possible explanation for poor clinical outcome in HMBA-treated cancer patients and raising concerns for future therapeutic application of this drug.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erica Giuliani
- Laboratory of Immunoinfectivology, Bambino Gesù Children's Hospital, IRCCS, Piazza S. Onofrio 4, 00165, Rome, Italy
| | - Maria Giovanna Desimio
- Laboratory of Immunoinfectivology, Bambino Gesù Children's Hospital, IRCCS, Piazza S. Onofrio 4, 00165, Rome, Italy
| | - Margherita Doria
- Laboratory of Immunoinfectivology, Bambino Gesù Children's Hospital, IRCCS, Piazza S. Onofrio 4, 00165, Rome, Italy.
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Unveiling the Role of DNA Methylation in Kidney Transplantation: Novel Perspectives toward Biomarker Identification. BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2019; 2019:1602539. [PMID: 30766879 PMCID: PMC6350635 DOI: 10.1155/2019/1602539] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2018] [Accepted: 12/30/2018] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
The burden of chronic kidney disease is dramatically rising, making it a major public health concern worldwide. Kidney transplantation is now the best treatment for patients with end-stage renal disease. Although kidney transplantation may improve survival and quality of life, its long-term results are hampered by immune- and/or non-immune-mediated complications. Thus, the identification of transplanted patients with a higher risk of posttransplant complications has become a big challenge for public health. However, current biomarkers of posttransplant complications have a poor predictive value, rising the need to explore novel approaches for the management of transplant patient. In this review we summarize the emerging literature about DNA methylation in kidney transplant complications, in order to highlight its perspectives toward biomarker identification. In the forthcoming future the monitoring of DNA methylation in kidney transplant patients could become a plausible strategy toward the prevention and/or treatment of kidney transplant complications.
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30
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Hou G, Xu B, Bi Y, Wu C, Ru B, Sun B, Bai X. Recent advances in research on aspartate β-hydroxylase (ASPH) in pancreatic cancer: A brief update. Bosn J Basic Med Sci 2018; 18:297-304. [PMID: 30179586 DOI: 10.17305/bjbms.2018.3539] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2018] [Revised: 06/08/2018] [Accepted: 06/08/2018] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Pancreatic cancer (PC) is a highly aggressive tumor, often difficult to diagnose and treat. Aspartate β-hydroxylase (ASPH) is a type II transmembrane protein and the member of α-ketoglutarate-dependent dioxygenase family, found to be overexpressed in different cancer types, including PC. ASPH appears to be involved in the regulation of proliferation, invasion and metastasis of PC cells through multiple signaling pathways, suggesting its role as a tumor biomarker and therapeutic target. In this review, we briefly summarize the possible mechanisms of action of ASPH in PC and recent progress in the therapeutic approaches targeting ASPH.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guofang Hou
- Department of Pancreatic and Biliary Surgery, First Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin, Heilongjiang Province, China.
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31
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Zhao M, De Crignis E, Rokx C, Verbon A, van Gelder T, Mahmoudi T, Katsikis PD, Mueller YM. T cell toxicity of HIV latency reversing agents. Pharmacol Res 2018; 139:524-534. [PMID: 30366100 DOI: 10.1016/j.phrs.2018.10.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2018] [Revised: 10/21/2018] [Accepted: 10/22/2018] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
Combination antiretroviral therapy reduces morbidity and mortality in HIV infected patients. However, the cure of HIV infection is hindered by the persistence of the latent HIV reservoir. Latency reversing agents (LRAs) are developed to target the HIV latently infected cells for HIV reactivation. In addition to reversal of HIV latency, the eradication of HIV latently infected cells will require effector HIV-specific CD8+ T cells. Therefore it is imperative we understand how LRAs affect immune cells. We have performed a comparative in depth analysis of the cytotoxicity of several compounds belonging to four LRA classes on T cells, B cells, and NK cells. In addition, the effect of these LRAs on activation and inhibitory receptor expression of CD8+ T cells was examined. We show that the HDAC inhibitors romidepsin and panobinostat are highly cytotoxic for CD4+ and CD8+ T cells, whereas the PKC agonists bryostatin and prostratin and BET inhibitors JQ1 and OXT-015 were less cytotoxic. The BAF inhibitors CAPE and pyrimethamine exhibit no cytotoxicity. Drug-specific cytotoxicity on CD8+ T cells was comparable between healthy controls and cART-treated HIV-infected patients. Bryostatin and both BET inhibitors downregulated the expression of CD279 on CD8+ T cells without affecting their activation. Our comparison of LRAs identified differences in cytotoxicity between LRA classes and members within a class and suggests that some LRAs such as bryostatin and BET inhibitors may also downregulate inhibitory receptors on activated HIV-specific CD8+ T cells. These findings may guide the use of LRAs that have the capacity to preserve or restore CD8+ T cell immunity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manzhi Zhao
- Department of Immunology, Erasmus MC University Medical Center Rotterdam, Wytemaweg 80, 3015 CN Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Elisa De Crignis
- Department of Biochemistry, Erasmus MC University Medical Center Rotterdam, Wytemaweg 80, 3015 CN Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Casper Rokx
- Department of Internal Medicine, Section of Infectious Diseases, Erasmus MC University Medical Center Rotterdam, Wytemaweg 80, 3015 CN Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Annelies Verbon
- Department of Internal Medicine, Section of Infectious Diseases, Erasmus MC University Medical Center Rotterdam, Wytemaweg 80, 3015 CN Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Teun van Gelder
- Department of Hospital Pharmacy, Erasmus MC University Medical Center Rotterdam, Wytemaweg 80, 3015 CN Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Tokameh Mahmoudi
- Department of Biochemistry, Erasmus MC University Medical Center Rotterdam, Wytemaweg 80, 3015 CN Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Peter D Katsikis
- Department of Immunology, Erasmus MC University Medical Center Rotterdam, Wytemaweg 80, 3015 CN Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Yvonne M Mueller
- Department of Immunology, Erasmus MC University Medical Center Rotterdam, Wytemaweg 80, 3015 CN Rotterdam, The Netherlands.
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Hicks KC, Fantini M, Donahue RN, Schwab A, Knudson KM, Tritsch SR, Jochems C, Clavijo PE, Allen CT, Hodge JW, Tsang KY, Schlom J, Gameiro SR. Epigenetic priming of both tumor and NK cells augments antibody-dependent cellular cytotoxicity elicited by the anti-PD-L1 antibody avelumab against multiple carcinoma cell types. Oncoimmunology 2018; 7:e1466018. [PMID: 30377559 PMCID: PMC6205056 DOI: 10.1080/2162402x.2018.1466018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2018] [Revised: 04/09/2018] [Accepted: 04/11/2018] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Checkpoint inhibitors targeting the PD-1/PD-L1 axis are promising immunotherapies shown to elicit objective responses against multiple tumor types, yet these agents fail to benefit most patients with carcinomas. This highlights the need to develop effective therapeutic strategies to increase responses to PD-1/PD-L1 blockade. Histone deacetylase (HDAC) inhibitors in combination with immunotherapies have provided preliminary evidence of anti-tumor effects. We investigated here whether exposure of either natural killer (NK) cells and/or tumor cells to two different classes of HDAC inhibitors would augment (a) NK cell‒mediated direct tumor cell killing and/or (b) antibody-dependent cellular cytotoxicity (ADCC) using avelumab, a fully human IgG1 monoclonal antibody targeting PD-L1. Treatment of a diverse array of human carcinoma cells with a clinically relevant dose of either the pan-HDAC inhibitor vorinostat or the class I HDAC inhibitor entinostat significantly enhanced the expression of multiple NK ligands and death receptors resulting in enhanced NK cell‒mediated lysis. Moreover, HDAC inhibition enhanced tumor cell PD-L1 expression both in vitro and in carcinoma xenografts. These data demonstrate that treatment of a diverse array of carcinoma cells with two different classes of HDAC inhibitors results in enhanced NK cell tumor cell lysis and avelumab-mediated ADCC. Furthermore, entinostat treatment of NK cells from healthy donors and PBMCs from cancer patients induced an activated NK cell phenotype, and heightened direct and ADCC-mediated healthy donor NK lysis of multiple carcinoma types. This study thus extends the mechanism and provides a rationale for combining HDAC inhibitors with PD-1/PD-L1 checkpoint blockade to increase patient responses to anti-PD-1/PD-L1 therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kristin C. Hicks
- Laboratory of Tumor Immunology and Biology, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Massimo Fantini
- Laboratory of Tumor Immunology and Biology, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Renee N. Donahue
- Laboratory of Tumor Immunology and Biology, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Angie Schwab
- Laboratory of Tumor Immunology and Biology, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Karin M. Knudson
- Laboratory of Tumor Immunology and Biology, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Sarah R. Tritsch
- Laboratory of Tumor Immunology and Biology, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Caroline Jochems
- Laboratory of Tumor Immunology and Biology, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Paul E. Clavijo
- Head and Neck Surgery Branch, National Institute of Deafness and other Communication Disorders, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Clint T. Allen
- Head and Neck Surgery Branch, National Institute of Deafness and other Communication Disorders, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - James W. Hodge
- Laboratory of Tumor Immunology and Biology, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Kwong Y. Tsang
- Laboratory of Tumor Immunology and Biology, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Jeffrey Schlom
- Laboratory of Tumor Immunology and Biology, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Sofia R. Gameiro
- Laboratory of Tumor Immunology and Biology, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
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Assessment of new HDAC inhibitors for immunotherapy of malignant pleural mesothelioma. Clin Epigenetics 2018; 10:79. [PMID: 29946373 PMCID: PMC6006850 DOI: 10.1186/s13148-018-0517-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2018] [Accepted: 06/11/2018] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Malignant pleural mesothelioma (MPM) is a very rare and highly aggressive cancer of the pleura associated in most cases with asbestos exposure. To date, no really efficient treatments are available for this pathology. Recently, it has been shown that epigenetic drugs, particularly DNA methylation or histone acetylation modulating agents, could be very efficient in terms of cytotoxicity for several types of cancer cells. We previously showed that a hypomethylating agent (decitabine) and a histone deacetylase inhibitor (HDACi) (valproic acid (VPA)) combination was immunogenic and led to the induction of an anti-tumor immune response in a mice model of mesothelioma. However, VPA is not very specific, is active at millimolar concentrations and is responsible for side effects in clinic. To improve this approach, we studied four newly synthetized HDACi, two hydroxamates (ODH and NODH) and two benzamides (ODB and NODB), in comparison with VPA and SAHA. We evaluated their toxicity on immune cells and their immunogenicity on MPM cells in combination with decitabine. Results All the tested HDACi were toxic for immune cells at high concentrations. Combination with decitabine increased toxicity of HDACi only towards T-cell clone. A decrease in the proportion of regulatory T cells and natural killer cells was observed in particular with VPA and ODH. In MPM cells, all HDACi combinations induced NY-ESO-1 cancer testis antigen (CTA) expression and the recognition of the treated cells by a NY-ESO-1 specific T-CD8 clone. However, for MAGE-A1, MAGE-A3 and XAGE-1b mRNA expression, the results obtained depended on the HDACi used and on the CTA studied. Depending on the MPM cell line studied, molecules alone increased moderately PD-L1 expression. When combined, a higher stimulation of this immune check point inhibitor expression was observed. Decitabine-induced anti-viral response seemed to be inhibited in the presence of HDACi. Conclusions This work shows that the combination of decitabine and HDACi could be of interest for MPM immunotherapy. However, this combination induced PD-L1 expression which suggests that an association with anti-PD-L1 therapy should be performed to induce an efficient anti-tumor immune response. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (10.1186/s13148-018-0517-9) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Cribbs A, Hookway ES, Wells G, Lindow M, Obad S, Oerum H, Prinjha RK, Athanasou N, Sowman A, Philpott M, Penn H, Soderstrom K, Feldmann M, Oppermann U. Inhibition of histone H3K27 demethylases selectively modulates inflammatory phenotypes of natural killer cells. J Biol Chem 2018; 293:2422-2437. [PMID: 29301935 PMCID: PMC5818173 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.ra117.000698] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2017] [Revised: 12/21/2017] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Natural killer (NK) cells are innate lymphocytes, important in immune surveillance and elimination of stressed, transformed, or virus-infected cells. They critically shape the inflammatory cytokine environment to orchestrate interactions of cells of the innate and adaptive immune systems. Some studies have reported that NK cell activation and cytokine secretion are controlled epigenetically but have yielded only limited insight into the mechanisms. Using chemical screening with small-molecule inhibitors of chromatin methylation and acetylation, further validated by knockdown approaches, we here identified Jumonji-type histone H3K27 demethylases as key regulators of cytokine production in human NK cell subsets. The prototypic JMJD3/UTX (Jumonji domain–containing protein 3) H3K27 demethylase inhibitor GSK-J4 increased global levels of the repressive H3K27me3 mark around transcription start sites of effector cytokine genes. Moreover, GSK-J4 reduced IFN-γ, TNFα, granulocyte–macrophage colony-stimulating factor (GM-CSF), and interleukin-10 levels in cytokine-stimulated NK cells while sparing their cytotoxic killing activity against cancer cells. The anti-inflammatory effect of GSK-J4 in NK cell subsets, isolated from peripheral blood or tissue from individuals with rheumatoid arthritis (RA), coupled with an inhibitory effect on formation of bone-resorbing osteoclasts, suggested that histone demethylase inhibition has broad utility for modulating immune and inflammatory responses. Overall, our results indicate that H3K27me3 is a dynamic and important epigenetic modification during NK cell activation and that JMJD3/UTX-driven H3K27 demethylation is critical for NK cell function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adam Cribbs
- From the Botnar Research Center, Nuffield Department of Orthopedics, Rheumatology and Musculoskeletal Sciences, National Institute of Health Research Oxford Biomedical Research Unit (BRU), University of Oxford, Oxford OX3 7DQ, United Kingdom, .,the Kennedy Institute of Rheumatology Nuffield Department of Orthopedics, Rheumatology and Musculoskeletal Sciences, National Institute of Health Research Oxford BRU and
| | - Edward S Hookway
- From the Botnar Research Center, Nuffield Department of Orthopedics, Rheumatology and Musculoskeletal Sciences, National Institute of Health Research Oxford Biomedical Research Unit (BRU), University of Oxford, Oxford OX3 7DQ, United Kingdom
| | - Graham Wells
- From the Botnar Research Center, Nuffield Department of Orthopedics, Rheumatology and Musculoskeletal Sciences, National Institute of Health Research Oxford Biomedical Research Unit (BRU), University of Oxford, Oxford OX3 7DQ, United Kingdom
| | - Morten Lindow
- the Roche Innovation Center Copenhagen A/S, DK 2970 Hørsholm, Denmark
| | - Susanna Obad
- the Roche Innovation Center Copenhagen A/S, DK 2970 Hørsholm, Denmark
| | - Henrik Oerum
- the Roche Innovation Center Copenhagen A/S, DK 2970 Hørsholm, Denmark
| | - Rab K Prinjha
- the Epinova Discovery Performance Unit, Medicines Research Centre, GlaxoSmithKline R&D, Stevenage SG1 2NY, United Kingdom
| | - Nick Athanasou
- From the Botnar Research Center, Nuffield Department of Orthopedics, Rheumatology and Musculoskeletal Sciences, National Institute of Health Research Oxford Biomedical Research Unit (BRU), University of Oxford, Oxford OX3 7DQ, United Kingdom
| | - Aneka Sowman
- From the Botnar Research Center, Nuffield Department of Orthopedics, Rheumatology and Musculoskeletal Sciences, National Institute of Health Research Oxford Biomedical Research Unit (BRU), University of Oxford, Oxford OX3 7DQ, United Kingdom
| | - Martin Philpott
- From the Botnar Research Center, Nuffield Department of Orthopedics, Rheumatology and Musculoskeletal Sciences, National Institute of Health Research Oxford Biomedical Research Unit (BRU), University of Oxford, Oxford OX3 7DQ, United Kingdom
| | - Henry Penn
- the Arthritis Centre, Northwick Park Hospital, Harrow, HA13UJ, United Kingdom
| | - Kalle Soderstrom
- From the Botnar Research Center, Nuffield Department of Orthopedics, Rheumatology and Musculoskeletal Sciences, National Institute of Health Research Oxford Biomedical Research Unit (BRU), University of Oxford, Oxford OX3 7DQ, United Kingdom
| | - Marc Feldmann
- From the Botnar Research Center, Nuffield Department of Orthopedics, Rheumatology and Musculoskeletal Sciences, National Institute of Health Research Oxford Biomedical Research Unit (BRU), University of Oxford, Oxford OX3 7DQ, United Kingdom.,the Kennedy Institute of Rheumatology Nuffield Department of Orthopedics, Rheumatology and Musculoskeletal Sciences, National Institute of Health Research Oxford BRU and
| | - Udo Oppermann
- From the Botnar Research Center, Nuffield Department of Orthopedics, Rheumatology and Musculoskeletal Sciences, National Institute of Health Research Oxford Biomedical Research Unit (BRU), University of Oxford, Oxford OX3 7DQ, United Kingdom, .,the Structural Genomics Consortium, University of Oxford, Oxford OX3 7LD, United Kingdom.,the Freiburg Institute of Advanced Studies, 79104 Freiburg, Germany, and.,the Oxford Centre for Translational Myeloma Research Oxford, Oxford OX3 7DQ, United Kingdom
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Zingoni A, Fionda C, Borrelli C, Cippitelli M, Santoni A, Soriani A. Natural Killer Cell Response to Chemotherapy-Stressed Cancer Cells: Role in Tumor Immunosurveillance. Front Immunol 2017; 8:1194. [PMID: 28993779 PMCID: PMC5622151 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2017.01194] [Citation(s) in RCA: 89] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2017] [Accepted: 09/08/2017] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Natural killer (NK) cells are innate cytotoxic lymphoid cells that actively prevent neoplastic development, growth, and metastatic dissemination in a process called cancer immunosurveillance. An equilibrium between immune control and tumor growth is maintained as long as cancer cells evade immunosurveillance. Therapies designed to kill cancer cells and to simultaneously sustain host antitumor immunity are an appealing strategy to control tumor growth. Several chemotherapeutic agents, depending on which drugs and doses are used, give rise to DNA damage and cancer cell death by means of apoptosis, immunogenic cell death, or other forms of non-apoptotic death (i.e., mitotic catastrophe, senescence, and autophagy). However, it is becoming increasingly clear that they can trigger additional stress responses. Indeed, relevant immunostimulating effects of different therapeutic programs include also the activation of pathways able to promote their recognition by immune effector cells. Among stress-inducible immunostimulating proteins, changes in the expression levels of NK cell-activating and inhibitory ligands, as well as of death receptors on tumor cells, play a critical role in their detection and elimination by innate immune effectors, including NK cells. Here, we will review recent advances in chemotherapy-mediated cellular stress pathways able to stimulate NK cell effector functions. In particular, we will address how these cytotoxic lymphocytes sense and respond to different types of drug-induced stresses contributing to anticancer activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alessandra Zingoni
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Sapienza University of Rome, Laboratory Affiliated to Istituto Pasteur Italia - Fondazione Cenci Bolognetti, Rome, Italy
| | - Cinzia Fionda
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Sapienza University of Rome, Laboratory Affiliated to Istituto Pasteur Italia - Fondazione Cenci Bolognetti, Rome, Italy
| | - Cristiana Borrelli
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Sapienza University of Rome, Laboratory Affiliated to Istituto Pasteur Italia - Fondazione Cenci Bolognetti, Rome, Italy.,Center for Life Nano Science@Sapienza, Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia, Rome, Italy
| | - Marco Cippitelli
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Sapienza University of Rome, Laboratory Affiliated to Istituto Pasteur Italia - Fondazione Cenci Bolognetti, Rome, Italy
| | - Angela Santoni
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Sapienza University of Rome, Laboratory Affiliated to Istituto Pasteur Italia - Fondazione Cenci Bolognetti, Rome, Italy.,Neuromed I.R.C.C.S. - Istituto Neurologico Mediterraneo, Pozzilli, Italy
| | - Alessandra Soriani
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Sapienza University of Rome, Laboratory Affiliated to Istituto Pasteur Italia - Fondazione Cenci Bolognetti, Rome, Italy
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36
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Kiany S, Huang G, Kleinerman ES. Effect of entinostat on NK cell-mediated cytotoxicity against osteosarcoma cells and osteosarcoma lung metastasis. Oncoimmunology 2017; 6:e1333214. [PMID: 28919994 DOI: 10.1080/2162402x.2017.1333214] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2017] [Revised: 05/13/2017] [Accepted: 05/15/2017] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
There is a crucial need for a new therapeutic approach for osteosarcoma (OS) lung metastasis since this disease remains the main cause of mortality in OS. We previously demonstrated that natural killer (NK) cell therapy has minimal efficacy against OS metastasis. This study determined whether the histone deacetylase inhibitor entinostat could immunosensitize OS cells to NK cell lysis and increases the efficacy of NK cell therapy for OS lung metastasis. Entinostat upregulated ligands for NK cell-activating receptors (major histocompatibility complex [MHC] class I polypeptide-related chain A [MICA] and B [MICB]; UL16 binding proteins 1, 2, 5, and 6; and CD155) on OS cells both in vitro and in vivo and led to more susceptibility to NK cell-mediated cytotoxicity in vitro. Importantly, entinostat did not change NK cell viability, receptor expression, or function within the 24-h treatment. We also demonstrated two potential mechanisms by which entinostat enhanced expression of MICA and MICB on OS cells. Although entinostat upregulated ligands for the NK cell activating receptor on OS lung metastasis, it failed to augment the efficacy of NK cell therapy in our nude mouse human OS lung metastasis model. This can be partly explained by our finding that although the infused NK cells were active and functional and could penetrate into the lungs, they failed to infiltrate into the lung nodules. These challenges regarding cellular immunotherapy against solid tumors may be overcome by combination therapy, such as adding a NK cell-activating cytokine (IL-2 or IL-21).
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Affiliation(s)
- Simin Kiany
- Department of Pediatrics, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Gangxiong Huang
- Department of Pediatrics, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Eugenie S Kleinerman
- Department of Pediatrics, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA
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37
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Desimio MG, Giuliani E, Doria M. The histone deacetylase inhibitor SAHA simultaneously reactivates HIV-1 from latency and up-regulates NKG2D ligands sensitizing for natural killer cell cytotoxicity. Virology 2017; 510:9-21. [PMID: 28689087 DOI: 10.1016/j.virol.2017.06.033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2017] [Revised: 06/14/2017] [Accepted: 06/29/2017] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
In pilot HIV-1 eradication studies, patients' immune responses were ineffective at killing viral reservoirs reactivated through latency reversing agents (LRAs) like suberoylanilide hydroxamic acid (SAHA). We hypothesized that T cells harboring reactivated HIV-1 express MIC and ULBP ligands for the activating NKG2D receptor of natural killer (NK) cells. Here, we demonstrated that MICA/B and ULBP2 are induced by SAHA on primary T cells harboring reactivated virus. Using latently HIV-1-infected J-Lat 6.3/8.4/9.2 and J1.1 cell lines, we showed that SAHA reverts latency and, simultaneously, up-regulates MICA/B and ULBP2 acting at the transcriptional level and through ATR activation, thus sensitizing T cells with reactivated virus to NKG2D-mediated killing by NK cells. Moreover, IL-2 and IL-15 potently boosted NKG2D expression and cytotoxicity of NK cells against SAHA-reactivated p24+ target cells. Therefore, immunotherapy with cytokines enhancing NKG2D-mediated NK-cell cytotoxicity combined with administration of LRAs up-modulating NKG2D ligands, represents a promising approach towards HIV-1 eradication.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Erica Giuliani
- Laboratory of Immunoinfectivology, Bambino Gesù Children's Hospital, IRCCS, Rome, Italy
| | - Margherita Doria
- Laboratory of Immunoinfectivology, Bambino Gesù Children's Hospital, IRCCS, Rome, Italy.
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38
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Ni L, Wang L, Yao C, Ni Z, Liu F, Gong C, Zhu X, Yan X, Watowich SS, Lee DA, Zhu S. The histone deacetylase inhibitor valproic acid inhibits NKG2D expression in natural killer cells through suppression of STAT3 and HDAC3. Sci Rep 2017; 7:45266. [PMID: 28338101 PMCID: PMC5364405 DOI: 10.1038/srep45266] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2016] [Accepted: 02/27/2017] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
NKG2D is a major activating receptor of NK cells and plays a critical role in tumor immunosurveillance. NKG2D expression in NK cells is inhibited by the histone deacetylase (HDAC) inhibitor valproic acid (VPA) and enhanced by the narrow-spectrum HDAC inhibitor entinostat. We previously demonstrated that entinostat enhanced NKG2D transcription by increasing acetylation of Histones H3 and H4. However, the mechanism by which VPA reduces NKG2D expression in NK cells is not known. We have also shown that NKG2D transcription is regulated by STAT3 phosphorylation. In this study, we investigated regulation of NKG2D expression in NK cells by VPA and entinostat by assessing protein expression, phosphorylation, and interaction of HDACs and STAT3. We find that VPA selectively inhibits STAT3 tyrosine705 phosphorylation, but entinostat does not. STAT3 complexes with HDAC3, and HDAC3 inhibition represses STAT3 phosphorylation and therefore NKG2D expression. NK cells from STAT3 wild-type mice downregulate NKG2D in response to VPA, but not NK cells from STAT3 knockout mice. These results show that VPA is a potent inhibitor of STAT3 phosphorylation and demonstrate that histone acetylation and STAT3 tyrosine705 phosphorylation cooperate in regulating NKG2D expression in NK cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lulu Ni
- Laboratory of Integrative Medicine, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, 1200 CaiLun Rd., Shanghai 201203, P. R. China
| | - Lixin Wang
- Department of Immunology and Pathogenic Biology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, 1200 CaiLun Rd., Shanghai 201203, P. R. China
| | - Chao Yao
- Laboratory of Integrative Medicine, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, 1200 CaiLun Rd., Shanghai 201203, P. R. China
| | - Zhongya Ni
- Laboratory of Integrative Medicine, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, 1200 CaiLun Rd., Shanghai 201203, P. R. China
| | - Fei Liu
- Laboratory of Integrative Medicine, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, 1200 CaiLun Rd., Shanghai 201203, P. R. China
| | - Chenyuan Gong
- Laboratory of Integrative Medicine, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, 1200 CaiLun Rd., Shanghai 201203, P. R. China
| | - Xiaowen Zhu
- Laboratory of Integrative Medicine, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, 1200 CaiLun Rd., Shanghai 201203, P. R. China
| | - Xuewei Yan
- Laboratory of Integrative Medicine, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, 1200 CaiLun Rd., Shanghai 201203, P. R. China
| | - Stephanie S Watowich
- Department of Immunology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, 77030, USA
| | - Dean A Lee
- Pediatrics, Nationwide Children's Hospital, 700 Children's Drive, WA4023, Columbus, OH, 43205, USA
| | - Shiguo Zhu
- Laboratory of Integrative Medicine, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, 1200 CaiLun Rd., Shanghai 201203, P. R. China.,Department of Immunology and Pathogenic Biology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, 1200 CaiLun Rd., Shanghai 201203, P. R. China
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39
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Dietary flavonoids and modulation of natural killer cells: implications in malignant and viral diseases. J Nutr Biochem 2017; 46:1-12. [PMID: 28182964 DOI: 10.1016/j.jnutbio.2017.01.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2016] [Revised: 12/30/2016] [Accepted: 01/14/2017] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Flavonoids are a large group of secondary plant metabolites present in the diet with numerous potentially health-beneficial biological activities. In addition to antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, cholesterol-lowering, and many other biological functions reported in the literature, flavonoids appear to inhibit cancer cell proliferation and stimulate immune function. Although the immunomodulatory potential of flavonoids has been intensively investigated, only little is known about their impact on natural killer (NK) cells. Enhancing NK cell activity, however, would have strong implications for a possible clinical use of flavonoids, especially in the treatment and prevention of diseases like cancer and viral infections. Therefore, the purpose of this review is to summarize the currently available information on NK cell modulation by flavonoids. Many of the structurally diverse flavonoids stimulate NK cell activity and have thus great potential as diet-derived immune-modulatory chemopreventive agents and may even serve as therapeutic compounds or lead structures for the development of novel drugs for the treatment of both malignant and viral diseases.
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40
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Wałajtys-Rode E, Dzik JM. Monocyte/Macrophage: NK Cell Cooperation-Old Tools for New Functions. Results Probl Cell Differ 2017; 62:73-145. [PMID: 28455707 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-319-54090-0_5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Monocyte/macrophage and natural killer (NK) cells are partners from a phylogenetic standpoint of innate immune system development and its evolutionary progressive interaction with adaptive immunity. The equally conservative ways of development and differentiation of both invertebrate hemocytes and vertebrate macrophages are reviewed. Evolutionary conserved molecules occurring in macrophage receptors and effectors have been inherited by vertebrates after their common ancestor with invertebrates. Cytolytic functions of mammalian NK cells, which are rooted in immune cells of invertebrates, although certain NK cell receptors (NKRs) are mammalian new events, are characterized. Broad heterogeneity of macrophage and NK cell phenotypes that depends on surrounding microenvironment conditions and expression profiles of specific receptors and activation mechanisms of both cell types are discussed. The particular tissue specificity of macrophages and NK cells, as well as their plasticity and mechanisms of their polarization to different functional subtypes have been underlined. The chapter summarized studies revealing the specific molecular mechanisms and regulation of NK cells and macrophages that enable their highly specific cross-cooperation. Attention is given to the evolving role of human monocyte/macrophage and NK cell interaction in pathogenesis of hypersensitivity reaction-based disorders, including autoimmunity, as well as in cancer surveillance and progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elżbieta Wałajtys-Rode
- Faculty of Chemistry, Department of Drug Technology and Biotechnology, Warsaw University of Technology, Noakowskiego 3 Str, 00-664, Warsaw, Poland.
| | - Jolanta M Dzik
- Faculty of Agriculture and Biology, Department of Biochemistry, Warsaw University of Life Sciences-SGGW, Warsaw, Poland
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41
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Goto K, Annan DA, Morita T, Li W, Muroyama R, Matsubara Y, Ito S, Nakagawa R, Tanoue Y, Jinushi M, Kato N. Novel chemoimmunotherapeutic strategy for hepatocellular carcinoma based on a genome-wide association study. Sci Rep 2016; 6:38407. [PMID: 27910927 PMCID: PMC5133582 DOI: 10.1038/srep38407] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2016] [Accepted: 11/09/2016] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Pharmacotherapeutic options are limited for hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). Recently, we identified the anti-tumor ligand MHC class I polypeptide-related sequence A (MICA) gene as a susceptibility gene for hepatitis C virus-induced HCC in a genome-wide association study (GWAS). To prove the concept of HCC immunotherapy based on the results of a GWAS, in the present study, we searched for drugs that could restore MICA expression. A screen of the FDA-approved drug library identified the anti-cancer agent vorinostat as the strongest hit, suggesting histone deacetylase inhibitors (HDACis) as potent candidates. Indeed, the HDACi-induced expression of MICA specific to HCC cells enhanced natural killer (NK) cell-mediated cytotoxicity in co-culture, which was further reinforced by treatment with an inhibitor of MICA sheddase. Similarly augmented anti-tumor activity of NK cells via NK group 2D was observed in vivo. Metabolomics analysis revealed HDACi-mediated alterations in energy supply and stresses for MICA induction and HCC inhibition, providing a mechanism for the chemoimmunotherapeutic actions. These data are indicative of promising strategies for selective HCC innate immunotherapy.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Antineoplastic Agents/pharmacology
- Carcinoma, Hepatocellular/genetics
- Carcinoma, Hepatocellular/immunology
- Carcinoma, Hepatocellular/pathology
- Carcinoma, Hepatocellular/therapy
- Cell Line, Tumor
- Coculture Techniques
- Combined Modality Therapy
- Cytotoxicity, Immunologic/drug effects
- Gene Expression Regulation, Neoplastic
- Genome-Wide Association Study
- Hep G2 Cells
- Histocompatibility Antigens Class I/genetics
- Histocompatibility Antigens Class I/immunology
- Histone Deacetylase Inhibitors/pharmacology
- Humans
- Hydroxamic Acids/pharmacology
- Immunotherapy/methods
- Killer Cells, Natural/drug effects
- Killer Cells, Natural/immunology
- Killer Cells, Natural/pathology
- Liver Neoplasms/genetics
- Liver Neoplasms/immunology
- Liver Neoplasms/pathology
- Liver Neoplasms/therapy
- Metabolome/drug effects
- Metabolome/genetics
- Metabolome/immunology
- Mice
- Mice, Nude
- Neoplasm Proteins/genetics
- Neoplasm Proteins/immunology
- Peptide Hydrolases/pharmacology
- Small Molecule Libraries/pharmacology
- T-Lymphocytes, Cytotoxic/drug effects
- T-Lymphocytes, Cytotoxic/immunology
- T-Lymphocytes, Cytotoxic/pathology
- Vorinostat
- Xenograft Model Antitumor Assays
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Affiliation(s)
- Kaku Goto
- The Advanced Clinical Research Center, The Institute of Medical Science, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo 108-8639, Japan
- Japan Society for the Promotion of Science, Tokyo 102-8472, Japan
| | - Dorcas A. Annan
- Institute for Genetic Medicine, Hokkaido University, Hokkaido 060-0815, Japan
| | - Tomoko Morita
- Institute for Genetic Medicine, Hokkaido University, Hokkaido 060-0815, Japan
| | - Wenwen Li
- The Advanced Clinical Research Center, The Institute of Medical Science, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo 108-8639, Japan
| | - Ryosuke Muroyama
- The Advanced Clinical Research Center, The Institute of Medical Science, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo 108-8639, Japan
| | - Yasuo Matsubara
- The Advanced Clinical Research Center, The Institute of Medical Science, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo 108-8639, Japan
| | - Sayaka Ito
- The Advanced Clinical Research Center, The Institute of Medical Science, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo 108-8639, Japan
| | - Ryo Nakagawa
- The Advanced Clinical Research Center, The Institute of Medical Science, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo 108-8639, Japan
| | - Yasushi Tanoue
- The Advanced Clinical Research Center, The Institute of Medical Science, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo 108-8639, Japan
| | - Masahisa Jinushi
- Institute for Advanced Medical Research, Keio University Graduate School of Medicine, Tokyo 160-8582, Japan
| | - Naoya Kato
- The Advanced Clinical Research Center, The Institute of Medical Science, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo 108-8639, Japan
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42
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Garrido C, Spivak AM, Soriano-Sarabia N, Checkley MA, Barker E, Karn J, Planelles V, Margolis DM. HIV Latency-Reversing Agents Have Diverse Effects on Natural Killer Cell Function. Front Immunol 2016; 7:356. [PMID: 27708642 PMCID: PMC5030263 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2016.00356] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2016] [Accepted: 09/01/2016] [Indexed: 01/16/2023] Open
Abstract
In an effort to clear persistent HIV infection and achieve a durable therapy-free remission of HIV disease, extensive pre-clinical studies and early pilot clinical trials are underway to develop and test agents that can reverse latent HIV infection and present viral antigen to the immune system for clearance. It is, therefore, critical to understand the impact of latency-reversing agents (LRAs) on the function of immune effectors needed to clear infected cells. We assessed the impact of LRAs on the function of natural killer (NK) cells, the main effector cells of the innate immune system. We studied the effects of three histone deacetylase inhibitors [SAHA or vorinostat (VOR), romidepsin, and panobinostat (PNB)] and two protein kinase C agonists [prostratin (PROST) and ingenol] on the antiviral activity, cytotoxicity, cytokine secretion, phenotype, and viability of primary NK cells. We found that ex vivo exposure to VOR had minimal impact on all parameters assessed, while PNB caused a decrease in NK cell viability, antiviral activity, and cytotoxicity. PROST caused non-specific NK cell activation and, interestingly, improved antiviral activity. Overall, we found that LRAs can alter the function and fate of NK cells, and these effects must be carefully considered as strategies are developed to clear persistent HIV infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carolina Garrido
- UNC HIV Cure Center, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA; Department of Medicine, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - Adam M Spivak
- Department of Medicine, University of Utah School of Medicine , Salt Lake City, UT , USA
| | - Natalia Soriano-Sarabia
- UNC HIV Cure Center, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA; Department of Medicine, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - Mary Ann Checkley
- Department of Molecular Biology and Microbiology, School of Medicine, Case Western Reserve University , Cleveland, OH , USA
| | - Edward Barker
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, Rush University Medical Center , Chicago, IL , USA
| | - Jonathan Karn
- Department of Molecular Biology and Microbiology, School of Medicine, Case Western Reserve University , Cleveland, OH , USA
| | - Vicente Planelles
- Department of Pathology, University of Utah School of Medicine , Salt Lake City, UT , USA
| | - David M Margolis
- UNC HIV Cure Center, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA; Department of Medicine, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA; Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
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43
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Patel S, Hurez V, Nawrocki ST, Goros M, Michalek J, Sarantopoulos J, Curiel T, Mahalingam D. Vorinostat and hydroxychloroquine improve immunity and inhibit autophagy in metastatic colorectal cancer. Oncotarget 2016; 7:59087-59097. [PMID: 27463016 PMCID: PMC5312297 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.10824] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2016] [Accepted: 06/30/2016] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Hydroxychloroquine (HCQ) enhances the anti-cancer activity of the histone deacetylase inhibitor, vorinostat (VOR), in pre-clinical models and early phase clinical studies of metastatic colorectal cancer (mCRC). Mechanisms could include autophagy inhibition, accumulation of ubiquitinated proteins, and subsequent tumor cell apoptosis. There is growing evidence that autophagy inhibition could lead to improved anti-cancer immunity. To date, effects of autophagy on immunity have not been reported in cancer patients. To address this, we expanded an ongoing clinical study to include patients with advanced, refractory mCRC to evaluate further the clinical efficacy and immune effects of VOR plus HCQ. Refractory mCRC patients received VOR 400 milligrams orally with HCQ 600 milligrams orally daily, in a 3-week cycle. The primary endpoint was median progression-free survival (mPFS). Secondary endpoints include median overall survival (mOS), adverse events (AE), pharmacodynamic of inhibition of autophagy in primary tumors, immune cell analyses, and cytokine levels. Twenty patients were enrolled (19 evaluable for survival) with a mPFS of 2.8 months and mOS of 6.7 months. Treatment-related grade 3-4 AEs occurred in 8 patients (40%), with fatigue, nausea/vomiting, and anemia being the most common. Treatment significantly reduced CD4+CD25hiFoxp3+ regulatory and PD-1+ (exhausted) CD4+ and CD8+ T cells and decreased CD45RO-CD62L+ (naive) T cells, consistent with improved anti-tumor immunity. On-study tumor biopsies showed increases in lysosomal protease cathepsin D and p62 accumulation, consistent with autophagy inhibition. Taken together, VOR plus HCQ is active, safe and well tolerated in refractory CRC patients, resulting in potentially improved anti-tumor immunity and inhibition of autophagy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sukeshi Patel
- Cancer Therapy and Research Center, University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio, San Antonio, TX, USA
| | - Vincent Hurez
- Cancer Therapy and Research Center, University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio, San Antonio, TX, USA
| | - Steffan T. Nawrocki
- Cancer Therapy and Research Center, University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio, San Antonio, TX, USA
| | - Martin Goros
- Cancer Therapy and Research Center, University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio, San Antonio, TX, USA
| | - Joel Michalek
- Cancer Therapy and Research Center, University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio, San Antonio, TX, USA
| | - John Sarantopoulos
- Cancer Therapy and Research Center, University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio, San Antonio, TX, USA
| | - Tyler Curiel
- Cancer Therapy and Research Center, University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio, San Antonio, TX, USA
| | - Devalingam Mahalingam
- Cancer Therapy and Research Center, University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio, San Antonio, TX, USA
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44
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Histone Deacetylase Inhibitors Enhance CD4 T Cell Susceptibility to NK Cell Killing but Reduce NK Cell Function. PLoS Pathog 2016; 12:e1005782. [PMID: 27529554 PMCID: PMC4986965 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1005782] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2016] [Accepted: 06/30/2016] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
In the search for a cure for HIV-1 infection, histone deacetylase inhibitors (HDACi) are being investigated as activators of latently infected CD4 T cells to promote their targeting by cytotoxic T-lymphocytes (CTL). However, HDACi may also inhibit CTL function, suggesting different immunotherapy approaches may need to be explored. Here, we study the impact of different HDACi on both Natural Killer (NK) and CTL targeting of HIV-1 infected cells. We found HDACi down-regulated HLA class I expression independently of HIV-1 Nef which, without significantly compromising CTL function, led to enhanced targeting by NK cells. HDACi-treated HIV-1-infected CD4 T cells were also more effectively cleared than untreated controls during NK co-culture. However, HDACi impaired NK function, reducing degranulation and killing capacity. Depending on the HDACi and dose, this impairment could counteract the benefit gained by treating infected target cells. These data suggest that following HDACi-induced HLA class I down-regulation NK cells kill HIV-1-infected cells, although HDACi-mediated NK cell inhibition may negate this effect. Our data emphasize the importance of studying the effects of potential interventions on both targets and effectors. Antiretroviral therapy successfully controls HIV-1 viraemia and can restore life expectancy to within normal limits. However, antiretroviral therapy is not a cure as HIV-1 persists in a treatment-resistant latent reservoir. Therapy also comes with a high cost, side effects, and a lifetime commitment to pills. Therefore, there is growing interest in finding a cure. One proposed strategy is to use novel agents to stimulate HIV-1 transcription in latently-infected cells, after which the cells could be targeted and cleared by the immune system. Of current interest are the latency-reversing histone deacetylase inhibitors (HDACi), with CD8 T cells and NK cells potentially serving as the HIV-1 killing agents. However, previous studies suggested HDACi negatively affected CD8 T cell function, compromising their role as killers. Here we studied whether NK cells might serve as effective killers of HDACi treated CD4 T cells, especially as HDACi may induce HLA class I down-regulation. We found that although treating infected cells with HDACi resulted in HLA class I down-regulation and enhanced their visibility to NK cells, HDACi inhibited NK cell function overall, suggesting additional killing strategies will be required.
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45
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Leischner C, Burkard M, Pfeiffer MM, Lauer UM, Busch C, Venturelli S. Nutritional immunology: function of natural killer cells and their modulation by resveratrol for cancer prevention and treatment. Nutr J 2016; 15:47. [PMID: 27142426 PMCID: PMC4855330 DOI: 10.1186/s12937-016-0167-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2015] [Accepted: 04/25/2016] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Natural killer (NK) cells as part of the innate immune system represent the first line of defence against (virus-) infected and malignantly transformed cells. The emerging field of nutritional immunology focuses on compounds featuring immune-modulating activities in particular on NK cells, which e.g. can be exploited for cancer prevention and treatment. The plant-based nutrition resveratrol is a ternary hydroxylated stilbene, which is present in many foods and beverages, respectively. In humans it comprises a large variety of distinct biological activities. Interestingly, resveratrol strongly modulates the immune response including the activity of NK cells. This review will give an overview on NK cell functions and summarize the resveratrol-mediated modulation thereof.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christian Leischner
- Department of Internal Medicine I, Medical University Hospital, Otfried-Mueller-Str. 27, Tuebingen, Germany
| | - Markus Burkard
- Department of Internal Medicine I, Medical University Hospital, Otfried-Mueller-Str. 27, Tuebingen, Germany.,Division of Dermatologic Oncology, Department of Dermatology and Allergology, University of Tuebingen, Tuebingen, Germany
| | - Matthias M Pfeiffer
- Department of Pediatric Hematology and Oncology, University Children's Hospital, Tuebingen, Germany
| | - Ulrich M Lauer
- Department of Internal Medicine I, Medical University Hospital, Otfried-Mueller-Str. 27, Tuebingen, Germany
| | - Christian Busch
- Division of Dermatologic Oncology, Department of Dermatology and Allergology, University of Tuebingen, Tuebingen, Germany.,Pallas Clinic, Olten, Switzerland
| | - Sascha Venturelli
- Department of Internal Medicine I, Medical University Hospital, Otfried-Mueller-Str. 27, Tuebingen, Germany.
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46
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Epigenetics in Kidney Transplantation: Current Evidence, Predictions, and Future Research Directions. Transplantation 2016; 100:23-38. [PMID: 26356174 DOI: 10.1097/tp.0000000000000878] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Epigenetic modifications are changes to the genome that occur without any alteration in DNA sequence. These changes include cytosine methylation of DNA at cytosine-phosphate diester-guanine dinucleotides, histone modifications, microRNA interactions, and chromatin remodeling complexes. Epigenetic modifications may exert their effect independently or complementary to genetic variants and have the potential to modify gene expression. These modifications are dynamic, potentially heritable, and can be induced by environmental stimuli or drugs. There is emerging evidence that epigenetics play an important role in health and disease. However, the impact of epigenetic modifications on the outcomes of kidney transplantation is currently poorly understood and deserves further exploration. Kidney transplantation is the best treatment option for end-stage renal disease, but allograft loss remains a significant challenge that leads to increased morbidity and return to dialysis. Epigenetic modifications may influence the activation, proliferation, and differentiation of the immune cells, and therefore may have a critical role in the host immune response to the allograft and its outcome. The epigenome of the donor may also impact kidney graft survival, especially those epigenetic modifications associated with early transplant stressors (e.g., cold ischemia time) and donor aging. In the present review, we discuss evidence supporting the role of epigenetic modifications in ischemia-reperfusion injury, host immune response to the graft, and graft response to injury as potential new tools for the diagnosis and prediction of graft function, and new therapeutic targets for improving outcomes of kidney transplantation.
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47
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Shen L, Orillion A, Pili R. Histone deacetylase inhibitors as immunomodulators in cancer therapeutics. Epigenomics 2016; 8:415-28. [PMID: 26950532 DOI: 10.2217/epi.15.118] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
HDAC inhibitors (HDACIs) are anticancer agents being developed in preclinical and clinical settings due to their capacity to modulate gene expression involved in cell growth, differentiation and apoptosis, through modification of both chromatin histone and nonhistone proteins. Most HDACIs in clinical development have cytotoxic or cytostatic properties and their direct inhibitory effects on tumor cells are well documented. Numerous studies have revealed that HDACIs have potent immunomodulatory activity in tumor-bearing animals and cancer patients, providing guidance to apply these agents in cancer immunotherapies. Here, we summarize recent reports addressing the effects of HDACIs on tumor cell immunogenicity, and on different components of the host immune system. In addition, we discuss the complexity of the immunomodulatory activity of these agents, which depends on the class specificity of the HDACIs, different experimental settings and the target immune cell populations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Li Shen
- Genitourinary Program, Roswell Park Cancer Institute, Buffalo, NY, 14263, USA
| | - Ashley Orillion
- Genitourinary Program, Roswell Park Cancer Institute, Buffalo, NY, 14263, USA.,Genitourinary Program, Indiana University Melvin & Bren Simon Cancer Center, Indianapolis, IN, 46202, USA
| | - Roberto Pili
- Genitourinary Program, Roswell Park Cancer Institute, Buffalo, NY, 14263, USA.,Genitourinary Program, Indiana University Melvin & Bren Simon Cancer Center, Indianapolis, IN, 46202, USA
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48
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Schenk A, Bloch W, Zimmer P. Natural Killer Cells--An Epigenetic Perspective of Development and Regulation. Int J Mol Sci 2016; 17:326. [PMID: 26938533 PMCID: PMC4813188 DOI: 10.3390/ijms17030326] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2016] [Revised: 02/18/2016] [Accepted: 02/22/2016] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Based on their ability to recognize and eliminate various endo- and exogenous pathogens as well as pathological alterations, Natural Killer (NK) cells represent an important part of the cellular innate immune system. Although the knowledge about their function is growing, little is known about their development and regulation on the molecular level. Research of the past decade suggests that modifications of the chromatin, which do not affect the base sequence of the DNA, also known as epigenetic alterations, are strongly involved in these processes. Here, the impact of epigenetic modifications on the development as well as the expression of important activating and inhibiting NK-cell receptors and their effector function is reviewed. Furthermore, external stimuli such as physical activity and their influence on the epigenetic level are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexander Schenk
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Sports Medicine, Institute for Cardiovascular Research and Sports Medicine, German Sport University Cologne, Am Sportpark Muengersdorf 6, 50933 Cologne, Germany.
| | - Wilhelm Bloch
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Sports Medicine, Institute for Cardiovascular Research and Sports Medicine, German Sport University Cologne, Am Sportpark Muengersdorf 6, 50933 Cologne, Germany.
| | - Philipp Zimmer
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Sports Medicine, Institute for Cardiovascular Research and Sports Medicine, German Sport University Cologne, Am Sportpark Muengersdorf 6, 50933 Cologne, Germany.
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49
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NKG2D and DNAM-1 Ligands: Molecular Targets for NK Cell-Mediated Immunotherapeutic Intervention in Multiple Myeloma. BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2015; 2015:178698. [PMID: 26161387 PMCID: PMC4486747 DOI: 10.1155/2015/178698] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2014] [Accepted: 03/26/2015] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Abstract
A pivotal strategy to improve NK cell-mediated antitumor activity involves the upregulation of activating ligands on tumor cells. Enhancement of NK cell-mediated recognition of multiple myeloma cells was reported by us and others showing increased surface expression of NKG2D and DNAM-1 ligands on tumor cells following treatment with a number of chemotherapeutic agents, such as genotoxic drugs or inhibitors of proteasome, histone deacetylases, GSK3, and HSP-90. These compounds have the capability to affect tumor survival but also to activate specific transduction pathways associated with the upregulation of different NK cell activating ligands on the tumor cells. Here, we will summarize and discuss the molecular pathways whereby these drugs can regulate the expression of NK cell activating ligands in multiple myeloma cells.
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50
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Kroesen M, Gielen P, Brok IC, Armandari I, Hoogerbrugge PM, Adema GJ. HDAC inhibitors and immunotherapy; a double edged sword? Oncotarget 2015; 5:6558-72. [PMID: 25115382 PMCID: PMC4196144 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.2289] [Citation(s) in RCA: 125] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Epigenetic modifications, like histone acetylation, are essential for regulating gene expression within cells. Cancer cells acquire pathological epigenetic modifications resulting in gene expression patterns that facilitate and sustain tumorigenesis. Epigenetic manipulation therefore is emerging as a novel targeted therapy for cancer. Histone Acetylases (HATs) and Histone Deacetylases (HDACs) regulate histone acetylation and hence gene expression. Histone deacetylase (HDAC) inhibitors are well known to affect cancer cell viability and biology and are already in use for the treatment of cancer patients. Immunotherapy can lead to clinical benefit in selected cancer patients, especially in patients with limited disease after tumor debulking. HDAC inhibitors can potentially synergize with immunotherapy by elimination of tumor cells. The direct effects of HDAC inhibitors on immune cell function, however, remain largely unexplored. Initial data have suggested HDAC inhibitors to be predominantly immunosuppressive, but more recent reports have challenged this view. In this review we will discuss the effects of HDAC inhibitors on tumor cells and different immune cell subsets, synergistic interactions and possible mechanisms. Finally, we will address future challenges and potential application of HDAC inhibitors in immunocombination therapy of cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michiel Kroesen
- Department of Tumor Immunology, Radboud Institute for Molecular Life Sciences, Radboud University Medical Centre, Nijmegen, The Netherlands; Department of Pediatric Oncology, Radboud University Medical Centre, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Paul Gielen
- Department of Tumor Immunology, Radboud Institute for Molecular Life Sciences, Radboud University Medical Centre, Nijmegen, The Netherlands; These authors contributed equally to this work
| | - Ingrid C Brok
- Department of Tumor Immunology, Radboud Institute for Molecular Life Sciences, Radboud University Medical Centre, Nijmegen, The Netherlands; These authors contributed equally to this work
| | - Inna Armandari
- Department of Tumor Immunology, Radboud Institute for Molecular Life Sciences, Radboud University Medical Centre, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Peter M Hoogerbrugge
- Department of Pediatric Oncology, Radboud University Medical Centre, Nijmegen, The Netherlands; Princes Máxima Center for Pediatric Oncology, The Bilt, The Netherlands
| | - Gosse J Adema
- Department of Tumor Immunology, Radboud Institute for Molecular Life Sciences, Radboud University Medical Centre, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
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