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Jiang M, Gao Y, Qu T, Ji Y, Niu Y, Zhang J, Huang L. Dose inhibin B or anti-Müllerian hormone relate to precocious puberty in girls? result of a systematic review and meta-analysis. J Ovarian Res 2023; 16:227. [PMID: 37996919 PMCID: PMC10668349 DOI: 10.1186/s13048-023-01302-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2023] [Accepted: 10/24/2023] [Indexed: 11/25/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUNDS Existing studies have investigated the relationship between the levels of serum inhibin B (INHB), anti-müllerian hormone (AMH) and precocious puberty in girls, but the results are inconsistent. OBJECTIVE The aim of this meta-analysis was to assess whether the INHB and AMH levels changed in girls with precocious puberty relative to healthy controls. METHODS PubMed, Embase, Cochrane Library and Web of Science were searched through June 2022. We included observational clinical studies reporting the serum levels INHB and AMH in girls with precocious puberty. Conference articles and observational study abstracts were included if they contained enough information regarding study design and outcome data. Case series and reports were excluded. An overall standard mean difference (SMD) between precocious puberty and healthy controls was estimated using a DerSimonian-Laird random-effects model. RESULTS A total of 11 studies featuring 552 girls with precocious puberty and 405 healthy girls were selected for analysis. The meta-analysis showed that the INHB level of precocious puberty [including central precocious puberty (CPP) and premature the larche (PT)] were significantly increased. While there was no significant association between precocious puberty [including CPP, PT, premature pubarche (PP) and premature adrenarche (PA)] and the level of serum AMH. CONCLUSION Scientific evidence suggested that the INHB level, but not the AMH level, altered in girls with precocious puberty compared with healthy controls. Through our results we think that INHB level might be a marker for the auxiliary diagnosis of precocious puberty (especially CPP and PT). Therefore, it is important to evaluate and thoroughly investigate the clinical indicators (e.g., INHB) in order to ensure early diagnosis and medical intervention, and the risk of physical, psychological and social disorders in immature girls with precocious puberty is minimized.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mei Jiang
- Beijing Research Institute of Chinese Medicine, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, China
| | - Ying Gao
- Department of Acupuncture, Wangjing Hospital of China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Tiange Qu
- Department of Dermatology, Dongzhimen Hospital of Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, China
| | - Yuechen Ji
- School of traditional Chinese Medicine, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, No.11 Beisanhuandong Road, Chaoyang, Beijing, 100029, P. R. China
| | - Yiwen Niu
- School of traditional Chinese Medicine, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, No.11 Beisanhuandong Road, Chaoyang, Beijing, 100029, P. R. China
| | - Jiaxin Zhang
- Department of Gastroenterology, Dongzhimen Hospital of Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, China
| | - Ling Huang
- School of traditional Chinese Medicine, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, No.11 Beisanhuandong Road, Chaoyang, Beijing, 100029, P. R. China.
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Peña AS, Codner E, Witchel S. Criteria for Diagnosis of Polycystic Ovary Syndrome during Adolescence: Literature Review. Diagnostics (Basel) 2022; 12:diagnostics12081931. [PMID: 36010282 PMCID: PMC9406411 DOI: 10.3390/diagnostics12081931] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2022] [Revised: 08/05/2022] [Accepted: 08/06/2022] [Indexed: 11/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) is one of the most common endocrine conditions in women. PCOS may be more challenging to diagnose during adolescence due to an overlap with the physiological events of puberty, which are part of the diagnostic criteria in adult women. This review focuses on the evidence available in relation to PCOS diagnostic criteria for adolescents. Adolescent PCOS should be diagnosed using two main criteria irregular -menstrual cycles (relative to number of years post-menarche) and hyperandrogenism (clinical and/or biochemical); after excluding other conditions that mimic PCOS. Accurate definitions of the two main criteria will decrease challenges/controversies with the diagnosis and provide timely diagnosis during adolescence to establish early management. Despite the attempts to create accurate diagnostic criteria and definitions, this review highlights the limited research in this area, especially in the follow up of adolescents presenting with one diagnostic feature that are called “at risk of PCOS”. Studies in adolescents continue to use the Rotterdam diagnostic criteria that uses pelvic ultrasound. This is inappropriate, because previous and emerging data that show many healthy adolescents have polycystic ovarian morphology in the early years post-menarche. In the future, anti-Müllerian hormone levels might help support PCOS diagnosis if adolescents meet two main criteria.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexia S. Peña
- Discipline of Paediatrics, The University of Adelaide Robinson Research Institute, 72 King William Road, Adelaide, SA 5006, Australia
- Endocrinology and Diabetes Department, Women’s and Children’s Hospital, 72 King William Road, Adelaide, SA 5006, Australia
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +61-881618134
| | - Ethel Codner
- Institute of Child and Maternal Research, School of Medicine, University of Chile, Santiago 836-0160, Chile
| | - Selma Witchel
- UPMC Children’s Hospital of Pittsburgh, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15224, USA
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Vagios S, James KE, Sacha CR, Hsu JY, Dimitriadis I, Bormann CL, Souter I. A patient-specific model combining antimüllerian hormone and body mass index as a predictor of polycystic ovary syndrome and other oligo-anovulation disorders. Fertil Steril 2020; 115:229-237. [PMID: 33077236 DOI: 10.1016/j.fertnstert.2020.07.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2020] [Revised: 06/13/2020] [Accepted: 07/14/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To determine whether a patient-specific predictive model combining antimüllerian hormone (AMH) levels and body mass index (BMI) can aid in the diagnosis of polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) and other ovulatory dysfunction disorders (OVDYS) among infertile women. DESIGN Retrospective cohort study. SETTING Academic fertility center. PATIENT(S) One thousand and ten infertile women undergoing 3,160 intrauterine insemination (IUI) cycles, stratified by diagnosis in three groups: PCOS, OVDYS, and other etiologies. INTERVENTION(S) Ovulation induction followed by IUI or ultrasound-monitored natural cycles. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURE(S) The probability of either PCOS or OVDYS diagnosis based on AMH levels alone and a patient-specific predictive model that combines serum AMH and patient's BMI. RESULT(S) Median and interquartile range (IQR) for the serum AMH levels (ng/mL) were the highest in women with PCOS, and lowest in those with other infertility causes. Overall, for every 1 ng/mL increase in AMH, the odds of PCOS and OVDYS versus other causes increased by 55% and 24%, respectively. Postestimation from multivariate logistic regression models showed that PCOS diagnosis can be predicted with lower AMH values in women with a higher BMI compared with the AMH values predicting PCOS in normal-weight or underweight patients. The receiver operating characteristic curves reinforced these findings, and the best cutoffs for PCOS diagnosis were 7.5, 4.4, and 4.1 ng/mL for women belonging to the BMI groups 18.5-24.9, 25.0-29.9, and ≥30.0 kg/m2, respectively. CONCLUSION(S) Taking into account AMH and BMI, we developed a model that predicts the probability of an oligo-anovulation diagnosis, thus facilitating patient-specific counseling in the infertility setting.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stylianos Vagios
- Massachusetts General Hospital Fertility Center, Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology, and Reproductive Biology, Deborah Kelly Center for Outcomes Research, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts.
| | - Kaitlyn E James
- Division of Reproductive Endocrinology and Infertility, Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology, and Reproductive Biology, Deborah Kelly Center for Outcomes Research, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Caitlin R Sacha
- Massachusetts General Hospital Fertility Center, Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology, and Reproductive Biology, Deborah Kelly Center for Outcomes Research, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Jennifer Y Hsu
- Massachusetts General Hospital Fertility Center, Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology, and Reproductive Biology, Deborah Kelly Center for Outcomes Research, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Irene Dimitriadis
- Massachusetts General Hospital Fertility Center, Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology, and Reproductive Biology, Deborah Kelly Center for Outcomes Research, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Charles L Bormann
- Massachusetts General Hospital Fertility Center, Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology, and Reproductive Biology, Deborah Kelly Center for Outcomes Research, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Irene Souter
- Massachusetts General Hospital Fertility Center, Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology, and Reproductive Biology, Deborah Kelly Center for Outcomes Research, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
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Hiam D, Simar D, Laker R, Altıntaş A, Gibson-Helm M, Fletcher E, Moreno-Asso A, Trewin AJ, Barres R, Stepto NK. Epigenetic Reprogramming of Immune Cells in Women With PCOS Impact Genes Controlling Reproductive Function. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2019; 104:6155-6170. [PMID: 31390009 DOI: 10.1210/jc.2019-01015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2019] [Accepted: 08/01/2019] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
CONTEXT Polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) is a chronic disease affecting reproductive function and whole-body metabolism. Although the etiology is unclear, emerging evidence indicates that the epigenetics may be a contributing factor. OBJECTIVE To determine the role of global and genome-wide epigenetic modifications in specific immune cells in PCOS compared with controls and whether these could be related to clinical features of PCOS. DESIGN Cross-sectional study. PARTICIPANTS Women with (n = 17) or without PCOS (n = 17). SETTING Recruited from the general community. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES Isolated peripheral blood mononuclear cells were analyzed using multicolor flow cytometry methods to determine global DNA methylation levels in a cell-specific fashion. Transcriptomic and genome-wide DNA methylation analyses were performed on T helper cells using RNA sequencing and reduced representation bisulfite sequencing. RESULTS Women with PCOS had lower global DNA methylation in monocytes (P = 0.006) and in T helper (P = 0.004), T cytotoxic (P = 0.004), and B cells (P = 0.03). Specific genome-wide DNA methylation analysis of T helper cells from women with PCOS identified 5581 differentially methylated CpG sites. Functional gene ontology enrichment analysis showed that genes located at the proximity of differentially methylated CpG sites belong to pathways related to reproductive function and immune cell function. However, these genes were not altered at the transcriptomic level. CONCLUSIONS It was shown that PCOS is associated with global and gene-specific DNA methylation remodeling in a cell type-specific manner. Further investigation is warranted to determine whether epigenetic reprogramming of immune cells is important in determining the different phenotypes of PCOS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Danielle Hiam
- Institute for Health and Sport, Victoria University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - David Simar
- Mechanisms of Disease and Translational Research, School of Medical Sciences, UNSW Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Rhianna Laker
- Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Basic Metabolic Research, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Ali Altıntaş
- Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Basic Metabolic Research, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Melanie Gibson-Helm
- Monash Centre for Health Research and Implementation, School of Public Health and Preventive Medicine, Monash University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Elly Fletcher
- Baker Heart and Disease Institute, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Alba Moreno-Asso
- Institute for Health and Sport, Victoria University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Adam J Trewin
- Institute for Health and Sport, Victoria University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Romain Barres
- Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Basic Metabolic Research, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Nigel K Stepto
- Institute for Health and Sport, Victoria University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
- Monash Centre for Health Research and Implementation, School of Public Health and Preventive Medicine, Monash University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
- Medicine-Western Health, School of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Dentistry, and Health Science, Melbourne, Australia
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Tadaion Far F, Jahanian Sadatmahalleh S, Ziaei S, Kazemnejad A. Comparison of the umbilical cord Blood's anti-Mullerian hormone level in the newborns of mothers with polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) and healthy mothers. J Ovarian Res 2019; 12:111. [PMID: 31735163 PMCID: PMC6858970 DOI: 10.1186/s13048-019-0583-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2019] [Accepted: 10/17/2019] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) is one of the most common endocrine diseases. At present, the cause of the disease is not fully understood, but many studies have shown that PCOS is associated with genetic and environmental factors. The present study aimed to assess the umbilical cord blood’s Anti-mullerian hormone (AMH) level in the newborns of mothers suffering from PCOS comparing to healthy mothers. Methods This prospective cohort study was conducted on 120 pregnant women with PCOS, who were selected through Rotterdam criteria, and 60 healthy pregnant women as the control group. The subjects in each group were divided into obese and non-obese mothers according to their body mass index (BMI) before pregnancy. The cord blood samples were collected from the offsprings on the time of childbirth. Finally, the circulating concentrations of AMH in both sexes of the newborns were determined by specific assays. Results The research results showed that the blood level of AMH was higher in the neonates of obese mothers with PCOS comparing to the controls (P < 0.001). Mean AMH level was higher in male neonates born from non-obese PCOS mothers than in the controls (P < 0.001); however, there was not a significant difference in the level of AMH in female neonates between these two groups (P = 0.264). Also the level of the above biomarker was higher in both sexes of the neonates belonging to obese PCOS mothers compared with the neonates born from non-obese PCOS mothers (P < 0.001). Conclusion(s) It can be said that the cord blood AMH level of neonates from obese women with PCOS is higher than that in the newborns of non-obese PCOS mothers. Further longitudinal studies are needed to confirm the clinical findings of the present research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Faezeh Tadaion Far
- Department of Reproductive Health and Midwifery, Faculty of Medical Sciences, Tarbiat Modares University, Tehran, Iran
| | | | - Saeideh Ziaei
- Department of Reproductive Health and Midwifery, Faculty of Medical Sciences, Tarbiat Modares University, Tehran, Iran.
| | - Anoshirvan Kazemnejad
- Department of Biostatistics, Faculty of Medical Sciences, Tarbiat Modares University, Tehran, Iran
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6
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Zhao Y, Zhao Y, Wang C, Liang Z, Liu X. DIAGNOSTIC VALUE OF ANTI-MÜLLERIAN HORMONE AS A BIOMARKER FOR POLYCYSTIC OVARY SYNDROME: A META-ANALYSIS UPDATE. Endocr Pract 2019; 25:1056-1066. [PMID: 31414908 DOI: 10.4158/ep-2019-0098] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Objective: A previous meta-analysis carried out on the predictive ability of anti-Müllerian hormone (AMH) for polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) showed that independent AMH may be a useful initial diagnostic test for PCOS. The aims of this study were to update the meta-analysis and to evaluate the diagnostic efficacy of AMH when it replaces polycystic ovary morphology (PCOM) in the Rotterdam criteria. Methods: Two independent reviewers searched PubMed, Cochrane Library, and the Web of Science databases systematically to identify relevant articles by using the key words "anti-Müllerian hormone" and "polycystic ovary syndrome." The deadline for manuscript inclusion was July 31, 2018. A random effects model was used and subgroup analysis and meta regression were performed to identify possible sources of heterogeneity. The methodologic quality of each study was assessed by QUADAS-2 and funnel plot asymmetry test. Results: According to the inclusion criteria, 29 studies were included in this meta-analysis. The pooled sensitivity, specificity, and diagnostic odds ratio (DOR) for AMH alone detecting PCOS were 0.76 (95% confidence interval [CI] 0.71 to 0.81), 0.86 (95% CI 0.82 to 0.90) and 20 (95% CI 12 to 33), respectively. When AMH replaces polycystic ovary morphology (PCOM) for the diagnosis of PCOS, the pooled sensitivity, specificity, and DOR rose to 0.93 (95% CI 0.89 to 0.96), 0.99 (95% CI 0.95 to 1.00), and 1,634 (95% CI 217 to 12,324), respectively. The area under the summary receiver-operating characteristic curve for AMH alone and for AMH replacing PCOM detecting PCOS were 0.88 (95% CI 0.85 to 0.91) and 0.97 (95% CI 0.95 to 0.98), respectively, which was found to be significantly different (Z = 4.89, P<.01). Conclusion: When AMH replaces PCOM in the Rotterdam criteria, the diagnostic efficacy for polycystic ovary syndrome is better. Abbreviations: AMH = anti-Müllerian hormone; AUC = area under the summary receiver operating characteristic curve; BMI = body mass index; CI = confidence interval; DOR = diagnostic odds ratio; HA = hyperandrogenism; IBC = Immunotech-Beckman Coulter; NLR = negative likelihood ratio; OA = oligo-anovulation; PCOM = polycystic ovary morphology; PCOS = polycystic ovary syndrome; PLR = positive likelihood ratio; QUADAS = the Quality Assessment of Diagnostic Accuracy Studies; SENS = sensitivity; SPEC = specificity.
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7
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Bhide P, Pundir J, Homburg R, Acharya G. Biomarkers of ovarian reserve in childhood and adolescence: A systematic review. Acta Obstet Gynecol Scand 2019; 98:563-572. [PMID: 30758847 DOI: 10.1111/aogs.13574] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2018] [Accepted: 02/06/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Certain medical disorders as well as their management may affect gonadal function. Recent advances in the management of these conditions accompanied by the availability and success of methods of fertility preservation has highlighted the need for assessment of ovarian reserve in childhood and adolescence. Serum anti-Mullerian hormone (AMH) and antral follicle count are well established markers of ovarian reserve and serum inhibin has also been used. However, literature on reference ranges for ovarian reserve markers in this age-group is relatively scarce. Thus, our aim was to evaluate published data to estimate reference values of ovarian reserve makers in childhood and adolescence. MATERIAL AND METHODS We performed a systematic review of the literature reporting ovarian reserve markers in childhood and adolescence. We included only those studies examining markers of ovarian reserve in the normal healthy population between the ages of 0 and 19 years. PROSPERO registration: CRD42018119064. RESULTS Serum AMH emerged as the most common biomarker assessed. Serum AMH was detectable at birth and, after a transient increase in infancy, increased steadily in childhood. Following a slight decrease at puberty, levels were constant throughout adolescence with a peak in adolescence or early adulthood. The mean serum AMH values during infancy, childhood and adolescence were 10.55, 22.32 and 31.84 pmol/L, respectively. The corresponding median values were 9.85, 24.49 and 26.32 pmol/L. It was not possible to construct age-specific reference intervals because of methodological heterogeneity, variations in the assay used to measure AMH and differing interval width for age used in included studies. Serum inhibin showed an increase from childhood to adolescence, with median serum inhibin values of 53.86 pg/mL in adolescence. Antral follicle count showed a significant positive correlation with serum AMH and a median value of 30.52 in adolescence. CONCLUSIONS We summarize the trends and levels of biomarkers of ovarian reserve from birth until young adulthood. Peak levels of serum AMH are reported in adolescence or early adulthood. We have reported median/mean values for serum AMH in different age-groups based on data pooled from several studies, which may be used as a reference when evaluating ovarian reserve in childhood and adolescence especially when considering fertility preservation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Priya Bhide
- Women's Health and Perinatology Research Group, Department of Clinical Medicine, UiT-The Arctic University of Norway, Tromsø, Norway.,Homerton Fertility Center, Homerton University Hospital, London, UK
| | - Jyotsna Pundir
- Center for Reproductive Medicine, St. Bartholomew's Hospital, London, UK
| | - Roy Homburg
- Homerton Fertility Center, Homerton University Hospital, London, UK
| | - Ganesh Acharya
- Women's Health and Perinatology Research Group, Department of Clinical Medicine, UiT-The Arctic University of Norway, Tromsø, Norway.,Division of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Department of Clinical Science, Intervention and Technology, Karolinska Institutet and Center for Fetal Medicine, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden
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Efthymiadou A, Bogiatzidou M, Kritikou D, Chrysis D. Anti-Müllerian Hormone in Girls with Premature Adrenarche: The Impact of Polycystic Ovary Syndrome History in their Mothers. J Pediatr 2019; 205:190-194. [PMID: 30529136 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpeds.2018.09.064] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2018] [Revised: 08/14/2018] [Accepted: 09/26/2018] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES To assess whether the serum levels of anti-Müllerian hormone (AMH) are increased in girls with premature adrenarche because they are at a higher risk of developing polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) later in life. STUDY DESIGN We measured serum levels of AMH, dehydroepiandrosterone sulfate (DHEAS), testosterone, sex hormone binding globulin, androstenedione, and 17-hyroxyprogesterone in 89 girls with premature adrenarche aged 6.98 ± 1.60 years, and in 55 prepubertal normal girls aged 6.78 ± 1.60 years. RESULTS AMH was significantly higher in girls with premature adrenarche (2.95 ± 1.20 ng/mL) compared with normal prepubertal girls (2.00 ± 0.95 ng/mL; P < .001), whereas their body mass index SD score was similar (P > .05). DHEAS, testosterone, and androstenedione were increased in premature adrenarche, whereas sex hormone binding globulin was decreased in girls with premature adrenarche. Among the 89 girls with premature adrenarche, 33 were daughters of mothers with a positive history of PCOS, whereas the mothers of the remaining 56 girls with premature adrenarche had a negative history of PCOS. The girls with a mother with a positive history of PCOS had significantly higher AMH serum levels compared with girls with a mother with a negative history of PCOS (3.37 ± 1.72 ng/mL vs 2.70 ± 1.25 ng/mL; P < .05) with no differences in testosterone, DHEAS, androstenedione, and sex hormone binding globulin. The serum concentration of AMH was only positively related to androstenedione (r = 0.538; P < .0001). CONCLUSIONS Girls with premature adrenarche, especially those from mothers with a history of PCOS, could have a higher risk of developing PCOS later in life because they have increased serum AMH.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexandra Efthymiadou
- Division of Endocrinology Department of Pediatrics, Medical School, University of Patras, Patra, Greece
| | - Maria Bogiatzidou
- Division of Endocrinology Department of Pediatrics, Medical School, University of Patras, Patra, Greece
| | - Dimitra Kritikou
- Division of Endocrinology Department of Pediatrics, Medical School, University of Patras, Patra, Greece
| | - Dionisios Chrysis
- Division of Endocrinology Department of Pediatrics, Medical School, University of Patras, Patra, Greece.
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Kocaay P, Siklar Z, Buyukfirat S, Berberoglu M. The Diagnostic Value of Anti-Müllerian Hormone in Early Post Menarche Adolescent Girls with Polycystic Ovarian Syndrome. J Pediatr Adolesc Gynecol 2018; 31:362-366. [PMID: 29462707 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpag.2018.02.126] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2017] [Revised: 01/18/2018] [Accepted: 02/10/2018] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
STUDY OBJECTIVE Polycystic ovarian syndrome (PCOS) is a common endocrine disorder characterized by hyperandrogenism and chronic anovulation, which affects 5%-10% of reproductive-age women. Diagnosis of adult patients with PCOS is made easily with clinical and laboratory methods and the anti-Müllerian hormone (AMH) level are accepted as a good indicator. However, there is still no complete consensus on the diagnosis of PCOS in adolescents. DESIGN AND SETTING Prospective cohort study, December 2013 to November 2014. PARTICIPANTS The study was conducted on adolescent girls with oligomenorrhea, with at least 2 years since menarche. The study group consisted of adolescent girls with complete PCOS and incomplete PCOS. A control group was formed of healthy adolescent girls. Complete PCOS was diagnosed according to the Rotterdam criteria, as the presence of all the following characteristics: oligomenorrhea, hyperandrogenism, and polycystic ovarian morphology on ultrasound image. Incomplete PCOS was accepted as "oligomenorrhea and polycystic ovarian morphology," or "oligomenorrhea and hyperandrogenism." INTERVENTIONS AND MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES All patients underwent a physical examination and the anthropometric assessments, insulin resistance, and acanthosis nigricans were recorded. It was also noted whether or not the patient had an acne score. The Ferriman-Gallwey score was applied to evaluate hirsutism. RESULTS The results of this study showed that no statistically significant difference was found between the PCOS and incomplete PCOS groups and the control group with respect to AMH levels. CONCLUSION The use of adult-specific diagnostic methods in adolescence might result in an incomplete diagnosis and inadequate treatment plan. Although the serum AMH level clearly facilitates the diagnosis of PCOS, the use of the AMH level in adolescence in PCOS diagnosis is still controversial and further studies are needed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pınar Kocaay
- Department of Pediatric Endocrinology, Ankara University School of Medicine, Ankara, Turkey.
| | - Zeynep Siklar
- Department of Pediatric Endocrinology, Ankara University School of Medicine, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Sema Buyukfirat
- Department of Endocrinology Laboratories, Ankara University School of Medicine, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Merih Berberoglu
- Department of Pediatric Endocrinology, Ankara University School of Medicine, Ankara, Turkey
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Savas-Erdeve S, Keskin M, Sagsak E, Cenesiz F, Cetinkaya S, Aycan Z. Do the Anti-Müllerian Hormone Levels of Adolescents with Polycystic Ovary Syndrome, Those Who Are at Risk for Developing Polycystic Ovary Syndrome, and Those Who Exhibit Isolated Oligomenorrhea Differ from Those of Adolescents with Normal Menstrual Cycles? Horm Res Paediatr 2017; 85:406-11. [PMID: 27173790 DOI: 10.1159/000446111] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2015] [Accepted: 04/08/2016] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND/AIMS We aimed to investigate whether the anti-Müllerian hormone (AMH) levels in adolescents with polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS), PCOS risk, and isolated oligomenorrhea (OM) were different than in adolescents with a normal/regular menstrual cycle (NMC). METHODS The diagnosis of PCOS was based on the 2012 Amsterdam [European Society of Human Reproduction and Embryology/American Society for Reproductive Medicine (ESHRE/ASRM)] criteria. The PCOS group consisted of cases meeting 3 diagnostic criteria (n = 21), and the PCOS risk group was the 'at risk' group meeting 2 diagnostic criteria (n = 20). Cases with isolated OM that did not satisfy other PCOS diagnostic criteria made up the OM group (n = 21). Thirty adolescent girls with NMCs (21-45 days) were recruited in this study. RESULTS The AMH levels in the PCOS group were similar to those in the PCOS risk group but significantly higher than those in the OM and NMC groups. The AMH levels in the PCOS risk group were similar to those in the OM group and significantly higher than those in the NMC group. They were also significantly higher in the OM group compared to the NMC group. The specificity for PCOS and PCOS risk with a cutoff value of 7.25 ng/ml for AMH was 72.5% and the sensitivity was 58%. CONCLUSION An AMH cutoff value of 7.25 ng/ml can be used for the diagnosis of PCOS in the adolescent period.
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Affiliation(s)
- Senay Savas-Erdeve
- Department of Pediatric Endocrinology, Dr. Sami Ulus Obstetrics and Gynecology, Children's Health and Disease Training and Research Hospital, Ankara, Turkey
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Kim JY, Tfayli H, Michaliszyn SF, Lee S, Nasr A, Arslanian S. Anti-Müllerian Hormone in Obese Adolescent Girls With Polycystic Ovary Syndrome. J Adolesc Health 2017; 60:333-339. [PMID: 27998701 PMCID: PMC5326592 DOI: 10.1016/j.jadohealth.2016.10.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2016] [Revised: 09/10/2016] [Accepted: 10/21/2016] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE Anti-Müllerian hormone (AMH) is proposed as a biomarker of polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS). This study investigated: (1) AMH concentrations in obese adolescents with PCOS versus without PCOS; (2) the relationship of AMH to sex steroid hormones, adiposity, and insulin resistance; and (3) the optimal AMH value and the multivariable prediction model to determine PCOS in obese adolescents. METHODS AMH levels were measured in 46 obese PCOS girls and 43 obese non-PCOS girls. Sex steroid hormones, clamp-measured insulin sensitivity and secretion, body composition, and abdominal adiposity were evaluated. Logistic regression and receiver-operating characteristic curve analyses were used, and multivariate prediction models were developed to test the utility of AMH for the diagnosis of PCOS. RESULTS AMH levels were higher in obese PCOS versus non-PCOS girls (8.3 ± .6 vs. 4.3 ± .4 ng/mL, p < .0001), of comparable age and puberty. AMH concentrations correlated positively with age in both groups, total and free testosterone in PCOS girls only, abdominal adipose tissue in non-PCOS girls, with no correlation to in vivo insulin sensitivity and secretion in either groups. A multivariate model including AMH (cutoff 6.26 ng/mL, area under the curve .788) together with sex hormone-binding globulin and total testosterone exhibited 93.4% predictive power for diagnosing PCOS. CONCLUSIONS AMH may be a useful biomarker for the diagnosis of PCOS in obese adolescent girls.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joon Young Kim
- Division of Weight Management and Wellness, Children's Hospital of Pittsburgh, University of Pittsburgh Medical Center, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
| | - Hala Tfayli
- Department of Pediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, American University of Beirut Medical Center, Beirut, Lebanon
| | - Sara F Michaliszyn
- Human Performance and Exercise Science, Youngstown State University, Youngstown, Ohio
| | - SoJung Lee
- Division of Weight Management and Wellness, Children's Hospital of Pittsburgh, University of Pittsburgh Medical Center, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
| | - Alexis Nasr
- Division of Weight Management and Wellness, Children's Hospital of Pittsburgh, University of Pittsburgh Medical Center, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
| | - Silva Arslanian
- Division of Weight Management and Wellness, Children's Hospital of Pittsburgh, University of Pittsburgh Medical Center, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania; Division of Pediatric Endocrinology, Metabolism and Diabetes Mellitus, Children's Hospital of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania.
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Dursun F, Güven A, Yıldız M. Assessment of Anti-Müllerian Hormone Level in Management of Adolescents with Polycystic Ovary Syndrome. J Clin Res Pediatr Endocrinol 2016; 8:55-60. [PMID: 26761944 PMCID: PMC4805049 DOI: 10.4274/jcrpe.2338] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2015] [Accepted: 11/03/2015] [Indexed: 12/01/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE This study was oriented to investigate the benefit of anti-Müllerian hormone (AMH) level in the management of polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS). To assess the impact of metformin and oral contraceptives (OC) on serum AMH levels in a cohort of adolescents with PCOS. METHODS Forty-nine adolescents with PCOS were recruited to the study. Twenty-nine patients without insulin resistance were treated with OC (group 1), and 20 patients with insulin resistance were treated with metformin and OC (group 2). AMH and androgen levels were measured prior to and 6 months after the initiation of treatment. RESULTS AMH levels were significantly decreased with treatment in both group 1 (p=0.006) and group 2 (p=0.0048). There was a significant correlation between pre- and post-treatment AMH and left ovarian volume (pretreatment: rho=0.336, p=0.018; post-treatment: rho=0.310, p=0.034). CONCLUSION This study investigated two different treatment regimens in adolescents with PCOS and revealed that AMH levels decreased with treatment. AMH levels were correlated with ovarian volume.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fatma Dursun
- Ümraniye Education and Research Hospital, Clinic of Pediatric Endocrinology, İstanbul, Turkey, Phone: +90 505 267 14 03 E-mail:
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Singh AK, Singh R. Can anti-Mullerian hormone replace ultrasonographic evaluation in polycystic ovary syndrome? A review of current progress. Indian J Endocrinol Metab 2015; 19:731-743. [PMID: 26693422 PMCID: PMC4673800 DOI: 10.4103/2230-8210.167548] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Several studies over the past decade have now consistently indicated that the serum anti-Mullerian hormone (AMH) levels are at least 2-3-fold higher in the patients with polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS), which also corresponds to the increased number of AMH producing preantral and small antral follicles. Moreover, AMH levels have been found to be associated in direct proportion to the follicle numbers per ovary or antral follicular count, assessed by the transvaginal ultrasound (TVS). Furthermore, AMH correlates directly with the rising serum testosterone and luteinizing hormone levels in PCOS. Hence, serum AMH in women with oligo-anovulation and/or hyperandrogenemia could indicate the presence of underlying PCOS, when reliable TVS is not feasible, or not acceptable, either due to the virginal status or psycho-social issue. In addition, the imaging quality of abdominal ultrasound is often impaired by obesity, which typically occurs in PCOS women. Indeed, PCOS occurs most commonly in young females who cannot be subjected to invasive TVS for various reasons; therefore, a desirable alternative to TVS is urgently required to diagnose the most prevalent endocrine abnormality of young women. This review will analyze the currently available evidence regarding the role of AMH in the diagnosis of PCOS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Awadhesh Kumar Singh
- Department of Endocrinology, GD Hospital and Diabetes Institute, Kolkata, West Bengal, India
- Department of Endocrinology, Sun Valley Diabetes Hospital, Guwahati, Assam, India
| | - Ritu Singh
- Department of Gynecology, GD Hospital and Diabetes Institute, Kolkata, West Bengal, India
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Sopher AB, Grigoriev G, Laura D, Cameo T, Lerner JP, Chang RJ, McMahon DJ, Oberfield SE. Anti-Mullerian hormone may be a useful adjunct in the diagnosis of polycystic ovary syndrome in nonobese adolescents. J Pediatr Endocrinol Metab 2014; 27:1175-9. [PMID: 25003376 PMCID: PMC4415850 DOI: 10.1515/jpem-2014-0128] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2014] [Accepted: 06/12/2014] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES This study aimed to [1] confirm that nonobese adolescents with polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) have higher anti-Mullerian hormone (AMH) than controls; [2] examine the relationship of AMH with PCOS features and hormonal profile; and [3] approximate an AMH value that discriminates between adolescents with PCOS and controls. DESIGN Case-control study. SETTING Subspecialty ambulatory clinic. PATIENTS Thirty-one nonobese adolescent girls (age 13-21 years), 15 with PCOS diagnosed using the National Institutes of Health (NIH) criteria and 16 healthy control subjects. Subjects and controls were comparable for body mass index z-score, age and ethnicity. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURE(S) AMH in PCOS subjects and control groups, correlation of AMH with hormonal parameters. RESULTS AMH was higher in PCOS subjects (4.4±3.4 ng/mL) than in controls (2.4±1.3 ng/mL), when adjusted for menstrual age. In the entire group (PCOS and controls), AMH correlated with androgens, ovarian size and the presence of polycystic ovary (PCO) appearance. There was no difference in average ovarian size between PCOS (7.1±2.6 cm³) and controls (6.7±1.8 cm³). PCOS subjects were 1.49 times more likely to have AMH >3.4 ng/mL (confidence interval 0.98-2.26 ng/mL). CONCLUSIONS Our data suggest that AMH may be a useful adjunct in the diagnosis of PCOS in adolescents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aviva B. Sopher
- Corresponding author: Aviva B. Sopher, MD, MS, Phone: +1 212 30056559, Fax: +1 212 3054778,
| | - Galina Grigoriev
- Division of Pediatric Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, NY, USA
| | - Diana Laura
- Division of Pediatric Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, NY, USA
| | - Tamara Cameo
- Division of Pediatric Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, NY, USA
| | - Jodi P. Lerner
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, NY, USA
| | - R. Jeffrey Chang
- Department of Reproductive Medicine, University of California – San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Donald J. McMahon
- Division of Endocrinology, Department of Medicine, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, NY, USA
| | - Sharon E. Oberfield
- Division of Pediatric Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, NY, USA
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Youngster M, Ward VL, Blood EA, Barnewolt CE, Emans SJ, Divasta AD. Utility of ultrasound in the diagnosis of polycystic ovary syndrome in adolescents. Fertil Steril 2014; 102:1432-8. [DOI: 10.1016/j.fertnstert.2014.07.1241] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2014] [Revised: 07/21/2014] [Accepted: 07/22/2014] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
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Tian X, Ruan X, Mueck AO, Wallwiener D, Wang J, Liu S, Yin D, Lu Y, Zhang Y, Wu H. Serum anti-Müllerian hormone and insulin resistance in the main phenotypes of non-obese polycystic ovarian syndrome women in China. Gynecol Endocrinol 2014; 30:836-9. [PMID: 25045796 DOI: 10.3109/09513590.2014.943719] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Objective was to evaluate anti-Müllerian-hormone (AMH) and parameters for insulin resistance (IR) in the main phenotypes of polycystic ovarian syndrome (PCOS), and to investigate their correlation for the first time in non-obese Chinese women. METHODS Within this prospective study, 160 PCOS cases and 40 healthy women, matched by age and BMI, were included. In four groups (n = 40) according to the four phenotypes of PCOS by definition of the National Institute of Health (2012), AMH, ovarian volume and number of follicles 2-9 mm were assessed as well as insulin resistance indexes (Homeostatic Model Assessment) (HOMA-IR) and Quantitative Insulin Sensitivity Check Index (QUICKI). RESULTS AMH levels were higher in PCOS than in controls, with differences comparing the phenotypes, highest in the group with all three criteria for PCOS. However, for HOMA-IR and QUICKI and correlation to AMH no significant differences were found. CONCLUSIONS AMH is a useful parameter to assess in the different phenotypes the severity of PCOS, and to compare with healthy women, for the first time demonstrated in Chinese patients. In contrast, the parameters for IR and their relation to AMH did not show clear differences comparing the four phenotypes, and need further investigation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xuanxuan Tian
- Department of Gynecological Endocrinology, Beijing Obstetrics and Gynecology Hospital, Capital Medical University , Beijing , China and
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Cengiz H, Ekin M, Dagdeviren H, Yildiz Ş, Kaya C, Kanawati A. Comparison of serum anti-Müllerian hormone levels in normal weight and overweight–obese adolescent patients with polycystic ovary syndrome. Eur J Obstet Gynecol Reprod Biol 2014; 180:46-50. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejogrb.2014.06.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2013] [Revised: 04/23/2014] [Accepted: 06/19/2014] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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Sahmay S, Atakul N, Aydogan B, Aydin Y, Imamoglu M, Seyisoglu H. Elevated serum levels of anti-Müllerian hormone can be introduced as a new diagnostic marker for polycystic ovary syndrome. Acta Obstet Gynecol Scand 2013; 92:1369-74. [PMID: 23980726 DOI: 10.1111/aogs.12247] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2013] [Accepted: 08/12/2013] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To determine the possible role of anti-Müllerian hormone (AMH) in the diagnosis of polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) with a larger population of women and to evaluate its role as a new diagnostic marker. DESIGN Cross-sectional study. SETTING University hospital. POPULATION A total of 570 women, with PCOS (n = 419) and without PCOS (n = 151). METHODS Serum basal hormone; AMH, follicle stimulating hormone (FSH), luteinizing hormone (LH), prolactin, and thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) levels were measured. Mean hormone levels were compared and the predictive value of serum AMH level was evaluated with the use of the receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve analysis. RESULTS No statistically significant differences were found between PCOS women and control groups in terms of age, body mass index and TSH levels. Differences between mean serum, FSH, LH and estradiol levels and LH/FSH ratio were found to be statistically significant (p < 0.001). Mean serum AMH level was higher in PCOS women than in controls (7.34 vs. 2.24 ng/mL, p < 0.001). The area under the ROC curve assay yielded a satisfactory result of 0.916 (95% confidence interval 0.897-0.935, p < 0.0001). The best compromise between 89.8% specificity and 80% sensitivity was obtained with a cut-off value of 3.94 ng/mL for PCOS diagnosis. CONCLUSIONS Serum AMH measurement is very valuable in the diagnosis of PCOS women. The serum AMH level in women with hyperandrogenism or oligo-anovulation could indicate the diagnosis of PCOS when reliable ultrasonography data are not available or when typical clinical and laboratory findings are not available. The serum AMH level is a new and useful diagnostic tool in PCOS diagnosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sezai Sahmay
- Department of Obstetrics & Gynecology, Division of Reproductive Endocrinology, Cerrahpasa Medical Faculty, Istanbul University, Istanbul, Turkey
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Sahmay S, Atakul N, Oncul M, Tuten A, Aydogan B, Seyisoglu H. Serum anti-mullerian hormone levels in the main phenotypes of polycystic ovary syndrome. Eur J Obstet Gynecol Reprod Biol 2013; 170:157-61. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejogrb.2013.05.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2012] [Revised: 04/16/2013] [Accepted: 05/29/2013] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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Hardy TSE, Norman RJ. Diagnosis of adolescent polycystic ovary syndrome. Steroids 2013; 78:751-4. [PMID: 23624032 DOI: 10.1016/j.steroids.2013.04.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2013] [Revised: 04/08/2013] [Accepted: 04/08/2013] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
Polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) is the most common endocrinopathy affecting women of reproductive age and is increasingly recognized as a disorder manifesting in the peripubertal and adolescent period. Diagnosis in the adolescent is difficult due to the high background rate of menstrual irregularity, the high prevalence of polycystic ovarian morphology and hyperandrogenic features in this population. Recent guidelines suggest that menstrual irregularity for over two years, reduced reliance on ultrasound diagnosis of polycystic ovarian morphology, and accurate assessment of hyperandrogenic and metabolic features are suitable strategies for the diagnosis of PCOS in the adolescent. Accurate diagnosis is important given the long-term implications of the disorder, with increasing emphasis on metabolic sequelae.
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Abbott DH, Nicol LE, Levine JE, Xu N, Goodarzi MO, Dumesic DA. Nonhuman primate models of polycystic ovary syndrome. Mol Cell Endocrinol 2013; 373:21-8. [PMID: 23370180 PMCID: PMC3683573 DOI: 10.1016/j.mce.2013.01.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2013] [Accepted: 01/18/2013] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
With close genomic and phenotypic similarity to humans, nonhuman primate models provide comprehensive epigenetic mimics of polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS), suggesting early life targeting for prevention. Fetal exposure to testosterone (T), of all nonhuman primate emulations, provides the closest PCOS-like phenotypes, with early-to-mid gestation T-exposed female rhesus monkeys exhibiting adult reproductive, endocrinological and metabolic dysfunctional traits that are co-pathologies of PCOS. Late gestational T exposure, while inducing adult ovarian hyperandrogenism and menstrual abnormalities, has less dysfunctional metabolic accompaniment. Fetal exposures to dihydrotestosterone (DHT) or diethylstilbestrol (DES) suggest androgenic and estrogenic aspects of fetal programming. Neonatal exposure to T produces no PCOS-like outcome, while continuous T treatment of juvenile females causes precocious weight gain and early menarche (high T), or high LH and weight gain (moderate T). Acute T exposure of adult females generates polyfollicular ovaries, while chronic T exposure induces subtle menstrual irregularities without metabolic dysfunction.
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Affiliation(s)
- David H Abbott
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI, USA.
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Vosnakis C, Georgopoulos NA, Rousso D, Mavromatidis G, Katsikis I, Roupas ND, Mamali I, Panidis D. Diet, physical exercise and Orlistat administration increase serum anti-Müllerian hormone (AMH) levels in women with polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS). Gynecol Endocrinol 2013. [PMID: 23194076 DOI: 10.3109/09513590.2012.736557] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
The present study investigates the combined effect of diet, physical exercise and Orlistat for 24 weeks, on serum anti-Müllerian hormone (AMH) levels in overweight and obese women with polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) and in overweight and obese controls. Sixty-one (61) selected women with PCOS and 20 overweight and obese controls followed an energy-restricted diet, physical exercise plus Orlistat administration (120 mg, 3 times per day) for 24 weeks. At baseline, week 12 and week 24, serum levels of AMH, FSH, LH, PRL, androgens, sex hormone-binding globulin (SHBG), glucose, and insulin were measured and Free Androgen Index (FAI) and Insulin Resistance (IR) indices were calculated. In PCOS women, serum AMH levels increased after 12 and 24 weeks of treatment. After 12 weeks LH and SHBG were increased, while Testosterone decreased. After 12 and 24 weeks, FAI was decreased and all indices of IR were significantly improved. We concluded that in overweight and obese women with PCOS Orlistat administration, combined with diet and physical exercise, for 24 weeks, resulted in significant weight loss, improvement of hyperandrogenism and insulin sensitivity, and increased serum AMH levels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christos Vosnakis
- 3rd Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Thessaloniki, Greece
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Hertweck SP, Yoost JL, McClure ME, Siow Y, Brock GN, Wintergerst KA, Fallat ME. Ferriman-Gallwey scores, serum androgen and mullerian inhibiting substance levels in hirstute adolescent girls. J Pediatr Adolesc Gynecol 2012; 25:300-4. [PMID: 22831903 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpag.2012.05.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2012] [Revised: 05/07/2012] [Accepted: 05/17/2012] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To study Ferriman-Gallwey (FG) scoring in adolescents with an aim to correlate these scores with serum androgens and mullerian inhibiting substance (MIS). DESIGN Cross sectional study. SETTING Pediatric and Adolescent Gynecology Clinic of a university hospital. PATIENTS Twenty-four hirsute adolescent girls age 12-19 with a FG score of 6 or greater. INTERVENTIONS FG examination and collection of serum levels of MIS, total testosterone, free testosterone, follicle stimulating hormone (FSH), luteinizing hormone (LH), prolactin, cortisol, and androstenedione. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES Correlation between FG scores in adolescents and serum androgens and MIS. RESULTS Weak correlations were seen between FG score and FSH, free-testosterone, total testosterone, and cortisol. Increasing FG scores correlated with an increase in cortisol. As FG score increased, FSH, free-testosterone, and total testosterone decreased. There was no statistical relationship between FG score and LH, androstenedione, prolactin, and MIS. There were weak positive correlations between MIS levels and FSH, total testosterone, and androstenedione. There was no evidence for a linear relationship between MIS levels and LH, free testosterone, cortisol, prolactin, and FG score. CONCLUSIONS The utility of FG scoring in adolescents is unknown. There were no direct correlations found with MIS levels and FG score. MIS was not found to be a predictor of hirsutism. A larger study is needed to assess the clinical relevance of FG scoring and presence of underlying causes of hirsutism in adolescents.
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Affiliation(s)
- S P Hertweck
- University of Louisville, Department of Pediatric and Adolescent Gynecology, Louisville, KY, USA
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Different diagnostic power of anti-Mullerian hormone in evaluating women with polycystic ovaries with and without hyperandrogenism. J Assist Reprod Genet 2012; 29:1147-51. [PMID: 22886405 DOI: 10.1007/s10815-012-9839-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2012] [Accepted: 07/25/2012] [Indexed: 10/28/2022] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE The aim of this study is to compare the secretory profiles and diagnostic power of anti-Mullerian hormone (AMH) for the PCOS patient with and without hyperandrogenism. METHODS One hundred and thirty-one PCOS patients with oligomenorrhea or amenorrhea were recruited into the study. Sixty-two and sixty-nine patients had and did not have hyperandrogenism (HA+) hyperandrogenism (HA-), respectively. Sera were collected for determining the levels of AMH, basal sexual hormones, glucose and lipid metabolic indicators. RESULTS The AMH serum levels of PCOS patients were significantly higher than the control group, with the highest AMH serum level in the HA+ group. The cut-off value for predicting PCOS patients of all types was 3.92 ng/mL, with a sensitivity of 65 %, and specificity of 62 %. The cut-off value for predicting PCOS patients in the HA+ group was 4.23 ng/mL, with a sensitivity of 82 %, and specificity of 64 %. The cut-off value for predicting PCOS patients in the HA- group was 3.76 ng/mL, with a sensitivity of 64 %, and specificity of 62 %. In the HA+ group, AMH was negatively associated with FSH and positively associated with LH. In the HA- group, AMH was negatively associated with HDL and positively associated with BMI, fasting glucose and LDL. CONCLUSIONS AMH is only suitable for predicting the PCOS patients with hyperandrogenism. The diagnostic power of AMH is limited when used to predict patients without hyperandrogenism. It reflects the differences in pathophysiology and severity of disrupted folliculogenesis between the two subtypes.
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Vosnakis C, Georgopoulos NA, Armeni AK, Papadakis E, Roupas ND, Katsikis I, Panidis D. Sibutramine administration decreases serum anti-Müllerian hormone (AMH) levels in women with polycystic ovary syndrome. Eur J Obstet Gynecol Reprod Biol 2012; 163:185-9. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejogrb.2012.04.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2012] [Revised: 03/26/2012] [Accepted: 04/17/2012] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
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Pawelczak M, Kenigsberg L, Milla S, Liu YH, Shah B. Elevated serum anti-Müllerian hormone in adolescents with polycystic ovary syndrome: relationship to ultrasound features. J Pediatr Endocrinol Metab 2012; 25:983-9. [PMID: 23426830 PMCID: PMC3763943 DOI: 10.1515/jpem-2012-0013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2012] [Accepted: 07/11/2012] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
CONTEXT Serum anti-Müllerian hormone (AMH) is linked to the ovarian follicle pool. Little is known about the relationship between serum AMH and ovarian ultrasound (US) features in adolescents with polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS). OBJECTIVES To confirm that serum AMH is elevated in adolescents with PCOS and to correlate serum AMH with ovarian US features in this population are the objectives of this study. DESIGN A retrospective chart review of clinical, biochemical, and ultrasonographic data in adolescents with PCOS and normal controls is the design of the study. Serum AMH was measured and compared between groups and correlated with ovarian US findings. SETTING The study was done in two urban tertiary academic medical centers. PARTICIPANTS Study groups included 23 adolescent females with PCOS and 12 age and BMI-matched female controls. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES We hypothesized that serum AMH would be elevated in the PCOS group compared with the controls and would positively correlate with the follicle number, distribution, and ovarian volume. RESULTS Serum AMH was 6.78±3.55 ng/mL in the PCOS group vs. 3.38±1.48 ng/mL in the controls (p=0.0004). AMH positively correlated with ovarian volume (left ovary r=0.65, p=0.0007, right ovary r=0.55, p=0.0065) and peripheral follicle distribution (p=0.0027). Ten or more follicles were observed in 83% of USs. CONCLUSIONS There is a positive relationship between serum AMH and ovarian volume as well as peripheral follicular distribution in adolescents with PCOS. Our findings support the use of serum AMH as a useful marker to reflect ovarian US features typical of PCOS in cases where accurate USs are not available and for follow-up.
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Affiliation(s)
- Melissa Pawelczak
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Pediatric Endocrinology, New York University School of Medicine, New York, New York 10016
| | - Lisa Kenigsberg
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Pediatric Endocrinology, New York University School of Medicine, New York, New York 10016
| | - Sarah Milla
- Department of Radiology, New York University School of Medicine, New York, New York 10016
| | - Ying-Hua Liu
- Department of Pediatrics, New York University School of Medicine, New York, New York 10016
| | - Bina Shah
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Pediatric Endocrinology, New York University School of Medicine, New York, New York 10016
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Green JA, Graves G. Is there a place for AMH testing in Canada? JOURNAL OF OBSTETRICS AND GYNAECOLOGY CANADA 2011; 33:628-632. [PMID: 21846454 DOI: 10.1016/s1701-2163(16)34913-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Anti-müllerian hormone (AMH) is a glycoprotein traditionally known for its role in male sexual differentiation. More recently, AMH has been studied for its role in ovarian folliculogenesis and as a potential marker of ovarian reserve. A number of studies have suggested that measurement of serum AMH is a superior test of ovarian reserve because it is highly associated with the number of antral follicles, has little cycle variability, and declines throughout the reproductive lifespan. There is also evidence supporting the ability of AMH levels to predict age of menopause. Other studies have shown that measurement of serum AMH can predict responsiveness to ovarian follicular stimulation and the risk for ovarian hyperstimulation syndrome in women undergoing in vitro fertilization. Given the variety of potential applications and favourable test characteristics, it is reasonable to ask whether there is a place for providing universal AMH testing in Canada.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jordan A Green
- Department of Medicine, Dalhousie University, Halifax NS
| | - Gillian Graves
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, IWK Health Centre, Dalhousie University, Halifax NS
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Wetzka B, Textor W, Ochsner A, Geisthövel F. Anti-Mullerian hormone confirms the novel classification of female functional androgenization including polycystic ovary syndrome. Eur J Endocrinol 2011; 165:323-30. [PMID: 21602314 DOI: 10.1530/eje-10-1179] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Functional androgenization (FA) can be divided into five groups corresponding to the predominant organ pathology as recently shown by our group: functional cutaneous androgenization (FCA, skin) and FA syndrome (FAS) I (ovary, lean individual), II (adrenal gland), III (ovary, fat tissue, pancreas, and hyperinsulinemia), and IV (residual FA dysfunctions). Group-specific clusters are based on primary variables such as LH, testosterone, DHEAS, sex hormone-binding globulin (SHBG), body mass index (BMI), glucose, insulin, and enlarged polyfollicular ovaries. Because anti-Müllerian hormone (AMH) positively correlates with the antral follicle count, its relevance as an additional primary variable for classifying FA was investigated. DESIGN In this study, 178 patients with FA were consecutively enrolled and classified into the five FA groups as described earlier and 30 women with regular menstrual cycles served as control. METHODS Primary variables and serum AMH were analyzed in the early follicular phase. RESULTS FA patients showed significantly elevated AMH levels (11.1±6.7 ng/ml) versus control (3.0±2.0 ng/ml; P<.0001). AMH was significantly increased in groups FAS I (15.6±5.8 ng/ml) and FAS III (11.6±6.6 ng/ml) compared with groups FCA (7.0±3.8 ng/ml), FAS II (5.05±3.0 ng/ml), and FAS IV (6.9±4.6 ng/ml) and correlated positively (P<.0001) with LH (r=0.538) and testosterone (r=0.368). In regression and multivariate analyses, AMH was not dependent on SHBG, DHEAS, BMI, glucose, or insulin. In receiver operating characteristic analysis, 9.21 ng/ml AMH showed 90% specificity with 71.2% sensitivity for the diagnosis of the two ovarian FA groups, FAS I and III. CONCLUSION AMH confirms the novel stratification system and constitutes a useful primary variable in the algorithm of FA classification.
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Affiliation(s)
- B Wetzka
- Centre for Endocrinology and Reproductive Medicine Freiburg (CERF), Bismarckalle 7f, D-79098 Freiburg im Breisgau, Germany.
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Panidis D, Georgopoulos NA, Piouka A, Katsikis I, Saltamavros AD, Decavalas G, Diamanti-Kandarakis E. The impact of oral contraceptives and metformin on anti-Müllerian hormone serum levels in women with polycystic ovary syndrome and biochemical hyperandrogenemia. Gynecol Endocrinol 2011; 27:587-92. [PMID: 20836726 DOI: 10.3109/09513590.2010.507283] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To assess the impact of metformin and of two different oral contraceptives (OCs) containing cyproterone acetate and drospirenone, on serum anti-Müllerian hormone (AMH) levels, in a cohort of women with polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) with hyperandrogenism. DESIGN Prospective randomised study. SETTING Division of Endocrinology and Human Reproduction, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki. PATIENTS Forty-five (45) women with PCOS diagnosed according to the criteria proposed in 1990 by the NIH. INTERVENTIONS Women with PCOS were randomised into three groups, all treated for 6 months: Group A received an OC containing 35 μg ethinylestradiol plus 2 mg cyproterone acetate, Group B received an OC containing 30 μg ethinylestradiol plus 3 mg drospirenone and Group C received metformin 850 mg × 2. Main outcome measure(s). Anti-Müllerian hormone levels were measured by a specific ELISA. RESULTS AMH was significantly decreased under treatment with 35 μg ethinylestradiol plus 2 mg cyproterone acetate (p = 0.002 at 3 months and p < 0.001 at 6 months). Treatment with 30 μg ethinylestradiol plus 3 mg drospirenone, and treatment with metformin 850 mg × 2 did not significantly affect serum AMH levels. AMH was significantly decreased under OCs treatment compared to metformin 850 mg × 2 (p = 0.005). CONCLUSION(S) AMH serum levels were significantly decreased under treatment with 35 μg ethinylestradiol plus 2 mg cyproterone acetate, due to decrease in androgens and suppression of gonadotropins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dimitrios Panidis
- Division of Endocrinology and Human Reproduction, Second Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Thessaloniki, Greece.
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Follicle-stimulating hormone suppressed excessive production of antimullerian hormone caused by abnormally enhanced promoter activity in polycystic ovary syndrome granulosa cells. Fertil Steril 2011; 95:2354-8, 2358.e1. [DOI: 10.1016/j.fertnstert.2011.03.047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2010] [Revised: 02/27/2011] [Accepted: 03/16/2011] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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Sahmay S, Guralp O, Senturk LM, Imamoglu M, Kucuk M, Irez T. Serum anti-müllerian hormone concentrations in reproductive age women with and without polycystic ovary syndrome: the influence of body mass index. Reprod Med Biol 2011; 10:113-120. [PMID: 29699087 DOI: 10.1007/s12522-011-0078-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2010] [Accepted: 01/27/2011] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Purpose To evaluate the correlation between anti-müllerian hormone (AMH) and body mass index (BMI) in patients with and without polycystic ovarian syndrome (PCOS). Methods Serum AMH levels of 332 women in their reproductive period and below 45 years of age who were admitted to our reproductive endocrinology clinic with infertility were investigated in a cross-sectional study. Patients were divided into two groups as BMI under and equal or over 25 kg/m2. Both groups were divided into two subgroups as PCOS and non-PCOS. AMH levels of patients were analyzed for each group. Results Mean AMH values of BMI <25 and ≥25 kg/m2 groups were 3.87 ± 2.95 and 3.58 ± 2.93 ng/mL, respectively (P > 0.05) in all patients. Means of AMH were not significantly different in BMI quartiles (r = -0.008401, P = 0.96). Among 107 patients with PCOS, means of AMH were 6.85 ± 2.95 ng/mL in 56 patients with BMI <25 kg/m2 and 6.66 ± 3.18 ng/mL in 51 patients with BMI ≥25 kg/m2 (P > 0.05). In the group of 225 non-PCOS patients, means of AMH were 2.27 ± 1.12 ng/mL in 104 patients with BMI <25 kg/m2 and 2.28 ± 1.49 ng/mL in 121 patients with BMI ≥25 kg/m2 (P > 0.05). Conclusions Body mass index does not seem to have an effect on serum AMH levels in reproductive age women both with and without PCOS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sezai Sahmay
- Division of Reproductive Endocrinology, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Cerrahpasa School of Medicine Istanbul University Istanbul Turkey
- Plajyolu cad, Bizimtepe sitesi No: 49, Demircikoy, Sarıyer 34450 Istanbul Turkey
| | - Onur Guralp
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Cerrahpasa School of Medicine Istanbul University Istanbul Turkey
| | - Levent M Senturk
- Division of Reproductive Endocrinology, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Cerrahpasa School of Medicine Istanbul University Istanbul Turkey
| | - Metehan Imamoglu
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Cerrahpasa School of Medicine Istanbul University Istanbul Turkey
| | - Mustafa Kucuk
- Division of Reproductive Endocrinology, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Cerrahpasa School of Medicine Istanbul University Istanbul Turkey
| | - Tulay Irez
- Division of Reproductive Endocrinology, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Cerrahpasa School of Medicine Istanbul University Istanbul Turkey
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Park AS, Lawson MA, Chuan SS, Oberfield SE, Hoeger KM, Witchel SF, Chang RJ. Serum anti-mullerian hormone concentrations are elevated in oligomenorrheic girls without evidence of hyperandrogenism. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2010; 95:1786-92. [PMID: 20150576 PMCID: PMC2853993 DOI: 10.1210/jc.2009-2106] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
CONTEXT Serum anti-Müllerian hormone (AMH) levels are significantly elevated in adolescents with polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) compared to normal controls. Whether adolescents with oligomenorrhea have elevated AMH levels is unknown. OBJECTIVE This study was performed to assess serum AMH levels in oligomenorrheic (OLIGO) girls without evidence of hyperandrogenism. DESIGN This was a prospective study comparing AMH levels in OLIGO, PCOS, and normal control adolescents. SETTING The study was conducted through four tertiary academic medical centers. PARTICIPANTS The study groups were comprised of OLIGO (n = 24), PCOS (n = 153), and normal adolescent girls (n = 39), as well as PCOS (n = 73) and normal adult women (n = 36). INTERVENTIONS In each subject, serum AMH levels were assessed in the early to midfollicular phases for regularly menstruating subjects and on an arbitrary day for OLIGO or PCOS subjects. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURE(S) Basal serum AMH levels were assessed among OLIGO, PCOS, and normal girls, in addition to PCOS and normal women. RESULTS OLIGO girls had serum AMH levels (5.33 +/- 0.47 ng/ml) that were significantly greater than the normal adolescents (3.05 +/- 0.31 ng/ml) and adults (2.33 +/- 0.22 ng/ml), but similar to values seen in the PCOS adolescents (5.28 +/- 0.26 ng/ml) and adults (6.36 +/- 0.47 ng/ml). Obese adolescents and PCOS women had significantly lower AMH levels compared to lean controls (P < 0.02). CONCLUSION In OLIGO adolescents, elevated serum AMH levels suggest increased antral follicle number similar to that observed in girls with PCOS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alice S Park
- Department of Reproductive Medicine, University of California, San Diego, School of Medicine, 9500 Gilman Drive, La Jolla, California 92093-0633, USA
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Hart R, Doherty DA, Norman RJ, Franks S, Dickinson JE, Hickey M, Sloboda DM. Serum antimullerian hormone (AMH) levels are elevated in adolescent girls with polycystic ovaries and the polycystic ovarian syndrome (PCOS). Fertil Steril 2010; 94:1118-21. [PMID: 20060112 DOI: 10.1016/j.fertnstert.2009.11.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 86] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2009] [Revised: 10/23/2009] [Accepted: 11/02/2009] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Polycystic ovarian syndrome (PCOS) is a common endocrine disorder in adolescents, with potentially significant lifelong consequences. This prospective study set out to determine if the investigators could derive a threshold value of antimullerian hormone (AMH) that would predict its presence according to two internationally recognized definitions using a simple measurement, avoiding more extensive and potentially more invasive investigations. The study failed to demonstrate, in a general adolescent population, that serum AMH is a reliable predictor of PCO morphology or for the presence of PCOS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roger Hart
- School of Women's and Infants' Health, University of Western Australia, and Women and Infants Research Foundation, King Edward Memorial Hospital, Perth, Western Australia, Australia.
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Pinhas-Hamiel O, Singer S, Pilpel N, Koren I, Boyko V, Hemi R, Pariente C, Kanety H. Adiponectin levels in adolescent girls with polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS). Clin Endocrinol (Oxf) 2009; 71:823-7. [PMID: 19389110 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2265.2009.03604.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To determine serum adiponectin concentrations in adolescent girls with and without polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) and to assess possible correlations of adiponectin levels with insulin and androgen levels. DESIGN Prospective case-control study. SETTING Endocrine clinics in the community. PATIENTS Forty-four adolescent girls were grouped as follows: 14 were overweight [body mass index (BMI) standard deviation score >1.645] with PCOS; 16 were lean (BMI SDS <1.036) with PCOS; and 14 were lean (BMI SDS <1.036) without PCOS. Intervention Blood samples were collected from all girls between 8 and 11 am, after an overnight fast. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES Serum levels of adiponectin, leptin, insulin, Müllerian-inhibiting substance, luteinizing hormone, follicle-stimulating hormone, testosterone, 17-alpha-hydroxyprogesterone, androstendione, dehydroepiandrosterone sulphate (DHEAS) and 17beta-oestradiol. RESULTS Adiponectin concentrations were significantly decreased in obese adolescents with PCOS (10.5 +/- 5.5 mug/ml) compared with that in lean girls with or without PCOS (16.9 +/- 8.64 and 18.0 +/- 7.4 mug/ml respectively). Leptin levels were significantly elevated in obese adolescents with PCOS compared with the levels in normal weight adolescents with PCOS, and compared with that in normal weight controls. Insulin levels were markedly higher in obese adolescents with PCOS compared with that in normal weight adolescents (12.3 +/- 12.2 vs. 4.5 +/- 2.9, P < 0.05), and compared with that in normal weight PCOS adolescents (7.4 +/- 4.9); however, this difference was not statistically significant. Insulin levels did not differ between normal weight adolescents with PCOS and normal controls. Adiponectin concentrations correlated inversely with BMI, leptin and insulin. CONCLUSIONS Hypoadiponectinaemia is evident only in obese adolescents with PCOS and therefore does not seem to be involved in the pathogenesis of PCOS in this age group.
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La Marca A, Broekmans FJ, Volpe A, Fauser BC, Macklon NS. Anti-Mullerian hormone (AMH): what do we still need to know? Hum Reprod 2009; 24:2264-75. [PMID: 19520713 DOI: 10.1093/humrep/dep210] [Citation(s) in RCA: 228] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
In the ovary, Anti-Müllerian hormone (AMH) is produced by the granulosa cells of early developing follicles and inhibits the transition from the primordial to the primary follicular stage. AMH levels can be measured in serum and have been shown to be proportional to the number of small antral follicles. In women serum AMH levels decrease with age and are undetectable in the post-menopausal period. In patients with premature ovarian failure AMH is undetectable or greatly reduced depending of the number of antral follicles in the ovaries. In contrast, AMH levels have been shown to be increased in women with polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS). AMH levels appear to represent the quantity of the ovarian follicle pool and may become a useful marker of ovarian reserve. AMH measurement could also be useful in the prediction of the extremes of ovarian response to gonadotrophin stimulation for in vitro fertilization, namely poor- and hyper-response. Although AMH has the potential to increase our understanding of ovarian pathophysiology, and to guide clinical management in a broad range of conditions, a number of important questions relating to both the basic physiology of AMH and its clinical implications need to be answered.
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Affiliation(s)
- A La Marca
- Mother-Infant Department, Institute of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, Policlinico di Modena, Largo del Pozzo, 41100 Modena, Italy.
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Piouka A, Farmakiotis D, Katsikis I, Macut D, Gerou S, Panidis D. Anti-Mullerian hormone levels reflect severity of PCOS but are negatively influenced by obesity: relationship with increased luteinizing hormone levels. Am J Physiol Endocrinol Metab 2009; 296:E238-43. [PMID: 18957615 DOI: 10.1152/ajpendo.90684.2008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 216] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
The objective of the study was the comparison of anti-Müllerian hormone (AMH) levels among obese or overweight and normal-weight women with the four different polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) phenotypes and healthy control subjects. AMH levels were evaluated in four age- and body mass index (BMI)-matched groups of 25 normal-weight and 25 obese or overweight women each, belonging to the four main subsets of the syndrome resulting from combinations of the three diagnostic criteria [group 1: oligo- and/or anovulation (ANOV), hyperandrogenemia (HA), and polycystic ovaries (PCO) on ultrasonographic evaluation; group 2: ANOV and HA; group 3: HA and PCO, group 4: ANOV and PCO], and in 50 (25 obese or overweight and 25 normal weight) age- and BMI-matched healthy control subjects. Age, BMI, waist circumference, FSH, LH, prolactin, testosterone, Delta(4)-androstenedione, dehydroepiandrosterone-sulfate, 17alpha-OH-progesterone, fasting insulin, glucose, AMH, free androgen index, and homeostasis model assessment for insulin resistance index were analyzed. AMH levels were significantly higher in PCOS groups 1 and 2 compared with groups 3 and 4 and the control group and higher in PCOS groups 3 and 4 compared with the control group. AMH levels were significantly increased in normal-weight compared with obese and overweight women. AMH concentrations were independently predicted, in order of significance, by LH and testosterone levels, BMI (negatively), and the total number of follicles 2-9 mm in diameter. The differences in circulating AMH levels between the main phenotypic groups of PCOS women appear to reflect the severity of the syndrome, but are negatively affected by obesity. Increased LH levels might be the most significant independent link between PCOS-associated disorders of ovulation and the observed increase in circulating AMH concentration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Athanasia Piouka
- Division of Endocrinology and Human Reproduction, 2nd Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, 54622 Thessaloniki, Greece
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Broekmans FJ, Visser JA, Laven JSE, Broer SL, Themmen APN, Fauser BC. Anti-Müllerian hormone and ovarian dysfunction. Trends Endocrinol Metab 2008; 19:340-7. [PMID: 18805020 DOI: 10.1016/j.tem.2008.08.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 130] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2008] [Revised: 08/07/2008] [Accepted: 08/07/2008] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Anti-Müllerian hormone (AMH) has important roles in postnatal ovarian function. Produced by ovarian granulosa cells, AMH is involved in initial follicle development. In fact, serum AMH level correlates with ovarian follicle number. In patients with polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS), AMH levels are elevated, which indicates its potential relevance in PCOS diagnosis and management. AMH represents a useful clinical marker for the assessment of ovarian reserve in cases of subfertility caused by advanced age in women. A potential role for AMH in dominant follicle selection has also been suggested. Future challenges comprise the availability of a well-standardized assay and the development of AMH agonists and antagonists as possible tools to manipulate ovarian function for contraception or ovarian longevity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Frank J Broekmans
- Department for Reproductive Medicine and Gynecology, University Medical Center, PO Box 85500, 3508 6A, Utrecht, The Netherlands.
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Grossman MP, Nakajima ST, Fallat ME, Siow Y. Müllerian-inhibiting substance inhibits cytochrome P450 aromatase activity in human granulosa lutein cell culture. Fertil Steril 2008; 89:1364-70. [PMID: 17517397 DOI: 10.1016/j.fertnstert.2007.03.066] [Citation(s) in RCA: 123] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/26/2006] [Revised: 03/15/2007] [Accepted: 03/19/2007] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To investigate the effects of Müllerian-inhibiting substance (MIS) on cytochrome P450 aromatase (CYP19) gene expression in cultured human granulosa lutein cells (GLC). DESIGN In vitro primary cell culture study. SETTING Academic research laboratory and hospital-based fertility center. PATIENT(S) Eight normo-ovulatory patients undergoing IVF procedures due to male factor or tubal infertility. INTERVENTION(S) Serum and follicular fluid (FF) collected and stored at -80 degrees C until assayed. Granulosa lutein cells were harvested from follicular aspirates obtained during oocyte retrieval and cultured for 7 days with media in the presence or absence of MIS (10 ng/mL) or FSH 0.2 IU/mL. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURE(S) Serum and FF levels of E2 and MIS, and E2 production by GLC in culture. Levels of CYP19 mRNA in cultured GLC were determined by quantitative polymerase chain reaction (PCR) and CYP19 protein by Western blot. Statistical comparison used ANOVA and post hoc Tukey tests. RESULT(S) Follicle-stimulating hormone significantly increased E2 production in cultured GLC compared with control. The increase in E2 production is associated with higher levels of CYP19 mRNA and protein in GLC. The presence of MIS significantly inhibited FSH-induced E2 production, with concomitant reduction in CYP19mRNA and protein levels. CONCLUSION(S) Müllerian-inhibiting substance inhibits FSH augmentation of CYP19 enzyme activity and CYP19 gene expression in GLC. These findings may help to explain the association of high MIS levels and low FF E2 levels reported in women with polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS).
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael P Grossman
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Louisville, Louisville, Kentucky 40292, USA
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Seifer DB, Maclaughlin DT. Mullerian Inhibiting Substance is an ovarian growth factor of emerging clinical significance. Fertil Steril 2007; 88:539-46. [PMID: 17559842 DOI: 10.1016/j.fertnstert.2007.02.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 142] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2007] [Revised: 02/06/2007] [Accepted: 02/06/2007] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To examine Mullerian Inhibiting Substance (MIS) as an emerging diagnostic marker of ovarian function. DESIGN Medline review of published studies pertaining to the role of MIS in assessing ovarian aging, predicting response to ovulation induction in preparation for in vitro fertilization, assessing risk of developing ovarian hyperstimulation (OHSS) before ovulation induction, and diagnosis of polycystic ovarian disease (PCOS). RESULT(S) The majority of published studies to date support a role for MIS as a marker of ovarian reserve. Specific cut-off values are dependent upon the particular assay used. Mullerian Inhibiting Substance may offer value in assessing risk of OHSS and diagnosis of PCOS. CONCLUSION(S) Potential advantages of MIS compared with other conventional markers of ovarian reserve include: 1) MIS is the earliest marker to change with age; 2) it has the least intercycle variability; 3) it has the least intracycle variability; and 4) it may be informative if randomly obtained during the cycle. Widespread clinical use of MIS may await the availability of an international standard for MIS so that results using different assays may be reliably compared.
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Affiliation(s)
- David B Seifer
- Department of Obstetrics & Gynecology, Maimonides Medical Center, Brooklyn, New York 11228, USA.
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Wang JG, Nakhuda GS, Guarnaccia MM, Sauer MV, Lobo RA. Müllerian inhibiting substance and disrupted folliculogenesis in polycystic ovary syndrome. Am J Obstet Gynecol 2007; 196:77.e1-5. [PMID: 17240243 DOI: 10.1016/j.ajog.2006.07.046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2006] [Revised: 06/23/2006] [Accepted: 07/28/2006] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE This study determines whether pretreatment levels of müllerian inhibiting substance/antimüllerian hormone (MIS/AMH) would reflect ovarian response to exogenous gonadotropin in women with polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) and ovulatory controls matched by age and weight. STUDY DESIGN Case-control study of 20 women with PCOS and 10 normoovulatory women undergoing controlled ovarian hyperstimulation (COH) for in vitro fertilization (IVF) at an academic medical center. RESULTS Baseline serum MIS/AMH levels in PCOS were higher than those of normoovulatory women (P < .001). MIS/AMH levels increased after gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH) agonist pituitary suppression; 0.5 ng/mL in PCOS (P = .12) and 0.7 ng/mL in controls (P < .02). In normoovulatory women, MIS/AMH at baseline, after pituitary suppression, and the interval change after pituitary suppression all correlated closely to the number of mature oocytes retrieved (P < .005). In PCOS, however, levels of MIS/AMH at baseline and after pituitary suppression did not show this correlation, whereas only the interval change correlated with the number of mature oocytes retrieved. CONCLUSION Baseline MIS/AMH is a good predictor of the ovarian response to COH in normoovulatory women but not in PCOS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeff G Wang
- Department of Obstetrics & Gynecology, Division of Reproductive Endocrinology, College of Physicians & Surgeons, Columbia University, New York, NY 10032, USA.
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Current World Literature. Curr Opin Obstet Gynecol 2006. [DOI: 10.1097/01.gco.0000242963.55738.b6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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Reyss AC, Proust-Richard C, Catteau-Jonard S, Dewailly D. Le consensus de Rotterdam appliqué à l'adolescente : quels examens prescrire et comment les interpréter pour établir le diagnostic de SOPK ? ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2006; 34:341-6. [PMID: 16630737 DOI: 10.1016/j.gyobfe.2006.02.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2006] [Accepted: 02/28/2006] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
The polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) is the most frequent cause of hyperandrogenism and anovulation in adult women as well as in adolescent girls. Since 2003 the diagnosis of PCOS has been based on the association of hyperandrogenism, oligoanovulation and polycystic ovary (PCO) morphology at ultrasound (at least 2 items out of 3). In adolescents however, PCOS features may be difficult to distinguish from the symptoms of the end of puberty. Moreover, transvaginal ultrasound examination is seldom possible, and it is difficult to get precise imaging of the ovaries by abdominal route. However, the diagnosis of PCOS in a hyperandrogenic and/or oligomenorrheic adolescent requires on the strict application of the Rotterdam criteria, as in adult women. Priority should be given to clinical features whereas pelvic ultrasound must be considered as optional. Few hormonal assays will serve mainly to make the differential diagnosis, in addition to clinical findings. Once established, the diagnosis of PCOS in an adolescent girl must lead to the detection of the metabolic syndrome by means of simple investigations. This will allow early prevention of its complications.
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Affiliation(s)
- A-C Reyss
- Service de Gynécologie Endocrinienne et Médecine de la Reproduction, Hôpital Jeanne-de-Flandre, CHRU de Lille, 2, avenue Oscar-Lambret, 59037 Lille cedex, France
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