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Ding Y, Gardiner DM, Kazan K. Transcriptome analysis reveals infection strategies employed by Fusarium graminearum as a root pathogen. Microbiol Res 2021; 256:126951. [PMID: 34972022 DOI: 10.1016/j.micres.2021.126951] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2021] [Revised: 07/27/2021] [Accepted: 10/15/2021] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
The fungal pathogen Fusarium graminearum (Fg) infects both heads and roots of cereal crops causing several economically important diseases such as head blight, seedling blight, crown rot and root rot. Trichothecene mycotoxins such as deoxynivalenol (DON), a well-known virulence factor, produced by Fg during disease development is also an important health concern. Although how Fg infects above-ground tissues is relatively well studied, very little is known about molecular processes employed by the pathogen during below-ground infection. Also unknown is the role of DON during root infection. In the present study, we analyzed the transcriptome of Fg during root infection of the model cereal Brachypodium distachyon (Bd). We also compared our Fg transcriptome data obtained during Bd root infection with those reported during wheat head infection. These analyses suggested that both shared and unique infection strategies were employed by the pathogen during colonization of different host tissues. Several metabolite biosynthesis genes induced in Fg during root infection could be linked to phytohormone production, implying that the pathogen likely interferes with root specific defenses. In addition, to understand the role of DON in Fg root infection, we analyzed the transcriptome of the DON deficient Tri5 mutant. These analyses showed that the absence of DON had a significant effect on fungal transcriptional responses. Although DON was produced in infected roots, this mycotoxin did not act as a Fg virulence factor during root infection. Our results reveal new mechanistic insights into the below-ground strategies employed by Fg that may benefit the development of new genetic tools to combat this important cereal pathogen.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi Ding
- The Plant Breeding Institute, School of Life & Environmental Sciences, Faculty of Science, The University of Sydney, Cobbitty, 2570, New South Wales, Australia; Agriculture and Food, Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organization, 306 Carmody Road, St Lucia, 4067, Queensland, Australia.
| | - Donald M Gardiner
- Queensland Alliance for Agriculture and Food Innovation (QAAFI), The University of Queensland, Brisbane, St Lucia, 4067, Queensland, Australia; Agriculture and Food, Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organization, 306 Carmody Road, St Lucia, 4067, Queensland, Australia
| | - Kemal Kazan
- Queensland Alliance for Agriculture and Food Innovation (QAAFI), The University of Queensland, Brisbane, St Lucia, 4067, Queensland, Australia; Agriculture and Food, Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organization, 306 Carmody Road, St Lucia, 4067, Queensland, Australia.
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2
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Nichea MJ, Proctor RH, Probyn CE, Palacios SA, Cendoya E, Sulyok M, Chulze SN, Torres AM, Ramirez ML. Fusarium chaquense, sp. nov, a novel type A trichothecene-producing species from native grasses in a wetland ecosystem in Argentina. Mycologia 2021; 114:46-62. [PMID: 34871141 DOI: 10.1080/00275514.2021.1987102] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
The Chaco wetland is among the most biologically diverse regions in Argentina. In collections of fungi from asymptomatic native grasses (Poaceae) from the wetlands, we identified isolates of Fusarium that were morphologically similar to F. armeniacum, but distinct from it by their production of abundant microconidia. All the isolates had identical, or nearly identical, partial sequences of TEF1 and RPB2. But they were distinct from reference sequences from F. armeniacum and Fusarium species closely related to it. Phylogenetic analysis of 34 full-length housekeeping gene sequences retrieved from whole genome sequences of three Chaco wetland isolates, 29 genes resolved the isolates as an exclusive clade within the F. sambucinum species complex. Based on results of the morphological and phylogenetic analysis, we concluded that the Chaco wetland isolates are a distinct and novel species, herein described as Fusarium chaquense, sp. nov., which is closely related to F. armeniacum. F. chaquense in culture can produce the trichothecenes T-2 and HT-2 toxin, neosolaniol, diacetoxyscirpenol, and monoacetoxyscirpenol, as well as beauvericin and the pigment aurofusarin. Genome sequence analysis also revealed the presence of three previously described loci required for trichothecene biosynthesis. This research represents the first study of Fusarium in a natural ecosystem in Argentina.
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Affiliation(s)
- María J Nichea
- Instituto de Investigaciones en Micología y Micotoxicología (IMICO), CONICET-Universidad Nacional de Rio Cuarto, Ruta 36 Km 601, Córdoba, 5800, Argentina
| | - Robert H Proctor
- National Center for Agricultural Utilization Research, Mycotoxin Prevention and Applied Microbiology Research Unit, Agricultural Research Service, United States Department of Agriculture, 1815 N University Street, Peoria, Illinois 61604
| | - Crystal E Probyn
- National Center for Agricultural Utilization Research, Mycotoxin Prevention and Applied Microbiology Research Unit, Agricultural Research Service, United States Department of Agriculture, 1815 N University Street, Peoria, Illinois 61604
| | - Sofía A Palacios
- Instituto de Investigaciones en Micología y Micotoxicología (IMICO), CONICET-Universidad Nacional de Rio Cuarto, Ruta 36 Km 601, Córdoba, 5800, Argentina
| | - Eugenia Cendoya
- Instituto de Investigaciones en Micología y Micotoxicología (IMICO), CONICET-Universidad Nacional de Rio Cuarto, Ruta 36 Km 601, Córdoba, 5800, Argentina
| | - Michael Sulyok
- Institute of Bioanalytics and Agro-Metabolomics, Department of Agrobiotechnology, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, Konrad-Lorenz-Str. 20, Tulln, 3430, Austria
| | - Sofía N Chulze
- Instituto de Investigaciones en Micología y Micotoxicología (IMICO), CONICET-Universidad Nacional de Rio Cuarto, Ruta 36 Km 601, Córdoba, 5800, Argentina
| | - Adriana M Torres
- Instituto de Investigaciones en Micología y Micotoxicología (IMICO), CONICET-Universidad Nacional de Rio Cuarto, Ruta 36 Km 601, Córdoba, 5800, Argentina
| | - María L Ramirez
- Instituto de Investigaciones en Micología y Micotoxicología (IMICO), CONICET-Universidad Nacional de Rio Cuarto, Ruta 36 Km 601, Córdoba, 5800, Argentina
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3
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Witte TE, Harris LJ, Nguyen HDT, Hermans A, Johnston A, Sproule A, Dettman JR, Boddy CN, Overy DP. Apicidin biosynthesis is linked to accessory chromosomes in Fusarium poae isolates. BMC Genomics 2021; 22:591. [PMID: 34348672 PMCID: PMC8340494 DOI: 10.1186/s12864-021-07617-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2020] [Accepted: 03/08/2021] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Fusarium head blight is a disease of global concern that reduces crop yields and renders grains unfit for consumption due to mycotoxin contamination. Fusarium poae is frequently associated with cereal crops showing symptoms of Fusarium head blight. While previous studies have shown F. poae isolates produce a range of known mycotoxins, including type A and B trichothecenes, fusarins and beauvericin, genomic analysis suggests that this species may have lineage-specific accessory chromosomes with secondary metabolite biosynthetic gene clusters awaiting description. METHODS We examined the biosynthetic potential of 38 F. poae isolates from Eastern Canada using a combination of long-read and short-read genome sequencing and untargeted, high resolution mass spectrometry metabolome analysis of extracts from isolates cultured in multiple media conditions. RESULTS A high-quality assembly of isolate DAOMC 252244 (Fp157) contained four core chromosomes as well as seven additional contigs with traits associated with accessory chromosomes. One of the predicted accessory contigs harbours a functional biosynthetic gene cluster containing homologs of all genes associated with the production of apicidins. Metabolomic and genomic analyses confirm apicidins are produced in 4 of the 38 isolates investigated and genomic PCR screening detected the apicidin synthetase gene APS1 in approximately 7% of Eastern Canadian isolates surveyed. CONCLUSIONS Apicidin biosynthesis is linked to isolate-specific putative accessory chromosomes in F. poae. The data produced here are an important resource for furthering our understanding of accessory chromosome evolution and the biosynthetic potential of F. poae.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas E. Witte
- Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, Ottawa Research and Development Centre, Ottawa, Canada
- Department of Chemistry and Biomolecular Sciences, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Canada
| | - Linda J. Harris
- Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, Ottawa Research and Development Centre, Ottawa, Canada
| | - Hai D. T. Nguyen
- Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, Ottawa Research and Development Centre, Ottawa, Canada
| | - Anne Hermans
- Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, Ottawa Research and Development Centre, Ottawa, Canada
| | - Anne Johnston
- Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, Ottawa Research and Development Centre, Ottawa, Canada
| | - Amanda Sproule
- Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, Ottawa Research and Development Centre, Ottawa, Canada
| | - Jeremy R. Dettman
- Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, Ottawa Research and Development Centre, Ottawa, Canada
| | - Christopher N. Boddy
- Department of Chemistry and Biomolecular Sciences, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Canada
| | - David P. Overy
- Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, Ottawa Research and Development Centre, Ottawa, Canada
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4
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Mentges M, Glasenapp A, Boenisch M, Malz S, Henrissat B, Frandsen RJ, Güldener U, Münsterkötter M, Bormann J, Lebrun M, Schäfer W, Martinez‐Rocha AL. Infection cushions of Fusarium graminearum are fungal arsenals for wheat infection. MOLECULAR PLANT PATHOLOGY 2020; 21:1070-1087. [PMID: 32573086 PMCID: PMC7368127 DOI: 10.1111/mpp.12960] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2019] [Revised: 04/07/2020] [Accepted: 05/09/2020] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
Fusarium graminearum is one of the most destructive plant pathogens worldwide, causing fusarium head blight (FHB) on cereals. F. graminearum colonizes wheat plant surfaces with specialized unbranched hyphae called runner hyphae (RH), which develop multicelled complex appressoria called infection cushions (IC). IC generate multiple penetration sites, allowing the fungus to enter the plant cuticle. Complex infection structures are typical for several economically important plant pathogens, yet with unknown molecular basis. In this study, RH and IC formed on the surface of wheat paleae were isolated by laser capture microdissection. RNA-Seq-based transcriptomic analyses were performed on RH and IC and compared to mycelium grown in complete medium (MY). Both RH and IC displayed a high number of infection up-regulated genes (982), encoding, among others, carbohydrate-active enzymes (CAZymes: 140), putative effectors (PE: 88), or secondary metabolism gene clusters (SMC: 12 of 67 clusters). RH specifically up-regulated one SMC corresponding to aurofusarin biosynthesis, a broad activity antibiotic. IC specifically up-regulated 248 genes encoding mostly putative virulence factors such as 7 SMC, including the mycotoxin deoxynivalenol and the newly identified fusaoctaxin A, 33 PE, and 42 CAZymes. Furthermore, we studied selected candidate virulence factors using cellular biology and reverse genetics. Hence, our results demonstrate that IC accumulate an arsenal of proven and putative virulence factors to facilitate the invasion of epidermal cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael Mentges
- Molekulare PhytopathologieInstitut für Pflanzenwissenschaften und MikrobiologieUniversität HamburgHamburgGermany
| | - Anika Glasenapp
- Molekulare PhytopathologieInstitut für Pflanzenwissenschaften und MikrobiologieUniversität HamburgHamburgGermany
| | - Marike Boenisch
- Molekulare PhytopathologieInstitut für Pflanzenwissenschaften und MikrobiologieUniversität HamburgHamburgGermany
| | - Sascha Malz
- Molekulare PhytopathologieInstitut für Pflanzenwissenschaften und MikrobiologieUniversität HamburgHamburgGermany
| | | | - Rasmus J.N. Frandsen
- Department of Biotechnology and BiomedicineTechnical University of DenmarkKgs. LyngbyDenmark
| | - Ulrich Güldener
- Department of BioinformaticsTechnical University of MunichTUM School of Life Sciences WeihenstephanFreisingGermany
| | - Martin Münsterkötter
- Institute of Bioinformatics and Systems BiologyMünchenGermany
- Present address:
Functional Genomics and BioinformaticsSopron UniversitySopronHungary
| | - Jörg Bormann
- Molekulare PhytopathologieInstitut für Pflanzenwissenschaften und MikrobiologieUniversität HamburgHamburgGermany
| | | | - Wilhelm Schäfer
- Molekulare PhytopathologieInstitut für Pflanzenwissenschaften und MikrobiologieUniversität HamburgHamburgGermany
| | - Ana Lilia Martinez‐Rocha
- Molekulare PhytopathologieInstitut für Pflanzenwissenschaften und MikrobiologieUniversität HamburgHamburgGermany
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Villafana RT, Ramdass AC, Rampersad SN. TRI Genotyping and Chemotyping: A Balance of Power. Toxins (Basel) 2020; 12:E64. [PMID: 31973043 PMCID: PMC7076749 DOI: 10.3390/toxins12020064] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2019] [Revised: 12/13/2019] [Accepted: 12/16/2019] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Fusarium is among the top 10 most economically important plant pathogens in the world. Trichothecenes are the principal mycotoxins produced as secondary metabolites by select species of Fusarium and cause acute and chronic toxicity in animals and humans upon exposure either through consumption and/or contact. There are over 100 trichothecene metabolites and they can occur in a wide range of commodities that form food and feed products. This review discusses strategies to mitigate the risk of mycotoxin production and exposure by examining the Fusarium-trichothecene model. Fundamental to mitigation of risk is knowing the identity of the pathogen. As such, a comparison of current, recommended molecular approaches for sequence-based identification of Fusaria is presented, followed by an analysis of the rationale and methods of trichothecene (TRI) genotyping and chemotyping. This type of information confirms the source and nature of risk. While both are powerful tools for informing regulatory decisions, an assessment of the causes of incongruence between TRI genotyping and chemotyping data must be made. Reconciliation of this discordance will map the way forward in terms of optimization of molecular approaches, which includes data validation and sharing in the form of accessible repositories of genomic data and browsers for querying such data.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Sephra N. Rampersad
- Department of Life Sciences, Faculty of Science and Technology, The University of the West Indies, St. Augustine, Trinidad and Tobago
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6
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Enniatin Production Influences Fusarium avenaceum Virulence on Potato Tubers, but not on Durum Wheat or Peas. Pathogens 2020; 9:pathogens9020075. [PMID: 31973184 PMCID: PMC7168684 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens9020075] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2019] [Revised: 01/13/2020] [Accepted: 01/14/2020] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Fusarium avenaceum is a generalist pathogen responsible for diseases in numerous crop species. The fungus produces a series of mycotoxins including the cyclohexadepsipeptide enniatins. Mycotoxins can be pathogenicity and virulence factors in various plant–pathogen interactions, and enniatins have been shown to influence aggressiveness on potato tubers. To determine the role of these mycotoxins in other F. avenaceum–host interactions, ENNIATIN SYNTHASE 1 (ESYN1) disruption and overexpression mutants were generated and their ability to infect wheat and peas investigated. As a preliminary study, the transformants were screened for their ability to cause potato tuber necrosis and, consistent with a previous report, enniatin production increased necrotic lesion size on the tubers. By contrast, when the same mutants were assessed in their ability to cause disease in pea roots or durum wheat spikes, no changes in disease symptoms or virulence were observed. While it is known that, at least in the case of wheat, exogenously applied enniatins can cause tissue necrosis, this group of mycotoxins does not appear to be a key factor on its own in disease development on peas or durum wheat.
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7
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Foroud NA, Baines D, Gagkaeva TY, Thakor N, Badea A, Steiner B, Bürstmayr M, Bürstmayr H. Trichothecenes in Cereal Grains - An Update. Toxins (Basel) 2019; 11:E634. [PMID: 31683661 PMCID: PMC6891312 DOI: 10.3390/toxins11110634] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2019] [Revised: 10/25/2019] [Accepted: 10/29/2019] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Trichothecenes are sesquiterpenoid mycotoxins produced by fungi from the order Hypocreales, including members of the Fusarium genus that infect cereal grain crops. Different trichothecene-producing Fusarium species and strains have different trichothecene chemotypes belonging to the Type A and B class. These fungi cause a disease of small grain cereals, called Fusarium head blight, and their toxins contaminate host tissues. As potent inhibitors of eukaryotic protein synthesis, trichothecenes pose a health risk to human and animal consumers of infected cereal grains. In 2009, Foroud and Eudes published a review of trichothecenes in cereal grains for human consumption. As an update to this review, the work herein provides a comprehensive and multi-disciplinary review of the Fusarium trichothecenes covering topics in chemistry and biochemistry, pathogen biology, trichothecene toxicity, molecular mechanisms of resistance or detoxification, genetics of resistance and breeding strategies to reduce their contamination of wheat and barley.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nora A Foroud
- Lethbridge Research and Development Centre, Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, Lethbridge, AB T1J 4B1, Canada.
| | - Danica Baines
- Lethbridge Research and Development Centre, Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, Lethbridge, AB T1J 4B1, Canada.
| | - Tatiana Y Gagkaeva
- Laboratory of Mycology and Phytopathology, All-Russian Institute of Plant Protection (VIZR), St. Petersburg, Pushkin 196608, Russia.
| | - Nehal Thakor
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Lethbridge, Lethbridge, AB T1K 3M4, Canada.
| | - Ana Badea
- Brandon Research and Development Centre, Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, Brandon, MB R7A 5Y3, Canada.
| | - Barbara Steiner
- Department of Agrobiotechnology (IFA-Tulln), Institute of Biotechnology in Plant Production, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, Vienna (BOKU), Tulln 3430, Austria.
| | - Maria Bürstmayr
- Department of Agrobiotechnology (IFA-Tulln), Institute of Biotechnology in Plant Production, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, Vienna (BOKU), Tulln 3430, Austria.
| | - Hermann Bürstmayr
- Department of Agrobiotechnology (IFA-Tulln), Institute of Biotechnology in Plant Production, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, Vienna (BOKU), Tulln 3430, Austria.
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8
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Adpressa DA, Connolly LR, Konkel ZM, Neuhaus GF, Chang XL, Pierce BR, Smith KM, Freitag M, Loesgen S. A metabolomics-guided approach to discover Fusarium graminearum metabolites after removal of a repressive histone modification. Fungal Genet Biol 2019; 132:103256. [PMID: 31344458 DOI: 10.1016/j.fgb.2019.103256] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2018] [Revised: 07/15/2019] [Accepted: 07/19/2019] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Many secondary metabolites are produced by biosynthetic gene clusters (BGCs) that are repressed during standard growth conditions, which complicates the discovery of novel bioactive compounds. In the genus Fusarium, many BGCs reside in chromatin enriched for trimethylated histone 3 lysine 27 (H3K27me3), a modification correlated with transcriptional gene silencing. Here we report on our progress in assigning metabolites to genes by using a strain lacking the H3K27 methyltransferase, Kmt6. To guide isolation efforts, we coupled genetics to multivariate analysis of liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry (LCMS) data from both wild type and kmt6, which allowed identification of compounds previously unknown from F. graminearum. We found low molecular weight, amino acid-derived metabolites (N-ethyl anthranilic acid, N-phenethylacetamide, N-acetyltryptamine). We identified one new compound, protofusarin, as derived from fusarin biosynthesis. Similarly, we isolated large amounts of fusaristatin A, gibepyrone A, and fusarpyrones A and B, simply by using the kmt6 mutant, instead of having to optimize growth media. To increase the abundance of metabolites underrepresented in wild type, we generated kmt6 fus1 double mutants and discovered tricinolone and tricinolonoic acid, two new sesquiterpenes belonging to the tricindiol class. Our approach allows rapid visualization and analyses of the genetically induced changes in metabolite production, and discovery of new molecules by a combination of chemical and genetic dereplication. Of 22 fungal metabolites identified here, 10 compounds had not been reported from F. graminearum before. We show that activating silent metabolic pathways by mutation of a repressive chromatin modification enzyme can result in the discovery of new chemistry even in a well-studied organism, and helps to connect new or known small molecules to the BGCs responsible for their production.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Lanelle R Connolly
- Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR, USA
| | - Zachary M Konkel
- Department of Chemistry, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR, USA
| | - George F Neuhaus
- Department of Chemistry, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR, USA
| | - Xiao L Chang
- Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR, USA
| | - Brett R Pierce
- Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR, USA
| | - Kristina M Smith
- Department of Biology, Oregon State University - Cascades, Bend, OR, USA
| | - Michael Freitag
- Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR, USA.
| | - Sandra Loesgen
- Department of Chemistry, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR, USA.
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9
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Villani A, Proctor RH, Kim HS, Brown DW, Logrieco AF, Amatulli MT, Moretti A, Susca A. Variation in secondary metabolite production potential in the Fusarium incarnatum-equiseti species complex revealed by comparative analysis of 13 genomes. BMC Genomics 2019; 20:314. [PMID: 31014248 PMCID: PMC6480918 DOI: 10.1186/s12864-019-5567-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2018] [Accepted: 02/25/2019] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The Fusarium incarnatum-equiseti species complex (FIESC) comprises 33 phylogenetically distinct species that have been recovered from diverse biological sources, but have been most often isolated from agricultural plants and soils. Collectively, members of FIESC can produce diverse mycotoxins. However, because the species diversity of FIESC has been recognized only recently, the potential of species to cause mycotoxin contamination of crop plants is unclear. In this study, therefore, we used comparative genomics to investigate the distribution of and variation in genes and gene clusters responsible for the synthesis of mycotoxins and other secondary metabolites (SMs) in FIESC. Results We examined genomes of 13 members of FIESC that were selected based primarily on their phylogenetic diversity and/or occurrence on crops. The presence and absence of SM biosynthetic gene clusters varied markedly among the genomes. For example, the trichothecene mycotoxin as well as the carotenoid and fusarubin pigment clusters were present in all genomes examined, whereas the enniatin, fusarin, and zearalenone mycotoxin clusters were present in only some genomes. Some clusters exhibited discontinuous patterns of distribution in that their presence and absence was not correlated with the phylogenetic relationships of species. We also found evidence that cluster loss and horizontal gene transfer have contributed to such distribution patterns. For example, a combination of multiple phylogenetic analyses suggest that five NRPS and seven PKS genes were introduced into FIESC from other Fusarium lineages. Conclusion Our results suggest that although the portion of the genome devoted to SM biosynthesis has remained similar during the evolutionary diversification of FIESC, the ability to produce SMs could be affected by the different distribution of related functional and complete gene clusters. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (10.1186/s12864-019-5567-7) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alessandra Villani
- Institute of Sciences of Food Production, National Research Council, Bari, Italy
| | - Robert H Proctor
- Department of Agriculture Peoria, National Center for Agricultural Utilization Research, U.S., Peoria, IL, USA
| | - Hye-Seon Kim
- Department of Agriculture Peoria, National Center for Agricultural Utilization Research, U.S., Peoria, IL, USA
| | - Daren W Brown
- Department of Agriculture Peoria, National Center for Agricultural Utilization Research, U.S., Peoria, IL, USA
| | - Antonio F Logrieco
- Institute of Sciences of Food Production, National Research Council, Bari, Italy
| | - Maria Teresa Amatulli
- Institute of Sciences of Food Production, National Research Council, Bari, Italy.,Thales Alenia Space Italia, Torino, Italy
| | - Antonio Moretti
- Institute of Sciences of Food Production, National Research Council, Bari, Italy.
| | - Antonia Susca
- Institute of Sciences of Food Production, National Research Council, Bari, Italy
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10
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Venkatesh N, Keller NP. Mycotoxins in Conversation With Bacteria and Fungi. Front Microbiol 2019; 10:403. [PMID: 30941105 PMCID: PMC6433837 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2019.00403] [Citation(s) in RCA: 85] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2018] [Accepted: 02/15/2019] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
An important goal of the mycotoxin research community is to develop comprehensive strategies for mycotoxin control and detoxification. Although significant progress has been made in devising such strategies, yet, there are barriers to overcome and gaps to fill in order to design effective mycotoxin management techniques. This is in part due to a lack of understanding of why fungi produce these toxic metabolites. Here we present cumulative evidence from the literature that indicates an important ecological role for mycotoxins, with particular focus on Fusarium mycotoxins. Further, we suggest that understanding how mycotoxin levels are regulated by microbial encounters can offer novel insights for mycotoxin control in food and feed. Microbial degradation of mycotoxins provides a wealth of chemical information that can be harnessed for large-scale mycotoxin detoxification efforts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nandhitha Venkatesh
- Department of Plant Pathology, University of Wisconsin—Madison, Madison, WI, United States
| | - Nancy P. Keller
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunology, University of Wisconsin—Madison, Madison, WI, United States
- Department of Bacteriology, University of Wisconsin—Madison, Madison, WI, United States
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11
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Woelflingseder L, Del Favero G, Blažević T, Heiss EH, Haider M, Warth B, Adam G, Marko D. Impact of glutathione modulation on the toxicity of the Fusarium mycotoxins deoxynivalenol (DON), NX-3 and butenolide in human liver cells. Toxicol Lett 2018; 299:104-117. [PMID: 30244016 DOI: 10.1016/j.toxlet.2018.09.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2018] [Revised: 09/07/2018] [Accepted: 09/17/2018] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
DON, NX-3 and butenolide (BUT) are secondary metabolites formed by Fusarium graminearum. Evidence for formation of DON-glutathione adducts exists in plants, and also in human liver (HepG2) cells mass spectrometric evidence for GSH-adduct formation was reported. NX-3 is a DON derivative lacking structural features for Thiol-Michael addition, while BUT has the structural requirements (conjugated double bond and keto group). In the present study, we addressed whether these structural differences affect levels of intracellular reactive oxygen species in HepG2 cells, and if intracellular GSH levels influence toxic effects induced by DON, NX-3 and BUT. Pre-treatment with an inhibitor of GSH bio-synthesis, L-buthionine-[S,R]-sulfoximine, aggravated substantially BUT-induced cytotoxicity (≥50 μM, 24 h), but only marginally affected the cytotoxicity of DON and NX-3 indicating that GSH-mediated detoxification is of minor importance in HepG2 cells. We further investigated whether BUT, a compound inducing alone low oral toxicity, might affect the toxicity of DON. Under different experimental designs with respect to pre- and/or co-incubations, BUT was found to contribute to the combinatorial cytotoxicity, exceeding the toxic effect of DON alone. The observed combinatorial effects underline the potential contribution of secondary metabolites like BUT, considered to be alone of low toxicological relevance, to the toxicity of DON or structurally related trichothecenes, arguing for further studies on the toxicological relevance of naturally occurring mixtures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lydia Woelflingseder
- Department of Food Chemistry and Toxicology, Faculty of Chemistry, University of Vienna, Währingerstrasse 38, 1090 Vienna, Austria.
| | - Giorgia Del Favero
- Department of Food Chemistry and Toxicology, Faculty of Chemistry, University of Vienna, Währingerstrasse 38, 1090 Vienna, Austria.
| | - Tina Blažević
- Department of Pharmacognosy, University of Vienna, Althanstrasse 14, 1090 Vienna, Austria.
| | - Elke H Heiss
- Department of Pharmacognosy, University of Vienna, Althanstrasse 14, 1090 Vienna, Austria.
| | - Maximilian Haider
- Institute for Applied Synthetic Chemistry, Vienna University of Technology, Getreidemarkt 9/163, 1060 Vienna, Austria.
| | - Benedikt Warth
- Department of Food Chemistry and Toxicology, Faculty of Chemistry, University of Vienna, Währingerstrasse 38, 1090 Vienna, Austria.
| | - Gerhard Adam
- Department of Applied Genetics and Cell Biology, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, Vienna (BOKU), Konrad-Lorenz-Strasse 24, 3430 Tulln, Austria.
| | - Doris Marko
- Department of Food Chemistry and Toxicology, Faculty of Chemistry, University of Vienna, Währingerstrasse 38, 1090 Vienna, Austria.
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12
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Comparative proteomic analysis reveals the regulatory network of the veA gene during asexual and sexual spore development of Aspergillus cristatus. Biosci Rep 2018; 38:BSR20180067. [PMID: 29773679 PMCID: PMC6066658 DOI: 10.1042/bsr20180067] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2018] [Revised: 05/13/2018] [Accepted: 05/15/2018] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Aspergillus cristatus is the predominant fungal population during fermentation of Chinese Fuzhuan brick tea, and belongs to the homothallic fungal group that undergoes a sexual stage without asexual conidiation under hypotonic conditions, while hypertonic medium induces initiation of the asexual stage and completely blocks sexual development. However, the veA deletion mutant only produces conidia in hypotonic medium after a 24-h culture, but both asexual and sexual spores are observed after 72 h. The veA gene is one of the key genes that positively regulates sexual and negatively regulates asexual development in A. cristatus. To elucidate the molecular mechanism of how VeA regulates asexual and sexual spore development in A. cristatus, 2D electrophoresis (2-DE) combined with MALDI-tandem ToF MS analysis were applied to identify 173 differentially expressed proteins (DEPs) by comparing the agamotype (24 h) and teleomorph (72 h) with wild-type (WT) A. cristatus strains. Further analysis revealed that the changed expression pattern of Pmk1-MAPK and Ser/Thr phosphatase signaling, heat shock protein (Hsp) 90 (HSP90), protein degradation associated, sulphur-containing amino acid biosynthesis associated, valine, leucine, isoleucine, and arginine biosynthesis involved, CYP450 and cytoskeletal formation associated proteins were involved in the production of conidia in agamotype of A. cristatus. Furthermore, the deletion of veA in A. cristatus resulted in disturbed process of transcription, translation, protein folding, amino acid metabolism, and secondary metabolism. The carbohydrate and energy metabolism were also greatly changed, which lied in the suppression of anabolism through pentose phosphate pathway (PPP) but promotion of catabolism through glycolysis and tricarboxylic acid (TCA) cycle. The energy compounds produced in the agamotype were mainly ATP and NADH, whereas they were NADPH and FAD in the teleomorph. These results will contribute to the existing knowledge on the complex role of VeA in the regulation of spore development in Aspergillus and provide a framework for functional investigations on the identified proteins.
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13
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Kong X, van Diepeningen AD, van der Lee TAJ, Waalwijk C, Xu J, Xu J, Zhang H, Chen W, Feng J. The Fusarium graminearum Histone Acetyltransferases Are Important for Morphogenesis, DON Biosynthesis, and Pathogenicity. Front Microbiol 2018; 9:654. [PMID: 29755419 PMCID: PMC5932188 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2018.00654] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2018] [Accepted: 03/20/2018] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Post-translational modifications of chromatin structure by histone acetyltransferase (HATs) play a central role in the regulation of gene expression and various biological processes in eukaryotes. Although HAT genes have been studied in many fungi, few of them have been functionally characterized. In this study, we identified and characterized four putative HATs (FgGCN5, FgRTT109, FgSAS2, FgSAS3) in the plant pathogenic ascomycete Fusarium graminearum, the causal agent of Fusarium head blight of wheat and barley. We replaced the genes and all mutant strains showed reduced growth of F. graminearum. The ΔFgSAS3 and ΔFgGCN5 mutant increased sensitivity to oxidative and osmotic stresses. Additionally, ΔFgSAS3 showed reduced conidia sporulation and perithecium formation. Mutant ΔFgGCN5 was unable to generate any conidia and lost its ability to form perithecia. Our data showed also that FgSAS3 and FgGCN5 are pathogenicity factors required for infecting wheat heads as well as tomato fruits. Importantly, almost no Deoxynivalenol (DON) was produced either in ΔFgSAS3 or ΔFgGCN5 mutants, which was consistent with a significant downregulation of TRI genes expression. Furthermore, we discovered for the first time that FgSAS3 is indispensable for the acetylation of histone site H3K4, while FgGCN5 is essential for the acetylation of H3K9, H3K18, and H3K27. H3K14 can be completely acetylated when FgSAS3 and FgGCN5 were both present. The RNA-seq analyses of the two mutant strains provide insight into their functions in development and metabolism. Results from this study clarify the functional divergence of HATs in F. graminearum, and may provide novel targeted strategies to control secondary metabolite expression and infections of F. graminearum.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiangjiu Kong
- State Key Laboratory for Biology of Plant Diseases and Insect Pests, Institute of Plant Protection, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, China
| | | | - Theo A J van der Lee
- Biointeractions & Plant Health, Wageningen Plant Research, Wageningen, Netherlands
| | - Cees Waalwijk
- Biointeractions & Plant Health, Wageningen Plant Research, Wageningen, Netherlands
| | - Jingsheng Xu
- State Key Laboratory for Biology of Plant Diseases and Insect Pests, Institute of Plant Protection, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Jin Xu
- State Key Laboratory for Biology of Plant Diseases and Insect Pests, Institute of Plant Protection, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Hao Zhang
- State Key Laboratory for Biology of Plant Diseases and Insect Pests, Institute of Plant Protection, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Wanquan Chen
- State Key Laboratory for Biology of Plant Diseases and Insect Pests, Institute of Plant Protection, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Jie Feng
- State Key Laboratory for Biology of Plant Diseases and Insect Pests, Institute of Plant Protection, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, China
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14
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Atanasova-Penichon V, Legoahec L, Bernillon S, Deborde C, Maucourt M, Verdal-Bonnin MN, Pinson-Gadais L, Ponts N, Moing A, Richard-Forget F. Mycotoxin Biosynthesis and Central Metabolism Are Two Interlinked Pathways in Fusarium graminearum, as Demonstrated by the Extensive Metabolic Changes Induced by Caffeic Acid Exposure. Appl Environ Microbiol 2018; 84:e01705-17. [PMID: 29427428 PMCID: PMC5881057 DOI: 10.1128/aem.01705-17] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2017] [Accepted: 01/30/2018] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Fusarium graminearum is a major plant pathogen that causes devastating diseases of cereals and produces type B trichothecene (TCTB) mycotoxins in infected grains. A comprehensive understanding of the molecular and biochemical mechanisms underlying the regulation of TCTB biosynthesis is required for improving strategies to control the TCTB contamination of crops and ensuring that these strategies do not favor the production of other toxic metabolites by F. graminearum Elucidation of the association of TCTB biosynthesis with other central and specialized processes was the focus of this study. Combined 1H nuclear magnetic resonance (1H NMR) and liquid chromatography-quadrupole time of flight-mass spectrometry (LC-QTOF-MS) analyses were used to compare the exo- and endometabolomes of F. graminearum grown under toxin-inducing and -repressing caffeic acid conditions. Ninety-five metabolites were putatively or unambiguously identified, including 26 primary and 69 specialized metabolites. Our data demonstrated that the inhibition of TCTB production induced by caffeic acid exposure was associated with significant changes in the secondary and primary metabolism of F. graminearum, although the fungal growth was not affected. The main metabolic changes were an increase in the accumulation of several polyketides, including toxic ones, alterations in the tricarboxylic organic acid cycle, and modifications in the metabolism of several amino acids and sugars. While these findings provide insights into the mechanisms that govern the inhibition of TCTB production by caffeic acid, they also demonstrate the interdependence between the biosynthetic pathway of TCTB and several primary and specialized metabolic pathways. These results provide further evidence of the multifaceted role of TCTB in the life cycle of F. graminearumIMPORTANCEFusarium graminearum is a major plant pathogen that causes devastating diseases of cereal crops and produces type B trichothecene (TCTB) mycotoxins in infected grains. The best way to restrict consumer exposure to TCTB is to limit their production before harvest, which requires increasing the knowledge on the mechanisms that regulate their biosynthesis. Using a metabolomics approach, we investigated the interconnection between the TCTB production pathway and several fungal metabolic pathways. We demonstrated that alteration in the TCTB biosynthetic pathway can have a significant impact on other metabolic pathways, including the biosynthesis of toxic polyketides, and vice versa. These findings open new avenues for identifying fungal targets for the design of molecules with antimycotoxin properties and therefore improving sustainable strategies to fight against diseases caused by F. graminearum Our data further demonstrate that analyses should consider all fungal toxic metabolites rather than the targeted family of mycotoxins when assessing the efficacy of control strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Laurie Legoahec
- UR1264 MycSA, INRA, Centre INRA de Nouvelle Aquitaine-Bordeaux, Villenave d'Ornon, France
| | - Stéphane Bernillon
- UMR1332 Biologie du Fruit et Pathologie, INRA, Université de Bordeaux, Centre INRA de Nouvelle Aquitaine-Bordeaux, Villenave d'Ornon, France
- Metabolome Facility of Bordeaux Functional Genomics Center, MetaboHUB, IBVM, Centre INRA de Nouvelle Aquitaine-Bordeaux, Villenave d'Ornon, France
| | - Catherine Deborde
- UMR1332 Biologie du Fruit et Pathologie, INRA, Université de Bordeaux, Centre INRA de Nouvelle Aquitaine-Bordeaux, Villenave d'Ornon, France
- Metabolome Facility of Bordeaux Functional Genomics Center, MetaboHUB, IBVM, Centre INRA de Nouvelle Aquitaine-Bordeaux, Villenave d'Ornon, France
| | - Mickaël Maucourt
- UMR1332 Biologie du Fruit et Pathologie, INRA, Université de Bordeaux, Centre INRA de Nouvelle Aquitaine-Bordeaux, Villenave d'Ornon, France
- Metabolome Facility of Bordeaux Functional Genomics Center, MetaboHUB, IBVM, Centre INRA de Nouvelle Aquitaine-Bordeaux, Villenave d'Ornon, France
| | | | - Laetitia Pinson-Gadais
- UR1264 MycSA, INRA, Centre INRA de Nouvelle Aquitaine-Bordeaux, Villenave d'Ornon, France
| | - Nadia Ponts
- UR1264 MycSA, INRA, Centre INRA de Nouvelle Aquitaine-Bordeaux, Villenave d'Ornon, France
| | - Annick Moing
- UMR1332 Biologie du Fruit et Pathologie, INRA, Université de Bordeaux, Centre INRA de Nouvelle Aquitaine-Bordeaux, Villenave d'Ornon, France
- Metabolome Facility of Bordeaux Functional Genomics Center, MetaboHUB, IBVM, Centre INRA de Nouvelle Aquitaine-Bordeaux, Villenave d'Ornon, France
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15
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Shin J, Kim JE, Lee YW, Son H. Fungal Cytochrome P450s and the P450 Complement (CYPome) of Fusarium graminearum. Toxins (Basel) 2018; 10:E112. [PMID: 29518888 PMCID: PMC5869400 DOI: 10.3390/toxins10030112] [Citation(s) in RCA: 74] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2018] [Revised: 03/02/2018] [Accepted: 03/03/2018] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Cytochrome P450s (CYPs), heme-containing monooxygenases, play important roles in a wide variety of metabolic processes important for development as well as biotic/trophic interactions in most living organisms. Functions of some CYP enzymes are similar across organisms, but some are organism-specific; they are involved in the biosynthesis of structural components, signaling networks, secondary metabolisms, and xenobiotic/drug detoxification. Fungi possess more diverse CYP families than plants, animals, or bacteria. Various fungal CYPs are involved in not only ergosterol synthesis and virulence but also in the production of a wide array of secondary metabolites, which exert toxic effects on humans and other animals. Although few studies have investigated the functions of fungal CYPs, a recent systematic functional analysis of CYP genes in the plant pathogen Fusarium graminearum identified several novel CYPs specifically involved in virulence, asexual and sexual development, and degradation of xenobiotics. This review provides fundamental information on fungal CYPs and a new platform for further metabolomic and biochemical studies of CYPs in toxigenic fungi.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Hokyoung Son
- Department of Agricultural Biotechnology and Research Institute of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Korea; (J.S.); (J.-E.K.); (Y.-W.L.)
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16
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Etzerodt T, Wetterhorn K, Dionisio G, Rayment I. Functional characterization of a soluble NADPH-cytochrome P450 reductase from Fusarium graminearum. Protein Expr Purif 2017; 138:69-75. [PMID: 28690182 DOI: 10.1016/j.pep.2017.07.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2017] [Revised: 06/24/2017] [Accepted: 07/03/2017] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Fusarium head blight is a devastating disease in wheat caused by some fungal pathogens of the Fusarium genus mainly F. graminearum, due to accumulation of toxic trichothecenes. Most of the trichothecene biosynthetic pathway has been mapped, although some proteins of the pathway remain uncharacterized, including an NADPH-cytochrome P450 reductase. We subcloned a F. graminearum cytochrome P450 reductase that might be involved in the trichothecene biosynthesis. It was expressed heterologously in E. coli as N-terminal truncated form with an octahistidine tag for purification. The construct yielded a soluble apoprotein and its incubation with flavins yielded the corresponding monomeric holoprotein. It was characterized for activity in the pH range 5.5-9.5, using thiazolyl blue tetrazolium bromide (MTT) or cytochrome c as substrates. Binding of the small molecule MTT was weaker than for cytochrome c, however, the rate of MTT reduction was faster. Contrary to other studies of cytochrome reductase proteins, MTT reduction proceeded in a cooperative manner in our studies. Optimum kinetic activity was found at pH 7.5-8.5 for bothMTT and cytochrome c. This is the first paper presenting characterization of a cytochrome P450 reductase from F. graminearum which most likely is involved in mycotoxin biosynthesis or some primary metabolic pathway such as sterol biosynthesis in F. graminearum.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas Etzerodt
- Department of Agroecology, Aarhus University, Forsøgsvej 1, 4200 Slagelse, Denmark.
| | - Karl Wetterhorn
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI 53706, United States
| | - Giuseppe Dionisio
- Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Aarhus University, Forsøgsvej 1, 4200 Slagelse, Denmark
| | - Ivan Rayment
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI 53706, United States
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17
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Shin JY, Bui DC, Lee Y, Nam H, Jung S, Fang M, Kim JC, Lee T, Kim H, Choi GJ, Son H, Lee YW. Functional characterization of cytochrome P450 monooxygenases in the cereal head blight fungus Fusarium graminearum. Environ Microbiol 2017; 19:2053-2067. [PMID: 28296081 DOI: 10.1111/1462-2920.13730] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2016] [Revised: 03/07/2017] [Accepted: 03/07/2017] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Fusarium graminearum is a prominent plant pathogenic fungus causing Fusarium head blight in major cereal crops worldwide. To understand the molecular mechanisms underlying fungal development and virulence, large collections of F. graminearum mutants have been constructed. Cytochrome P450 monooxygenases (P450s) are widely distributed in organisms and are involved in a diverse array of molecular/metabolic processes; however, no systematic functional analysis of P450s has been attempted in filamentous fungi. In this study, we constructed a genome-wide deletion mutant set covering 102 P450s and analyzed these mutants for changes in 38 phenotypic categories, including fungal development, stress responses and responses to several xenobiotics, to build a comprehensive phenotypic dataset. Most P450 mutants showing defective phenotypes were impaired in a single phenotypic trait, demonstrating that our mutant library is a good genetic resource for further fungal genetic studies. In particular, we identified novel P450s specifically involved in virulence (5) and both asexual (1) and sexual development (2). Most P450s seem to play redundant roles in the degradation of xenobiotics in F. graminearum. This study is the first phenome-based functional analysis of P450s, and it provides a valuable genetic resource for further basic and applied biological research in filamentous fungi and other plant pathogens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ji Young Shin
- Department of Agricultural Biotechnology, Seoul National University, Seoul, 08826, Republic of Korea
| | - Duc-Cuong Bui
- Center for Food and Bioconvergence, Seoul National University, Seoul, 08826, Republic of Korea
| | - Yoonji Lee
- Department of Agricultural Biotechnology, Seoul National University, Seoul, 08826, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyejin Nam
- Department of Agricultural Biotechnology, Seoul National University, Seoul, 08826, Republic of Korea
| | - Soyun Jung
- Department of Agricultural Biotechnology, Seoul National University, Seoul, 08826, Republic of Korea
| | - Miao Fang
- Department of Agricultural Biotechnology, Seoul National University, Seoul, 08826, Republic of Korea
| | - Jin-Cheol Kim
- Division of Applied Bioscience and Biotechnology, Institute of Environmentally Friendly Agriculture, College of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Chonnam National University, Gwangju, 61186, Republic of Korea
| | - Theresa Lee
- Microbial Safety Team, National Academy of Agricultural Science, Rural Development Administration, Wanju, 55365, Republic of Korea
| | - Hun Kim
- Eco-friendly New Materials Research Group, Research Center for Biobased Chemistry, Division of Convergence Chemistry, Korea Research Institute of Chemical Technology, Daejeon, 34114, Republic of Korea
| | - Gyung Ja Choi
- Eco-friendly New Materials Research Group, Research Center for Biobased Chemistry, Division of Convergence Chemistry, Korea Research Institute of Chemical Technology, Daejeon, 34114, Republic of Korea
| | - Hokyoung Son
- Center for Food and Bioconvergence, Seoul National University, Seoul, 08826, Republic of Korea
| | - Yin-Won Lee
- Department of Agricultural Biotechnology, Seoul National University, Seoul, 08826, Republic of Korea
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18
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Pasquali M, Serchi T, Cocco E, Leclercq CC, Planchon S, Guignard C, Renaut J, Hoffmann L. A Fusarium graminearum strain-comparative proteomic approach identifies regulatory changes triggered by agmatine. J Proteomics 2016; 137:107-16. [PMID: 26585460 DOI: 10.1016/j.jprot.2015.11.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2015] [Revised: 10/15/2015] [Accepted: 11/10/2015] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
UNLABELLED Plant pathogens face different environmental clues depending on the stage of the infection cycle they are in. Fusarium graminearum infects small grain cereals producing trichothecenes type B (TB) that act as virulence factor in the interaction with the plant and have important food safety implications. This study addresses at the proteomic level the effect of an environmental stimulus (such as the presence of a polyamine like agmatine) possibly encountered by the fungus when it is already within the plant. Because biological diversity affects the proteome significantly, a multistrain (n=3) comparative approach was used to identify consistent effects caused on the fungus by the nitrogen source (agmatine or glutamic acid). Proteomics analyses were performed by the use of 2D-DIGE. Results showed that agmatine augmented TB production but not equally in all strains. The polyamine reshaped drastically the proteome of the fungus activating specific pathways linked to the translational control within the cell. Chromatin restructuring, ribosomal regulations, protein and mRNA processing enzymes were modulated by the agmatine stimulus as well as metabolic, structural and virulence-related proteins, suggesting the need to reshape specifically the fungal cell for TB production, a key step for the pathogen spread within the spike. BIOLOGICAL SIGNIFICANCE Induction of toxin synthesis by plant compounds plays a crucial role in toxin contamination of food and feed, in particular trichothecenes type B produced mainly by F. graminearum on wheat. This work describes the level of diversity of 3 strains facing 2 toxin inducing plant derived compounds. This knowledge is of use for the research community on toxigenic Fusarium strains in cereals for understanding the role of fungal diversity in toxin inducibility. This work also suggests that environmental clues that can be found within the plant during infection (like different nitrogen compounds) are crucial stimuli for reshaping the proteome profile and consequently the specialization profiling of the fungus, ultimately leading to very different toxin contamination levels in the plant.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Pasquali
- Department of Environmental Research and Innovation, Luxembourg Institute of Science and Technology, 41, rue du Brill, L-4422, Belvaux, Luxembourg.
| | - T Serchi
- Department of Environmental Research and Innovation, Luxembourg Institute of Science and Technology, 41, rue du Brill, L-4422, Belvaux, Luxembourg
| | - E Cocco
- Department of Environmental Research and Innovation, Luxembourg Institute of Science and Technology, 41, rue du Brill, L-4422, Belvaux, Luxembourg
| | - C C Leclercq
- Department of Environmental Research and Innovation, Luxembourg Institute of Science and Technology, 41, rue du Brill, L-4422, Belvaux, Luxembourg
| | - S Planchon
- Department of Environmental Research and Innovation, Luxembourg Institute of Science and Technology, 41, rue du Brill, L-4422, Belvaux, Luxembourg
| | - C Guignard
- Department of Environmental Research and Innovation, Luxembourg Institute of Science and Technology, 41, rue du Brill, L-4422, Belvaux, Luxembourg
| | - J Renaut
- Department of Environmental Research and Innovation, Luxembourg Institute of Science and Technology, 41, rue du Brill, L-4422, Belvaux, Luxembourg
| | - L Hoffmann
- Department of Environmental Research and Innovation, Luxembourg Institute of Science and Technology, 41, rue du Brill, L-4422, Belvaux, Luxembourg
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19
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Walkowiak S, Bonner CT, Wang L, Blackwell B, Rowland O, Subramaniam R. Intraspecies Interaction of Fusarium graminearum Contributes to Reduced Toxin Production and Virulence. MOLECULAR PLANT-MICROBE INTERACTIONS : MPMI 2015; 28:1256-67. [PMID: 26125491 DOI: 10.1094/mpmi-06-15-0120-r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
Abstract
Fusarium graminearum is a pathogenic fungus that causes Fusarium head blight in wheat and lowers the yield and quality of grains by contamination with the trichothecene mycotoxin deoxynivalenol. The fungi coexist and interact with several different fusaria as well as other plant pathogenic fungi and bacteria in the field. In Canada, F. graminearum exists as two main trichothecene chemotypes: 3-acetyldeoxynivalenol and 15-acetyldeoxynivalenol. To understand the potential interactions between two isolates of these chemotypes, we conducted coinoculation studies both in culture and in planta. The studies showed that intraspecies interaction reduces trichothecene yield in culture and disease symptoms in wheat. To elucidate the genes involved in the intraspecies interaction, expression profiling was performed on RNA samples isolated from coinoculated cultures, and potential genes were identified by using the genome sequences of the respective isolates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sean Walkowiak
- 1 Eastern Cereal and Oilseed Research Centre, 960 Carling, Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, Ottawa K1A 0C6, Canada
- 2 Department of Biology, 1125 Colonel By, Carleton University, Ottawa K1S 5B6, Canada
| | - Christopher T Bonner
- 1 Eastern Cereal and Oilseed Research Centre, 960 Carling, Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, Ottawa K1A 0C6, Canada
- 2 Department of Biology, 1125 Colonel By, Carleton University, Ottawa K1S 5B6, Canada
| | - Li Wang
- 1 Eastern Cereal and Oilseed Research Centre, 960 Carling, Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, Ottawa K1A 0C6, Canada
| | - Barbara Blackwell
- 1 Eastern Cereal and Oilseed Research Centre, 960 Carling, Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, Ottawa K1A 0C6, Canada
| | - Owen Rowland
- 2 Department of Biology, 1125 Colonel By, Carleton University, Ottawa K1S 5B6, Canada
| | - Rajagopal Subramaniam
- 1 Eastern Cereal and Oilseed Research Centre, 960 Carling, Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, Ottawa K1A 0C6, Canada
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20
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Subramaniam R, Narayanan S, Walkowiak S, Wang L, Joshi M, Rocheleau H, Ouellet T, Harris LJ. Leucine metabolism regulates TRI6 expression and affects deoxynivalenol production and virulence in Fusarium graminearum. Mol Microbiol 2015; 98:760-9. [PMID: 26248604 DOI: 10.1111/mmi.13155] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 08/01/2015] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
TRI6 is a positive regulator of the trichothecene gene cluster and the production of trichothecene mycotoxins [deoxynivalenol (DON)] and acetylated forms such as 15-Acetyl-DON) in the cereal pathogen Fusarium graminearum. As a global transcriptional regulator, TRI6 expression is modulated by nitrogen-limiting conditions, sources of nitrogen and carbon, pH and light. However, the mechanism by which these diverse environmental factors affect TRI6 expression remains underexplored. In our effort to understand how nutrients affect TRI6 regulation, comparative digital expression profiling was performed with a wild-type F. graminearum and a Δtri6 mutant strain, grown in nutrient-rich conditions. Analysis showed that TRI6 negatively regulates genes of the branched-chain amino acid (BCAA) metabolic pathway. Feeding studies with deletion mutants of MCC, encoding methylcrotonyl-CoA-carboxylase, one of the key enzymes of leucine metabolism, showed that addition of leucine specifically down-regulated TRI6 expression and reduced 15-ADON accumulation. Constitutive expression of TRI6 in the Δmcc mutant strain restored 15-ADON production. A combination of cellophane breach assays and pathogenicity experiments on wheat demonstrated that disrupting the leucine metabolic pathway significantly reduced disease. These findings suggest a complex interaction between one of the primary metabolic pathways with a global regulator of mycotoxin biosynthesis and virulence in F. graminearum.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rajagopal Subramaniam
- Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, Eastern Cereal Research Centre, Ottawa, K1A0C6, Canada
| | - Swara Narayanan
- Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, Eastern Cereal Research Centre, Ottawa, K1A0C6, Canada
| | - Sean Walkowiak
- Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, Eastern Cereal Research Centre, Ottawa, K1A0C6, Canada.,Department of Biology, Carleton University, 1125 Colonel By, Ottawa, K1S5B6, Canada
| | - Li Wang
- Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, Eastern Cereal Research Centre, Ottawa, K1A0C6, Canada
| | - Manisha Joshi
- Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, Eastern Cereal Research Centre, Ottawa, K1A0C6, Canada
| | - Hélène Rocheleau
- Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, Eastern Cereal Research Centre, Ottawa, K1A0C6, Canada
| | - Thérèse Ouellet
- Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, Eastern Cereal Research Centre, Ottawa, K1A0C6, Canada
| | - Linda J Harris
- Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, Eastern Cereal Research Centre, Ottawa, K1A0C6, Canada
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21
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Yörük E, Karlik E, Gazdagli A, Kayis M, Kaya F, Albayrak G. Expression Analysis of PKS13, FG08079.1 and PKS10 Genes in Fusarium graminearum and Fusarium culmorum. IRANIAN JOURNAL OF BIOTECHNOLOGY 2015; 13:51-55. [PMID: 28959291 PMCID: PMC5435006 DOI: 10.15171/ijb.1035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2014] [Revised: 03/14/2015] [Accepted: 04/19/2015] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Identification and quantification of mycotoxins produced by Fusarium species are important in controlling fungal diseases. OBJECTIVES Potential of zearalenone, butenolide and fusarin C production was investigated in five Fusarium graminearum and five F. culmorum isolates at molecular level. MATERIALS AND METHODS Presence of PKS13, FG08079.1 and PKS10 genes, associated with production of zearalenone, butenolide and fusarin C, respectively, were confirmed by PCR. In addition, expression levels of them together with housekeeping gene (β-tubulin) were detected by real time PCR. RESULTS PKS13 and FG08079.1 transcripts were determined in all isolates, while PKS10 specific primers failed to amplify any product, indicative of no expression. ΔΔCTCT of PKS13 was ranged between 1.79E-03-3.97E-03 and for FG08079.1 was between 0.25E-03 and 6.02E-03. The highest PKS13 expressions were 3.86E-03 in F. graminearum F9 and 3.97E-03 in F. culmorum F16. Maximum FG08079.1 expressions were calculated as 6.02E-03 and 3.81E-03 in F. graminearum 2F and F. culmorum F2, respectively. CONCLUSIONS We revealed that ten Fusarium isolates produced zearalenone and butenolide under culture conditions. However, fusarin C was not generated by them in these conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emre Yörük
- Programme of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Institute of Science, Istanbul University, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Elif Karlik
- Programme of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Institute of Science, Istanbul University, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Aylin Gazdagli
- Programme of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Institute of Science, Istanbul University, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Müyesser Kayis
- Programme of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Institute of Science, Istanbul University, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Funda Kaya
- Programme of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Institute of Science, Istanbul University, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Gülruh Albayrak
- Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Faculty of Science, Istanbul University, Istanbul, Turkey
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The Fusarium graminearum genome reveals more secondary metabolite gene clusters and hints of horizontal gene transfer. PLoS One 2014; 9:e110311. [PMID: 25333987 PMCID: PMC4198257 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0110311] [Citation(s) in RCA: 88] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2014] [Accepted: 09/11/2014] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Fungal secondary metabolite biosynthesis genes are of major interest due to the pharmacological properties of their products (like mycotoxins and antibiotics). The genome of the plant pathogenic fungus Fusarium graminearum codes for a large number of candidate enzymes involved in secondary metabolite biosynthesis. However, the chemical nature of most enzymatic products of proteins encoded by putative secondary metabolism biosynthetic genes is largely unknown. Based on our analysis we present 67 gene clusters with significant enrichment of predicted secondary metabolism related enzymatic functions. 20 gene clusters with unknown metabolites exhibit strong gene expression correlation in planta and presumably play a role in virulence. Furthermore, the identification of conserved and over-represented putative transcription factor binding sites serves as additional evidence for cluster co-regulation. Orthologous cluster search provided insight into the evolution of secondary metabolism clusters. Some clusters are characteristic for the Fusarium phylum while others show evidence of horizontal gene transfer as orthologs can be found in representatives of the Botrytis or Cochliobolus lineage. The presented candidate clusters provide valuable targets for experimental examination.
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Mouradzadegun A, Abadast F, Elahi S. Tetraphenolate c-methylcalix[4]resorcinarene as a new heterogeneous phase transfer catalyst for ring-opening of triaryl substituted pyrylium salts in aqueous biphasic medium. MONATSHEFTE FUR CHEMIE 2014. [DOI: 10.1007/s00706-014-1235-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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Mouradzadegun A, Abadast F. Expeditious Synthesis of Aromatic Cyanodienones Using Neutral Alumina as a Versatile Heterogeneous Catalyst. SYNTHETIC COMMUN 2013. [DOI: 10.1080/00397911.2013.831103] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Arash Mouradzadegun
- a Department of Chemistry , Faculty of Science, Shahid Chamran University , Ahvaz , Iran
| | - Fatemeh Abadast
- a Department of Chemistry , Faculty of Science, Shahid Chamran University , Ahvaz , Iran
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Jonkers W, Xayamongkhon H, Haas M, Olivain C, van der Does HC, Broz K, Rep M, Alabouvette C, Steinberg C, Kistler HC. EBR1genomic expansion and its role in virulence ofFusariumspecies. Environ Microbiol 2013; 16:1982-2003. [DOI: 10.1111/1462-2920.12331] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2013] [Accepted: 11/06/2013] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Wilfried Jonkers
- Department of Plant Pathology; University of Minnesota; 1991 Upper Buford Circle St. Paul MN 55108 USA
| | - Henry Xayamongkhon
- Department of Plant Pathology; University of Minnesota; 1991 Upper Buford Circle St. Paul MN 55108 USA
| | - Matthew Haas
- Department of Plant Pathology; University of Minnesota; 1991 Upper Buford Circle St. Paul MN 55108 USA
| | - Chantal Olivain
- UMR 1347 Agroécologie; INRA; BP 86510 F-21065 Dijon cedex France
| | - H. Charlotte van der Does
- Plant Pathology; Swammerdam Institute for Life Sciences; University of Amsterdam; Science Park 904 1098 XH Amsterdam The Netherlands
| | - Karen Broz
- USDA-ARS; Cereal Disease Laboratory; 1551 Lindig Street St. Paul MN 55108 USA
| | - Martijn Rep
- Plant Pathology; Swammerdam Institute for Life Sciences; University of Amsterdam; Science Park 904 1098 XH Amsterdam The Netherlands
| | | | - Christian Steinberg
- Department of Plant Pathology; University of Minnesota; 1991 Upper Buford Circle St. Paul MN 55108 USA
- USDA-ARS; Cereal Disease Laboratory; 1551 Lindig Street St. Paul MN 55108 USA
| | - H. Corby Kistler
- Department of Plant Pathology; University of Minnesota; 1991 Upper Buford Circle St. Paul MN 55108 USA
- USDA-ARS; Cereal Disease Laboratory; 1551 Lindig Street St. Paul MN 55108 USA
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Lawler K, Hammond-Kosack K, Brazma A, Coulson RMR. Genomic clustering and co-regulation of transcriptional networks in the pathogenic fungus Fusarium graminearum. BMC SYSTEMS BIOLOGY 2013; 7:52. [PMID: 23805903 PMCID: PMC3703260 DOI: 10.1186/1752-0509-7-52] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2012] [Accepted: 06/18/2013] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Genes for the production of a broad range of fungal secondary metabolites are frequently colinear. The prevalence of such gene clusters was systematically examined across the genome of the cereal pathogen Fusarium graminearum. The topological structure of transcriptional networks was also examined to investigate control mechanisms for mycotoxin biosynthesis and other processes. RESULTS The genes associated with transcriptional processes were identified, and the genomic location of transcription-associated proteins (TAPs) analyzed in conjunction with the locations of genes exhibiting similar expression patterns. Highly conserved TAPs reside in regions of chromosomes with very low or no recombination, contrasting with putative regulator genes. Co-expression group profiles were used to define positionally clustered genes and a number of members of these clusters encode proteins participating in secondary metabolism. Gene expression profiles suggest there is an abundance of condition-specific transcriptional regulation. Analysis of the promoter regions of co-expressed genes showed enrichment for conserved DNA-sequence motifs. Potential global transcription factors recognising these motifs contain distinct sets of DNA-binding domains (DBDs) from those present in local regulators. CONCLUSIONS Proteins associated with basal transcriptional functions are encoded by genes enriched in regions of the genome with low recombination. Systematic searches revealed dispersed and compact clusters of co-expressed genes, often containing a transcription factor, and typically containing genes involved in biosynthetic pathways. Transcriptional networks exhibit a layered structure in which the position in the hierarchy of a regulator is closely linked to the DBD structural class.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katherine Lawler
- European Bioinformatics Institute, Wellcome Trust Genome Campus, Cambridge CB10 1SD, UK
- Institute for Mathematical and Molecular Biomedicine, King’s College London, Hodgkin Building, London SE1 1UL, UK
| | - Kim Hammond-Kosack
- Department of Plant Biology and Crop Science, Rothamsted Research, Harpenden, Herts AL5 2JQ, UK
| | - Alvis Brazma
- European Bioinformatics Institute, Wellcome Trust Genome Campus, Cambridge CB10 1SD, UK
| | - Richard MR Coulson
- European Bioinformatics Institute, Wellcome Trust Genome Campus, Cambridge CB10 1SD, UK
- Cambridge Institute for Medical Research, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 0XY, UK
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O’Donnell K, Rooney AP, Proctor RH, Brown DW, McCormick SP, Ward TJ, Frandsen RJ, Lysøe E, Rehner SA, Aoki T, Robert VA, Crous PW, Groenewald JZ, Kang S, Geiser DM. Phylogenetic analyses of RPB1 and RPB2 support a middle Cretaceous origin for a clade comprising all agriculturally and medically important fusaria. Fungal Genet Biol 2013; 52:20-31. [DOI: 10.1016/j.fgb.2012.12.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 284] [Impact Index Per Article: 25.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2012] [Revised: 12/14/2012] [Accepted: 12/20/2012] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
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Van Thuat N, Schäfer W, Bormann J. The stress-activated protein kinase FgOS-2 is a key regulator in the life cycle of the cereal pathogen Fusarium graminearum. MOLECULAR PLANT-MICROBE INTERACTIONS : MPMI 2012; 25:1142-1156. [PMID: 22591226 DOI: 10.1094/mpmi-02-12-0047-r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
Fusarium graminearum is one of the most destructive pathogens of cereals and a threat to food and feed production worldwide. It is an ascomycetous plant pathogen and the causal agent of Fusarium head blight disease in small grain cereals and of cob rot disease in maize. Infection with F. graminearum leads to yield losses and mycotoxin contamination. Zearalenone (ZEA) and deoxynivalenol (DON) are hazardous mycotoxins; the latter is necessary for virulence toward wheat. Deletion mutants of the F. graminearum orthologue of the Saccharomyces cerevisiae Hog1 stress-activated protein kinase, FgOS-2 (ΔFgOS-2), showed drastically reduced in planta DON and ZEA production. However, ΔFgOS-2 produced even more DON than the wild type under in vitro conditions, whereas ZEA production was similar to that of the wild type. These deletion strains are dramatically reduced in pathogenicity toward maize and wheat. We constitutively expressed the fluorescent protein dsRed in the deletion strains and the wild type. Microscopic analysis revealed that ΔFgOS-2 is unable to reach the rachis node at the base of wheat spikelets. During vegetative growth, ΔFgOS-2 strains exhibit increased resistance against the phenylpyrrole fludioxonil. Growth of mutant colonies on agar plates supplemented with NaCl is reduced but conidia formation remained unchanged. However, germination of mutant conidia on osmotic media is severely impaired. Germ tubes are swollen and contain multiple nuclei. The deletion mutants completely fail to produce perithecia and ascospores. Furthermore, FgOS-2 also plays a role in reactive oxygen species (ROS)-related signaling. The transcription and activity of fungal catalases is modulated by FgOS-2. Among the genes regulated by FgOS-2, we found a putative calcium-dependent NADPH-oxidase (noxC) and the transcriptional regulator of ROS metabolism, atf1. The present study describes new aspects of stress-activated protein kinase signaling in F. graminearum.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nguyen Van Thuat
- Department of Molecular Phytopathology and Genetics, University of Hamburg, Hamburg, Germany
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Mouradzadegun A, Abadast F. An improved, safe, and efficient conversion of triarylpyrylium perchlorates to corresponding cyanodienones using Amberlite IRA 910[CN]. MONATSHEFTE FUR CHEMIE 2012. [DOI: 10.1007/s00706-012-0825-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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The Wor1-like protein Fgp1 regulates pathogenicity, toxin synthesis and reproduction in the phytopathogenic fungus Fusarium graminearum. PLoS Pathog 2012; 8:e1002724. [PMID: 22693448 PMCID: PMC3364952 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1002724] [Citation(s) in RCA: 91] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2012] [Accepted: 04/16/2012] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
WOR1 is a gene for a conserved fungal regulatory protein controlling the dimorphic switch and pathogenicity determents in Candida albicans and its ortholog in the plant pathogen Fusarium oxysporum, called SGE1, is required for pathogenicity and expression of key plant effector proteins. F. graminearum, an important pathogen of cereals, is not known to employ switching and no effector proteins from F. graminearum have been found to date that are required for infection. In this study, the potential role of the WOR1-like gene in pathogenesis was tested in this toxigenic fungus. Deletion of the WOR1 ortholog (called FGP1) in F. graminearum results in greatly reduced pathogenicity and loss of trichothecene toxin accumulation in infected wheat plants and in vitro. The loss of toxin accumulation alone may be sufficient to explain the loss of pathogenicity to wheat. Under toxin-inducing conditions, expression of genes for trichothecene biosynthesis and many other genes are not detected or detected at lower levels in Δfgp1 strains. FGP1 is also involved in the developmental processes of conidium formation and sexual reproduction and modulates a morphological change that accompanies mycotoxin production in vitro. The Wor1-like proteins in Fusarium species have highly conserved N-terminal regions and remarkably divergent C-termini. Interchanging the N- and C- terminal portions of proteins from F. oxysporum and F. graminearum resulted in partial to complete loss of function. Wor1-like proteins are conserved but have evolved to regulate pathogenicity in a range of fungi, likely by adaptations to the C-terminal portion of the protein.
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Lee J, Myong K, Kim JE, Kim HK, Yun SH, Lee YW. FgVelB globally regulates sexual reproduction, mycotoxin production and pathogenicity in the cereal pathogen Fusarium graminearum. MICROBIOLOGY-SGM 2012; 158:1723-1733. [PMID: 22516221 DOI: 10.1099/mic.0.059188-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
The velvet genes are conserved in ascomycetous fungi and function as global regulators of differentiation and secondary metabolism. Here, we characterized one of the velvet genes, designated FgVelB, in the plant-pathogenic fungus Fusarium graminearum, which causes fusarium head blight in cereals and produces mycotoxins within plants. FgVelB-deleted (ΔFgVelB) strains produced fewer aerial mycelia with less pigmentation than those of the wild-type (WT) during vegetative growth. Under sexual development conditions, the ΔFgVelB strains produced no fruiting bodies but retained male fertility, and conidiation was threefold higher compared with the WT strain. Production of trichothecene and zearalenone was dramatically reduced compared with the WT strain. In addition, the ΔFgVelB strains were incapable of colonizing host plant tissues. Transcript analyses revealed that FgVelB was highly expressed during the sexual development stage, and may be regulated by a mitogen-activated protein kinase cascade. Microarray analysis showed that FgVelB affects regulatory pathways mediated by the mating-type loci and a G-protein alpha subunit, as well as primary and secondary metabolism. These results suggest that FgVelB has diverse biological functions, probably by acting as a member of a possible velvet protein complex, although identification of the FgVelB-FgVeA complex and the determination of its roles require further investigation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jungkwan Lee
- Department of Applied Biology, Dong-A University, Busan 604-714, Republic of Korea
| | - Kilseon Myong
- Department of Agricultural Biotechnology and Center for Fungal Pathogenesis, Seoul National University, Seoul 151-921, Republic of Korea
| | - Jung-Eun Kim
- Department of Agricultural Biotechnology and Center for Fungal Pathogenesis, Seoul National University, Seoul 151-921, Republic of Korea
| | - Hee-Kyoung Kim
- Department of Medical Biotechnology, Soonchunhyang University, Asan 336-745, Republic of Korea
| | - Sung-Hwan Yun
- Department of Medical Biotechnology, Soonchunhyang University, Asan 336-745, Republic of Korea
| | - Yin-Won Lee
- Department of Agricultural Biotechnology and Center for Fungal Pathogenesis, Seoul National University, Seoul 151-921, Republic of Korea
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Balcerzak M, Harris LJ, Subramaniam R, Ouellet T. The feruloyl esterase gene family of Fusarium graminearum is differentially regulated by aromatic compounds and hosts. Fungal Biol 2012; 116:478-88. [DOI: 10.1016/j.funbio.2012.01.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2011] [Revised: 01/10/2012] [Accepted: 01/21/2012] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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Lowe R, Jubault M, Canning G, Urban M, Hammond-Kosack KE. The induction of mycotoxins by trichothecene producing Fusarium species. Methods Mol Biol 2012; 835:439-455. [PMID: 22183670 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-61779-501-5_27] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
In recent years, many Fusarium species have emerged which now threaten the productivity and safety of small grain cereal crops worldwide. During floral infection and post-harvest on stored grains the Fusarium hyphae produce various types of harmful mycotoxins which subsequently contaminate food and feed products. This article focuses specifically on the induction and production of the type B sesquiterpenoid trichothecene mycotoxins. Methods are described which permit in liquid culture the small or large scale production and detection of deoxynivalenol (DON) and its various acetylated derivatives. A wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) ear inoculation assay is also explained which allows the direct comparison of mycotoxin production by species, chemotypes and strains with different growth rates and/or disease-causing abilities. Each of these methods is robust and can be used for either detailed time-course studies or end-point analyses. Various analytical methods are available to quantify the levels of DON, 3A-DON and 15A-DON. Some criteria to be considered when making selections between the different analytical methods available are briefly discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rohan Lowe
- Department of Plant Pathology and Microbiology, Centre for Sustainable Pest and Disease Management, Rothamsted Research, Harpenden, UK
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35
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Lowe RGT, Allwood JW, Galster AM, Urban M, Daudi A, Canning G, Ward JL, Beale MH, Hammond-Kosack KE. A combined ¹H nuclear magnetic resonance and electrospray ionization-mass spectrometry analysis to understand the basal metabolism of plant-pathogenic Fusarium spp. MOLECULAR PLANT-MICROBE INTERACTIONS : MPMI 2010; 23:1605-18. [PMID: 20718668 DOI: 10.1094/mpmi-04-10-0092] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
Many ascomycete Fusarium spp. are plant pathogens that cause disease on both cereal and noncereal hosts. Infection of wheat ears by Fusarium graminearum and F. culmorum typically results in bleaching and a subsequent reduction in grain yield. Also, a large proportion of the harvested grain can be spoiled when the colonizing Fusarium mycelia produce trichothecene mycotoxins, such as deoxynivalenol (DON). In this study, we have explored the intracellular polar metabolome of Fusarium spp. in both toxin-producing and nonproducing conditions in vitro. Four Fusarium spp., including nine well-characterized wild-type field isolates now used routinely in laboratory experimentation, were explored. A metabolic "triple-fingerprint" was recorded using (1)H nuclear magnetic resonance and direct-injection electrospray ionization-mass spectroscopy in both positive- and negative-ionization modes. These combined metabolomic analyses revealed that this technique is sufficient to resolve different wild-type isolates and different growth conditions. Principal components analysis was able to resolve the four species explored-F. graminearum, F. culmorum, F. pseudograminearum, and F. venenatum-as well as individual isolate differences from the same species. The external nutritional environment was found to have a far greater influence on the metabolome than the genotype of the organism. Conserved responses to DON-inducing medium were evident and included increased abundance of key compatible solutes, such as glycerol and mannitol. In addition, the concentration of γ-aminobutyric acid was elevated, indicating that the cellular nitrogen status may be affected by growth on DON-inducing medium.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rohan G T Lowe
- Centre for Sustainable Pest and Disease Management, Department of Plant Pathology and Microbiology, Rothamsted Research, West Common, Harpenden, AL5 2JQ, UK
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Gardiner DM, Kazan K, Manners JM. Novel genes of Fusarium graminearum that negatively regulate deoxynivalenol production and virulence. MOLECULAR PLANT-MICROBE INTERACTIONS : MPMI 2009; 22:1588-1600. [PMID: 19888824 DOI: 10.1094/mpmi-22-12-1588] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
Fusarium head blight of wheat, caused by Fusarium graminearum, is a serious disease resulting in both reduced yields and contamination of grain with trichothecene toxins, with severe consequences for mammalian health. Recently, we have identified several related amine compounds such as agmatine and putrescine that promote the production of high levels of trichothecene toxins, such as deoxynivalenol (DON), in culture by F. graminearum and F. sporotrichioides. Here, a global analysis of fungal gene expression using the Affymetrix Fusarium GeneChip during culture under DON-inducing conditions compared with noninducing conditions is reported. Agmatine differentially regulated a large number of fungal genes, including both known and previously uncharacterized putative secondary metabolite biosynthetic gene clusters. In silico prediction of binding sites for the transcriptional regulator (TRI6) controlling TRI gene expression and gene expression analysis in a TRI6 mutant of F. graminearum showed that three of the differentially regulated genes were under the control of TRI6. Gene knock-out mutations of two of these genes resulted in mutants with massively increased production of DON and increased aggressiveness toward wheat. Our results not only identify a novel mechanism of negative regulation of DON production and virulence in F. graminearum but also point out the potential of this pathogen to evolve with an ability to produce massively increased amounts of toxins and increased virulence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Donald M Gardiner
- CSIRO Plant Industry, Queensland Bioscience Precinct, 306 Carmody Road, St. Lucia, Queensland 4067, Australia.
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Rampitsch C, Subramaniam R, Djuric-Ciganovic S, Bykova NV. The phosphoproteome of Fusarium graminearum
at the onset of nitrogen starvation. Proteomics 2009; 10:124-40. [DOI: 10.1002/pmic.200800399] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
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CLM1 of Fusarium graminearum encodes a longiborneol synthase required for culmorin production. Appl Environ Microbiol 2009; 76:136-41. [PMID: 19880637 DOI: 10.1128/aem.02017-09] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Fusarium graminearum is a fungal pathogen of cereal crops (e.g., wheat, barley, maize) and produces a number of mycotoxins, including 15-acetyldeoxynivalenol, butenolide, zearalenone, and culmorin. To identify a biosynthetic gene for the culmorin pathway, an expressed-sequence-tag database was examined for terpene cyclase genes. A gene designated CLM1 was expressed under trichothecene-inducing conditions. Expression of CLM1 in yeast (Saccharomyces cerevisiae) resulted in the production of a sesquiterpene alcohol, longiborneol, which has the same ring structure as culmorin. Gene disruption and add-back experiments in F. graminearum showed that CLM1 was required for culmorin biosynthesis. CLM1 gene disruptants were able to convert exogenously added longiborneol to culmorin. Longiborneol accumulated transiently in culmorin-producing strains. The results indicate that CLM1 encodes a longiborneol synthase and is required for culmorin biosynthesis in F. graminearum.
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Foroud NA, Eudes F. Trichothecenes in cereal grains. Int J Mol Sci 2009; 10:147-173. [PMID: 19333439 PMCID: PMC2662451 DOI: 10.3390/ijms10010147] [Citation(s) in RCA: 129] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2008] [Revised: 12/16/2008] [Accepted: 01/05/2009] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Trichothecenes are sesquiterpenoid mycotoxins associated with fusarium head blight (FHB) of cereals, with worldwide economic and health impacts. While various management strategies have been proposed to reduce the mycotoxin risk, breeding towards FHB-resistance appears to be the most effective means to manage the disease, and reduce trichothecene contamination of cereal-based food products. This review provides a brief summary of the trichothecene synthesis in Fusarium species, their toxicity in plants and humans, followed by the current methods of screening and breeding for resistance to FHB and trichothecene accumulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nora A. Foroud
- Lethbridge Research Centre, Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, 5403 1 Avenue South, Lethbridge, AB, Canada T1J 4B1. E-Mail:
- Michael Smith Laboratories, The University of British Columbia, #301 - 2185 East Mall, Vancouver, B.C., Canada V6T 1Z4
| | - François Eudes
- Lethbridge Research Centre, Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, 5403 1 Avenue South, Lethbridge, AB, Canada T1J 4B1. E-Mail:
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Taylor RD, Saparno A, Blackwell B, Anoop V, Gleddie S, Tinker NA, Harris LJ. Proteomic analyses of Fusarium graminearum grown under mycotoxin-inducing conditions. Proteomics 2008; 8:2256-65. [PMID: 18452225 DOI: 10.1002/pmic.200700610] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
Non-gel-based quantitative proteomics technology was used to profile protein expression differences when Fusarium graminearum was induced to produce trichothecenes in vitro. As F. graminearum synthesizes and secretes trichothecenes early in the cereal host invasion process, we hypothesized that proteins contributing to infection would also be induced under conditions favouring mycotoxin synthesis. Protein samples were extracted from three biological replicates of a time course study and subjected to iTRAQ (isobaric tags for relative and absolute quantification) analysis. Statistical analysis of a filtered dataset of 435 proteins revealed 130 F. graminearum proteins that exhibited significant changes in expression, of which 72 were upregulated relative to their level at the initial phase of the time course. There was good agreement between upregulated proteins identified by 2-D PAGE/MS/MS and iTRAQ. RT-PCR and northern hybridization confirmed that genes encoding proteins which were upregulated based on iTRAQ were also transcriptionally active under mycotoxin producing conditions. Numerous candidate pathogenicity proteins were identified using this technique. These will provide leads in the search for mechanisms and markers of host invasion and novel antifungal targets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rebecca D Taylor
- Eastern Cereal and Oilseed Research Centre, Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
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