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Matsuzaka R, Yamaguchi H, Ohira C, Kurita T, Iwashita N, Takagi Y, Nishino T, Noda K, Sugita K, Kushiro M, Miyake S, Fukuyama T. Sub-acute oral exposure to lowest observed adverse effect level of nivalenol exacerbates atopic dermatitis in mice via direct activation of mitogen-activated protein kinase signal in antigen-presenting cells. Arch Toxicol 2024:10.1007/s00204-024-03740-3. [PMID: 38616237 DOI: 10.1007/s00204-024-03740-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2024] [Accepted: 03/18/2024] [Indexed: 04/16/2024]
Abstract
This study investigated the immunotoxic effects of the mycotoxin nivalenol (NIV) using antigen-presenting cells and a mouse model of atopic dermatitis (AD). In vitro experiments were conducted using a mouse macrophage cell line (RAW 264.7) and mouse dendritic cell line (DC 2.4). After cells were exposed to NIV (0.19-5 µmol) for 24 h, the production of pro-inflammatory cytokines (IL-1β, IL-6, and TNFα) was quantified. To further investigate the inflammatory cytokine production pathway, the possible involvement of mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) pathways, such as ERK1/2, p-38, and JNK, in NIV exposure was analyzed using MAPK inhibitors and phosphorylation analyses. In addition, the pro-inflammatory effects of oral exposure to NIV at low concentrations (1 or 5 ppm) were evaluated in an NC/Nga mouse model of hapten-induced AD. In vitro experiments demonstrated that exposure to NIV significantly enhanced the production of TNFα. In addition, it also directly induced the phosphorylation of MAPK, indicated by the inhibition of TNFα production following pretreatment with MAPK inhibitors. Oral exposure to NIV significantly exacerbated the symptoms of AD, including a significant increase in helper T cells and IgE-produced B cells in auricular lymph nodes and secretion of pro-inflammatory cytokines, such as IL-4, IL-5, and IL-13, compared with the vehicle control group. Our findings indicate that exposure to NIV directly enhanced the phosphorylation of ERK1/2, p-38, and JNK, resulting in a significant increase in TNFα production in antigen-presenting cells, which is closely related to the development of atopic dermatitis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Reo Matsuzaka
- School of Veterinary Medicine, Azabu University, 1-17-71 Fuchinobe, Chuo-Ku, Sagamihara, Kanagawa, Japan
| | - Hiroki Yamaguchi
- School of Veterinary Medicine, Azabu University, 1-17-71 Fuchinobe, Chuo-Ku, Sagamihara, Kanagawa, Japan
| | - Chiharu Ohira
- School of Veterinary Medicine, Azabu University, 1-17-71 Fuchinobe, Chuo-Ku, Sagamihara, Kanagawa, Japan
| | - Tomoe Kurita
- School of Veterinary Medicine, Azabu University, 1-17-71 Fuchinobe, Chuo-Ku, Sagamihara, Kanagawa, Japan
| | - Naoki Iwashita
- School of Veterinary Medicine, Azabu University, 1-17-71 Fuchinobe, Chuo-Ku, Sagamihara, Kanagawa, Japan
- Bioalch Co., Ltd, 3-28 Honshuku-Cho, Fuchu, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Yoshiichi Takagi
- School of Veterinary Medicine, Azabu University, 1-17-71 Fuchinobe, Chuo-Ku, Sagamihara, Kanagawa, Japan
- Japan SLC, Inc, 85 Ohara-Cho, Chuo-Ku, Hamamatsu, Shizuoka, Japan
| | - Tomomi Nishino
- School of Life and Environmental Science, Azabu University, 1-17-71 Fuchinobe, Chuo-Ku, Sagamihara, Kanagawa, Japan
| | - Kyoko Noda
- School of Life and Environmental Science, Azabu University, 1-17-71 Fuchinobe, Chuo-Ku, Sagamihara, Kanagawa, Japan
- Department of Nutrition and Food Science, Ochanomizu University, 2-1-1, Otsuka, Bunkyo-Ku, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Kazutoshi Sugita
- School of Veterinary Medicine, Azabu University, 1-17-71 Fuchinobe, Chuo-Ku, Sagamihara, Kanagawa, Japan
| | - Masayo Kushiro
- Institute of Food Research, National Agriculture and Food Research Organization (NARO), 2-1-12 Kannondai, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, 305-8642, Japan
| | - Shiro Miyake
- School of Life and Environmental Science, Azabu University, 1-17-71 Fuchinobe, Chuo-Ku, Sagamihara, Kanagawa, Japan
| | - Tomoki Fukuyama
- School of Veterinary Medicine, Azabu University, 1-17-71 Fuchinobe, Chuo-Ku, Sagamihara, Kanagawa, Japan.
- Center for Human and Animal Symbiosis Science, Azabu University, 1-17-71 Fuchinobe, Chuo-Ku, Sagamihara, Kanagawa, Japan.
- Laboratory of Veterinary Pharmacology, Azabu University, 1-17-71, Fuchinobe, Chuo-Ku, Sagamihara, Kanagawa, 252-5201, Japan.
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Zhang JY, Zhang MY, Xiao SY, Zheng MF, Wang JL, Sun SC, Qin L. Nivalenol disrupts mitochondria functions during porcine oocyte meiotic maturation. Toxicon 2023:107223. [PMID: 37437783 DOI: 10.1016/j.toxicon.2023.107223] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2023] [Revised: 06/29/2023] [Accepted: 07/09/2023] [Indexed: 07/14/2023]
Abstract
Oocyte maturation is important for fertility in mammals, since the quality of oocytes directly affects fertilization, embryo attachment and survival. Nivalenol is widely present in nature as a common toxin that contaminates grain and feed, and it has been reported to cause acute toxicity, immunotoxicity, reproductive toxicity and carcinogenic effects. In this study, we explored the impact of nivalenol on the porcine oocyte maturation and its possible mechanisms. The extrusion of the first polar body was significantly inhibited after incubating oocytes with nivalenol. Meanwhile, nivalenol exposure led to the abnormal distribution of mitochondria, aberrant calcium concentration and the reduction of membrane potential caused a significant decrease in the capacity of mitochondria to generate ATP. In addition, nivalenol induced oxidative stress, and the level of ROS was significantly increased in the nivalenol-treated group, which was confirmed by the perturbation of oxidative stress-related genes. We found that nivalenol-treated oocytes showed positive Annexin-V and γH2A.X signals, indicating the occurrence of apoptosis and DNA damage. In all, our data suggest that nivalenol disrupted porcine oocyte maturation through its effects on mitochondria-related oxidative stress, apoptosis and DNA damage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing-Yi Zhang
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, China
| | - Meng-Yao Zhang
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, China
| | - Shi-Yi Xiao
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, China
| | - Mei-Feng Zheng
- Reproductive Medicine, Guangxi Medical and Health Key Discipline Construction Project, The Affiliated Hospital of Youjiang Medical University for Nationalities, Baise, 533000, China
| | - Jun-Li Wang
- Reproductive Medicine, Guangxi Medical and Health Key Discipline Construction Project, The Affiliated Hospital of Youjiang Medical University for Nationalities, Baise, 533000, China
| | - Shao-Chen Sun
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, China.
| | - Li Qin
- Reproductive Medicine, Guangxi Medical and Health Key Discipline Construction Project, The Affiliated Hospital of Youjiang Medical University for Nationalities, Baise, 533000, China.
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Meyer M, Schaumann GE, Muñoz K. How does multiannual plastic mulching in strawberry cultivation influence soil fungi and mycotoxin occurrence in soil? Mycotoxin Res 2022. [PMID: 35316485 DOI: 10.1007/s12550-022-00451-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2021] [Revised: 02/03/2022] [Accepted: 02/17/2022] [Indexed: 12/03/2022]
Abstract
The production of mycotoxins is often interpreted as fungal response to cope with unfavorable growth conditions induced by toxic substances, environmental and biological factors. Soil covers influence soil environment, which consequently can change the abundance and composition of microbial communities. We investigated how plastic coverage (PC) influence soil fungi and mycotoxin occurrence (deoxynivalenol, nivalenol and zearalenone) compared to the traditional straw coverage (SC) in dependence of soil depth and time in a 3-year field experiment in strawberry cultivation. In total, 300 soil samples, resulting from two treatments, three soil layers, and ten sampling dates (n = 5), were analyzed for mycotoxins and ergosterol (proxy for soil fungal biomass) with liquid chromatography high resolution mass spectrometry and high-performance liquid chromatography with UV-detection, respectively. The modified microclimate under PC had no significant influence on fungal biomass, whereas SC promoted fungal biomass in the topsoil due to C-input. Mycotoxins were detected under both cover types in concentrations between 0.3 and 21.8 µg kg−1, mainly during strawberry establishment period and after fungicide application. Deoxynivalenol had the highest detection frequency with 26.3% (nivalenol: 8.3%, zearalenone: 8.7%). This study confirmed the in situ production of mycotoxins in soil, which seems mainly triggered by field treatment (fungicide application) and plant growth stage (establishment period) rather than on mulching type. Further investigations are necessary to better understand the influence of different agricultural practices and soil types on the production and fate of mycotoxins.
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de Arruda MHM, Schwab EDP, Zchonski FL, da Cruz JDF, Tessmann DJ, Da-Silva PR. Production of type-B trichothecenes by Fusarium meridionale, F. graminearum, and F. austroamericanum in wheat plants and rice medium. Mycotoxin Res 2022; 38:1-11. [PMID: 35001349 DOI: 10.1007/s12550-021-00445-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2021] [Revised: 09/30/2021] [Accepted: 12/01/2021] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Food security goes beyond food being available; the food needs to be free of contaminants. Trichothecenes mycotoxins, produced by Fusarium fungus, are. among the most frequently found contaminants of wheat. In this study, we evaluated the production of trichothecenes Deoxynivalenol (DON), 3-acetyldeoxynivalenol (3-AcDON), 15-acetyldeoxynivalenol (15-AcDON), and nivalenol (NIV) by Fusarium meridionale, F. austroamericanum, and F. graminearum grown in wheat plants and rice medium. Fusarim meridionale was efficient only in the production of NIV (production range (pr) from 1340 to 2864 µg kg-1 in wheat plant), and F. austroamericanum in the production of 3-AcDON (pr from 50 to 192 µg kg-1 in wheat plant, and from 986 to 7045 µg kg-1 in rice medium) and DON (pr from 4076 to 13,701 µg kg-1 in wheat plant, and from 184 to 43,395 µg kg-1 in rice medium). Already, F. graminearum was efficient in the production of 3-AcDON only in rice medium (pr from 81 to 2342 µg kg-1), 15-AcDON in wheat plant (pr from 80 to 295 µg kg-1) and in rice medium (pr from 436 to 8597 µg kg-1), and DON also in wheat plant (pr from 7746 to 12,046 µg kg-1) and in rice medium (pr from 695 to 49,624 µg kg-1). The specificity of F. meridionale in the production of NIV but not the production of DON could generate a food security problem in regions where this species occurs and the amounts of NIV in grains and derivatives are not regulated in the food chain, as in Brazil.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Felipe Liss Zchonski
- DNA Laboratory, Universidade Estadual Do Centro-Oeste, UNICENTRO, Guarapuava, PR, 85040-167, Brazil
| | | | - Dauri José Tessmann
- Departamento de Agronomia, Universidade Estadual de Maringá, UEM, Maringá, PR, 87020-900, Brazil
| | - Paulo Roberto Da-Silva
- DNA Laboratory, Universidade Estadual Do Centro-Oeste, UNICENTRO, Guarapuava, PR, 85040-167, Brazil.
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Wang Y, Pan ZN, Xing CH, Zhang HL, Sun SC. Nivalenol affects spindle formation and organelle functions during mouse oocyte maturation. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol 2022; 436:115882. [PMID: 35016910 DOI: 10.1016/j.taap.2022.115882] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2021] [Revised: 12/19/2021] [Accepted: 01/07/2022] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Oocyte maturation is essential for fertilization and early embryo development, and proper organelle functions guarantee this process to maintain high-quality oocytes. The type B trichothecene nivalenol (NIV) is a mycotoxin produced by Fusarium oxysporum and is commonly found in contaminated food. NIV intake affect growth, the immune system, and the female reproductive system. Here, we investigated NIV toxicity on mouse oocyte quality. Transcriptome analysis results showed that NIV exposure altered the expression of multiple genes involved in spindle formation and organelle function in mouse oocytes, indicating its toxicity on mouse oocyte maturation. Further analysis indicated that NIV exposure disrupted spindle structure and chromosome alignment, possibly through tubulin acetylation. NIV exposure induced aberrant mitochondria distribution and reduced mitochondria number, mitochondria membrane potential (MMP), and ATP levels. In addition, NIV caused the abnormal distribution of the Golgi apparatus and altered the expression of the vesicle trafficking protein Rab11. ER distribution was also disturbed under NIV exposure, indicating the effects of NIV on protein modification and transport in oocytes. Thus, our results demonstrated that NIV exposure affected spindle structure and organelles function in mouse oocytes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yue Wang
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China
| | - Zhen-Nan Pan
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China
| | - Chun-Hua Xing
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China
| | - Hao-Lin Zhang
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China
| | - Shao-Chen Sun
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China.
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6
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Zingales V, Fernández-Franzón M, Ruiz MJ. Occurrence, mitigation and in vitro cytotoxicity of nivalenol, a type B trichothecene mycotoxin - Updates from the last decade (2010-2020). Food Chem Toxicol 2021; 152:112182. [PMID: 33838177 DOI: 10.1016/j.fct.2021.112182] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2021] [Revised: 03/30/2021] [Accepted: 04/01/2021] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
The present review aims to give an overview of the literature of the last decade (2010-2020) concerning the occurrence of the type B trichothecene mycotoxin nivalenol (NIV) and its in vitro toxicity, with the purpose of updating information regarding last researches on this mycotoxin. The most recent studies on the possible methods for preventing Fusarium spp. growth and NIV production are also discussed. Recently, various environmental factors have been shown to influence strongly NIV occurrence. However, Fusarium spp. of the NIV genotype have been found almost worldwide. With regard to NIV cytotoxicity, NIV has been reported to cause a marked decrease in cell proliferation in different mammalian cells. In particular, the recent data suggest that organs containing actively proliferating cells represent the main targets of NIV. Moreover, NIV resulted to cause immunosuppression, gastrointestinal toxicity and genotoxicity. However, sufficient evidence of carcinogenicity in humans is currently lacking, and the International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC) classifies it as a group 3 carcinogen. Further researches and the discovery of effective treatment strategies to prevent NIV contamination and to counteract its toxicity are urgently required against this common food-borne threat to human health and livestock.
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Affiliation(s)
- Veronica Zingales
- Laboratory of Food Chemistry and Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Valencia, Av. Vicent Andrés Estellés s/n, 46100, Valencia, Spain.
| | - Mónica Fernández-Franzón
- Laboratory of Food Chemistry and Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Valencia, Av. Vicent Andrés Estellés s/n, 46100, Valencia, Spain
| | - Maria-José Ruiz
- Laboratory of Food Chemistry and Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Valencia, Av. Vicent Andrés Estellés s/n, 46100, Valencia, Spain
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Van der Fels-Klerx HJ, Focker M, De Rijk T, Liu C. Mycotoxins in wheat cultivated in the Netherlands: results from eight years of field surveys. Mycotoxin Res 2021; 37:183-192. [PMID: 33786721 PMCID: PMC8163679 DOI: 10.1007/s12550-021-00427-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2020] [Revised: 03/11/2021] [Accepted: 03/16/2021] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
In the period 2009–2018, an annual field survey with commercial arable farms in the Netherlands was held, to collect data on agronomics of wheat fields as well as mycotoxin concentrations of the specific wheat field at harvest. In total, 293 full farm field records over 8 years were obtained. This study aimed to investigate (i) the occurrence of deoxynivalenol (DON) and other mycotoxins, as well as correlations between these mycotoxins, and (ii) the relationships between agronomics and the DON concentration in wheat kernels for wheat cultivated in the Netherlands. Results showed that mycotoxins most frequently observed in concentrations above the limit of quantification were DON, enniatin B and B1, HT-2 toxin, zearalenone (ZEN) and nivalenol. On average, DON was detected in 54% of the samples (> 50 µg/kg) ranging from 19 to 92% depending on the year. Positive samples (> 50 µg/kg) had DON concentrations ranging 53–15,400 µg/kg, with a median of 228 µg/kg. Co-occurrence between DON and ZEN as well as between each of DON and ZEN with their modified forms was confirmed by the data of this study. The year influenced the DON concentration in wheat the most, followed by the region. The results of this study show that DON levels in wheat can only be influenced in a limited manner by agronomic practices such as the use of fungicides against Fusarium spp. around flowering, crop rotation, or the use of resistant wheat cultivars.
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Affiliation(s)
- H J Van der Fels-Klerx
- Wageningen Food Safety Research, Akkermaalsbos 2, Wageningen, 6708 WB, The Netherlands.
- Business Economics Group, Hollandseweg 1, Wageningen, 6706 KN, The Netherlands.
| | - Marlous Focker
- Business Economics Group, Hollandseweg 1, Wageningen, 6706 KN, The Netherlands
| | - Theo De Rijk
- Wageningen Food Safety Research, Akkermaalsbos 2, Wageningen, 6708 WB, The Netherlands
| | - Cheng Liu
- Wageningen Food Safety Research, Akkermaalsbos 2, Wageningen, 6708 WB, The Netherlands
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Palacios SA, Del Canto A, Erazo J, Torres AM. Fusarium cerealis causing Fusarium head blight of durum wheat and its associated mycotoxins. Int J Food Microbiol 2021; 346:109161. [PMID: 33773354 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijfoodmicro.2021.109161] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2020] [Revised: 02/19/2021] [Accepted: 03/07/2021] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
Fusarium Head Blight (FHB) is a very important fungal disease that affects small grain cereals worldwide. This disease not only causes yield loses but also crops contamination with mycotoxins such as deoxynivalenol (DON) and nivalenol (NIV). Species within the Fusarium graminearum species complex have been described as the main causal agents of this disease, however lately there have been few reports of Fusarium cerealis causing the disease in wheat and barley in different parts of the world. This study evaluated the aggressiveness of F. cerealis to durum wheat cultivars and also mycotoxin production in planta. Moreover, the mycotoxin profile of F. cerealis strains was characterized molecularly and chemically. All durum wheat cultivars showed typical FHB symptoms but the disease severity varied among them in levels up to 66%. In addition, seventeen different compounds were detected in the infected heads including DON, NIV and nivalenol-3-β-d-glucose (NIV3G). NIV was detected in all cultivars and was the most produced mycotoxin with levels ranging from 1.04 to 6.8 mg/kg. On the other hand, the molecular analysis of F. cerealis strains showed that all of them possessed NIV genotype while the chemical assessment showed that the strains were able to produce not only this toxin in vitro but also DON, zearalenone and other twenty-one secondary metabolites. The increasing incidence of F. cerealis and the possible contamination of crops with the mycotoxins that it produces are of great concern for food security and world cereal trade since it has been reported that NIV is more toxic for humans and animals than DON.
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Affiliation(s)
- S A Palacios
- Research Institute on Mycology and Mycotoxicology (IMICO), National Scientific and Technical Research Council - Argentina (CONICET), Universidad Nacional de Rio Cuarto (UNRC), Ruta 36, Km 601, Río Cuarto 5800, Córdoba, Argentina
| | - A Del Canto
- Research Institute on Mycology and Mycotoxicology (IMICO), National Scientific and Technical Research Council - Argentina (CONICET), Universidad Nacional de Rio Cuarto (UNRC), Ruta 36, Km 601, Río Cuarto 5800, Córdoba, Argentina
| | - J Erazo
- Research Institute on Mycology and Mycotoxicology (IMICO), National Scientific and Technical Research Council - Argentina (CONICET), Universidad Nacional de Rio Cuarto (UNRC), Ruta 36, Km 601, Río Cuarto 5800, Córdoba, Argentina
| | - A M Torres
- Research Institute on Mycology and Mycotoxicology (IMICO), National Scientific and Technical Research Council - Argentina (CONICET), Universidad Nacional de Rio Cuarto (UNRC), Ruta 36, Km 601, Río Cuarto 5800, Córdoba, Argentina.
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9
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Aupanun S, Poapolathep S, Phuektes P, Giorgi M, Zhang Z, Oswald IP, Poapolathep A. Individual and combined mycotoxins deoxy nivalenol, nivalenol, and fusarenon-X induced apoptosis in lymphoid tissues of mice after oral exposure. Toxicon 2019; 165:83-94. [PMID: 31054920 DOI: 10.1016/j.toxicon.2019.04.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2019] [Revised: 04/15/2019] [Accepted: 04/24/2019] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Lymphocytes are involved in the adaptive immune response and are highly sensitive to type B trichothecenes. In grains and their products, deoxynivalenol (DON) is the most widely distributed trichothecene. It usually co-occurs with other type B members, such as nivalenol (NIV) and fusarenon-X (FX), because they are all produced by the same Fusarium fungi. However, the combined effects of mycotoxins are complex and cannot be predicted based on individual toxicity. Thus, the adverse effects of combined toxins are of increasing concern. The aim of this study was to compare the toxicity to lymphoid tissues of mice of DON alone or mixed with NIV or FX. Forty, 3-week-old male ICR mice were given a single oral administration of a vehicle control, one toxin, binary, or ternary mixtures and then sacrificed at 12 h after exposure. Mice treated with FX alone showed marked nuclear condensation and fragmentation of lymphocytes in the cortical thymus and germinal center of Peyer's patches and spleen. Similarly, these animals clearly displayed TUNEL- and Caspase-3-positive cells in the regions. In contrast, minimal changes were noticed in the lymphoid tissues of mice receiving combined toxins when compared to this toxin alone. In addition, oral exposure to FX alone significantly up-regulated the relative expression of Bax, Caspase-3, Caspase-9, and Trp53. These data increase our understanding of the toxic actions of DON, NIV, and FX alone or in combination to lymphocytes and can be used to assess the possible risk associated with their co-occurrences in foodstuffs to human and animal health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sawinee Aupanun
- .Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Kasetsart University, Bangkok, 10900, Thailand; Center for Advanced Studies for Agriculture and Food, KU Institute for Advanced Studies, Kasetsart University, CASAF, NRU-KU, Bangkok, 10900, Thailand
| | - Saranya Poapolathep
- .Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Kasetsart University, Bangkok, 10900, Thailand; Center for Advanced Studies for Agriculture and Food, KU Institute for Advanced Studies, Kasetsart University, CASAF, NRU-KU, Bangkok, 10900, Thailand
| | - Patchara Phuektes
- Department of Pathobiology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Khonkaen University, Khonkaen, 40002, Thailand
| | - Mario Giorgi
- Department of Veterinary Sciences, University of Pisa, Via Livornese, San Piero a Grado, 56122, Pisa, Italy
| | - Zhaowei Zhang
- Oil Crops Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Wuhan, 430062, China
| | - Isabelle P Oswald
- Toxalim (Research Centre in Food Toxicology), Université de Toulouse, INRA, ENVT, INP-Purpan, UPS, Toulouse, France
| | - Amnart Poapolathep
- .Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Kasetsart University, Bangkok, 10900, Thailand; Center for Advanced Studies for Agriculture and Food, KU Institute for Advanced Studies, Kasetsart University, CASAF, NRU-KU, Bangkok, 10900, Thailand.
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10
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Rybecky AI, Chulze SN, Chiotta ML. Effect of water activity and temperature on growth and trichothecene production by Fusarium meridionale. Int J Food Microbiol 2018; 285:69-73. [PMID: 30056348 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijfoodmicro.2018.07.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2018] [Revised: 07/21/2018] [Accepted: 07/23/2018] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Fusarium meridionale has been frequently isolated from soybean in Argentina and showed similar pathogenicity as F. graminearum sensu stricto. However, no data on their growth and mycotoxin production under different environmental conditions are yet available. The aims of this study were: to determine the effect of temperature, water activity (aW) and strain on growth of F. meridionale and to evaluate deoxynivalenol (DON) and nivalenol (NIV) production in a soybean based medium. The results showed that optimal conditions for F. meridionale growth were at 25 °C and 0.98-0.99 aW. Deoxynivalenol production was favored at 25 °C and 0.96 aW while NIV production was strain-dependent, being 30 °C and 0.98 aW optimal conditions for F. meridionale B2300 strain and 20 °C and 0.98 aW for F. meridionale F5043 and F. meridionale 5048 strains. These conditions are similar to those observed at pre-harvest stage in soybean crop, thus control strategies need to be considered to reduce the risk of the occurrence of DON and NIV in harvested grains.
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Affiliation(s)
- A I Rybecky
- Departamento de Microbiología e Inmunología, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas Físico-Químicas y Naturales, Universidad Nacional de Río Cuarto, Río Cuarto, Córdoba, Argentina
| | - S N Chulze
- Departamento de Microbiología e Inmunología, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas Físico-Químicas y Naturales, Universidad Nacional de Río Cuarto, Río Cuarto, Córdoba, Argentina
| | - M L Chiotta
- Departamento de Microbiología e Inmunología, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas Físico-Químicas y Naturales, Universidad Nacional de Río Cuarto, Río Cuarto, Córdoba, Argentina.
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Phruksawan W, Poapolathep S, Giorgi M, Imsilp K, Sakulthaew C, Owen H, Poapolathep A. Toxicokinetic profile of fusarenon-X and its metabolite nivalenol in the goat (Capra hircus). Toxicon 2018; 153:78-84. [PMID: 30172791 DOI: 10.1016/j.toxicon.2018.08.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2018] [Revised: 08/21/2018] [Accepted: 08/27/2018] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
Abstract
The main aim of this research was to evaluate the toxicokinetic characteristics of fusarenon-X (FX) and its metabolite, nivalenol (NIV), in goats. The amounts of FX and NIV in post-mitochondrial (S-9), microsomal and cytosolic fractions of diverse tissues of the goat were also investigated. FX was intravenously (iv) or orally (po) administered to goats at dosages of 0.25 and 1 mg/kg bw, respectively. The concentrations of FX and NIV in plasma, feces and urine were quantified by liquid chromatography tandem-mass spectrometry (LC-ESI-MS/MS). The concentrations of FX in plasma were quantified up to 8 h with both routes of administration. A large amount of NIV (metabolite) was quantifiable in plasma, urine and feces after both administrations. The Cmax value of FX was 413.39 ± 206.84 ng/ml after po administration. The elimination half-life values were 1.64 ± 0.32 h and 4.69 ± 1.25 h after iv and po administration, respectively. In vitro experiments showed that the conversion FX-to-NIV mainly occurs in the liver microsomal fraction. This is the first study that evaluates the fate and metabolism of FX in ruminant species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wanchalerm Phruksawan
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Kasetsart University, Bangkok, 10900, Thailand
| | - Saranya Poapolathep
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Kasetsart University, Bangkok, 10900, Thailand
| | - Mario Giorgi
- Department of Veterinary Sciences, University of Pisa, Via Livornese (lato monte), San Piero a Grado, 56122, Pisa, Italy
| | - Kanjana Imsilp
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Kasetsart University, Bangkok, 10900, Thailand
| | | | - Helen Owen
- Department of Veterinary Sciences, Gatton, Brisbane, University of Queensland, Australia
| | - Amnart Poapolathep
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Kasetsart University, Bangkok, 10900, Thailand.
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12
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Gorczyca A, Oleksy A, Gala-Czekaj D, Urbaniak M, Laskowska M, Waśkiewicz A, Stępień Ł. Fusarium head blight incidence and mycotoxin accumulation in three durum wheat cultivars in relation to sowing date and density. Naturwissenschaften 2017; 105:2. [PMID: 29209889 PMCID: PMC5717115 DOI: 10.1007/s00114-017-1528-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2017] [Revised: 11/24/2017] [Accepted: 11/27/2017] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Durum wheat (Triticum turgidum var. durum) is an important crop in Europe, particularly in the Mediterranean countries. Fusarium head blight (FHB) is considered as one of the most damaging diseases, resulting in yield and quality reduction as well as contamination of grain with mycotoxins. Three winter durum wheat cultivars originating from Austria, Slovakia, and Poland were analyzed during 2012-2014 seasons for FHB incidence and Fusarium mycotoxin accumulation in harvested grain. Moreover, the effects of sowing density and delayed sowing date were evaluated in the climatic conditions of Southern Poland. Low disease severity was observed in 2011/2012 in all durum wheat cultivars analyzed, and high FHB occurrence was recorded in 2012/2013 and 2013/2014 seasons. Fusarium graminearum was the most abundant pathogen, followed by Fusarium avenaceum. Through all three seasons, cultivar Komnata was the most susceptible to FHB and to mycotoxin accumulation, while cultivars Auradur and IS Pentadur showed less symptoms. High susceptibility of cv. Komnata was reflected by the number of Fusarium isolates and elevated mycotoxin (deoxynivalenol, zearalenone, and moniliformin) content in the grain of this cultivar across all three seasons. Nivalenol was identified in the samples of cv. Komnata only. Genotype-dependent differences in FHB susceptibility were observed for the plants sown at optimal date but not at delayed sowing date. It can be hypothesized that cultivars bred in Austria and Slovakia show less susceptibility towards FHB than the cultivar from Poland because of the environmental conditions allowing for more efficient selection of breeding materials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Gorczyca
- Department of Agricultural Environment Protection, Agricultural University in Kraków, Mickiewicza 21, 31-120, Kraków, Poland
| | - Andrzej Oleksy
- Institute of Plant Production, Agricultural University in Kraków, Mickiewicza 21, 31-120, Kraków, Poland
| | - Dorota Gala-Czekaj
- Department of Agrotechnology and Agricultural Ecology, Agricultural University in Kraków, Mickiewicza 21, 31-120, Kraków, Poland
| | - Monika Urbaniak
- Department of Pathogen Genetics and Plant Resistance, Institute of Plant Genetics, Polish Academy of Sciences, Strzeszyńska 34, 60-479, Poznań, Poland
| | - Magdalena Laskowska
- Department of Chemistry, Poznań University of Life Sciences, Wojska Polskiego 75, 60-625, Poznań, Poland
| | - Agnieszka Waśkiewicz
- Department of Chemistry, Poznań University of Life Sciences, Wojska Polskiego 75, 60-625, Poznań, Poland
| | - Łukasz Stępień
- Department of Pathogen Genetics and Plant Resistance, Institute of Plant Genetics, Polish Academy of Sciences, Strzeszyńska 34, 60-479, Poznań, Poland.
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Wang CL, Cheng YH. Identification and trichothecene genotypes of Fusarium graminearum species complex from wheat in Taiwan. Bot Stud 2017; 58:4. [PMID: 28510187 PMCID: PMC5430562 DOI: 10.1186/s40529-016-0156-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2016] [Accepted: 12/12/2016] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Fusarium head blight (FHB) of wheat caused by Fusarium graminearum species complex (FGSC) is a devastating disease worldwide. The pathogens not only reduce the yield of wheat, but also impact the quality of wheat by contamination with trichothecene mycotoxins. A systematic investigation on the pathogens of FHB in Taiwan is lacking. Here, molecular and morphological approaches were used to identify species of the Taiwanese FGSC isolates and determine their trichothecene genotypes. RESULTS In this study, a total of 195 isolates of FGSC from diseased wheat were collected from 8 areas of northern and central Taiwan. All isolates were subjected to seedling inoculation for verification of pathogenicity. The pathogenic isolates were genetically characterized by sequence characterized amplified region (SCAR), PCR- restriction fragment length polymorphism (RFLP), phylogenetic analysis and fixed nucleotides to clarify their phylogenetic species, and by PCR assays of TRI genes to determine trichothecene genotypes. They were identified as F. asiaticum, F. graminearum sensu stricto, F. meridionale and an unknown species. Isolates of F. asiaticum were the major causal agents (98%) in this investigated population and were comprised of SCAR type 5 (75%), SCAR type 4 (21%) and SCAR type 3 (2%). Their trichothecene genotypes were either 15-acetyl-deoxynivalenol (15-ADON) (83%) or nivalenol (NIV) genotype (17%). These genetic characterizations indicated that F. asiaticum (15-ADON SCAR type 5) accounts for 60% of this Taiwanese population. Virulence assay on wheat heads indicated virulence of F. asiaticum isolates in subpopulations divided by SCAR types or trichothecene genotypes were comparable, suggesting other factors influence the unequal subpopulation sizes. CONCLUSIONS This is the first study that FGSC isolates in Taiwan were systematically collected and characterized. In addition to F. graminearum sensu stricto and F. meridionale, F. asiaticum with 15-ADON genotype was identified as the predominate species in Taiwan. In contrast to Chinese and Japanese populations that F. asiaticum isolates were typically of 3-ADON or NIV genotype, the predominate 15-ADON genotype in Taiwanese population was unique among F. asiaticum populations and represented the southernmost 15-ADON genotype population in East Asia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chih-Li Wang
- Department of Plant Pathology, National Chung Hsing University, Taichung, 40227 Taiwan
| | - Yi-Hong Cheng
- Department of Plant Pathology, National Chung Hsing University, Taichung, 40227 Taiwan
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14
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Abedi-Tizaki M, Zafari D. Geographic distribution of phylogenetic species of the Fusarium graminearum species complex and their 8-ketotrichothecene chemotypes on wheat spikes in Iran. Mycotoxin Res 2017; 33:245-259. [PMID: 28612272 DOI: 10.1007/s12550-017-0283-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/01/2017] [Revised: 05/27/2017] [Accepted: 05/30/2017] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
Isolates of the Fusarium graminearum species complex (FGSC, n = 446) were collected from wheat spikes from northern and western regions of Iran with a history of Fusarium head blight (FHB) occurrences. The trichothecene mycotoxin genotypes/chemotypes, the associated phylogenetic species, and geographical distribution of these isolates were analyzed. Two phylogenetic species, Fusarium asiaticum and F. graminearum, were identified and were found to belong to sequence characterized amplified region (SCAR) groups V and I. Isolates from F. asiaticum species lineage 6 were within SCAR group V, whereas F. graminearum species lineage 7 were of SCAR group I. Of the 446 isolates assayed, 274 were F. asiaticum species predominantly of the nivalenol (NIV) genotype, while other isolates were either deoxynivalenol (DON) plus 3-acetyldeoxynivalenol (3-AcDON) or DON plus 15-acetyldeoxynivalenol (15-AcDON) genotype. Based on Tri7 gene sequences, a new subpopulation of 15-AcDON producers was observed among F. asiaticum strains in which 11-bp repeats were absent in the Tri7 sequences. The trichothecene chemotype was confirmed and quantified by high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) in 46 FGSC isolates. Isolates produced NIV (33.4-108.2 μg/g) and DON (64.7-473.6 μg/g) plus either 3-AcDON (51.4-142.4 μg/g) or 15-AcDON (24.1-99.3 μg/g). Among FGSC isolates, F. asiaticum produced the highest levels of trichothecenes. Using BIOCLIM based on the climate data of 20-year during 1994-2014, modelling geographical distribution of FGSC showed that F. asiaticum was restricted to warmer and humid areas with a median value of mean annual temperature of about 17.5 °C and annual rainfall of 658 mm, respectively (P < 0.05). In contrast, F. graminearum (only 15-AcDON producers) was restricted to cooler and drier areas, with a median value of the mean annual temperature of 14.4 °C and an annual rainfall of 384 mm, respectively (P < 0.05). Based on climate parameters at anthesis, the recorded distribution of F. graminearum and F. asiaticum was similar to that based on BIOCLIM parameters. Therefore, geographic differences on the wheat-growing areas in Iran have had a significant effect on distribution of FGSC and their trichothecene chemotypes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mostafa Abedi-Tizaki
- Department of Plant Protection, College of Agriculture, Buali Sina University, Hamedan, Iran
| | - Doustmorad Zafari
- Department of Plant Protection, College of Agriculture, Buali Sina University, Hamedan, Iran.
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Gratz SW, Dinesh R, Yoshinari T, Holtrop G, Richardson AJ, Duncan G, MacDonald S, Lloyd A, Tarbin J. Masked trichothecene and zearalenone mycotoxins withstand digestion and absorption in the upper GI tract but are efficiently hydrolyzed by human gut microbiota in vitro. Mol Nutr Food Res 2017; 61. [PMID: 27921366 DOI: 10.1002/mnfr.201600680] [Citation(s) in RCA: 74] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2016] [Revised: 11/01/2016] [Accepted: 11/24/2016] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
SCOPE Cereal grains are commonly contaminated with Fusarium mycotoxins and their plant-derived masked metabolites. The fate of masked mycotoxins in the human gut is poorly understood. Here we assess the metabolism and transport of glucoside metabolites of common trichothecenes (deoxynivalenol, nivalenol, T-2 toxin) and zearalenone compounds (zearalenone, α- and β-zearalenol) in the human gut in vitro. METHODS AND RESULTS Masked mycotoxins were incubated with artificial digestive juices and absorption was assessed in differentiated Caco-2/TC7 cells. Colonic metabolism was studied using fecal batch cultures from five donors and mycotoxins were detected using LC-MS/MS. All masked mycotoxins were stable under upper GI tract conditions and no absorption was observed. Free trichothecenes were absorbed intact whereas free zearalenone compounds were absorbed and metabolized to undetected compounds by Caco-2/TC7 cells. Human gut microbiota efficiently hydrolyzed all masked mycotoxins. Trichothecenes were fully recovered as parent mycotoxins whereas 40-70% of zearalenone compounds were further metabolized to unknown metabolites. CONCLUSION Our results demonstrate that masked trichothecenes will reach the colon intact to be released as parent mycotoxins by gut microbiota, hence contributing to mycotoxin exposure. Masked zearalenone compounds are metabolized by gut microbiota and epithelial cells and the identity and toxicity of metabolites remain to be determined.
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Affiliation(s)
- Silvia W Gratz
- Rowett Institute of Nutrition and Health, University of Aberdeen, UK
| | - Reshma Dinesh
- Rowett Institute of Nutrition and Health, University of Aberdeen, UK
| | - Tomoya Yoshinari
- Division of Microbiology, National Institute of Health Sciences, Japan
| | | | | | - Gary Duncan
- Rowett Institute of Nutrition and Health, University of Aberdeen, UK
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16
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Ezekiel CN, Sulyok M, Somorin Y, Odutayo FI, Nwabekee SU, Balogun AT, Krska R. Mould and mycotoxin exposure assessment of melon and bush mango seeds, two common soup thickeners consumed in Nigeria. Int J Food Microbiol 2016; 237:83-91. [PMID: 27543818 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijfoodmicro.2016.08.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2016] [Revised: 07/22/2016] [Accepted: 08/12/2016] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
An examination of the mould and fungal metabolite pattern in melon and bush mango seeds locally produced in Nigeria was undertaken in order to understand the mycotoxicological risk posed to consumers of both of these important and commonly consumed soup thickeners. The variation in mycotoxin levels in graded categories of both foodstuffs were also determined. Aspergillus, Fusarium, Penicillium, Mucorales and Trichoderma were the recovered fungi from the foodstuffs with Aspergillus species dominating (melon=97.8%; bush mango=89.9%). Among the Aspergillus species identified Aspergillus section Flavi dominated (melon: 72%; bush mango: 57%) and A. flavus, A. parasiticus, A. parvisclerotigenus and A. tamarii were the recovered species. About 56% and 73% of the A. flavus isolates from melon and bush mango seed samples, respectively were aflatoxigenic. Thirty-four and 59 metabolites including notable mycotoxins were found in the melon and bush mango seeds respectively. Mean aflatoxin levels (μg/kg) in melon (aflatoxin B1 (AFB1)=37.5 and total aflatoxins=142) and bush mango seeds (AFB1=68.1 and total aflatoxins=61.7) were higher than other mycotoxins, suggesting potential higher exposure for consumer populations. Significantly (p<0.05) higher levels of mycotoxins were found in hand-peeled melon and discoloured bush mango seeds than in machine-peeled melon and non-discoloured seeds except for HT-2 and T-2 toxins which occurred conversely. All melon and bush mango seeds exceeded the 2μg/kg AFB1 limit whereas all melon and 55% of bush mango seeds exceeded the 4μg/kg total aflatoxin EU limit adopted in Nigeria. This is the first report of (1) mycotoxin co-occurrence in bush mango seeds, (2) cyclopiazonic acid, HT-2 toxin, moniliformin, mycophenolic acid, T-2 toxin and tenuazonic acid occurrence, and (3) mycotoxin exposure assessment of both foodstuffs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chibundu N Ezekiel
- Mycology/Mycotoxicology Research Unit, Department of Biosciences and Biotechnology, Babcock University, Ilishan Remo, Ogun State, Nigeria.
| | - Michael Sulyok
- Center for Analytical Chemistry, Department of Agrobiotechnology (IFA-Tulln), University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences Vienna (BOKU), Konrad Lorenzstr. 20, A-3430 Tulln, Austria
| | - Yinka Somorin
- Microbiology, School of Natural Sciences, National University of Ireland, Galway, Ireland
| | - Foluke I Odutayo
- Mycology/Mycotoxicology Research Unit, Department of Biosciences and Biotechnology, Babcock University, Ilishan Remo, Ogun State, Nigeria; Department of Basic Sciences, Babcock University, Ilishan Remo, Ogun State, Nigeria
| | - Stella U Nwabekee
- Mycology/Mycotoxicology Research Unit, Department of Biosciences and Biotechnology, Babcock University, Ilishan Remo, Ogun State, Nigeria
| | - Afeez T Balogun
- Mycology/Mycotoxicology Research Unit, Department of Biosciences and Biotechnology, Babcock University, Ilishan Remo, Ogun State, Nigeria
| | - Rudolf Krska
- Center for Analytical Chemistry, Department of Agrobiotechnology (IFA-Tulln), University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences Vienna (BOKU), Konrad Lorenzstr. 20, A-3430 Tulln, Austria
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Pasquali M, Serchi T, Cocco E, Leclercq CC, Planchon S, Guignard C, Renaut J, Hoffmann L. A Fusarium graminearum strain-comparative proteomic approach identifies regulatory changes triggered by agmatine. J Proteomics 2016; 137:107-16. [PMID: 26585460 DOI: 10.1016/j.jprot.2015.11.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2015] [Revised: 10/15/2015] [Accepted: 11/10/2015] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
UNLABELLED Plant pathogens face different environmental clues depending on the stage of the infection cycle they are in. Fusarium graminearum infects small grain cereals producing trichothecenes type B (TB) that act as virulence factor in the interaction with the plant and have important food safety implications. This study addresses at the proteomic level the effect of an environmental stimulus (such as the presence of a polyamine like agmatine) possibly encountered by the fungus when it is already within the plant. Because biological diversity affects the proteome significantly, a multistrain (n=3) comparative approach was used to identify consistent effects caused on the fungus by the nitrogen source (agmatine or glutamic acid). Proteomics analyses were performed by the use of 2D-DIGE. Results showed that agmatine augmented TB production but not equally in all strains. The polyamine reshaped drastically the proteome of the fungus activating specific pathways linked to the translational control within the cell. Chromatin restructuring, ribosomal regulations, protein and mRNA processing enzymes were modulated by the agmatine stimulus as well as metabolic, structural and virulence-related proteins, suggesting the need to reshape specifically the fungal cell for TB production, a key step for the pathogen spread within the spike. BIOLOGICAL SIGNIFICANCE Induction of toxin synthesis by plant compounds plays a crucial role in toxin contamination of food and feed, in particular trichothecenes type B produced mainly by F. graminearum on wheat. This work describes the level of diversity of 3 strains facing 2 toxin inducing plant derived compounds. This knowledge is of use for the research community on toxigenic Fusarium strains in cereals for understanding the role of fungal diversity in toxin inducibility. This work also suggests that environmental clues that can be found within the plant during infection (like different nitrogen compounds) are crucial stimuli for reshaping the proteome profile and consequently the specialization profiling of the fungus, ultimately leading to very different toxin contamination levels in the plant.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Pasquali
- Department of Environmental Research and Innovation, Luxembourg Institute of Science and Technology, 41, rue du Brill, L-4422, Belvaux, Luxembourg.
| | - T Serchi
- Department of Environmental Research and Innovation, Luxembourg Institute of Science and Technology, 41, rue du Brill, L-4422, Belvaux, Luxembourg
| | - E Cocco
- Department of Environmental Research and Innovation, Luxembourg Institute of Science and Technology, 41, rue du Brill, L-4422, Belvaux, Luxembourg
| | - C C Leclercq
- Department of Environmental Research and Innovation, Luxembourg Institute of Science and Technology, 41, rue du Brill, L-4422, Belvaux, Luxembourg
| | - S Planchon
- Department of Environmental Research and Innovation, Luxembourg Institute of Science and Technology, 41, rue du Brill, L-4422, Belvaux, Luxembourg
| | - C Guignard
- Department of Environmental Research and Innovation, Luxembourg Institute of Science and Technology, 41, rue du Brill, L-4422, Belvaux, Luxembourg
| | - J Renaut
- Department of Environmental Research and Innovation, Luxembourg Institute of Science and Technology, 41, rue du Brill, L-4422, Belvaux, Luxembourg
| | - L Hoffmann
- Department of Environmental Research and Innovation, Luxembourg Institute of Science and Technology, 41, rue du Brill, L-4422, Belvaux, Luxembourg
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18
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Pasquali M, Cocco E, Guignard C, Hoffmann L. The effect of agmatine on trichothecene type B and zearalenone production in Fusarium graminearum, F. culmorum and F. poae. PeerJ 2016; 4:e1672. [PMID: 26893962 PMCID: PMC4756729 DOI: 10.7717/peerj.1672] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2015] [Accepted: 01/19/2016] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Agmatine and other putrescines are known for being strong inducers of deoxynivalenol (DON) production in Fusarium graminearum. Other important species produce DON and/or other trichothecene type B toxins (3 acetylated DON, 15 acetylated DON, Fusarenon-X, Nivalenol), such as F. culmorum and F. poae. In order to verify whether the mechanism of the regulation of trichothecene type B induction by agmatine is shared by different species of Fusarium, we tested the hypothesis on 19 strains belonging to 3 Fusarium species (F. graminearum, F. culmorum, F. poae) with diverse genetic chemotypes (3ADON, 15ADON, NIV) by measuring trichothecene B toxins such as DON, NIV, Fusarenon-X, 3ADON and 15ADON. Moreover, we tested whether other toxins like zearalenone were also boosted by agmatine. The trichothecene type B boosting effect was observed in the majority of strains (13 out of 19) in all the three species. Representative strains from all three genetic chemotypes were able to boost toxin production after agmatine treatment. We identified the non-responding strains to the agmatine stimulus, which may contribute to deciphering the regulatory mechanisms that link toxin production to agmatine (and, more generally, polyamines).
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Affiliation(s)
- Matias Pasquali
- Department of Environmental Research and Innovation, Luxembourg Institute of Science and Technology (LIST) , Belvaux , Luxembourg
| | - Emmanuelle Cocco
- Department of Environmental Research and Innovation, Luxembourg Institute of Science and Technology (LIST) , Belvaux , Luxembourg
| | - Cédric Guignard
- Department of Environmental Research and Innovation, Luxembourg Institute of Science and Technology (LIST) , Belvaux , Luxembourg
| | - Lucien Hoffmann
- Department of Environmental Research and Innovation, Luxembourg Institute of Science and Technology (LIST) , Belvaux , Luxembourg
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Kongkapan J, Giorgi M, Poapolathep S, Isariyodom S, Poapolathep A. Toxicokinetics and tissue distribution of nivalenol in broiler chickens. Toxicon 2015; 111:31-6. [PMID: 26739759 DOI: 10.1016/j.toxicon.2015.12.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2015] [Revised: 12/21/2015] [Accepted: 12/22/2015] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Nivalenol (NIV), a type B trichothecene mycotoxin, is mainly produced by the fungi of Fusarium genus, which naturally occurs in agricultural commodities. Consumers are particularly concerned over the toxicity and safety of NIV in food animal products. To evaluate the toxicokinetics and persistence of residues of NIV, NIV was administered intravenously (iv) or orally (po) to broiler chickens at a dosage of 0.8 mg/kg body weight. The concentration of NIV in the plasma and various tissues was detected using liquid chromatography tandem-mass spectrometry. The plasma concentration of NIV in broilers could be measured up to 24 h and 12 h after iv and po administration, respectively. The value of elimination half-life of NIV was 5.27 ± 0.82 h and 2.51 ± 0.88 h after iv and po administration, respectively. The absolute oral bioavailability was 3.98 ± 0.08%. NIV was detected in the intestine, kidney, muscle, heart and liver after po administration. Regarding tissue residues, largest quantities of NIV were found in the small intestine. These results suggest that NIV is absorbed from the gastrointestinal tract with low bioavailability and it has the ability to diffuse into various tissues of broilers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jutamart Kongkapan
- Interdisciplinary Graduate Program in Agricultural Biotechnology, Graduate School, Kasetsart University, KamphaengSaen Campus, Nakhon Pathom 73140, Thailand
| | - Mario Giorgi
- Department of Veterinary Sciences, University of Pisa, Via Livornese, (lato monte), San Piero a Grado, 56122 Pisa, Italy
| | - Saranya Poapolathep
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Kasetsart University, Bangkok 10900, Thailand
| | - Supaporn Isariyodom
- Department of Animal Science, Faculty of Agriculture, Kasetsart University, Bangkok 10900, Thailand
| | - Amnart Poapolathep
- Interdisciplinary Graduate Program in Agricultural Biotechnology, Graduate School, Kasetsart University, KamphaengSaen Campus, Nakhon Pathom 73140, Thailand; Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Kasetsart University, Bangkok 10900, Thailand.
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Saengtienchai T, Poapolathep S, Isariyodom S, Ikenaka Y, Ishizuka M, Poapolathep A. Toxicokinetics and tissue depletion of Fusarenon-X and its metabolite nivalenol in piglets. Food Chem Toxicol 2014; 66:307-12. [PMID: 24508584 DOI: 10.1016/j.fct.2014.01.053] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2013] [Revised: 01/27/2014] [Accepted: 01/31/2014] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Fusarenon-X (FX) is one of the trichothecene mycotoxins mainly produced by Fusarium crookwellense, which naturally occurs in agricultural commodities such as wheat and barley. To investigate the toxicokinetics of FX and its metabolite nivalenol (NIV), FX was then administered intravenously or orally to piglets at a dosage of 1mg/kg body weight. The concentrations of FX and NIV in the plasma and various tissues were measured using LC-MS/MS. The plasma concentrations of FX in the piglets were determined up to 24h and 48h after iv and po administration, respectively, and the concentration of NIV was detected up to 12h after both types of administration. The Cp(0) of FX was 580.28 ± 140.81 ng/ml after iv administration. The values of t1/2β, Vss and Foral were 1.71 ± 0.74 h, 0.009 ± 0.002 ml and 74.40 ± 18.96%, respectively. FX and NIV were detectable in the vital organs up to 24h after po administration. The peak level of FX in the liver, the kidney, and the spleen, respectively, were 165.95 ± 9.68 ng/g, 66.29 ± 8.48 and 7.35 ± 0.69 ng/g at 3h following po administration. In vitro of liver postmitochondrial fractions with FX demonstrated that the liver and kidney are capable of FX-to-NIV metabolism.
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