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Suárez SE, Rabesona H, Ménard O, Jardin J, Anton M, Cristina Añón M. Dynamic digestion of a high protein beverage based on amaranth: Structural changes and antihypertensive activity. Food Res Int 2024; 187:114416. [PMID: 38763666 DOI: 10.1016/j.foodres.2024.114416] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2023] [Revised: 04/20/2024] [Accepted: 04/22/2024] [Indexed: 05/21/2024]
Abstract
An amaranth beverage (AB) was subjected to a simulated process of dynamic gastrointestinal digestion DIDGI®, a simple two-compartment in vitro dynamic gastrointestinal digestion system. The structural changes caused to the proteins during digestion and the digesta inhibitory capacity of the angiotensin converting enzyme (ACE) were investigated. In gastric compartment the degree of hydrolysis (DH) was 14.7 ± 1.5 % and in the intestinal compartment, proteins were digests in a greater extent (DH = 60.6 ± 8.4 %). Protein aggregation was detected during the gastric phase. The final digesta obtained both at the gastric and intestinal level, showed ACE inhibitory capacity (IC50 80 ± 10 and 140 ± 20 μg/mL, respectively). Purified fractions from these digesta showed even greater inhibitory capacity, being eluted 2 (E2) the most active fraction (IC50 60 ± 10 μg/mL). Twenty-six peptide sequences were identified. Six of them, with potential antihypertensive capacity, belong to A. hypochondriacus, 3 agglutinins and 3 encrypted sequences in the 11S globulin. Results obtained provide new and useful information on peptides released from the digestion of an amaranth based beverage and its ACE bioactivity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Santiago E Suárez
- Centro de Investigación y Desarrollo en Criotecnología de Alimentos (CIDCA), Facultad de Ciencias Exactas, UNLP. CIC. CONICET (Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científica y Técnicas), Calle 47 y 116 - 1900, La Plata, Argentina; INRAE, UR BIA, F-44316 Nantes, France; INRAE, Institut AGRO, STLO, 35042 Rennes, France
| | | | | | | | | | - María Cristina Añón
- Centro de Investigación y Desarrollo en Criotecnología de Alimentos (CIDCA), Facultad de Ciencias Exactas, UNLP. CIC. CONICET (Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científica y Técnicas), Calle 47 y 116 - 1900, La Plata, Argentina.
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2
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Figueroa-Salcido OG, Arámburo-Gálvez JG, Mora-Melgem JA, Camacho-Cervantes DL, Gracia-Valenzuela MH, Cuevas-Rodríguez EO, Ontiveros N. Alcalase-Based Chickpea ( Cicer arietinum L.) Protein Hydrolysates Efficiently Reduce Systolic Blood Pressure in Spontaneously Hypertensive Rats. Foods 2024; 13:1216. [PMID: 38672889 PMCID: PMC11049421 DOI: 10.3390/foods13081216] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2024] [Revised: 04/13/2024] [Accepted: 04/14/2024] [Indexed: 04/28/2024] Open
Abstract
Studies on antihypertensive chickpea protein hydrolysates have rarely performed in vivo evaluations, limiting the entry of such hydrolysates into functional food development and clinical trials. Thus, our aim was to optimize the hydrolysis conditions to produce an alcalase-based chickpea hydrolysate with a hypotensive effect in vivo at convenient oral doses. The hydrolysis reaction time, temperature, and alcalase/substrate concentration were optimized using a response surface analysis (RSA). ACE-I inhibition was the response variable. The optimized hydrolysis conditions were time = 0.5 h, temperature = 40 °C, and E/S concentration = 0.254 (U/g). The IC50 of the optimized hydrolysate (OCPH) was 0.358 mg/mL. Five hydrolysates from the RSA worksheet (one of them obtained after 5 min of hydrolysis (CPH15)) had an ACE-I inhibitory potential similar to that of OCPH (p > 0.05). At 50 mg/kg doses, OCPH and CPH15 promoted a clinically relevant hypotensive effect in spontaneously hypertensive rats, up to -47.35 mmHg and -28.95 mmHg, respectively (p < 0.05 vs. negative control). Furthermore, the hypotensive effect was sustained for at least 7 h post-supplementation. Overall, OCPH and CPH15 are promising ingredients for functional food development and as test materials for clinical trials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Oscar Gerardo Figueroa-Salcido
- Integral Postgraduate Program in Biotechnology, Faculty of Chemical and Biological Sciences, Autonomous University of Sinaloa, Ciudad Universitaria, Culiacan 80010, Sinaloa, Mexico;
| | - Jesús Gilberto Arámburo-Gálvez
- Nutrition Sciences Postgraduate Program, Faculty of Nutrition Sciences, Autonomous University of Sinaloa, Culiacan 80019, Sinaloa, Mexico; (J.G.A.-G.); (J.A.M.-M.); (D.L.C.-C.)
| | - José Antonio Mora-Melgem
- Nutrition Sciences Postgraduate Program, Faculty of Nutrition Sciences, Autonomous University of Sinaloa, Culiacan 80019, Sinaloa, Mexico; (J.G.A.-G.); (J.A.M.-M.); (D.L.C.-C.)
| | - Diana Laura Camacho-Cervantes
- Nutrition Sciences Postgraduate Program, Faculty of Nutrition Sciences, Autonomous University of Sinaloa, Culiacan 80019, Sinaloa, Mexico; (J.G.A.-G.); (J.A.M.-M.); (D.L.C.-C.)
| | | | - Edith Oliva Cuevas-Rodríguez
- Integral Postgraduate Program in Biotechnology, Faculty of Chemical and Biological Sciences, Autonomous University of Sinaloa, Ciudad Universitaria, Culiacan 80010, Sinaloa, Mexico;
| | - Noé Ontiveros
- Nutrition Sciences Postgraduate Program, Faculty of Nutrition Sciences, Autonomous University of Sinaloa, Culiacan 80019, Sinaloa, Mexico; (J.G.A.-G.); (J.A.M.-M.); (D.L.C.-C.)
- Clinical and Research Laboratory (LACIUS, C.N.), Department of Chemical, Biological, and Agricultural Sciences (DC-QB), Faculty of Biological and Health Sciences, University of Sonora, Navojoa 85880, Sonora, Mexico
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3
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Exploration of the Nutritional and Functional Properties of Underutilized Grains as an Alternative Source for the Research of Food-Derived Bioactive Peptides. Nutrients 2023; 15:nu15020351. [PMID: 36678223 PMCID: PMC9864886 DOI: 10.3390/nu15020351] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2022] [Accepted: 01/05/2023] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
The estimated increase in world population will lead to a deterioration in global food security, aggravated in developing countries by hidden hunger resulting from protein deficiency. To reduce or avoid this crisis, a dietary shift towards the consumption of sustainable, nutrient-rich, and calorically efficient food products has been recommended by the FAO and WHO. Plant proteins derived from grains and seeds provide nutritionally balanced diets, improve health status, reduce poverty, enhance food security, and contain several functional compounds. In this review, the current evidence on the nutritional and functional properties of underutilized grains is summarized, focusing on their incorporation into functional foods and the role of their proteins as novel source of bioactive peptides with health benefits.
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4
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Chávez-Ontiveros J, Reyes-Moreno C, Ramírez-Torres GI, Figueroa-Salcido OG, Arámburo-Gálvez JG, Montoya-Rodríguez A, Ontiveros N, Cuevas-Rodríguez EO. Extrusion Improves the Antihypertensive Potential of a Kabuli Chickpea ( Cicer arietinum L.) Protein Hydrolysate. Foods 2022; 11:foods11172562. [PMID: 36076750 PMCID: PMC9455076 DOI: 10.3390/foods11172562] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2022] [Revised: 08/14/2022] [Accepted: 08/22/2022] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Chickpea hydrolysates could have antihypertensive potential, but there are no evaluations in vivo. Thus, the antihypertensive potential of a chickpea protein hydrolysate obtained before and after extrusion (a process that modifies protein digestibility) was evaluated. Protein precipitates were obtained from extruded and unextruded chickpea flours by isoelectric precipitation and hydrolyzed (α-amylase/pepsin/pancreatin). Chemical composition was determined (standard methods). ACE-I inhibition assays were carried out using a colorimetric test. For antihypertensive effect evaluations, spontaneously hypertensive rats (n = 8) received the treatments intragastrically (extruded or unextruded hydrolysate (1.2 g/kg), captopril (25 mg/kg), or water only). Fat, ash, and carbohydrate contents were lower in extruded chickpea flour (p < 0.05 versus unextruded). The protein content varied between protein precipitates (91.03%/78.66% unextruded/extruded (dry basis)) (p < 0.05). The hydrolysates’ IC50 values (mg/mL) were 0.2834 (unextruded)/0.3218 (extruded) (p > 0.05). All treatments lowered the blood pressure (p < 0.05 vs. water). The extruded hydrolysate showed a more potent antihypertensive effect than the unextruded one (p < 0.05), an effect similar to captopril (p > 0.05). The results suggest that protein extrusion can be used to generate protein hydrolysates with improved health benefits. The findings have implications for the design and production of functional foods that could help to prevent hypertension or serve as an adjunct in its treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeanett Chávez-Ontiveros
- Integral Postgraduate Program in Biotechnology, Faculty of Chemical and Biological Sciences, Autonomous University of Sinaloa, Ciudad Universitaria, Culiacan 80010, Mexico
- Postgraduate Program in Food Science and Technology, Faculty of Chemical and Biological Sciences, Autonomous University of Sinaloa, Ciudad Universitaria, Culiacan 80010, Mexico
| | - Cuauhtémoc Reyes-Moreno
- Integral Postgraduate Program in Biotechnology, Faculty of Chemical and Biological Sciences, Autonomous University of Sinaloa, Ciudad Universitaria, Culiacan 80010, Mexico
- Postgraduate Program in Food Science and Technology, Faculty of Chemical and Biological Sciences, Autonomous University of Sinaloa, Ciudad Universitaria, Culiacan 80010, Mexico
| | - Giovanni Isaí Ramírez-Torres
- Faculty of Physical Education and Sports, Autonomous University of Sinaloa, Culiacan 80013, Mexico
- Nutrition Sciences Postgraduate Program, Faculty of Nutrition Sciences, Autonomous University of Sinaloa, Culiacan 80019, Mexico
| | - Oscar Gerardo Figueroa-Salcido
- Integral Postgraduate Program in Biotechnology, Faculty of Chemical and Biological Sciences, Autonomous University of Sinaloa, Ciudad Universitaria, Culiacan 80010, Mexico
- Nutrition Sciences Postgraduate Program, Faculty of Nutrition Sciences, Autonomous University of Sinaloa, Culiacan 80019, Mexico
| | - Jesús Gilberto Arámburo-Gálvez
- Nutrition Sciences Postgraduate Program, Faculty of Nutrition Sciences, Autonomous University of Sinaloa, Culiacan 80019, Mexico
- Postgraduate Program in Health Sciences, Division of Biological and Health Sciences, University of Sonora, Hermosillo 83000, Mexico
| | - Alvaro Montoya-Rodríguez
- Integral Postgraduate Program in Biotechnology, Faculty of Chemical and Biological Sciences, Autonomous University of Sinaloa, Ciudad Universitaria, Culiacan 80010, Mexico
| | - Noé Ontiveros
- Clinical and Research Laboratory (LACIUS, URS), Department of Chemical, Biological, and Agricultural Sciences (DC-QB), Division of Sciences and Engineering, University of Sonora, Navojoa 85880, Mexico
- Correspondence: (N.O.); (E.O.C.-R.)
| | - Edith Oliva Cuevas-Rodríguez
- Integral Postgraduate Program in Biotechnology, Faculty of Chemical and Biological Sciences, Autonomous University of Sinaloa, Ciudad Universitaria, Culiacan 80010, Mexico
- Postgraduate Program in Food Science and Technology, Faculty of Chemical and Biological Sciences, Autonomous University of Sinaloa, Ciudad Universitaria, Culiacan 80010, Mexico
- Correspondence: (N.O.); (E.O.C.-R.)
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Graziano S, Agrimonti C, Marmiroli N, Gullì M. Utilisation and limitations of pseudocereals (quinoa, amaranth, and buckwheat) in food production: A review. Trends Food Sci Technol 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tifs.2022.04.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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Shahbaz M, Raza N, Islam M, Imran M, Ahmad I, Meyyazhagan A, Pushparaj K, Balasubramanian B, Park S, Rengasamy KRR, Gondal TA, El-Ghorab A, Abdelgawad MA, Ghoneim MM, Wan C. The nutraceutical properties and health benefits of pseudocereals: a comprehensive treatise. Crit Rev Food Sci Nutr 2022; 63:10217-10229. [PMID: 35549783 DOI: 10.1080/10408398.2022.2071205] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Abstract
This review article depicts the possible replacement of staple cereal sources with some pseudocereals like Chia, Quinoa, Buckwheat, and Amaranth, which not only provide recommended daily allowance of all nutrients but also help to reduce the chances of many non-communicable infections owing to the presence of several bioactive compounds. These pseudocereals are neglected plant seeds and should be added in our routine diet. Besides, they can serve as nutraceuticals in combating various diseases by improving the health status of the consumers. The bioactive compounds like rutin, quercetin, peptide chains, angiotensin I, and many other antioxidants present in these plant seeds help to reduce the oxidative stress in the body which leads toward better health of the consumers. All these pseudocereals have high quantity of soluble fiber which helps to regulate bowel movement, control hypercholesterolemia (presence of high plasma cholesterol levels), hypertension (high blood pressure), and cardiovascular diseases. The ultimate result of consumption of pseudocereals either as a whole or in combination with true cereals as staple food may help to retain the integrity of the human body which increases the life expectancy by slowing down the aging process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Muhammad Shahbaz
- Department of Food Science and Technology, MNS-University of Agriculture, Multan, Pakistan
| | - Nighat Raza
- Department of Food Science and Technology, MNS-University of Agriculture, Multan, Pakistan
| | - Mahad Islam
- Department of Food Science and Technology, MNS-University of Agriculture, Multan, Pakistan
| | - Muhammad Imran
- Department of Food Science and Technology, University of Narowal, Narowal, Pakistan
- Food, Nutrition and Lifestyle Unit, King Fahed Medical Research Center, Clinical Biochemistry Department, Faculty of Medicine, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
| | - Ishtiaque Ahmad
- Department of Dairy Technology, University of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Lahore, Pakistan
| | - Arun Meyyazhagan
- Department of Life Science, CHRIST (Deemed to be University), Bengaluru, India
| | - Karthika Pushparaj
- Department of Zoology, School of Biosciences, Avinashilingam Institute for Home Science and Higher Education for Women, Coimbatore, India
| | | | - Sungkwon Park
- Department of Food Science and Biotechnology, College of Life Science, Sejong University, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Kannan R R Rengasamy
- Centre for Transdisciplinary Research, Department of Pharmacology, Saveetha Dental College, Saveetha Institute of Medical and Technical Sciences (SIMATS), Chennai, India
| | - Tanweer Aslam Gondal
- School of Exercise and Nutrition, Faculty of Health, Deakin University, Victoria, Australia
| | - Ahmed El-Ghorab
- College of Science, Chemistry Department, Jouf University, Sakaka, Saudi Arabia
| | - Mohamed A Abdelgawad
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, College of Pharmacy, Jouf University, Sakaka, Saudi Arabia
| | - Mohammed M Ghoneim
- Department of Pharmacy Practice, Faculty of Pharmacy, AlMaarefa University, Ad Diriyah, Saudi Arabia
| | - Chunpeng Wan
- Jiangxi Key Laboratory for Postharvest Technology and Nondestructive Testing of Fruits & Vegetables, College of Agronomy, Jiangxi Agricultural University, Nanchang, PR China
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7
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Olivera-Montenegro L, Bugarin A, Marzano A, Best I, Zabot GL, Romero H. Production of Protein Hydrolysate from Quinoa (Chenopodium quinoa Willd.): Economic and Experimental Evaluation of Two Pretreatments Using Supercritical Fluids’ Extraction and Conventional Solvent Extraction. Foods 2022; 11:foods11071015. [PMID: 35407104 PMCID: PMC8997649 DOI: 10.3390/foods11071015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2022] [Revised: 03/25/2022] [Accepted: 03/27/2022] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Supercritical fluids’ extraction (SFE) and conventional solvent extraction (CSE) for defatting of quinoa flour as pretreatments to produce the quinoa protein hydrolysate (QPH) were studied. The objective was to extract the oil and separate the phenolic compounds (PC) and the defatted quinoa flour for subsequent quinoa protein extraction and enzymatic hydrolysis. The oil extraction yield (OEY), total flavonoid content (TFC), and QPH yield were compared. SuperPro Designer 9.0® software was used to estimate the cost of manufacturing (COM), productivity, and net present value (NPV) on laboratory and industrial scales. SFE allows higher OEY and separation of PC. The SFE oil showed a higher OEY (99.70%), higher antioxidant activity (34.28 mg GAE/100 g), higher QPH yield (197.12%), lower COM (US$ 90.10/kg), and higher NPV (US$ 205,006,000) as compared to CSE (with 77.59%, 160.52%, US$ 109.29/kg, and US$ 28,159,000, respectively). The sensitivity analysis showed that the sale of by-products improves the economic results: at the industrial scale, no significant differences were found, and both processes are economically feasible. However, results indicate that SFE allows the recovery of an oil and QPH of better nutritional quality and a high level of purity-free organic solvents for further health and nutraceutical uses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luis Olivera-Montenegro
- Grupo de Ciencia, Tecnología e Innovación en Alimentos, Universidad San Ignacio de Loyola, Lima 15024, Peru; (A.B.); (A.M.); (I.B.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +51-13-171-000
| | - Alejandra Bugarin
- Grupo de Ciencia, Tecnología e Innovación en Alimentos, Universidad San Ignacio de Loyola, Lima 15024, Peru; (A.B.); (A.M.); (I.B.)
| | - Alejandro Marzano
- Grupo de Ciencia, Tecnología e Innovación en Alimentos, Universidad San Ignacio de Loyola, Lima 15024, Peru; (A.B.); (A.M.); (I.B.)
| | - Ivan Best
- Grupo de Ciencia, Tecnología e Innovación en Alimentos, Universidad San Ignacio de Loyola, Lima 15024, Peru; (A.B.); (A.M.); (I.B.)
| | - Giovani L. Zabot
- Laboratory of Agroindustrial Processes Engineering (LAPE), Federal University of Santa Maria (UFSM), 1040 Sete de Setembro St., Center DC, Cachoeira do Sul 96508-010, RS, Brazil;
| | - Hugo Romero
- Electroanalytical Applications and Bioenergy Research Group, Chemical Engineering Department, Technical University of Machala, Av. Panamericana Km 5 ½, Machala 070102, Ecuador;
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8
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Comparative evaluation of pseudocereals peptides: A review of their nutritional contribution. Trends Food Sci Technol 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tifs.2022.02.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
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9
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NG KL, TAN YN, OSMAN MA, RAJAB NF, EE KY. Characterization, antioxidant, ACE inhibition and toxicity evaluations of palm kernel cake-derived Alcalase® hydrolysate. FOOD SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY 2022. [DOI: 10.1590/fst.80421] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Yen-Nee TAN
- Universiti Tunku Abdul Rahman, Malaysia; Universiti Tunku Abdul Rahman, Malaysia
| | | | | | - Kah-Yaw EE
- Universiti Tunku Abdul Rahman, Malaysia; Universiti Tunku Abdul Rahman, Malaysia
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10
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Fisayo Ajayi F, Mudgil P, Gan CY, Maqsood S. Identification and characterization of cholesterol esterase and lipase inhibitory peptides from amaranth protein hydrolysates. Food Chem X 2021; 12:100165. [PMID: 34877527 PMCID: PMC8633574 DOI: 10.1016/j.fochx.2021.100165] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2021] [Revised: 11/14/2021] [Accepted: 11/15/2021] [Indexed: 02/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Gastric, microbial and plant-based enzymes were used to produce Amaranth protein hydrolysates (APHs). APHs displayed enhanced cholesterol esterase (CEase) and pancreatic lipase (PL) inhibitory activities. Bromelain generated hydrolysates showed the highest CEase and PL inhibitory activity. FPFPPTLGY, FGAPR, and FPFVPAPT were predicted as potential PL inhibitors and FPFVPAPT as CEase inhibitor.
Human diet is undergoing a shift towards plant-based diet as a sustainable source of protein compared to animal-derived protein. In this study, cholesterol esterase (CEase) and pancreatic lipase (PL) inhibitory activities of amaranth protein hydrolysates (APHs) were studied. Bromelain, chymotrypsin, and actinase E were used for generating APHs at 2, 4 & 6 h of hydrolysis. Higher PL inhibiting potential were observed in bromelain-derived APHs (IC50 = 0.38–0.66 mg/mL) in comparison to intact amaranth proteins (IC50 = 3.93 mg/mL). Bromelain-4 h hydrolysates (AB4) demonstrated significant inhibitory potential for both CEase (IC50 = 0.47 mg/mL) and PL (IC50 = 0.48 mg/mL) activity. Peptide identification in AB-4 hydrolysate revealed that among 17 bioactive peptides, three peptides (FPFPPTLGY, FGAPR, and FPFVPAPT) were predicted as potential PL inhibitors and only one peptide (FPFVPAPT) was predicted as CEase inhibitor based on the number of substrate binding sites on active site of the enzymes. This is the first study providing insights into amaranth protein derived bioactive peptide possessing CEase and LIP inhibitory potential.
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Affiliation(s)
- Feyisola Fisayo Ajayi
- Department of Food Science, College of Agriculture and Veterinary Medicine, United Arab Emirates University, Al-Ain, 15551 UAEmirates
| | - Priti Mudgil
- Department of Food Science, College of Agriculture and Veterinary Medicine, United Arab Emirates University, Al-Ain, 15551 UAEmirates
| | - Chee-Yuen Gan
- Analytical Biochemistry Research Centre (ABrC), Universiti Sains Malaysia, 11800 USM, Penang, Malaysia
| | - Sajid Maqsood
- Department of Food Science, College of Agriculture and Veterinary Medicine, United Arab Emirates University, Al-Ain, 15551 UAEmirates.,Zayed Center for Health Science, United Arab Emirates University, Al-Ain, 15551, United Arab Emirates
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11
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Sánchez-López F, Robles-Olvera VJ, Hidalgo-Morales M, Tsopmo A. Angiotensin-I converting enzyme inhibitory activity of Amaranthus hypochondriacus seed protein hydrolysates produced with lactic bacteria and their peptidomic profiles. Food Chem 2021; 363:130320. [PMID: 34146770 DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2021.130320] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2021] [Revised: 05/31/2021] [Accepted: 06/04/2021] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
The aim of this work was to determine the in vitro antihypertensive activities of lactobacillus (L. plantarum and L. helveticus) prepared amaranth protein hydrolysates, to determine the contribution of zinc, and to identify peptides. Depending on the bacteria species and the duration of the hydrolysis, up to 45.9% inhibition of angiotensin converting enzyme (ACE) was obtained. Size separation of the most active hydrolysates to yield < 1, <3-1, <3, <10-3 and < 10 kDa fractions enhanced ACE inhibition by 2-fold. A mixed mechanism of inhibition is proposed due to low correlation of ACE and zinc chelation. Thirty-six peptides were identified in the fractions using tandem mass spectrometry. A bioinformatic analysis showed the presence of encrypted fragments such as GVSEE or VNVDDPSK with known ACE-inhibitory properties. In conclusion, lactic acid bacteria proteases released peptides from amaranth proteins with ACE-inhibitory properties that were related to the presence of peptides with known or predicted ACE-inhibitor motifs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fabiola Sánchez-López
- Tecnológico Nacional de México-Instituto Tecnológico de Veracruz-UNIDA, M.A. de Quevedo #2779, Col. Formando Hogar, Veracruz 91897, Mexico
| | - Víctor J Robles-Olvera
- Tecnológico Nacional de México-Instituto Tecnológico de Veracruz-UNIDA, M.A. de Quevedo #2779, Col. Formando Hogar, Veracruz 91897, Mexico
| | - Madeleine Hidalgo-Morales
- Tecnológico Nacional de México-Instituto Tecnológico de Veracruz-UNIDA, M.A. de Quevedo #2779, Col. Formando Hogar, Veracruz 91897, Mexico
| | - Apollinaire Tsopmo
- Food Science Program, Department of Chemistry, Carleton University, 1125 Colonel By Drive, Ottawa, ON K1S 5B6, Canada.
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12
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Mahgoub S, Alagawany M, Nader M, Omar SM, Abd El-Hack ME, Swelum A, Elnesr SS, Khafaga AF, Taha AE, Farag MR, Tiwari R, Marappan G, El-Sayed AS, Patel SK, Pathak M, Michalak I, Al-Ghamdi ES, Dhama K. Recent Development in Bioactive Peptides from Plant and Animal Products and Their Impact on the Human Health. FOOD REVIEWS INTERNATIONAL 2021. [DOI: 10.1080/87559129.2021.1923027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Samir Mahgoub
- Department of Agricultural Microbiology, Faculty of Agriculture, Zagazig University, Zagazig, Egypt
| | - Mahmoud Alagawany
- Poultry Department, Faculty of Agriculture, Zagazig University, Zagazig Egypt
| | - Maha Nader
- Department of Agricultural Microbiology, Faculty of Agriculture, Zagazig University, Zagazig, Egypt
| | - Safaa M. Omar
- Department of Agricultural Microbiology, Faculty of Agriculture, Zagazig University, Zagazig, Egypt
| | | | - Ayman Swelum
- Department of Theriogenology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Zagazig University, Zagazig, Egypt
| | - Shaaban S. Elnesr
- Department of Poultry Production, Faculty of Agriculture, Fayoum University, Fayoum, Egypt
| | - Asmaa F. Khafaga
- Department of Pathology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Alexandria University, Edfina’ Egypt
| | - Ayman E. Taha
- Department of Animal Husbandry and Animal Wealth Development, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Alexandria University, Edfina’ Egypt
| | - Mayada R. Farag
- Forensic Medicine and Toxicology Department, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Zagazig University, Zagazig’ Egypt
| | - Ruchi Tiwari
- Department of Veterinary Microbiology and Immunology, College of Veterinary Sciences, Up Pandit Deen Dayal Upadhayay Pashu Chikitsa Vigyan Vishwavidyalay Evum Go-Anusandhan Sansthan (DUVASU), Mathura, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Gopi Marappan
- Division of Avian Physiology and Reproduction, ICAR-Central Avian Research Institute, Izatnagar, Bareilly, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Ashraf S. El-Sayed
- Botany and Microbiology Department, Faculty of Science, Zagazig University, Zagazig, Egypt
| | - Shailesh K. Patel
- Division of Pathology, ICAR-Indian Veterinary Research Institute Izatnagar, Bareilly- Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Mamta Pathak
- Division of Pathology, ICAR-Indian Veterinary Research Institute Izatnagar, Bareilly- Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Izabela Michalak
- Department of Advanced Material Technologies,Faculty of Chemistry, Wrocław University of Science and Technology, Wrocław’, Poland
| | - Etab S. Al-Ghamdi
- Department of Food and Nutrition, College of Human Sciences and Design, King Abdualziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
| | - Kuldeep Dhama
- Division of Pathology, ICAR-Indian Veterinary Research Institute Izatnagar, Bareilly- Uttar Pradesh, India
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13
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Olivera‐Montenegro L, Best I, Gil‐Saldarriaga A. Effect of pretreatment by supercritical fluids on antioxidant activity of protein hydrolyzate from quinoa ( Chenopodium quinoa Willd.). Food Sci Nutr 2021; 9:574-582. [PMID: 33473318 PMCID: PMC7802572 DOI: 10.1002/fsn3.2027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2020] [Revised: 11/03/2020] [Accepted: 11/08/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The effect of two pretreatments on the antioxidant activity was evaluated in quinoa protein hydrolysate, using supercritical CO2 extraction and ethanol as cosolvent, this type of pretreatment was compared to a conventional petroleum ether extraction method without recovery of bioactive compounds. The extractions were carried out at a temperature of 55°C and a pressure of 23 MPa using ethanol (7-8 g quinoa/100 ml); the CO2 mass flow was 35 g/min, the extraction time was 240 min and the particle size was 500 µm, enzyme COROLASE® 7089 was applied for enzymatic hydrolysis, finally ABTS test assessed antioxidant activity. A significant effect was found on the degree of hydrolysis (23.93%) and antioxidant activity (1,181.64 μmol TE/g protein) compared to a conventional method (24.33%) and (1,448.84 μmol TE/g protein). In conclusion, our results suggest that the use of supercritical CO2 and the addition of ethanol as cosolvent are the interesting green technology, to recovery oil and separate phenolic compounds prior to enzymatic hydrolysis to avoid interference with biological activities from quinoa protein hydrolysates, and shows highest antioxidant activity to be incorporate in food products.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luis Olivera‐Montenegro
- Grupo de Ciencia, Tecnología e Innovación en Alimentos, Facultad de Ingeniería, Carrera de Ingeniería AgroindustrialUniversidad San Ignacio de LoyolaLimaPeru
| | - Ivan Best
- Grupo de Ciencia, Tecnología e Innovación en Alimentos, Facultad de Ingeniería, Carrera de Ingeniería AgroindustrialUniversidad San Ignacio de LoyolaLimaPeru
| | - Alonso Gil‐Saldarriaga
- Grupo de Ciencia, Tecnología e Innovación en Alimentos, Facultad de Ingeniería, Carrera de Ingeniería AgroindustrialUniversidad San Ignacio de LoyolaLimaPeru
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14
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RAMKISSON S, DWARKA D, VENTER S, MELLEM JJ. In vitro anticancer and antioxidant potential of Amaranthus cruentus protein and its hydrolysates. FOOD SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY 2020. [DOI: 10.1590/fst.36219] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Sonja VENTER
- Agricultural Research Council-Vegetable and Ornamental Plant Institute, South Africa
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15
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Guo H, Hao Y, Richel A, Everaert N, Chen Y, Liu M, Yang X, Ren G. Antihypertensive effect of quinoa protein under simulated gastrointestinal digestion and peptide characterization. JOURNAL OF THE SCIENCE OF FOOD AND AGRICULTURE 2020; 100:5569-5576. [PMID: 32608025 DOI: 10.1002/jsfa.10609] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2019] [Revised: 06/22/2020] [Accepted: 07/01/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Quinoa protein is a potential source of bioactive peptides. Although some studies have demonstrated its angiotensin converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitory properties, research into its in vivo effect on blood-pressure regulation and peptide characterization remains limited. RESULTS Quinoa protein hydrolyzate (QPH) was prepared by simulated gastrointestinal digestion. QPH lowered the systolic blood pressure (SBP) and diastolic blood pressure (DBP) in spontaneously hypertensive model rats (SHRs) from 2 h to10 h after oral administration, effectively controlling blood pressure in these SHRs. An in vitro study showed that QPH is capable of inhibiting ACE activity. This was attributed to the activity of a number of low-molecular-weight peptides. With relatively high scores predicted by PeptideRanker, three promising bioactive peptides, FHPFPR, NWFPLPR, and NIFRPF, were further studied and their ACE-inhibition effects were confirmed with IC50 values of 34.92, 16.77, and 32.40 μM, respectively. A molecular docking study provided insights into the binding of ACE with peptides, and revealed that the presence of specific amino acids in the peptide sequence (Pro, Phe, and Arg at the C-terminal, and Asn at the N-terminal) could contribute to the interaction between ACE and peptides. CONCLUSION These results demonstrated the potential of QPH for the management of hypertension, which indicates that it could be a good candidate for inclusion in functional foods to control high blood pressure. © 2020 Society of Chemical Industry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huimin Guo
- Institute of Crop Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, China
- Gembloux Agro-Bio Tech, University of Liège, Gembloux, Belgium
| | - Yuqiong Hao
- Institute of Crop Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Aurore Richel
- Gembloux Agro-Bio Tech, University of Liège, Gembloux, Belgium
| | - Nadia Everaert
- Gembloux Agro-Bio Tech, University of Liège, Gembloux, Belgium
| | - Yinhuan Chen
- Institute of Crop Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Mengjie Liu
- Institute of Crop Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Xiushi Yang
- Institute of Crop Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Guixing Ren
- Institute of Crop Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, China
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16
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Chirinos R, Pedreschi R, Campos D. Enzyme‐assisted hydrolysates from sacha inchi (
Plukenetia volubilis
) protein with in vitro antioxidant and antihypertensive properties. J FOOD PROCESS PRES 2020. [DOI: 10.1111/jfpp.14969] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Rosana Chirinos
- Instituto de Biotecnología Universidad Nacional Agraria La Molina Lima Peru
| | - Romina Pedreschi
- Facultad de Ciencias Agronómicas y de los Alimentos Pontificia Universidad Católica de Valparaíso Valparaiso Chile
| | - David Campos
- Instituto de Biotecnología Universidad Nacional Agraria La Molina Lima Peru
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17
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Huauzontle (Chenopodium nuttalliae Saff.) protein: Composition, structure, physicochemical and functional properties. Food Hydrocoll 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodhyd.2020.106043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
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18
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Nardo AE, Suárez S, Quiroga AV, Añón MC. Amaranth as a Source of Antihypertensive Peptides. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2020; 11:578631. [PMID: 33101347 PMCID: PMC7546275 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2020.578631] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2020] [Accepted: 09/07/2020] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
Amaranth is an ancestral crop used by pre-Columbian cultures for 6000 to 8000 years. Its grains have a relevant chemical composition not only from a nutritional point of view but also due to the contribution of components with good techno-functional properties and important potential as bioactive compounds. Numerous studies have shown that amaranth storage proteins possess encrypted sequences that, once released, exhibit different physiological activities. One of the most studied is antihypertensive activity. This review summarizes the progress made over the last years (2008-2020) related to this topic. Studies related to inhibition of different enzymes of the Renin-Angiotensin-Aldosterone system, in particular Angiotensin Converting Enzyme (ACE) and Renin, as well as those referring to potential modulation mechanisms of tissue or local Renin-Angiotensin-Aldosterone system, are analyzed, including in silico, in vitro, in vivo, and ex vivo assays. Furthermore, the potential use of these bioactive peptides or products containing them, in the elaboration of functional food matrices is discussed. Finally, the most relevant conclusions and future requirements in research and development of food products are presented.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - María Cristina Añón
- Centro de Investigación y Desarrollo en Criotecnología de Alimentos (CIDCA), Facultad de Ciencias Exactas, Universidad Nacional de La Plata (UNLP), Comisión de Investigaciones Científicas (CIC-PBA) and Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET- CCT La Plata), La Plata, Argentina
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19
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Arouna N, Gabriele M, Pucci L. The Impact of Germination on Sorghum Nutraceutical Properties. Foods 2020; 9:foods9091218. [PMID: 32887248 PMCID: PMC7555581 DOI: 10.3390/foods9091218] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2020] [Revised: 08/21/2020] [Accepted: 08/28/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Sorghum is a gluten-free cereal representing a staple food in many countries of Africa, where germination is traditionally used for the preparation of several sorghum-based products. This study focused on the effect of germination on total phenolic content, in vitro and ex vivo antioxidant activity, and antihypertensive action of sorghum from Togo. Total phenolic content was estimated as Folin–Ciocalteu reducing capacity, while antioxidant activities were assessed using 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) and Ferric Reducing Antioxidant Power (FRAP) in vitro tests and ex vivo by the cellular antioxidant activity (CAA) assay on human erythrocytes. The antihypertensive effect of germinated and non-germinated sorghum peptides fraction was evaluated as angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitory activity. Despite our findings demonstrated no impact of germination on the total phenolic content, non-germinated sorghum showed significantly higher in vitro antioxidant activities than the germinated one; further, non-germinated sorghum displayed significantly higher ACE inhibition than germinated sorghum that, instead, at lower doses, exhibited better erythrocytes protection from peroxyl radicals. In conclusion, the germination process negatively impacted the in vitro antioxidant activity and the antihypertensive effect of sorghum while improved erythrocytes protection. This study evidenced better nutraceutical potential of non-germinated sorghum that, besides good antioxidant activity, represents an important source of ACE-inhibitory peptides. However, the germination process might have positively impacted the profile of bioactive compounds involved in the protection of human erythrocytes from oxidative damage.
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20
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Chirinos R, Pedreschi R, Velásquez‐Sánchez M, Aguilar‐Galvez A, Campos D. In vitroantioxidant and angiotensin I‐converting enzyme inhibitory properties of enzymatically hydrolyzed quinoa (Chenopodium quinoa) and kiwicha (Amaranthus caudatus) proteins. Cereal Chem 2020. [DOI: 10.1002/cche.10317] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Rosana Chirinos
- Instituto de BiotecnologíaUniversidad Nacional Agraria La Molina Lima Peru
| | - Romina Pedreschi
- Pontificia Universidad Católica de ValparaísoEscuela de Agronomía La Palma Chile
| | | | - Ana Aguilar‐Galvez
- Instituto de BiotecnologíaUniversidad Nacional Agraria La Molina Lima Peru
| | - David Campos
- Instituto de BiotecnologíaUniversidad Nacional Agraria La Molina Lima Peru
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21
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Suárez S, Aphalo P, Rinaldi G, Quiroga A, Añón MC. Data set on effect of amaranth proteins on the RAS system. In vitro, in vivo and ex vivo assays. Data Brief 2020; 29:105168. [PMID: 32071964 PMCID: PMC7011023 DOI: 10.1016/j.dib.2020.105168] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2019] [Revised: 01/04/2020] [Accepted: 01/15/2020] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Data set presented in this article is related to the research paper entitled "Effect of amaranth proteins on the RAS system. In vitro, in vivo and ex vivo assays", available in Food Chemistry [1]. In this article, we evaluated the effect on systolic blood pressure of spontaneously hypertensive rats (SHR) of different samples with amaranth proteins/peptides. The effect of these samples on RAS system was evaluated using in vitro and ex vivo assays. The concentration of renin and angiotensin converting enzyme (ACE) was evaluated using two commercial ELISA kits. Renin concentration was estimated through a direct immunoassay and ACE concentration with an immunoassay based on a competitive inhibition. In addition, the ACE inhibitory activity in plasma was evaluated using a spectrophotometric assay according to [2]. Ex vivo experiments were done with thoracic aorta extracted during the surgical procedure employed to obtain blood samples according to [3]. Data presented in this article recollect a very extensive work on how can be affect the RAS system in SHR model using amaranth protein/peptides as potential antihypertensive samples. These data could be useful to design novel functional foods for hypertensive individuals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Santiago Suárez
- Centro de Investigación y Desarrollo en Criotecnología de Alimentos (CIDCA-CONICET-CIC-UNLP), Universidad Nacional de La Plata, La Plata, 1900, Argentina
| | - Paula Aphalo
- Centro de Investigación y Desarrollo en Criotecnología de Alimentos (CIDCA-CONICET-CIC-UNLP), Universidad Nacional de La Plata, La Plata, 1900, Argentina
| | - Gustavo Rinaldi
- Facultad de Ciencias Médicas, Universidad Nacional de La Plata, La Plata, 1900, Argentina
| | - Alejandra Quiroga
- Centro de Investigación y Desarrollo en Criotecnología de Alimentos (CIDCA-CONICET-CIC-UNLP), Universidad Nacional de La Plata, La Plata, 1900, Argentina
| | - María Cristina Añón
- Centro de Investigación y Desarrollo en Criotecnología de Alimentos (CIDCA-CONICET-CIC-UNLP), Universidad Nacional de La Plata, La Plata, 1900, Argentina
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22
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Pseudocereal grains: Nutritional value, health benefits and current applications for the development of gluten-free foods. Food Chem Toxicol 2020; 137:111178. [PMID: 32035214 DOI: 10.1016/j.fct.2020.111178] [Citation(s) in RCA: 93] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2019] [Revised: 01/15/2020] [Accepted: 01/31/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Nowadays, consumers are more conscious of the environmental and nutritional benefits of foods. Pseudocereals grains, edible seeds belonging to dicotyledonous plant species, are becoming a current trend in human diets as gluten-free (GF) grains with excellent nutritional and nutraceutical value. Pseudocereals are a good source of starch, fiber, proteins, minerals, vitamins, and phytochemicals such as saponins, polyphenols, phytosterols, phytosteroids, and betalains with potential health benefits. The present review aims to summarize the nutritional quality and phytochemical profile of the three main pseudocereal grains: quinoa, amaranth and buckwheat. In addition, current evidence about their health benefits in animal models and human studies is also provided in detail. Based on the accumulating research supporting the inclusion of pseudocereals grains in the diet of celiac persons, this review discusses the recent advances in their application for the development of new GF products. Future directions for a wider cultivation and commercial exploitation of these crops are also highlighted.
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23
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Martínez-Sánchez SM, Gabaldón-Hernández JA, Montoro-García S. Unravelling the molecular mechanisms associated with the role of food-derived bioactive peptides in promoting cardiovascular health. J Funct Foods 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jff.2019.103645] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
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24
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Ontiveros N, López-Teros V, Vergara-Jiménez MDJ, Islas-Rubio AR, Cárdenas-Torres FI, Cuevas-Rodríguez EO, Reyes-Moreno C, Granda-Restrepo DM, Lopera-Cardona S, Ramírez-Torres GI, Cabrera-Chávez F. Amaranth-hydrolyzate enriched cookies reduce the systolic blood pressure in spontaneously hypertensive rats. J Funct Foods 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jff.2019.103613] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022] Open
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25
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Identification of renin inhibitors peptides from amaranth proteins by docking protocols. J Funct Foods 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jff.2019.103683] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
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26
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Suárez S, Aphalo P, Rinaldi G, Añón MC, Quiroga A. Effect of amaranth proteins on the RAS system. In vitro, in vivo and ex vivo assays. Food Chem 2019; 308:125601. [PMID: 31670190 DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2019.125601] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2019] [Revised: 08/26/2019] [Accepted: 09/25/2019] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
The aim of this work was to analyse the hypotensive effect of amaranth protein/peptides on spontaneously hypertensive rats (SHR). The mechanism of action of these peptides was studied in vivo and ex vivo. We also tested the effect of protection against gastrointestinal digestion (GID) exerted by an O:W emulsion on the integrity of the antihypertensive peptides. All samples tested produced a decrease in blood pressure (SBP). The animals treated with emulsion (GE) and emulsion + peptide (GE+VIKP) showed the most significant reduction in the SBP (42 ± 2 mmHg and 35 ± 2 mmHg, respectively). The results presented suggest that after GID, a variety of peptides with biological activities were released or were resistant to this process. These peptides play a role in the regulation of the SBP by acting on plasma ACE, plasma renin and the vascular system. These results support the use of amaranth protein/peptides in the elaboration of functional foods for hypertensive individuals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Santiago Suárez
- Centro de Investigación y Desarrollo en Criotecnología de Alimentos (CIDCA), Calle 47 y 116 - 1900, La Plata, Buenos Aires, Argentina (Facultad de Ciencias Exactas, Universidad Nacional de La Plata, CCT La Plata-CONICET, CIC)
| | - Paula Aphalo
- Centro de Investigación y Desarrollo en Criotecnología de Alimentos (CIDCA), Calle 47 y 116 - 1900, La Plata, Buenos Aires, Argentina (Facultad de Ciencias Exactas, Universidad Nacional de La Plata, CCT La Plata-CONICET, CIC)
| | - Gustavo Rinaldi
- Facultad de Ciencias Médicas, Universidad Nacional de La Plata, Calle 60 y 120 - 1900, La Plata, Buenos Aires, Argentina.
| | - Maria Cristina Añón
- Centro de Investigación y Desarrollo en Criotecnología de Alimentos (CIDCA), Calle 47 y 116 - 1900, La Plata, Buenos Aires, Argentina (Facultad de Ciencias Exactas, Universidad Nacional de La Plata, CCT La Plata-CONICET, CIC).
| | - Alejandra Quiroga
- Centro de Investigación y Desarrollo en Criotecnología de Alimentos (CIDCA), Calle 47 y 116 - 1900, La Plata, Buenos Aires, Argentina (Facultad de Ciencias Exactas, Universidad Nacional de La Plata, CCT La Plata-CONICET, CIC)
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27
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Valdez-Meza EE, Raymundo A, Figueroa-Salcido OG, Ramírez-Torres GI, Fradinho P, Oliveira S, de Sousa I, Suárez-Jiménez M, Cárdenas-Torres FI, Islas-Rubio AR, Rodríguez-Olibarría G, Ontiveros N, Cabrera-Chávez F. Pasta Enrichment with an Amaranth Hydrolysate Affects the Overall Acceptability while Maintaining Antihypertensive Properties. Foods 2019; 8:E282. [PMID: 31344934 PMCID: PMC6722561 DOI: 10.3390/foods8080282] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2019] [Revised: 07/18/2019] [Accepted: 07/22/2019] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Alcalase-treated amaranth proteins generate angiotensin-1-converting enzyme (ACE-1) inhibitory peptides, which could be useful for functional foods development. Our aim was to evaluate the technological, sensory, and antihypertensive properties of pasta enriched with an amaranth hydrolysate. METHODS Pasta with 11% (A; control), 15% (B), and 20% (C) of protein content were formulated. Pastas B and C were supplemented with an alcalase-treated amaranth protein concentrate. Cooking time, cooking lost, color, and texture were assessed. An untrained panel (n = 30) evaluated sensory attributes. The antihypertensive effect was evaluated in hypertensive rats. RESULTS The hydrolysate IC50 was 0.014 mg/mL. Optimum cooking time and cooking loss decreased in products B and C vs. A (p < 0.05). The L* values decreased in pasta C. Firmness increased in pasta C vs. A (p < 0.05). Adhesiveness was different among groups (p < 0.05). Pasta A had the highest acceptability (p < 0.05). The products B and C, and captopril (positive control) showed antihypertensive properties after 3 h of supplementation (p < 0.05). This effect remained after 7 h, 8 h, or 9 h. CONCLUSIONS The addition of amaranth hydrolysates to pasta negatively impacts on the overall acceptability and, to a lesser extent, on pasta taste. However, it is possible to maintain the antihypertensive properties of the supplemented pasta under physiological conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Anabela Raymundo
- LEAF-Linking Landscape, Environment, Agriculture and Food, Instituto Superior de Agronomia, Universidade de Lisboa, Tapada da Ajuda, 1349-017 Lisboa, Portugal
| | | | | | - Patrícia Fradinho
- LEAF-Linking Landscape, Environment, Agriculture and Food, Instituto Superior de Agronomia, Universidade de Lisboa, Tapada da Ajuda, 1349-017 Lisboa, Portugal
| | - Sonia Oliveira
- LEAF-Linking Landscape, Environment, Agriculture and Food, Instituto Superior de Agronomia, Universidade de Lisboa, Tapada da Ajuda, 1349-017 Lisboa, Portugal
| | - Isabel de Sousa
- LEAF-Linking Landscape, Environment, Agriculture and Food, Instituto Superior de Agronomia, Universidade de Lisboa, Tapada da Ajuda, 1349-017 Lisboa, Portugal
| | | | | | | | | | - Noé Ontiveros
- Division of Sciences and Engineering, Department of Chemical, Biological and Agricultural Sciences, University of Sonora, Navojoa, Sonora 85880, Mexico.
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Shih YH, Chen FA, Wang LF, Hsu JL. Discovery and Study of Novel Antihypertensive Peptides Derived from Cassia obtusifolia Seeds. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2019; 67:7810-7820. [PMID: 31264418 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.9b01922] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Antihypertensive peptides were screened from thermolysin hydrolysate of Cassia obtusifolia seeds (Jue Ming Zi) using two independent bioassay-guided fractionations, reversed-phase high-performance liquid chromatography (RP-HPLC), and strong cation-exchange (SCX) liquid chromatography coupled with angiotensin I-converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitory assay. The identical peptide in the most active RP-HPLC and SCX fractions was simultaneously de novo sequenced as FHAPWK with high-resolution mass spectrometry. FHAPWK (IC50 = 16.83 ± 0.90 μM) was further identified as a competitive inhibitor and a true inhibitor on ACE by a Lineweaver-Burk plot and preincubation experiment, respectively. The molecular docking simulation indicated that FHAPWK could interact with several key residues of the ACE active site, which is consistent with the result of the inhibitory kinetics study. Moreover, its antihypertensive effect was demonstrated using the animal model of spontaneously hypertensive rats. It is concluded that FHAPWK is the first reported antihypertensive peptide derived from thermolysin hydrolysate of C. obtusifolia seeds.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Fu-An Chen
- Department of Pharmacy and Master Program , Tajen University , Pingtung , Taiwan
| | - Li-Fei Wang
- Hospitality and Tourism Research Center , National Kaohsiung University of Hospitality and Tourism , Kaohsiung City 81271 , Taiwan
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29
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Amaranth proteins emulsions as delivery system of Angiotensin-I converting enzyme inhibitory peptides. Food Hydrocoll 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodhyd.2018.11.046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
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30
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Vilcacundo R, Martínez-Villaluenga C, Miralles B, Hernández-Ledesma B. Release of multifunctional peptides from kiwicha (Amaranthus caudatus) protein under in vitro gastrointestinal digestion. JOURNAL OF THE SCIENCE OF FOOD AND AGRICULTURE 2019; 99:1225-1232. [PMID: 30066387 DOI: 10.1002/jsfa.9294] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2018] [Revised: 07/03/2018] [Accepted: 07/27/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The multifactorial origin of many chronic diseases provides a new framework for the development of multifunctional foods. In this study, the effect of in vitro simulated gastrointestinal digestion of kiwicha (Amaranthus caudatus) proteins on the release of multifunctional peptides was evaluated. RESULTS Gastric digest showed higher angiotensin I converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitory activity while 60 min gastroduodenal digest showed the highest antioxidant, dipeptidyl peptidase IV (DPP-IV), α-amylase and Caco-2 cell viability inhibitory activities. Peptides >5 kDa were more effective in inhibiting colon cancer cell viability, whereas peptides <5 kDa were mainly responsible for the antioxidant, ACE, DPP-IV and α-amylase inhibitory activities. Thirteen peptides from amaranth sequenced proteins were identified. Structure-activity relationship analysis of the identified sequences pointed to three amaranth fragments, namely FLISCLL, SVFDEELS and DFIILE, as potential peptides able to concurrently exert antioxidant capacity and ability to inhibit both ACE and α-amylase. CONCLUSIONS Five of thirteen peptides identified in kiwicha protein digests show high potential to exert multifunctional properties. Thus kiwicha proteins might start to gain importance as ingredients for functional foods for the prevention and/or management of chronic diseases related to oxidative stress, hypertension and/or diabetes. © 2018 Society of Chemical Industry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rubén Vilcacundo
- Instituto de Investigación en Ciencias de la Alimentación (CIAL, CSIC-UAM, CEI UAM+CSIC), Madrid, Spain
- Laboratorio de Alimentos Funcionales, Facultad de Ciencia e Ingeniería en Alimentos, Universidad Técnica de Ambato, Ambato, Ecuador
| | | | - Beatriz Miralles
- Instituto de Investigación en Ciencias de la Alimentación (CIAL, CSIC-UAM, CEI UAM+CSIC), Madrid, Spain
| | - Blanca Hernández-Ledesma
- Instituto de Investigación en Ciencias de la Alimentación (CIAL, CSIC-UAM, CEI UAM+CSIC), Madrid, Spain
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Nourmohammadi E, Mahoonak AS. Health Implications of Bioactive Peptides: A Review. INT J VITAM NUTR RES 2018; 88:319-343. [DOI: 10.1024/0300-9831/a000418] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
Abstract. Today, due to immobility, improper food habits, and changes in lifestyle, communities are faced with an increase in health problems such as blood pressure, cholesterol, diabetes, and thrombosis. Bioactive peptides are considered as being the main products of protein hydrolysis which exert high effects on the nervous, immune, and gastrointestinal systems. Unlike synthetic drugs, bioactive peptides have no side effects and this advantage has qualified them as an alternative to such drugs. Due to the above-mentioned properties, this paper focuses on the study of health-improving attributes of bioactive peptides such as anti-oxidative, anti-hypertensive, immunomodulatory, anti-microbial, anti-allergenic, opioid, anti-thrombotic, mineral-binding, anti-inflammatory, hypocholesterolemic, and anti-cancer effects. We also discuss the formation of bioactive peptides during fermentation, the main restrictions on the use of bioactive peptides and their applications in the field of functional foods. In general, food-derived biologically active peptides play an important role in human health and may be used in the development of novel foods with certain health claims.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elham Nourmohammadi
- Department of Food Science and Technology, Gorgan University of Agricultural Science & Natural Resources, Gorgan, Iran
| | - Alireza Sadeghi Mahoonak
- Department of Food Science and Technology, Gorgan University of Agricultural Science & Natural Resources, Gorgan, Iran
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Tovar-Pérez EG, Lugo-Radillo A, Aguilera-Aguirre S. Amaranth grain as a potential source of biologically active peptides: a review of their identification, production, bioactivity, and characterization. FOOD REVIEWS INTERNATIONAL 2018. [DOI: 10.1080/87559129.2018.1514625] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Erik G. Tovar-Pérez
- CONACYT – Laboratorio Integral de Investigación en Alimentos, Instituto Tecnológico de Tepic, Tepic, Nayarit, México
| | - Agustin Lugo-Radillo
- CONACYT – Facultad de Medicina y Cirugía, Universidad Autónoma Benito Juárez de Oaxaca, Oaxaca, México
| | - Selene Aguilera-Aguirre
- CONACYT – Laboratorio Integral de Investigación en Alimentos, Instituto Tecnológico de Tepic, Tepic, Nayarit, México
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Sabbione AC, Suárez S, Añón MC, Scilingo A. Amaranth functional cookies exert potential antithrombotic and antihypertensive activities. Int J Food Sci Technol 2018. [DOI: 10.1111/ijfs.13930] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Ana Clara Sabbione
- Centro de Investigación y Desarrollo en Criotecnología de Alimentos (CIDCA) Facultad de Ciencias Exactas UNLP. CIC. CONICET (Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científica y Técnicas) Calle 47 y 116 – 1900 La Plata Argentina
| | - Santiago Suárez
- Centro de Investigación y Desarrollo en Criotecnología de Alimentos (CIDCA) Facultad de Ciencias Exactas UNLP. CIC. CONICET (Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científica y Técnicas) Calle 47 y 116 – 1900 La Plata Argentina
| | - María Cristina Añón
- Centro de Investigación y Desarrollo en Criotecnología de Alimentos (CIDCA) Facultad de Ciencias Exactas UNLP. CIC. CONICET (Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científica y Técnicas) Calle 47 y 116 – 1900 La Plata Argentina
| | - Adriana Scilingo
- Centro de Investigación y Desarrollo en Criotecnología de Alimentos (CIDCA) Facultad de Ciencias Exactas UNLP. CIC. CONICET (Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científica y Técnicas) Calle 47 y 116 – 1900 La Plata Argentina
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Vilcacundo R, Barrio DA, Piñuel L, Boeri P, Tombari A, Pinto A, Welbaum J, Hernández-Ledesma B, Carrillo W. Inhibition of Lipid Peroxidation of Kiwicha ( Amaranthus caudatus) Hydrolyzed Protein Using Zebrafish Larvae and Embryos. PLANTS 2018; 7:plants7030069. [PMID: 30200527 PMCID: PMC6161091 DOI: 10.3390/plants7030069] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2018] [Revised: 08/25/2018] [Accepted: 08/29/2018] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
Amaranth protein concentrate (APC) was hydrolyzed under in vitro gastrointestinal conditions. APC proteins were partially degraded by pepsin at pHs 1.2, 2.0, and 3.2. During the intestinal phase (pepsin/pancreatin enzymes at pH 7.0), no polypeptide bands were observed in the gel, suggesting the susceptibility of amaranth proteins to the action of digestive enzymes. The potent in vitro inhibition of lipid peroxidation, shown by the gastric and intestinal digests, was confirmed in the zebrafish larvae, with a 72.86% reduction in oxidation of lipids in the presence of the gastric hydrolysate at pH 2.0, compared to a 95.72% reduction in the presence of the gastrointestinal digest. APC digests were capable of reducing reactive oxygen species (ROS) production in the zebrafish embryo model with a value of fluorescence of 52.5% for the gastric hydrolysate, and 48.4% for the intestinal hydrolysate.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rubén Vilcacundo
- Laboratory of Functional Foods, Faculty of Foods Sciences and Engineering, Technical University of Ambato, Av. Los Chasquis y Rio Payamino, Campus Huachi, Ambato 1801334, Ecuador.
| | - Daniel Alejandro Barrio
- CIT-RIO NEGRO Sede Atlántica, Universidad Nacional de Rio Negro (UNRN-CONICET), Don Bosco y Leloir s/n CP 8500, Rio Negro Viedma, Argentina.
| | - Lucrecia Piñuel
- CIT-RIO NEGRO Sede Atlántica, Universidad Nacional de Rio Negro (UNRN-CONICET), Don Bosco y Leloir s/n CP 8500, Rio Negro Viedma, Argentina.
| | - Patricia Boeri
- CIT-RIO NEGRO Sede Atlántica, Universidad Nacional de Rio Negro (UNRN-CONICET), Don Bosco y Leloir s/n CP 8500, Rio Negro Viedma, Argentina.
| | - Andrea Tombari
- CIT-RIO NEGRO Sede Atlántica, Universidad Nacional de Rio Negro (UNRN-CONICET), Don Bosco y Leloir s/n CP 8500, Rio Negro Viedma, Argentina.
| | - Adelita Pinto
- Department of Research, Faculty of Health Sciences, Technical University of Babahoyo, Av. Universitaria Km 21/2 Av. Montalvo., Babahoyo 120301, Ecuador.
| | - James Welbaum
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Texas Tech University, Lubbock, TX 79413, USA.
| | | | - Wilman Carrillo
- Department of Research, Faculty of Health Sciences, Technical University of Babahoyo, Av. Universitaria Km 21/2 Av. Montalvo., Babahoyo 120301, Ecuador.
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Functional properties of amaranth, quinoa and chia proteins and the biological activities of their hydrolyzates. Food Res Int 2018; 116:419-429. [PMID: 30716964 DOI: 10.1016/j.foodres.2018.08.056] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2018] [Revised: 08/13/2018] [Accepted: 08/18/2018] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Amaranth, quinoa and chia are non-conventional sources of proteins whose interest has increased in recent years due to their excellent nutritional value. Vegetable proteins can be used as food ingredients to replace animal proteins in human diet. The present article provides a comprehensive analysis of amaranth, quinoa and chia proteins and focuses on their solubility, superficial, gelling and textural properties as well as on the biological activities of enzymatic hydrolyzates.
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36
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López DN, Galante M, Robson M, Boeris V, Spelzini D. Amaranth, quinoa and chia protein isolates: Physicochemical and structural properties. Int J Biol Macromol 2018; 109:152-159. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2017.12.080] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2017] [Revised: 12/12/2017] [Accepted: 12/13/2017] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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Orona-Tamayo D, Valverde ME, Paredes-López O. Bioactive peptides from selected latin american food crops – A nutraceutical and molecular approach. Crit Rev Food Sci Nutr 2018; 59:1949-1975. [DOI: 10.1080/10408398.2018.1434480] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Domancar Orona-Tamayo
- Centro de Investigación y de Estudios Avanzados de Instituto Politécnico Nacional. Km. 9.6 Libramiento Norte Carretera Irapuato-León, Irapuato, Guanajuato, México, CP
| | - María Elena Valverde
- Centro de Investigación y de Estudios Avanzados de Instituto Politécnico Nacional. Km. 9.6 Libramiento Norte Carretera Irapuato-León, Irapuato, Guanajuato, México, CP
| | - Octavio Paredes-López
- Centro de Investigación y de Estudios Avanzados de Instituto Politécnico Nacional. Km. 9.6 Libramiento Norte Carretera Irapuato-León, Irapuato, Guanajuato, México, CP
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38
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Coelho LM, Silva PM, Martins JT, Pinheiro AC, Vicente AA. Emerging opportunities in exploring the nutritional/functional value of amaranth. Food Funct 2018; 9:5499-5512. [DOI: 10.1039/c8fo01422a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Amaranthusspp. is a highly nutritive pseudocereal, rich in macronutrients and micronutrients, including vitamins and minerals.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Pedro Miguel Silva
- CEB – Centre of Biological Engineering
- University of Minho
- 4710-057 Braga
- Portugal
| | - Joana T. Martins
- CEB – Centre of Biological Engineering
- University of Minho
- 4710-057 Braga
- Portugal
| | - Ana C. Pinheiro
- CEB – Centre of Biological Engineering
- University of Minho
- 4710-057 Braga
- Portugal
- Instituto de Biologia Experimental e Tecnológica
| | - António A. Vicente
- CEB – Centre of Biological Engineering
- University of Minho
- 4710-057 Braga
- Portugal
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39
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Suarez SE, Añón MC. Comparative behaviour of solutions and dispersions of amaranth proteins on their emulsifying properties. Food Hydrocoll 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodhyd.2017.07.042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
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40
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Ramírez-Torres G, Ontiveros N, Lopez-Teros V, Ibarra-Diarte JA, Reyes-Moreno C, Cuevas-Rodríguez EO, Cabrera-Chávez F. Amaranth Protein Hydrolysates Efficiently Reduce Systolic Blood Pressure in Spontaneously Hypertensive Rats. Molecules 2017; 22:molecules22111905. [PMID: 29120394 PMCID: PMC6150404 DOI: 10.3390/molecules22111905] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2017] [Revised: 10/25/2017] [Accepted: 11/03/2017] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Alcalase is the enzyme of choice to release antihypertensive peptides from amaranth proteins, but the hydrolysis conditions have not been optimized yet. Furthermore, in vivo assays are needed to confirm such a hypotensive effect. Our aim was to optimize the hydrolysis of amaranth protein with alcalase and to test in vivo the hypotensive effect of the hydrolysates. A response surface analysis was carried out to optimize the hydrolysis reaction. The response variable was the Angiotensin Converting Enzyme (ACE-I) inhibition. The hydrolysis degree was determined (free alpha-amino groups measurement). The optimized hydrolysate bioavailability was assessed in the sera of mice and the hypotensive effect was assessed in spontaneously hypertensive rats. Control groups were administered captopril or water. The optimized hydrolysis conditions were: pH = 7.01, temperature = 52 °C, enzyme concentration 0.04 mU/mg, and time = 6.16 h. The optimized hydrolysate showed a 93.5% of ACE-I inhibition and a hydrolysis degree of 74.77%. After supplementation, the hydrolysate was bioavailable in mice from 5 to 60 min, and the hypotensive effect started at 4 h in spontaneously hypertensive rats (p < 0.05 vs. water group). This effect was similar to the captopril hypotensive effect for the next 3 h (p > 0.05). The use of amaranth-optimized hydrolysates as hypotensive supplements or ingredient for functional foods seems feasible.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giovanni Ramírez-Torres
- Nutritional Sciences, Department of Chemical and Biological Sciences, University of Sonora, Hermosillo, Sonora 83000, Mexico.
- Faculty of Physical Education and Sport, University of Sinaloa, Culiacán, Sinaloa 80019, Mexico.
| | - Noé Ontiveros
- Nutrition Sciences Academic Unit, University of Sinaloa, Culiacán, Sinaloa 80019, Mexico.
| | - Verónica Lopez-Teros
- Nutritional Sciences, Department of Chemical and Biological Sciences, University of Sonora, Hermosillo, Sonora 83000, Mexico.
| | | | - Cuauhtémoc Reyes-Moreno
- Faculty of Chemical and Biological Sciences, University of Sinaloa, Culiacán, Sinaloa 80199, Mexico.
| | | | - Francisco Cabrera-Chávez
- Faculty of Physical Education and Sport, University of Sinaloa, Culiacán, Sinaloa 80019, Mexico.
- Nutrition Sciences Academic Unit, University of Sinaloa, Culiacán, Sinaloa 80019, Mexico.
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41
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Quiroga AV, Aphalo P, Nardo AE, Añón MC. In Vitro Modulation of Renin-Angiotensin System Enzymes by Amaranth (Amaranthus hypochondriacus) Protein-Derived Peptides: Alternative Mechanisms Different from ACE Inhibition. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2017; 65:7415-7423. [PMID: 28805378 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.7b02240] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Among the factors affecting the development of cardiovascular diseases, hypertension is one of the most important. Research done on amaranth proteins has demonstrated their hypotensive capacity in vivo and in vitro; nevertheless, the mechanism underlying this effect remains unclear. The aim of this study was to analyze in vitro the inhibition of peptides derived from an amaranth hydrolysate (AHH) on other RAS enzymes other than ACE. The chymase and renin activities were studied. AHH was not able to inhibit chymase activity, although a dose-response effect was found on renin activity (IC50 0.6 mg/mL). To provide an approach to the renin inhibition mechanism, we analyzed AHH renin inhibition kinetics and performed a structural characterization of the peptides involved in the effect in terms of molecular size and hydrophobicity. Results suggest that amaranth peptides exhibit renin competitive inhibition behavior. Renin inhibition potency was directly related to peptide hydrophobicity. RP-HPLC separation of AHH and subsequent analysis of the peptide sequences showed 6 peptides belonging to 11S globulin (that can be grouped into 3 families) that would be responsible for renin inhibition. These results demonstrate that Amaranthus hypochondriacus seeds are an adequate source of peptides with renin inhibitory properties that could be used in functional food formulations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alejandra V Quiroga
- Facultad de Ciencias Exactas, Centro de Investigación y Desarrollo en Criotecnología de Alimentos (CIDCA), Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET-CCT La Plata) y Comisión de Investigaciones Científicas (CIC-PBA), Universidad Nacional de La Plata (UNLP) , Calle 47 y 116, 1900 La Plata, Buenos Aires, Argentina
- Cátedra de Química General e Inorgánica, Facultad de Ciencias Agrarias y Forestales, Universidad Nacional de La Plata , Calle 60 y 119, 1900 La Plata, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Paula Aphalo
- Facultad de Ciencias Exactas, Centro de Investigación y Desarrollo en Criotecnología de Alimentos (CIDCA), Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET-CCT La Plata) y Comisión de Investigaciones Científicas (CIC-PBA), Universidad Nacional de La Plata (UNLP) , Calle 47 y 116, 1900 La Plata, Buenos Aires, Argentina
- Comisión de Investigaciones Científicas, Ministerio de Ciencia, Tecnología e Innovación , Calle 526 e/10 y 11, 1900 La Plata, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Agustina E Nardo
- Facultad de Ciencias Exactas, Centro de Investigación y Desarrollo en Criotecnología de Alimentos (CIDCA), Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET-CCT La Plata) y Comisión de Investigaciones Científicas (CIC-PBA), Universidad Nacional de La Plata (UNLP) , Calle 47 y 116, 1900 La Plata, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - María C Añón
- Facultad de Ciencias Exactas, Centro de Investigación y Desarrollo en Criotecnología de Alimentos (CIDCA), Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET-CCT La Plata) y Comisión de Investigaciones Científicas (CIC-PBA), Universidad Nacional de La Plata (UNLP) , Calle 47 y 116, 1900 La Plata, Buenos Aires, Argentina
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42
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Lin S, Pan H, Wu H, Ren D, Lu J. Role of the ACE2‑Ang‑(1‑7)‑Mas axis in blood pressure regulation and its potential as an antihypertensive in functional foods (Review). Mol Med Rep 2017; 16:4403-4412. [PMID: 28791402 DOI: 10.3892/mmr.2017.7168] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2016] [Accepted: 06/08/2017] [Indexed: 11/05/2022] Open
Abstract
The renin‑angiotensin system (RAS) serves a critical role in blood pressure regulation and prevention of cardiovascular diseases. Efforts to develop functional foods that enhance the RAS have focused on inhibition of angiotensin‑converting enzyme (ACE) activity in the ACE‑angiotensin II (Ang II)‑Ang II type 1 receptor axis. ACE2 and the Mas receptor are important components of this axis. ACE2 catalyzes Ang II into Ang‑(1‑7), which then binds to the G‑protein‑coupled receptor Mas. In addition, it induces nitric oxide release from endothelial cells and exerts antiproliferative, vasodilatory and antihypertensive effects. The present review examined recent findings regarding the physiological and biological roles of the ACE2‑Ang‑(1‑7)‑Mas axis in the cardiovascular system, discussed potential food‑derived ACE2‑activating agents, and highlighted initiatives, based on this axis, that aim to develop functional foods for the treatment of hypertension.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shiqi Lin
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Forest Food Process and Safety, Department of Food Science and Engineering, College of Biological Sciences and Technology, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing 100083, P.R. China
| | - Huanglei Pan
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Forest Food Process and Safety, Department of Food Science and Engineering, College of Biological Sciences and Technology, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing 100083, P.R. China
| | - Hongli Wu
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Forest Food Process and Safety, Department of Food Science and Engineering, College of Biological Sciences and Technology, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing 100083, P.R. China
| | - Difeng Ren
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Forest Food Process and Safety, Department of Food Science and Engineering, College of Biological Sciences and Technology, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing 100083, P.R. China
| | - Jun Lu
- Beijing Engineering Research Center of Protein and Functional Peptides, China National Research Institute of Food and Fermentation Industries, Beijing 100015, P.R. China
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43
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Vieira ADS, Bedani R, Albuquerque MAC, Biscola V, Saad SMI. The impact of fruit and soybean by-products and amaranth on the growth of probiotic and starter microorganisms. Food Res Int 2017; 97:356-363. [PMID: 28578060 DOI: 10.1016/j.foodres.2017.04.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2016] [Revised: 04/20/2017] [Accepted: 04/24/2017] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
The ability of different fruit by-products, okara, and amaranth flour, to support the growth of probiotic and non-probiotic strains was evaluated. The tests were conducted with three commercial starter cultures (Streptococcus thermophilus), ten probiotic strains (seven Lactobacillus spp. and three Bifidobacterium spp. strains), and two harmful bacteria representative of the intestinal microbiota (Escherichia coli and Clostridium perfringens). In vitro fermentability assays were performed using a modified MRS broth supplemented with different fruits (acerola, orange, passion fruit, and mango), and soy (okara) by-products or amaranth flour. Orange and passion-fruit by-products were the substrates that most promoted the growth of bacterial populations, including pathogenic strains. On the other hand, the acerola by-product was the substrate that showed the highest selectivity for beneficial bacteria, since the E. coli and Cl. perfringens populations were lower in the presence of this fruit by-product. Although the passion fruit by-product, okara, and amaranth stimulated the probiotic strains, the growth of the pathogenic strains studied was higher compared to other substrates. Different growth profiles were verified for each substrate when the different strains were compared. Although pure culture models do not reflect bacterial interaction in the host, this study reinforces the fact that the ability to metabolize different substrates is strain-dependent, and acerola, mango, and orange by-products are the substrates with the greatest potential to be used as prebiotic ingredients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Antonio Diogo Silva Vieira
- Department of Biochemical and Pharmaceutical Technology, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of São Paulo, Av. Professor Lineu Prestes, 580, São Paulo, SP 05508-000, Brazil
| | - Raquel Bedani
- Department of Biochemical and Pharmaceutical Technology, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of São Paulo, Av. Professor Lineu Prestes, 580, São Paulo, SP 05508-000, Brazil
| | - M A C Albuquerque
- Department of Biochemical and Pharmaceutical Technology, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of São Paulo, Av. Professor Lineu Prestes, 580, São Paulo, SP 05508-000, Brazil
| | - Vanessa Biscola
- Food Research Center, Department of Food and Experimental Nutrition, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of São Paulo, Av. Professor Lineu Prestes, 580, São Paulo, SP 05508-000, Brazil
| | - Susana Marta Isay Saad
- Department of Biochemical and Pharmaceutical Technology, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of São Paulo, Av. Professor Lineu Prestes, 580, São Paulo, SP 05508-000, Brazil.
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44
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Nourmohammadi E, SadeghiMahoonak A, Alami M, Ghorbani M. Amino acid composition and antioxidative properties of hydrolysed pumpkin (Cucurbita pepo L.) oil cake protein. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF FOOD PROPERTIES 2017. [DOI: 10.1080/10942912.2017.1283516] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Elham Nourmohammadi
- Department of Food Science and Technology, Gorgan University of Agricultural Science & Natural Resources, Gorgan, I. R. Iran
| | - Alireza SadeghiMahoonak
- Department of Food Science and Technology, Gorgan University of Agricultural Science & Natural Resources, Gorgan, I. R. Iran
| | - Mehran Alami
- Department of Food Science and Technology, Gorgan University of Agricultural Science & Natural Resources, Gorgan, I. R. Iran
| | - Mohammad Ghorbani
- Department of Food Science and Technology, Gorgan University of Agricultural Science & Natural Resources, Gorgan, I. R. Iran
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45
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Saleh ASM, Zhang Q, Shen Q. Recent Research in Antihypertensive Activity of Food Protein-derived Hydrolyzates and Peptides. Crit Rev Food Sci Nutr 2017; 56:760-87. [PMID: 25036695 DOI: 10.1080/10408398.2012.724478] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
Year to year obesity prevalence, reduced physical activities, bad habits/or stressful lifestyle, and other environmental and physiological impacts lead to increase in diseases such as coronary heart disease, stroke, cancer, diabetes, and hypertension worldwide. Hypertension is considered as one of the most common serious chronic diseases; however, discovery of medications with high efficacy and without side effects for treatment of patients remains a challenge for scientists. Recent trends in functional foods have evidenced that food bioactive proteins play a major role in the concepts of illness and curing; therefore, nutritionists, biomedical scientists, and food scientists are working together to develop improved systems for the discovery of peptides with increased potency and therapeutic benefits. This review presents a recent research carried out to date for the purpose of isolation and identification of bioactive hydrolyzates and peptides with angiotensin I converting enzyme inhibitory activity and antihypertensive effect from animal, marine, microbial, and plant food proteins. Effects of food processing and hydrolyzation conditions as well as some other impacts on formation, activity, and stability of these hydrolyzates and peptides are also presented.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ahmed S M Saleh
- a College of Food Science and Nutritional Engineering, China Agricultural University , Beijing , China.,b Department of Food Science and Technology , Faculty of Agriculture, Assiut University , Assiut , Egypt
| | - Qing Zhang
- a College of Food Science and Nutritional Engineering, China Agricultural University , Beijing , China
| | - Qun Shen
- a College of Food Science and Nutritional Engineering, China Agricultural University , Beijing , China
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46
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López-Sánchez J, Ponce-Alquicira E, Pedroza-Islas R, de la Peña-Díaz A, Soriano-Santos J. Effects of heat and pH treatments and in vitro digestion on the biological activity of protein hydrolysates of Amaranthus hypochondriacus L. grain. JOURNAL OF FOOD SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY 2016; 53:4298-4307. [PMID: 28115770 PMCID: PMC5223265 DOI: 10.1007/s13197-016-2428-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Revised: 11/22/2016] [Accepted: 11/30/2016] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
The aim of this work was to assess the effects of temperature (T), time (t) and pH treatments and an in vitro digestion on the stability of the angiotensin I-converting-enzyme-inhibitory activity (ACEIA) and antithrombotic activity (ATA; assessed as inhibition of platelet aggregation) of selected protein hydrolysates of amaranth named Alb1H103 and GloH88 and GluH24 with dipeptidyl peptidase IV inhibitory activity (DPPIVIA). Heat treatment (40-100 °C) for 1 h showed no significant differences among ACEIA, DPPIVIA and ATA of the heated hydrolysates at pH 4 and 7. There was no statistically significant loss of any bioactivity under heat treatment for 3 h at pH 4.0. Alb1H103 and GluH24 maintained the inhibitory activity of ACE and ATA at pH 7.0 for 3 h, whereas GloH88 maintained ACEIA and ATA for 2.0 h at pH 7.0. The pH effect on hydrolysates bioactivity was assessed in the range of 2.0-12.0. This was negligible on ACEIA, ATA and DPPIVIA. The in vitro digestion was performed using pepsin, trypsin (T) and α-chymotrypsin (C). A previous treatment of hydrolysates with pepsin improved the proteolytic activities of T and C. The hydrolysates kept at 100 °C for 1 h at pH 4.0, showed a significant increase in bioactivity. Conversely, a treatment at pH 7.0 showed no significant difference (p < 0.05) in the hydrolysates bioactivities after their digestion. Thus, biological activity of hydrolysates may be preserved or enhanced, depending on their processing conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- J. López-Sánchez
- Departamento de Biotecnología, Universidad Autónoma Metropolitana, Campus Iztapalapa, Av. San Rafael Atlixco No. 186, Col. Vicentina, Ap. P. 55-535, Deleg. Iztapalapa, 09340 Mexico City, Mexico
| | - E. Ponce-Alquicira
- Departamento de Biotecnología, Universidad Autónoma Metropolitana, Campus Iztapalapa, Av. San Rafael Atlixco No. 186, Col. Vicentina, Ap. P. 55-535, Deleg. Iztapalapa, 09340 Mexico City, Mexico
| | - R. Pedroza-Islas
- Departamento de Ingeniería y Ciencias Químicas, Universidad Iberoamericana, Prolongación Paseo de la Reforma 880, Lomas de Santa Fe, 01219 Mexico City, Mexico
| | - A. de la Peña-Díaz
- Departamento de Farmacología, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Circuito Escolar, Ciudad Universitaria, Coyoacán, 04510 Mexico City, Mexico
| | - J. Soriano-Santos
- Departamento de Biotecnología, Universidad Autónoma Metropolitana, Campus Iztapalapa, Av. San Rafael Atlixco No. 186, Col. Vicentina, Ap. P. 55-535, Deleg. Iztapalapa, 09340 Mexico City, Mexico
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Sadegh Vishkaei M, Ebrahimpour A, Abdul-Hamid A, Ismail A, Saari N. Angiotensin-I Converting Enzyme (ACE) Inhibitory and Anti-Hypertensive Effect of Protein Hydrolysate from Actinopyga lecanora (Sea Cucumber) in Rats. Mar Drugs 2016; 14:md14100176. [PMID: 27706040 PMCID: PMC5082324 DOI: 10.3390/md14100176] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2016] [Revised: 07/08/2016] [Accepted: 07/19/2016] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Food protein hydrolysates are known to exhibit angiotensin converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitory properties and can be used as a novel functional food for prevention of hypertension. This study evaluated the ACE inhibitory potentials of Actinopyga lecanora proteolysate (ALP) in vivo. The pre-fed rats with ALP at various doses (200, 400, 800 mg/kg body weight) exhibited a significant (p ≤ 0.05) suppression effect after inducing hypertension. To determine the optimum effective dose that will produce maximal reduction in blood pressure, ALP at three doses was fed to the rats after inducing hypertension. The results showed that the 800 mg/kg body weight dose significantly reduced blood pressure without noticeable negative physiological effect. In addition, there were no observable changes in the rats’ heart rate after oral administration of the ALP. It was concluded that Actinopyga lecanora proteolysate could potentially be used for the development of functional foods and nutraceuticals for prevention and treatment of hypertension.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mahdokht Sadegh Vishkaei
- Department of Food Science, Faculty of Food Science and Technology, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Serdang 43400, Selangor, Malaysia.
| | - Afshin Ebrahimpour
- Department of Chemistry, Sam Houston State University, Huntsville, TX 77340, USA.
| | - Azizah Abdul-Hamid
- Department of Food Science, Faculty of Food Science and Technology, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Serdang 43400, Selangor, Malaysia.
| | - Amin Ismail
- Department of Nutrition and Dietetics, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Serdang 43400, Selangor, Malaysia.
| | - Nazamid Saari
- Department of Food Science, Faculty of Food Science and Technology, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Serdang 43400, Selangor, Malaysia.
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EVANGELHO JAD, BERRIOS JDJ, PINTO VZ, ANTUNES MD, VANIER NL, ZAVAREZE EDR. Antioxidant activity of black bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) protein hydrolysates. FOOD SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY 2016. [DOI: 10.1590/1678-457x.0047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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49
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Sabbione AC, Rinaldi G, Añón MC, Scilingo AA. Antithrombotic Effects of Amaranthus hypochondriacus Proteins in Rats. PLANT FOODS FOR HUMAN NUTRITION (DORDRECHT, NETHERLANDS) 2016; 71:19-27. [PMID: 26627100 DOI: 10.1007/s11130-015-0517-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
Cardiovascular disease (CVD) is a major cause of disability and premature death throughout the world. Diets with antithrombotic components offer a convenient and effective way of preventing and reducing CVD incidence. The aim of the present work was to assess in vivo and ex vivo effects of Amaranthus hypochondriacus proteins on platelet plug formation and coagulation cascade. Amaranth proteins were orally administrated to rats (AG, 8 animals) and bleeding time was determined showing no significant difference compared with control rats (CG, 7 animals). However, results show a strong tendency, suggesting that amaranth proteins are involved in the inhibition of thrombus formation. Non-anticoagulated blood extracted from animals was analyzed with the hemostatometer, where AG parameters obtained were twice the values showed by CG. The clotting tests, thrombin time (TT) and activated partial thromboplastin time (APTT), presented a 17 and 14% clotting formation increase respectively when comparing AG with CG. The ex-vivo assays confirm the hypothesis inferring that amaranth proteins are a potential antithrombotic agent.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana Clara Sabbione
- Centro de Investigación y Desarrollo en Criotecnología de Alimentos (CIDCA), Calle 47 y 116, 1900, La Plata, Argentina
- Facultad de Ciencias Exactas, Universidad Nacional de La Plata. CCT, La Plata, CONICET (Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas), La Plata, Argentina
| | - Gustavo Rinaldi
- Centro de Investigaciones Cardiovasculares (CIC), Facultad de Ciencias Médicas, Universidad Nacional de La Plata, Avenida 60 y 120 2° piso, La Plata, Argentina
| | - María Cristina Añón
- Centro de Investigación y Desarrollo en Criotecnología de Alimentos (CIDCA), Calle 47 y 116, 1900, La Plata, Argentina
- Facultad de Ciencias Exactas, Universidad Nacional de La Plata. CCT, La Plata, CONICET (Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas), La Plata, Argentina
| | - Adriana A Scilingo
- Centro de Investigación y Desarrollo en Criotecnología de Alimentos (CIDCA), Calle 47 y 116, 1900, La Plata, Argentina.
- Facultad de Ciencias Exactas, Universidad Nacional de La Plata. CCT, La Plata, CONICET (Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas), La Plata, Argentina.
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50
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Moronta J, Smaldini PL, Docena GH, Añón MC. Peptides of amaranth were targeted as containing sequences with potential anti-inflammatory properties. J Funct Foods 2016. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jff.2015.12.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
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