A highly efficient microextraction technique based on deep eutectic solvent formed by choline chloride and p-cresol for simultaneous determination of lignans in sesame oils

Deep eutectic solvent extraction of polyphenol from plant materials: Current status and future prospects in food applications

The increasing environmental concerns related to biomass waste have led to the exploration of sustainable methods for extracting bioactive compounds from plant materials, especially polyphenols, which are valued for their health benefits and use in functional foods and natural additives. These bioactive compounds are abundant in fruits, vegetables, tea, and herbs, and encompass flavonoids, phenolic acids, tannins, stilbenes, and lignans. Traditional extraction methods often rely on harmful petrochemical solvents, which pose significant environmental and health risks. In contrast, Deep Eutectic Solvents (DESs) have emerged as an eco-friendly alternative, offering advantages such as low toxicity, cost-efficiency, and a wide range of solubility. This review focused recent advancements in DES-based polyphenol extraction, emphasizing their applications in the food industry. It highlights the potential of DES to efficiently extract polyphenols, improving their bioavailability and stability, and exploring future prospect for enhancing food quality, safety, and functionality through functional foods and natural preservatives.

Deep eutectic solvents in analysis, delivery and chemistry of pharmaceuticals

Deep eutectic solvents (DES) have an emerging scientific role, assisting modern pharmaceutics. They are uniquely supporting the resolution of crucial issues, such as the effective extraction and isolation of bio-actives. They act as media and catalysts for pharmaceutical drug synthesis, and as green solvents and modifiers in pharmaceutical analysis. Their role in pharmaceutical formulation and drug delivery is also up-and-coming, for instance, as alternative drug-solubilizing agents, drug stabilizers and functional additives, as therapeutic deep eutectic solvents, deep eutectic API, and monomers and reaction media for the synthesis of biomaterials for advanced drug delivery. The DES also help transforming medicinal/pharmaceutical chemistry. Although DES were described in 1918, their first pharmaceutical use is only reported in 1960. In view of their broad applicability in pharmaceutics, it may be interesting to review their history, origin, evolution, potential advantages, limitations, and specific applications as green solvents. A chronological and comparative study of the literature showed the important role of DES in green approaches for modern pharmaceuticals. The concepts, applications, and outcomes of DES in pharmaceutical analysis, formulation/drug delivery, and pharmaceutical/medicinal chemistry are presented. A comprehensive outline of the atypical applications of DES as effective green solvents in pharmaceutical bioactive extraction was assessed. Efforts to present classifications of DES explored in pharmaceuticals were also made. The present manuscript also covers computational trend, adds on commercial aspects with potential future applications of DES in pharmaceutical sciences.

New Horizon in Selective Tocols Extraction from Deodorizer Distillates Under Mild Conditions by Using Deep Eutectic Solvents

Tocols are commonly known as vitamin E, which comprise tocopherols and tocotrienols. Although vegetable oils are natural sources of tocols, deodorizer distillates (DDs) are attractive feedstock due to their potential abundance from oil refining processes and economic price. Deep eutectic solvents (DESs) are a family of neoteric solvents that show promising performance for tocols extraction. Besides their characters occupying the green chemistry concept, this review presents the current research on the potential performances of DESs in extracting tocols selectively and efficiently from DDs. The application of DESs in tocols extraction is presented considering three different ways: mono-phasic, in situ DESs formation, and bi-phasic systems. The basic principles of intermolecular interactions (H-bond, van der Walls bond, and misfit interaction) between DESs or their components with tocols are discussed to understand the mechanism by which DESs selectively extract tocols from the mixture. This is mainly observed to be a function of the intrinsic properties of DESs and/or tocols, which could be beneficial for tuning the appropriate DESs for extracting tocols selectively and effectively under mild operation conditions. This review is expected to provide insight in the potential application of DESs in the extracting of natural compounds with a phenolic structure and also briefly discusses the toxicity of DESs.

Dispersive liquid-liquid microextraction with a deep eutectic solvent coupled with GC-MS for the determination of chiral carvone in herbaceous plants

Carvone is an important flavoring substance and widely used in the food and chemical industries. Carvone has two optical isomers (L-carvone and D-carvone), which have different aroma characteristics. However, the green extraction of natural carvone and isolation of chiral carvone present challenges, leading to its limited application. In this study, a deep eutectic solvent (DES) was prepared and used as a green extraction solvent for the extraction of carvone from herbaceous plants, and then a chiral chromatography column combined with GC-MS was used for the separation and detection of L-carvone and D-carvone. Response surface methodology was used to optimize the extraction conditions including the volume of DES, extraction time and extraction temperature. The results showed that the extraction recoveries and intra-day precision (n = 6) were 83.5-101.3% and 3.2-6.1% when the volume of DES was 5 mL, and the extraction time and temperature were 25 min and 51 °C, respectively. The MLOD and MLOQ of L-carvone and D-carvone were 8.0 mg kg-1 and 25.0 mg kg-1, respectively. The real sample detection results revealed that about 235.8-1600.0 mg kg-1 of L-carvone was detected in Mentha spicata L., and 6658.5-9788.6 mg kg-1 of D-carvone in Anethum graveolens L. seeds. The established method can be an effective method for the detection of chiral carvone in herbaceous plants.

Trends in extraction and purification methods of Lignans in plant-derived foods

Lignans are widely used as dietary supplements within health foods. However, excess addition of lignans can induce adverse reactions, therefore, it is necessary to develop rapid, effective, economical, and environmentally friendly extraction and purification methods to enhance lignan extraction efficiency. Recently, the advancement of sample pretreatment has been primarily directed towards the application of novel extraction solvents (e.g., supramolecular solvents) in dispersive liquid-liquid microextraction, the miniaturization of solid-phase extraction, the utilization of innovative adsorbent materials in dispersive solid-phase microextraction and matrix-assisted solid-phase extraction, and the employment of subcritical water extraction technology. Up to now, no systematic review has encompassed these advancements. Consequently, this review provides a comprehensive overview of the extraction and purification methods of lignans from plant-derived foods since 2017, with a particular focus on the application of microextraction technologies and new materials. It also analyzes the advantages and disadvantages of these methods and discusses their future developing trends.

Structural and Dynamic Heterogeneity of Deep Eutectic Solvents Composed of Choline Chloride and Ortho-Phenol Derivatives

Structural, thermal, and dynamic properties of four deep eutectic solvents comprising choline chloride paired with ortho-phenolic derivative hydrogen-bond donors were probed using experiments and molecular simulations. The hydrogen-bond donors include phenol, catechol, o-chlorophenol, and o-cresol, in a 3:1 mixture with the hydrogen-bond acceptor choline chloride. Density, viscosity, and pulsed-field gradient NMR diffusivity measurements were conducted over a range of temperatures. Classical and ab initio molecular dynamics simulation results match experimental data reasonably well. The simulation results were then used to perform a more detailed analysis of the local structure and dynamics of these systems.

Sesamolin suppresses adipocyte differentiation through Keap1-dependent Nrf2 activation in adipocytes

Sesamolin, a lignan isolated from sesame oils, has been found to possess neuroprotective, anticancer, and free radical scavenging properties. We hypothesized that sesamolin could stimulate the activity of nuclear factor erythroid-derived 2-like 2 (Nrf2) and inhibit adipocyte differentiation of preadipocytes. The objective of this study was to investigate effects of sesamolin on adipocyte differentiation and its underlying molecular mechanisms. In this study, we determined the effects of treatment with 25 to 100 µM sesamolin on adipogenesis in cell culture systems. Sesamolin inhibited lipid accumulation and suppressed the expression of adipocyte markers during adipocyte differentiation of C3H10T1/2, 3T3-L1, and primary preadipocytes. Mechanism studies revealed that sesamolin increased Nrf2 protein expression without inducing its mRNA, leading to an increase in the expression of Nrf2 target genes such as heme oxygenase 1 and NAD(P)H:quinone oxidoreductase 1 (Nqo1) in C3H10T1/2 adipocytes and mouse embryonic fibroblasts. These effects were significantly attenuated in Nrf2 knockout (KO) mouse embryonic fibroblasts, indicating that effects of sesamolin were dependent on Nrf2. In H1299 human lung cancer cells with KO of Kelch like-ECH-associated protein 1 (Keap1), a negative regulator of Nrf2, sesamolin failed to further increase Nrf2 protein expression. However, upon reexpressing Keap1 in Keap1 KO cells, the ability of sesamolin to elevate Nrf2 protein expression was restored, highlighting the crucial role of Keap1 in sesamolin-induced Nrf2 activation. Taken together, these findings show that sesamolin can inhibit adipocyte differentiation through Keap1-mediated Nrf2 activation.

Deep eutectic solvents: Preparation, properties, and food applications

Deep Eutectic Solvents (DESs) emerge as innovative 21st-century solvents, supplanting traditional ones like ethanol and n-hexane. Renowned for their non-toxic, biodegradable, and water-miscible nature with reduced volatility, DESs are mostly synthesized through heating and stirring method. Physicochemical properties such as polarity, viscosity, density and surface tension of DESs influenced their application. This review paper gives the overview of application of eco-benign DESs in fruits, vegetables, cereals, pulses, spices, herbs, plantation crops, oil seed crops, medicinal and aromatic plants, seaweed, and milk for the extraction of bioactive compounds. Also, it gives insight of determination of pesticides, insecticides, hazardous and toxic compounds, removal of heavy metals, detection of illegal milk additive, purification of antibiotics and preparation of packaging film. Methodologies for separating bioactive compounds from DESs extracts are systematically examined. Further, safety regulations of DESs are briefly discussed and reviewed literature reveals prevalent utilization of DES-based bioactive compound rich extracts in cosmetics, indicating untapped potential of their application in the food industry.

Effects of sesame (Sesamum indicum L.) and bioactive compounds (sesamin and sesamolin) on inflammation and atherosclerosis: A review

Inflammation, oxidative stress, obesity, infection, hyperlipidemia, hypertension, and diabetes are the main causes of atherosclerosis, which in the long term lead to hardening of the arteries. In the current study, we reviewed recent findings of the mechanism of sesame and its active compounds of sesamin and sesamolin regulates on atherosclerosis. Sesame can decrease the lipid peroxidation and affect the enzymes, which control the balance of oxidative status in the body. Besides modulating the inflammatory cytokines, sesame regulates the main mediators of the signaling pathways in the process of inflammation, such as prostaglandin E2 (PGE2), nuclear factor kappa light-chain enhancer of activated B cells (NF-kB) and peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma (PPAR-γ). Sesame decreases the growth of different pathogens. It fights against obesity and helps to reduce weight, body mass index (BMI), waist circumference, and lipid count of serum and liver. In addition to lowering fasting blood sugar (FBS), it decreases the hemoglobin A1c (HbA1c) and glucose levels and improves insulin function. With high content of linoleic acid, α-linolenic acid, and total polyunsaturated fatty acid (PUFA), sesame efficiently controls the blood plasma lipids and changes the lipid profile. In the case of hypertension, it maintains the health of endothelium through multiple mechanisms and conserves the response of the arteries to vasodilation. PUFA in sesame suppresses blood clotting and fibrinogen activity. All the mentioned properties combat atherosclerosis and hardening of blood vessels, which are detailed in the present review for sesame.

Simultaneous quantification method for eleutheroside B, eleutheroside E, chiisanoside, and sesamin using reverse-phase high-performance liquid chromatography coupled with ultraviolet detection and integrated pulsed amperometric detection

We developed a method combining ultraviolet (UV) detection and integrated pulsed amperometric detection (IPAD) to simultaneously analyze eleutheroside B, eleutheroside E, chiisanoside, and sesamin. The gradient elution system allowed complete separation of all target components within 35 min, and showed limits of detection of 0.006-0.020 μg/mL and limits of quantification of 0.018-0.050 μg/mL. The linear regression coefficients of determination were 0.9990-0.9998. All inter- and intra-day precision values were below 4.89%, and the average recoveries were 97.79-104.40%. The developed approach exhibits excellent reproducibility, sensitivity, and selectivity without requiring any complicated pre-treatment, and is therefore expected to be helpful as a tool for establishing appropriate content criteria for Acanthopanax species.

Deep Eutectic Liquids as Tailorable Extraction Solvents: A Review of Opportunities and Challenges

Deep Eutectic Liquids (DELs) fall among the rapidly evolving discoveries of the 21st century, and these liquids are considered as alternative solvents to toxic and volatile organic liquids. Nevertheless, the emerging trend regarding the use of DELs in every field of physical and biological sciences, a lot of ambiguities and misconceptions exist about their formation, mechanism, and efficiencies observed or projected. A review of available technical data makes it obvious that these liquids have the potential to revolutionize the underdeveloped areas of analytical chemistry particularly the extraction/enrichment of analytes. To ensure the green and sustainable use of DELs, the researchers need to have a thorough understanding of DELs, their classification, chemistry, the nature and strength of molecular entanglements, and their tailorable features. Many researchers have declared these liquids recyclable but more attentive trials are needed to develop an authentic and straightforward DELs recycling methodology. The present review covers sound background knowledge and expert opinions about the technical definition of DELs, their classification, formation, recyclability, and tailorable features for their application as extraction solvent/sorbent in analytical chemistry.

Deep eutectic solvents as switchable solvents for highly efficient liquid-liquid microextraction of phenolic antioxidant: Easily tracking the original TBHQ in edible oils

Synthetic antioxidant tert-butylhydroquinone (TBHQ) is easily oxidized to tert-butylquinone (TQ) during the storage of edible oils, resulting in an obvious decrease in the content of TBHQ in edible oils. Therefore, it is quite desirable to develop a simple analytical method for accurately tracking the original content of TBHQ in edible oils. In this work, deep eutectic solvents (DESs) have been successfully used in room temperature vortex-assisted liquid-liquid microextraction (VALLME) of TBHQ from edible oils. The DES composed of ethylene glycol and choline chloride (ChCl) could selectively extract TBHQ from edible oils containing both TBHQ and TQ. The DES composed of sesamol and ChCl (molar ratio of 3:1) could efficiently reduce TQ to TBHQ and extract TBHQ from edible oils. The whole VALLME process only required 5 min at room temperature. This switchable DESs-based VALLME with common RP-HPLC analysis showed high efficiency and good performance with linearity (R² = 0.9999) in 5-500 mg/kg range, detection limit of 0.02 mg/kg, recoveries of 96.1-106.0% and intra-/inter-day precision below 2.0%. This analytical method is suitable for detecting the current content of TBHQ and tracking the original content of TBHQ during the storage of edible oils at room temperature, respectively.

An Insight into Sesamolin: Physicochemical Properties, Pharmacological Activities, and Future Research Prospects

Sesame seeds are rich in lignan content and have been well-known for their health benefits. Unlike the other sesame lignan compounds (i.e., sesamin and sesamol), the study of the pharmacological activity of sesamolin has not been explored widely. This review, therefore, summarizes the information related to sesamolin’s pharmacological activities, and the mechanism of action. Moreover, the influence of its physicochemical properties on pharmacological activity is also discussed. Sesamolin possessed neuroprotective activity against hypoxia-induced reactive oxygen species (ROS) and oxidative stress in neuron cells by reducing the ROS and inhibiting apoptosis. In skin cancer, sesamolin exhibited antimelanogenesis by affecting the expression of the melanogenic enzymes. The anticancer activity of sesamolin based on antiproliferation and inhibition of migration was demonstrated in human colon cancer cells. In addition, treatment with sesamolin could stimulate immune cells to enhance the cytolytic activity to kill Burkitt’s lymphoma cells. However, the toxicity and safety of sesamolin have not been reported. And there is also less information on the experimental study in vivo. The limited aqueous solubility of sesamolin becomes the main problem, which affects its pharmacological activity in the in vitro experiment and clinical efficacy. Therefore, solubility enhancement is needed for further investigation and determination of its pharmacological activity profiles. Since there are fewer reports studying this issue, it could become a future prospective research opportunity.

Deep Eutectic Solvents for the Extraction of Bioactive Compounds from Natural Sources and Agricultural By-Products

In this work, a review about the applicability of eutectic solvents, mainly deep eutectic solvents (DES) and natural deep eutectic solvents (NADES), for the extraction of bioactive compounds from natural products has been carried out. These alternative solvents have shown not only to have high extraction yields but also to be environmentally friendly, exhibiting very low or almost no toxicity, compared to conventional organic solvents. The last trends and main extraction methods that have been most widely used in studies using these emerging solvents have been reviewed, as well as the varied natural sources in which they have been used, including agro-food by-products. Besides the toxicity, biodegradability of these solvents is reviewed. Likewise, different reported bioactivity tests have been included, in which extracts obtained with these ecological solvents have been tested from antioxidant activity analysis to in vivo studies with rats, through in vitro cytotoxicity tests.

A comprehensive review on different classes of polyphenolic compounds present in edible oils

Edible oils are used as a frying medium and in the preparation of several food products. They are mainly constituting triacylglycerols as major components, while other compounds are classified as minor constituents, which include polyphenols. This class of compounds plays an important role in the thermal stability and quality attributes of the finished industrial food products. In addition to other antioxidants, the desired thermal stability of edible is achieved by either fortification or mixing of edible oils. This comprehensive review was therefore aimed to review the different classes of polyphenolic compounds present in commonly consumed edible oils. The edible oils reviewed include soybean, olive, rapeseed, canola, sunflower, flaxseed, sesame, cottonseed, palm, almond, peanut, chestnut, coconut, and hazelnut oils. The identified classes of polyphenolic compounds such as simple phenols, hydroxybenzoic acids, phenylethanoids, hydroxycinnamic acid, esters of hydroxycinnamic acids, coumarins & chromans, stilbenes, flavonoids, anthocyanins, and lignans were discussed. It was observed that a single edible from different origins showed the varied composition of the different classes of phenolic compounds. Among the oils, soybean, sunflower, olive, and brassica oils received higher attention in terms of polyphenol composition. Some classes of phenolic compounds were either not reported or absent in one edible oil, while present in others. Among the different classes of phenolics, hydroxybenzoic acids, hydroxycinnamic acid and flavonoids were the most widely present compounds. Phenolic compounds in edible oils possess several health benefits such as antioxidant, antibacterial, anti-viral, anti-inflammatory, anti-tumour, antioxidants, cardioprotective, neuroprotective, anti-diabetic properties and anti-obesity.

Specialty seeds: Nutrients, bioactives, bioavailability, and health benefits: A comprehensive review

Seeds play important roles in human nutrition and health since ancient time. The term "specialty" has recently been applied to seeds to describe high-value and/or uncommon food products. Since then, numerous studies have been conducted to identify various classes of bioactive compounds, including polyphenols in specialty seeds. This review discusses nutrients, fat-soluble bioactives, polyphenols/bioactives, antioxidant activity, bioavailability, health benefits, and safety/toxicology of commonly consumed eight specialty seeds, namely, black cumin, chia, hemp, flax, perilla, pumpkin, quinoa, and sesame. Scientific results from the existing literature published over the last decade have been compiled and discussed. These specialty seeds, having numerous fat-soluble bioactives and polyphenols, together with their corresponding antioxidant activities, have increasingly been consumed. Hence, these specialty seeds can be considered as a valuable source of dietary supplements and functional foods due to their health-promoting bioactive components, polyphenols, and corresponding antioxidant activities. The phytochemicals from these specialty seeds demonstrate bioavailability in humans with promising health benefits. Additional long-term and well-design human intervention trials are required to ascertain the health-promoting properties of these specialty seeds.

Effects of ultrasonic pre-treatment on physicochemical properties of proteins extracted from cold-pressed sesame cake

Sesame is an oil crop with high nutritional value. Protein is one of the main ingredients of sesame, however research on protein of cold-pressed sesame cake is limited. This study aimed to investigate the effects of ultrasonic pre-treatment (UPT) on physicochemical properties of proteins (yield, solubility, amino acid composition, surface properties, structural and thermal stability) extracted from the cold-pressed sesame cake, after removing lignans by ultrasonic-assisted extraction. By comparison, the extraction yield of protein was significantly (p ＜ 0.05) increased from 22.24% (without UPT) to 25.95% (with UPT), while the purity (54.08% without UPT, 55.43% with UPT), total amount of essential amino acids (22.48% without UPT, 23.10% with UPT) and non-essential amino acids (37.48% without UPT, 36.54% with UPT) were not significantly influenced. Besides, UPT slightly reduced the solubility, foaming capacity and stability (FC and FS) of protein. In addition, scanning electron microscopy (SEM), Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR) and thermal stability (TG) analysis demonstrated that UPT could disorder and loose protein molecular structure, resulting in the change of morphology, secondary structure and thermal stability. In conclusion, this study provides a way for the separation and future application of sesame cake protein. UPT is a good option to remove the lignans from sesame cake proteins.

Application of Deep Eutectic Solvents in Food Analysis: A Review

Deep eutectic solvents (DESs) have emerged recently as new and green solvents. DESs can be used for extraction and separation of both inorganic metallic components and organic compounds such as phenolic compounds, flavonoids, sugars, and aromatic amines from food samples. DESs possess a tunable property simply by adjusting the ratio of hydrogen bond acceptors to the hydrogen bond donors. As a green extraction medium, DESs have various applications in the pretreatment process and improve the efficiency of different food analyses. This review summarizes the findings of recent studies on the development, production, application, and efficacy of DESs in the pretreatment process of various food analyses.

Deep Eutectic Solvents for Pretreatment, Extraction, and Catalysis of Biomass and Food Waste

Valorization of lignocellulosic biomass and food residues to obtain valuable chemicals is essential to the establishment of a sustainable and biobased economy in the modern world. The latest and greenest generation of ionic liquids (ILs) are deep eutectic solvents (DESs) and natural deep eutectic solvents (NADESs); these have shown great promise for various applications and have attracted considerable attention from researchers who seek versatile solvents with pretreatment, extraction, and catalysis capabilities in biomass- and biowaste-to-bioenergy conversion processes. The present work aimed to review the use of DESs and NADESs in the valorization of biomass and biowaste as pretreatment or extraction solvents or catalysis agents.

Rapid electroanalytical procedure for sesamol determination in real samples

In this study, the development of an electroanalytical assay based on square wave voltammetry technique for determining sesamol (Ses) in sesame oil samples is described. The influence of various factors such as pH of the supporting electrolyte, its composition, and SW (square wave) parameters was studied. Linearity of the peak current depended on the concentration of Ses in the range from 3.0 to 140.0 μmol L^-1 with a limit of detection of 0.71 μmol L^-1. Furthermore, the cyclic voltammetric behavior of Ses and the effects of scan rate and pH on the peak current and peak potential of Ses were determined. Moreover, the electrode process was found to be diffusion-controlled. The proposed methodology was successfully applied for determining Ses in commercial sesame oil samples. The obtained results were in good agreement with the results from the HPLC-UV reference method.

Extraction of Tocopherol from Soybean Oil Deodorizer Distillate by Deep Eutectic Solvents

Natural tocopherols have strong antioxidant and physiological functions, which are mainly produced from vegetable oil deodorized distillates. In this work, a simple and green solvent extraction method based on deep eutectic solvent has been developed to simultaneously extract three isomers of tocopherols (α, γ and δ-tocopherols) from soybean oil deodorizer distillate (SODD). The key factor to affect the solvent extraction efficiency was proposed that phenolic deep eutectic solvents interacted with targeted tocopherols mainly through π-π bonds interaction. This sustainable extraction process included two steps. Firstly, total tocopherols were extracted from SODD at room temperature by phenolic deep eutectic solvent composed of ChCl and p-cresol. Subsequently, tocopherols were successfully separated from deep eutectic solvent phase by re-extraction with n-hexane, and tocopherols products could be simply recovered. Under the optimum extraction conditions, the extraction efficiency of total tocopherols (α, γ and δ-tocopherols) from SODD was 77.6% after extraction with phenolic deep eutectic solvent.

A highly efficient vortex-assisted liquid–liquid microextraction based on natural deep eutectic solvent for the determination of Sudan I in food samples

A natural deep eutectic solvent (NADES) composed of choline chloride (ChCl) and sesamol was successfully employed in the vortex-assisted liquid–liquid microextraction (VALLME) of food toxicant Sudan I (1-phenylazo-2-naphthalenol) in food samples for HPLC-UV analysis. Sesamol-based NADESs exhibited better Sudan I extraction abilities than other deep eutectic solvents and conventional organic solvents. ¹H NMR and 2D NOESY spectra were used to characterize the sesamol-based NADESs, indicating that hydrogen bonds were formed between ChCl and sesamol. The developed VALLME method showed a high extraction efficiency (near 100%) within 60 s at room temperature. Under the optimized extraction conditions, this established method showed good linearity (r² = 1.000) and a low limit of detection (LOD) of 0.02 mg kg⁻¹. The recoveries were in the range of 93–118%, and the intra-day and inter-day precisions were less than 4.5%. The developed method was successfully applied to the determination of Sudan I in various food samples, including chili oil, chili sauce, and duck egg yolk. This method gave a higher recovery than that of the EU recommended method when applied to sample analysis.

A highly efficient vortex-assisted liquid–liquid microextraction based on natural deep eutectic solvent was developed for the determination of Sudan I.