Magnetic solid-phase extraction based on nano-zeolite imidazolate framework-8-functionalized magnetic graphene oxide for the quantification of residual fungicides in water, honey and fruit juices

Triazoles in the environment: An update on occurrence, fate, health hazards, and removal techniques

The triazole fungicides are widely utilized in agriculture and have the potential to leach into surface water from agricultural fields, resulting in significant environmental contamination. Prolonged exposure to triazole fungicides may pose potential risks to human health. Therefore, it is imperative to develop rapid, cost-effective, and efficient methods for the removal of triazoles in order to mitigate their detrimental impact on both the environment and human health. The present study provides a comprehensive review of the occurrence, distribution, and fate of triazoles in the general environment. Furthermore, an extensive comparison of current removal techniques, encompassing biodegradation, advanced oxidation processes (AOPs) and adsorption in various environmental samples, is thoroughly discussed. AOPs-based methods are currently the most widely utilized removal technology and represent a primary direction for future development. The application of hybrid removal techniques presents promising opportunities for the development of innovative methods for triazole removal. The paper also provides an analysis of the advantages/disadvantages and challenges associated with triazoles removal. In conclusion, this comprehensive review offers an in-depth evaluation of state-of-the-art technologies for triazoles removal.

Zeolitic imidazolate framework functionalized magnetic multiwalled carbon nanotubes as efficient adsorbents for rapid extraction of fluoroquinolones

Herein, a new, environmentally friendly, and economical magnetic solid-phase extraction method for fluoroquinolones (FQs) from milk samples was developed using novel recyclable zeolitic imidazolate framework functionalized magnetic multiwalled carbon nanotubes (Fe3O4@MWCNTs@SiO2@ZIF-8) as adsorbents. Various characterization techniques, including scanning electron microscopy, N2 adsorption-desorption analysis, and vibrating sample magnetometry, demonstrated that the adsorbent possessed a remarkable specific surface area, pore volume, and superparamagnetic properties, rendering it an excellent adsorbent. Combined with high-performance liquid chromatography, this method exhibited excellent linearity (R2 ≥ 0.9991) over the concentration range of 0.5-500 μg L-1, low limits of detection (0.10-0.34 μg kg-1), and low limits of quantification (0.30-1.00 μg kg-1). Finally, the developed method was successfully applied to analyze FQs in milk samples with recoveries ranging from 83.3% to 107.7% and relative standard deviations below 4.2%. The high efficiency and sensitivity of this method highlight the potential application of Fe3O4@MWCNTs@SiO2@ZIF-8 for analyzing FQs in complex matrices.

Determination of strobilurin fungicides residual in vegetables based on amino modified magnetic graphene oxide solid phase extraction coupled with GC-MS/MS

This research investigated the creation and utilization of an amino-functionalized magnetic graphene oxide (Fe₃O₄-NH₂@GO) nanocomposite as a selective sorbent for extracting and identifying strobilurin fungicides (SFs) from vegetable samples. The investigation utilized a method where magnetic solid phase extraction (MSPE) was integrated with Gas chromatography-triple quadrupole mass spectrometer (GC-MS/MS) for analysis. The physicochemical properties of synthesized sorbent were characterized using Scanning electron microscope (SEM) , Fourier infrared transform spectrum (FT-IR) , X Ray Diffraction (XRD), and vibrating sample magnetometry (VSM) techniques. The adsorption performance of Fe₃O₄-NH₂@GO aligned with the pseudo-second-order kinetics, Elovich, and Freundlich isothermal adsorption models, suggesting various interactions with SFs, including π-π interactions, hydrogen bonding, and electrostatic forces. The maximum adsorption capacity of two selected representative SFs (Picoxystrobin and E-metominostrobin) for the adsorbent were 55.85 mg/g and 47.35 mg/g, respectively. Additionally, the amino group exhibited notable potential for SFs adsorption. Parameters for MSPE, such as the quantity of sorbent, adsorption duration, eluent types and volumes, and sample pH, were optimized. Under optimal conditions, the developed method showed satisfactory performance within a range of 10 to 2000 µg L⁻¹ (R² ≥ 0.9969), low detection limits (0.01-0.080 µg/kg), high analyte recovery (80.5-104.3 %), and good precision (RSD ≤ 4.96 %, n = 6). This method is rapid, straightforward, environmentally friendly, demonstrates good sensitivity and providing a new perspectives on developing sorbents for SFs in complex food matrices. Also Fe₃O₄-NH₂@GO as a sorbent firstly used for extraction and enrichment of phenyl fungicides residues in food samples exhibits remarkable promise, thereby contributing to the advancement of pesticides residue determination methodologies.

Preparation of magnetic rice husk carbon nanocomposite for efficiently extracting aflatoxin B1 from rice followed by time-resolved fluorescent immunochromatographic assay

An on-site, sensitive, and cost-effective method for determining aflatoxin B1 (AFB1) in rice samples is proposed, combining magnetic solid phase extraction (MSPE) and time-resolved fluorescence immunochromatography (TRFICA) techniques. Cost-effective rice husks were carbonized and combined with nanomaterials to make magnetic nanocomposites that acted as effective adsorbents in MSPE. Under optimal conditions, the entire process was completed in 15 min with a visual detection limit of 0.16 μg/kg. Recoveries ranged from 85.2 % to 109.4 %, with intra- and inter-day precisions below 11.5 %. The proposed MSPE-TRFICA method offers a viable alternative for the rapid and highly sensitive quantitative detection of AFB1 for quality assurance.

Triazoles in the environment: An update on sample pretreatment and analysis methods

Triazoles, due to their high bactericidal performance, have been widely used in the agricultural, clinical, and chemical industry. However, triazoles have been proven to cause endocrine-toxic and organ impairment in humans as a potentially toxic substance. Besides, because of the improper use and difficulty of degradation, triazoles pesticide residues left in the environment could pose a threat to the environment. Therefore, the rapid, reliable, accurate, and high-sensitivity triazoles analysis methods are significantly essential to effectively monitor their presence in various samples and safeguard human health. This review aims to summarize and update the progress of the pretreatment and analytical methods of triazole fungicides in environmental samples from 2012 to 2024. Common pretreatment methods used to extract and purify targets include simple steps (e.g., protein precipitation and coated blade spray), liquid-liquid extraction, solid-phase extraction, and various microextraction methods such as liquid-phase microextraction and solid-phase microextraction, among others. Detection methods mainly include liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry, gas chromatography-mass spectrometry, supercritical fluid chromatography, sensing methods, and capillary electrophoresis. In addition, we elaborate and compare the advantages and disadvantages of different pretreatment and analytical methods, and their development prospects are discussed.

Overview of Liquid Sample Preparation Techniques for Analysis, Using Metal-Organic Frameworks as Sorbents

The preparation of samples for instrumental analysis is the most essential and time-consuming stage of the entire analytical process; it also has the greatest impact on the analysis results. Concentrating the sample, changing its matrix, and removing interferents are often necessary. Techniques for preparing samples for analysis are constantly being developed and modified to meet new challenges, facilitate work, and enable the determination of analytes in the most comprehensive concentration range possible. This paper focuses on using metal-organic frameworks (MOFs) as sorbents in the most popular techniques for preparing liquid samples for analysis, based on liquid-solid extraction. An increase in interest in MOFs-type materials has been observed for about 20 years, mainly due to their sorption properties, resulting, among others, from the high specific surface area, tunable pore size, and the theoretically wide possibility of their modification. This paper presents certain advantages and disadvantages of the most popular sample preparation techniques based on liquid-solid extraction, the newest trends in the application of MOFs as sorbents in those techniques, and, most importantly, presents the reader with a summary, which a specific technique and MOF for the desired application. To make a tailor-made and well-informed choice as to the extraction technique.

Surfactant modified coconut husk fiber as a green alternative sorbent for micro-solid phase extraction of triazole fungicides at trace level in environmental water, soybean milk, fruit juice and alcoholic beverage samples

In this work, micro-solid phase extraction using surfactant modified biosorbent was investigated for trace level determination of triazole fungicides prior to their analysis by high performance liquid chromatography. Coconut husk fiber (CHF) was selected as an effective biosorbent in the extraction process. Fourier transform infrared spectrometry, scanning electron microscopy and transmission electron microscopy methods were used to characterize the modified biosorbent. Various factors affecting the extraction efficiency of the proposed method were studied including the amount of coconut husk fiber biosorbent (0.1 g), kind and concentration of surfactant as a modifier (sodium dodecyl sulfate, 10 mmol L-1), kind and volume of desorption solvent (methanol, 150 μL), and extraction period (including vortex adsorption time, centrifugation adsorption time, vortex desorption time and centrifugation adsorption time approximately 10 min). Under the selected conditions, the calibration plot was found to be linear in the range of 9-300 μg L-1 with a coefficient for determination of greater than 0.99. The limits of detection and limits of quantification for the studied triazole fungicides were 3.00 and 9.00 μg L-1, respectively. Finally, the proposed method was successfully applied to determine triazole fungicides in environmental water, soybean milk, fruit juice and alcoholic beverage samples with acceptable recoveries obtained in the range of 67.0% to 105.0%.

Dispersive magnetic solid phase extraction of triazole fungicides based on polybenzidine/magnetic nanoparticles in environmental samples

A polybenzidine-modified Fe3O4@SiO2 nanocomposite was successfully synthesized through a chemical oxidation method and employed as a novel sorbent in dispersive magnetic solid phase extraction (DMSPE) for the preconcentration and determination of three triazole fungicides (TFs), namely diniconazole, tebuconazole, and triticonazole in river water, rice paddy soil, and grape samples. The synthesis method involved a polybenzidine self-assembly coating on Fe3O4@SiO2 magnetic composite. Characterization techniques such as FT-IR, XRD, FESEM, EDX, and VSM were used to confirm the correctness of the synthesized nano-sorbent. The target TFs were determined in actual samples using the synthesized nanocomposite sorbent in combination with gas chromatography-flame ionization detection (FID). Several variables were carefully optimized , including the sample pH, sorbent dosage, extraction time, ionic strength, and desorption condition (solvent type, volume, and time). Under the optimized experimental conditions, the method exhibited linearity in the concentration range 5-1000 ng mL-1 for triticonazole and 2-1000 ng mL-1 for diniconazole and tebuconazole. The limits of detection (LOD) for the three TFs were in the range 0.6-1.5 ng mL-1. The method demonstrated acceptable precision with intra-day and inter-day relative standard deviation (RSD) values of less than 6.5%. The enrichment factors ranged from 248 to 254. Finally, the method applicability was evaluated by determining TFs in river water, rice paddy soil, and grape samples with recoveries in the range 90.5-106, indicating that the matrix effect was negligible in the proposed DMSPE procedure.

An alginate-based eutectogel impregnated with polyvinylpyrrolidone/benzoic acid deep eutectic solvent and magnetic carboxylated multiwalled carbon nanotubes: Evaluated as sorbent in green microextraction of pesticides

This article presents the synthesis and application of a novel magnetic eutectogel constituting a polymeric deep eutectic solvent (PDES), carboxylated multiwall carbon nanotube (MWCNT-COOH), and super-dispersible/super-paramagnetic polyvinylpyrrolidone coated-Fe3O4 nanocrystals incorporated in alginate gel. Different methods were used for the characterization of novel polymeric based DES gel including FT-NMR, ATR-FTIR, and SEM were used. The novel DES eutectogel was used for the extraction of pesticides from honey. The modified eutectogel with PDES, MWCNT, and PDES-MWCNT showed 1.8-, 1.4-, and 2.5-fold enhancement in the sorption efficiency under green magnetic micro-solid-phase extraction (MSPE) method before GC-MS analysis. Important factors including the acidity of the samples, adsorption and desorption conditions, and the ionic strength of the preparation solution were investigated. The matrix effect, specificity, the quantification limits (0.023-1.023 μg kg-1), linear dynamic range (0.023-500 µg kg-1 with R2 of 0.9845-0.9986), relative standard deviations (<8.4%), were evaluated. In addition, the method was used to analyze 12 pesticides in four samples of honey. In the spiked concentration range of 0.1 to 10 μg kg-, the obtained recoveries were between 73.2 and 110.8% (RSD% = 8.1%, n = 3).

A new approach of magnetic field application in miniaturized pipette-tip extraction for trace analysis of four synthetic hormones in breast milk samples

Herein, a novel homemade electrical device was designed, including two pieces of external neodymium magnets, providing a reciprocating magnetic field to introduce a magnetic-assisted dispersive pipette-tip micro solid-phase extraction. To evaluate the performance efficiency of the proposed method, a novel magnetic calcined GO/SiO₂@Co-Fe nanocube sorbent was synthesized, filled into the pipette-tip, exposed to the reciprocating magnetic field, and applied for the preconcentration of some hormone therapy drugs in human biological matrices. The effective adsorption and desorption parameters were optimized using a rotatable central composite design and one-variable-at-a-time approaches. Under the optimized conditions, the target analytes' detection limits were found to be below 0.02 ng mL^-1. Moreover, the calibration curves were linear in the range of 0.03-500.00 ng mL^-1 (R² > 0.9966), with RSDs% less than 7.8 %. Eventually, the established method was applied to extract the analytes from breast milk samples, followed by LC-ESI-MS/MS analysis.

Insights into a new alternative method with graphene oxide/polyacrylamide/Fe3O4 nanocomposite for the extraction of six odor-active esters from Strong-aroma types of Baijiu

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A novel approach of MSPE-GC/MS based on GO/PAM/Fe₃O₄ was developed for odor-active esters determination in Baijiu samples.

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GO/PAM/Fe₃O₄ earned highly selective recognition properties and larger adsorption capacities for six odor-active esters.

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The method provided lower LODs, better precision and faster separation.

Liquid-liquid extraction (LLE) is the most commonly utilized technique for the extraction of odor-active esters (OAEs) in strong-aroma types of Baijiu (SAB). However, since the contents of different OAEs in SAB vary widely, it is still a puzzle to ensure that all OAEs to be thoroughly extracted by LLE without the problem of saturated adsorption. Herein, a novel approach of magnetic solid phase extraction (MSPE), based on the magnetic graphene oxide nanocomposite modified with polyacrylamide (GO/PAM/Fe₃O₄), was employed for the efficient extraction of six OAEs from SAB. Compared with LLE, GO/PAM/Fe₃O₄ exhibited highly selective recognition properties and larger adsorption capacities for OAEs (ranging from 13.68 to 39.06 mg/g), resulting in better extraction performances for OAEs. Coupled with GC–MS, six OAEs in real SAB were successfully determined, with recoveries ranged from 70.1 ∼ 90.0% and LODs at 0.08 ∼ 1.35 µg/L. Overall, the MSPE-GC/MS is a promising alternative for accurate determination of OAEs in SAB.

Magnetite Metal-Organic Frameworks: Applications in Environmental Remediation of Heavy Metals, Organic Contaminants, and Other Pollutants

Due to the increasing environmental pollution caused by human activities, environmental remediation has become an important subject for humans and environmental safety. The quest for beneficial pathways to remove organic and inorganic contaminants has been the theme of considerable investigations in the past decade. The easy and quick separation made magnetic solid-phase extraction (MSPE) a popular method for the removal of different pollutants from the environment. Metal-organic frameworks (MOFs) are a class of porous materials best known for their ultrahigh porosity. Moreover, these materials can be easily modified with useful ligands and form various composites with varying characteristics, thus rendering them an ideal candidate as adsorbing agents for MSPE. Herein, research on MSPE, encompassing MOFs as sorbents and Fe₃O₄ as a magnetic component, is surveyed for environmental applications. Initially, assorted pollutants and their threats to human and environmental safety are introduced with a brief introduction to MOFs and MSPE. Subsequently, the deployment of magnetic MOFs (MMOFs) as sorbents for the removal of various organic and inorganic pollutants from the environment is deliberated, encompassing the outlooks and perspectives of this field.

Integrated ultrasound-assisted magnetic solid-phase extraction for efficient determination and pre-concentration of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons from high-consumption soft drinks and non-alcoholic beers in Iran

In the present research, an ultrasound-assisted magnetic solid-phase extraction coupled with a gas chromatography-mass spectrometry hybrid system was developed for extraction/determination of trace amounts of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in high-consumption soft drinks and non-alcoholic beers in Iran using magnetite graphene oxide adsorbent. The magnetite graphene oxide was characterized by scanning electron microscope, transmission electron microscopy, Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy, X-ray diffraction, and vibrating-sample magnetometer techniques. The highest extraction recovery (73.05 to 95.56%) and enrichment factor (90.65 to 106.38) were obtained at adsorbent mass: 10 mg, adsorption time: 30 min, salt addition: sodium chloride 10% w/v, desorption time: 20 min, eluent type: hexane: acetone (1:1, v/v), and desorption solvent volumes: 200 μL. Under optimum conditions, the linearity range for polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons determination was 0.2-200 ng mL^-1  with coefficient of determination> 0.993, limit of detection = 0.09-0.21 ng mL^-1 , limit of quantitation = 0.3-0.7 ng mL^-1 , and relative standard deviation < 8.1%, respectively. Relative recoveries in spiked real samples ranged from 94.67 to 109.45 % with standard deviation < 6.05%. The proposed method is effective, sensitive, reusable and it is promising for the analysis of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons residues in environmental samples. This article is protected by copyright. All rights reserved.

Facile synthesis and evaluation of three magnetic 1,3,5-triformylphloroglucinol based covalent organic polymers as adsorbents for high efficient extraction of phthalate esters from plastic packaged foods

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A facile synthetic route for synthesis of three magnetic Tp-based COPs adsorbents was provided.

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Magnetic COP2 showed best extraction performance for PAEs.

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The potential adsorption mechanism was systematically investigated.

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This method was suitable for high efficient extraction of hydrophobic PAEs from foods.

Three covalent organic polymers (COPs) were successfully fabricated by room-temperature solvent-free mechanochemical grinding method between 1,3,5-triformylphloroglucinol (TP) and p-phenyl enediamine (COP1), benzidine (COP2), 4, 4″-diamino-p-terphenyl (COP3), and followed by coprecipitation on the surface of Fe₃O₄ nanoparticles to form three corresponding magnetic Tp-series COPs. The fabricated magnetic COPs were evaluated and then applied for the extraction of phthalate esters from food samples before gas chromatography-tandem spectrometry analysis. Magnetic COP2 exhibited the highest extraction efficiency, which can be attributed to its larger pore size, and its strong hydrophobic and π-π interactions with phthalate esters. The method possessed good linearity (10–1000 μg·kg⁻¹), high sensitivity (0.29–2.59 µg·kg⁻¹ for LODs and 0.97–8.63 µg·kg⁻¹ for LOQs), and satisfactory recoveries (70.2–108.1%) with relative standard deviations lower than 5.2%. This method has potentials for high efficient separation/preconcentration of hydrophobic phthalate esters from foods.

Portable metal-organic framework alginate beads for high-sensitivity fluorescence detection and effective removal of residual pesticides in fruits and vegetables

Pesticides have been emerged as major organic pollutants in environment, owing to widely spread and intrinsic high toxicity in agricultural productivity. Herein, we designed and synthesized a practicability and portable metal-organic framework (MOF) based composite beads MOF-alginate-Ca²⁺-polyacrylic acid (kgd-M1@ACPs) consist of biocompatible host material (sodium alginate) and fluorescent center with blue emission (where kgd-M1 stands for {[Cd(tbia)·H₂O]·2H₂O}_n), which was further developed for high-efficiency and naked-eye 2,6-dichloro-4-nitroaniline (DCN) monitoring in fruits and vegetables. Significantly, the kgd-M1@ACPs shows obvious fluorescent quench towards toxic pesticide DCN with a low limit of detection (LOD) of 0.09 μM and high recovery from 98.08 to 104.37%. Moreover, the kgd-M1@ACPs also presents an excellent DCN adsorption ability. This work demonstrates that smart material kgd-M1@ACPs is expected to be a good candidate for detection and removal of DCN in real fruits and vegetables, which will present a broad prospect for monitoring and treating pesticides.

Metal-Organic Frameworks in Agriculture

Agrochemicals, which are crucial to meet the world food qualitative and quantitative demand, are compounds used to kill pests (insects, fungi, rodents, or unwanted plants). Regrettably, there are some important issues associated with their widespread and extensive use (e.g., contamination, bioaccumulation, and development of pest resistance); thus, a reduced and more controlled use of agrochemicals and thorough detection in food, water, soil, and fields are necessary. In this regard, the development of new functional materials for the efficient application, detection, and removal of agrochemicals is a priority. Metal-organic frameworks (MOFs) with exceptional sorptive, recognition capabilities, and catalytical properties have very recently shown their potential in agriculture. This Review emphasizes the recent advances in the use of MOFs in agriculture through three main views: environmental remediation, controlled agrochemical release, and detection of agrochemicals.

The sexual reproduction of the nontarget planarian Girardia tigrina is affected by ecologically relevant concentrations of difenoconazole: new sensitive tools in ecotoxicology

The fungicide difenoconazole, widely used to reduce the negative impacts of fungi diseases on areas with intensive farming, can reach freshwater systems causing deleterious effects on nontarget organisms. The acute and chronic toxicity of a commercial formulation containing 250 g L^-1 of difenoconazole (Prisma®) as the active ingredient was assessed in the freshwater planarian Girardia tigrina. The endpoints evaluated were feeding rate, locomotion, regeneration, and sexual reproduction of planarians. The estimated 48 h LC₅₀ of the commercial formulation on planarians expressed as the concentration of the active ingredient difenoconazole was 47.5 mg a.i.L^-1. A significant decrease of locomotion (LOEC = 18.56 mg a.i.L^-1), delayed regeneration (LOEC = 9.28 mg a.i.L^-1), and sexual reproduction impairment, i.e., decreased fecundity and fertility rates (LOEC ≤ 1.16 mg a.i.L^-1) were observed on planarians exposed to sublethal concentrations of the formulation. This study demonstrated the importance of using reproductive, physiological, and behavioral parameters as more sensitive and complementary tools to assess the deleterious effects induced by a commercial formulation of difenoconazole on a nontarget freshwater organism. The added value and importance of our research work, namely, the impairment of sexual reproduction of planarians, contributes to the development of useful tools for ecotoxicology and highlights the fact that those tools should be developed as guidelines for testing of chemicals. Our results showed that the use of reproductive parameters of Girardia tigrina would help to complement and achieve a better assessment of the risk posed by triazole fungicides to freshwater ecosystems.

Self-powered photoelectrochemical aptasensor based on MIL-68(In) derived In2O3 hollow nanotubes and Ag doped ZnIn2S4 quantum dots for oxytetracycline detection

A self-powered photoelectrochemical (PEC) aptasensor was constructed based on MIL-68(In) derived indium oxide hollow nanotubes (In₂O₃ HNs) and Ag-doped ZnIn₂S₄ quantum dots (QDs) as sensing matrix for the ultrasensitive detection of oxytetracycline (OTC). The hollow tube structure of the designed photoelectric active platform provided abundant active sites and a larger specific surface area for the immobilization of target recognition unit. The coupling of Ag:ZnIn₂S₄ QDs and In₂O₃ HNs can accelerate the transmit and separation of photoinduced charge, and thus greatly increasing the intensity of photocurrent signal. Then, the well-constructed OTC-aptamer was anchored on the modified photoelectrode as an accurate capturing element, achieving the specific detection of analyte. Under optimal conditions, the photocurrent intensity of the PEC aptasensor decreases linearly, with a linear response range of 10^-4 -10 nmol/L, and a limit of detection (LOD) of 3.3 × 10^-5 nmol/L (S/N = 3). The developed self-powered aptasensor with excellent reproducibility, stability, and selectivity, provides a potential way to detect antibiotic residues in environmental media.

Polydimethylsiloxane/graphene oxide/β-cyclodextrin sponge as a solid-phase extraction sorbent coupled with GC-MS for rapid adsorption and sensitive determination of lavender essential oil

An adsorbent polydimethylsiloxane/graphene oxide/β-cyclodextrin sponge, which possessed the merits of high surface area, chemical stability, environment friendly and excellent extraction capacity, was successfully fabricated. Based on the advantages, a novel microwave-assisted headspace solid-phase extraction method for lavender essential oil using polydimethylsiloxane/graphene oxide/β-cyclodextrin sponge as adsorbents was developed in this study. Various experimental parameters were studied. The optimal extraction conditions were as follows: 1 mg mL^-1 as dopamine solution concentration, graphene oxide dosages of 30 mg, microwave power of 700 W, microwave irradiation time of 10 min and desorption solvent of n-hexane. Under the optimal extraction condition, linearities ranging from 10 to 800 ng were achieved for six representative compounds with the correlation coefficients value of >0.99. The intra-day and inter-day precisions were in the ranges of 0.40-1.56% and 0.67-2.56%, respectively. Finally, the proposed technique was applied to analyze essential oil constituents in 14 samples of three lavender varieties, and 48 compounds were identified. Lavender varieties were distinguished using principal component analysis and partial least squares discriminant analysis. The results showed that the mothed developed in this study is a novel, simple, and sensitive method for the determination of essential oil in complex plant samples. This article is protected by copyright. All rights reserved.

Fabrication of Magnetic Al-Based Fe3O4@MIL-53 Metal Organic Framework for Capture of Multi-Pollutants Residue in Milk Followed by HPLC-UV

The efficient capture of multi-pollutant residues in food is vital for food safety monitoring. In this study, in-situ-fabricated magnetic MIL-53(Al) metal organic frameworks (MOFs), with good magnetic responsiveness, were synthesized and applied for the magnetic solid-phase extraction (MSPE) of chloramphenicol, bisphenol A, estradiol, and diethylstilbestrol. Terephthalic acid (H₂BDC) organic ligands were pre-coupled on the surface of amino-Fe₃O₄ composites (H₂BDC@Fe₃O₄). Fe₃O₄@MIL-53(Al) MOF was fabricated by in-situ hydrothermal polymerization of H₂BDC, Al (NO₃)₃, and H₂BDC@Fe₃O₄. This approach highly increased the stability of the material. The magnetic Fe₃O₄@MIL-53(Al) MOF-based MSPE was combined with high-performance liquid chromatography-photo diode array detection, to establish a novel sensitive method for analyzing multi-pollutant residues in milk. This method showed good linear correlations, in the range of 0.05–5.00 μg/mL, with good reproducibility. The limit of detection was 0.004–0.108 μg/mL. The presented method was verified using a milk sample, spiked with four pollutants, which enabled high-throughput detection and the accuracies of 88.17–107.58% confirmed its applicability, in real sample analysis.

Magnetic dispersive solid-phase extraction of triazole and triazine pesticides from vegetable samples using a hydrophilic-lipophilic sorbent based on maltodextrin- and β-cyclodextrin-functionalized graphene oxide

Maltodextrin- and β-cyclodextrin-functionalized magnetic graphene oxide (mGO/β-CD/MD), a novel hydrophilic-lipophilic composite, was successfully fabricated and used for the co-extraction of triazines and triazoles from vegetable samples before HPLC-UV analysis. mGO/β-CD/MD was synthesized by chemical bonding of β-CD and MD to the surface of mGO, using epichlorohydrin (ECH) as a linker. The successful synthesis of mGO/β-CD/MD was confirmed by characterization tests, including attenuated total reflection-Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (ATR-FTIR), X-ray diffraction (XRD), field emission scanning electron microscopy (FESEM), vibrating sample magnetometry (VSM), thermogravimetric analysis (TGA), energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDX), Brunauer-Emmett-Teller (BET), and Barrett-Joyner-Halenda (BJH) analyses. The hydrophobic cavity of β-CD and a large number of hydroxyl groups on the MD structure contributed to the co-extraction of mentioned pesticides with a wide range of polarity. Under the optimized condition (sorbent amount, 30 mg; desorption time, 10 min; desorption solvent volume, 300 μL; desorption solvent, methanol/acetonitrile (1:1) containing 5% (v/v) acetic acid; extraction time, 20 min; and pH of sample solution, 7.0), good linearity within the range 1.0-1000 μg L^-1 (r² ≥ 0.992) was achieved. Extraction efficiencies were in the range 66.4-95.3%, and the limits of detection were 0.01-0.08 μg L^-1. Relative recoveries for spiked samples were obtained in the range 88.4-112.0%, indicating that the matrix effect was insignificant, and good precisions (intra- and inter-day) were also achieved (RSDs < 9.0%, n = 3). The results confirmed that the developed method was efficient for the determination  of trace amounts of pesticides in potato, tomato, and corn samples.

A green deep eutectic solvent modified magnetic titanium dioxide nanoparticles for the solid-phase extraction of chymotrypsin

Magnetic titanium dioxide nanoparticles modified with green deep eutectic solvent (DES) composed of choline chloride (ChCl) and xylitol (Xyl) (Fe₃O₄@TiO₂@[ChCl][Xyl]) were synthesized and applied to the solid-phase extraction(MSPE) of chymotrypsin (Chy). The physicochemical properties and morphology of Fe₃O₄@TiO₂@[ChCl][Xyl] was characterized by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR), thermogravimetric analysis (TGA), Zeta potential, X-ray diffraction (XRD), vibrating sample magnetometer (VSM) and transmission electron microscope (TEM). The experiment parameters such as initial concentration of Chy, extraction time, pH value, ionic strength, extraction temperature and sample matrix were effectively optimized. Under the optimal experimental conditions, the extraction capacity of Fe₃O₄@TiO₂@[ChCl][Xyl] obtained a significantly improvement after the modification of Fe₃O₄@TiO₂ nanoparticles by [ChCl][Xyl], and reached up to 347.8 mg g^-1. In the elution experiment, 10% sodium dodecyl sulfate-acetic acid (SDS-HAc) was used as eluent, achieving an elution rate of 85.9% for the Chy on Fe₃O₄@TiO₂@[ChCl][Xyl]. And the Fe₃O₄@TiO₂@[ChCl][Xyl] still maintained a good extraction capacity for Chy after six times of reuse. The application result in the extraction of Chy from porcine pancreas crude extract showed a good practical application ability for Chy extraction. All the results indicated that the synthesized Fe₃O₄@TiO₂@[ChCl][Xyl] has good application potential in the extraction of biomolecular molecules such as protein.

Cyclodextrin-based dispersive liquid-liquid microextraction for the determination of fungicides in water, juice, and vinegar samples via HPLC

Cyclodextrin-based dispersive liquid-liquid microextraction (CD-DLLME) was developed for the determination of triazole and strobilurin fungicides in water, juice, and vinegar samples using high-performance liquid chromatography-diode-array detection (HPLC-DAD). Undecanol, which is a green solvent, was selected as the extraction solvent. A cyclodextrin aqueous solution was chosen as the dispersion solvent and demulsifier to avoid the use of a toxic dispersion solvent and eliminate the centrifugation step. Dispersion and phase separation were completed within 1 and 60 s, respectively. The linear range of this method was 1 to 100 µg L^-1. The limits of detection were 0.3 μg L^-1 along with the preconcentration factor of 133 and enrichment factor of 124. The recovery was 83.2% to 103.2%. This pretreatment method was fast, simple, and environmentally friendly and was successfully applied to the analysis of triazole and strobilurin fungicide residues in water, juice, and vinegar samples.

Novel Fe3O4@metal-organic framework@polymer core-shell-shell nanospheres for fast extraction and specific preconcentration of nine organophosphorus pesticides from complex matrices

Herein, a novel core-shell-shell magnetic nanosphere denoted as Fe₃O₄@ZIF-8@polymer was fabricated by sequential in situ self-assembly and precipitation polymerization for effective magnetic solid-phase extraction of nine organophosphorus pesticides (OPPs) from river water, pear, and cabbage samples. The integrated Fe₃O₄@ZIF-8@polymer featured convenient magnetic separation property and excellent multi-target binding ability. More importantly, the functional polymer coating greatly improved the extraction performance of Fe₃O₄@ZIF-8 for OPPs, thus facilitating the simultaneous determination of trace OPP residues in real samples. The developed MPSE-LC-MS/MS method exhibited good linearity (R² ≥ 0.9991) over the concentration range of 0.2-200 µg L^-1, low limits of detection of 0.0002-0.005 μg L^-1 for river water and 0.006-0.185 μg kg^-1 for pear and cabbage, satisfactory precision with relative standard deviations ≤ 9.7% and accuracy with recoveries of 69.5-94.3%. These results highlight that the combination of polymers with MOFs has great potential to fabricate excellent adsorbents for high-throughput analysis of various contaminants in complex matrices.

Preparative separation and purification of loliolide and epiloliolide from Ascophyllum nodosum using amine-based microporous organic polymer for solid phase extraction coupled with macroporous resin and prep-HPLC

Herein, we reported a novel approach for the preparative separation and purification of loliolide and epiloliolide from Ascophyllum nodosum. An amine-based microporous organic polymer (MOP) was used for the pretreatment of the nodosum extract via solid-phase extraction (SPE). The obtained extract was further purified using macroporous resin chromatography and preparative high-performance liquid chromatography (prep-HPLC). The loading and elution parameters of the MOP were evaluated using standard loliolide, and the optimized conditions were used during the SPE of the nodosum extract (37.5 g). After the pretreatment with MOP, the extract (2.79 g) was obtained and further purified using a D101 resin column followed by prep-HPLC. A pair of epimers were isolated and identified as loliolide (5.83 mg) and epiloliolide (2.50 mg) using high-resolution electrospray ionization tandem mass spectrometry (HRESI-MS), 1D- and 2D-nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy. This study demonstrates the potential of MOPs in the separation and purification of monoterpenoids from complex plant samples.

Defective Zr-based metal-organic frameworks as sorbent for the determination of fungicides in environmental water samples by rapid dispersive micro-solid-phase extraction coupled to liquid chromatography/mass spectrometry

In this work, defective Zr-based metal-organic framework was successfully synthesized and evaluated as a dispersive micro-solid-phase extraction sorbent for efficient preconcentration and determination of fungicides in complex water samples. The defective Zr-based metal-organic framework crystal with increased adsorption capacity was successfully synthesized by employing formic acid as the modulator. The extraction conditions, including the pH, extraction time, desorption solvent and desorption time, were comprehensively investigated. Under optimum conditions, it was found that dispersive micro-solid-phase extraction method, coupled with liquid chromatography/mass spectrometry, exhibited a good linear relationship with correlation coefficients greater than 0.9980. The relative standard deviations of inter-day and intra-day precisions ranged from 2.6 to 9.2% and the limits of detection ranged from 0.004 to 0.036 μg/L. These merits, combined with their satisfactory recoveries (>80%), suggested the great potential of defective Zr-based metal-organic framework as a new adsorbent for efficient extraction of trace fungicides. This method exhibits good application potential for the pretreatment of fungicides from environmental water samples.

Highly selective enrichment and direct determination of imazethapyr residues from milk using magnetic solid-phase extraction based on restricted-access molecularly imprinted polymers

Restricted access media magnetic molecularly imprinted polymers (RAM-MMIPs) were prepared as magnetic solid phase extraction (M-SPE) material by reversible addition fragmentation chain transfer (RAFT) technique. The resulting RAM-MMIPs had a uniform, imprinted, hydrophilic layer (63 nm), good binding capacity (34.85 mg g-1) and satisfactory selectivity. In addition, these RAM-MMIPs had a robust ability to eliminate the interference of protein macromolecules. These RAM-MMIPs were then coupled with HPLC/UV to identify imazethapyr (IM) residues in untreated milk samples. Several major factors would affect M-SPE extraction efficiency, such as the amount of RAM-MMIPs, pH, extraction time of the sample solution, and the volume ratio of the elution solvent. Under the optimal conditions, the developed method had good linearity (R2 > 0.9993), low detection limit (2.13 μg L-1), and low quantitative limit (7.15 μg L-1). These results indicated this proposed approach is an efficient method for direct enrichment and detection of IM herbicides in milk and other biological samples.

Facile fabrication of magnetic covalent organic frameworks for magnetic solid-phase extraction of diclofenac sodium in milk

A robust magnetic solid-phase extraction (MSPE) method based on magnetic covalent organic framework (MCOF) coupled with high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC)-ultraviolet (UV)/mass spectrometry (MS) was proposed for the determination of trace diclofenac sodium (DS) in milk. The prepared MCOF exhibited high extraction efficiency, which can be attributed to its high specific surface area as well as strong π-π and hydrophobic interactions between MCOF and DS. In addition, the potential influencing factors, including sample volume, adsorbent dosage, extraction time, and elution parameters, were fully estimated. The experimental results demonstrated that the established method was sensitive for the quantification of DS with high accuracy. Remarkably, the detection limit of DS was found to be 10 ng/kg under the optimal conditions. More impressively, the developed method was successfully applied to monitor trace DS in milk, demonstrating its outstanding durability and practical potential as an appealing method to regular monitor trace pharmaceutical contaminants in real food samples.

Hydroxyl-containing porous organic framework coated stir bar sorption extraction combined with high performance liquid chromatography-diode array detector for analysis of triazole fungicides in grape and cabbage samples

In this work, a hydroxyl-containing porous organic framework (HC-POF) was prepared by a simple solvothermal reaction with 1,4-phthalaldehyde and phloroglucinol as monomers. Sol-gel method was used to coat HC-POF on the glass stir bar. The prepared HC-POF coated stir bar shows better extraction performance for six triazole fungicides (TFs) compared to commercial polydimethylsiloxane and ethylene glycol-silicone coated stir bars. Fourier transform infrared Spectrometry and X-ray photoelectron Spectrometry were used to explore interactions between HC-POF coating and TFs. It is assumed that the coating mainly adsorbs TFs through π-π interactions, hydrogen bonding and hydrophobic interactions. Based on this fact, a new method of HC-POF coated stir bar sorptive extraction combined with high performance liquid chromatography-diode array detector was developed for the determination of six TFs in grape and cabbage samples. A series of extraction and desorption conditions were carefully optimized, including salt concentration, sample solution pH, stirring rate and desorption solvent. Under the optimized experimental conditions, the proposed method displayed limits of detection in the range of 0.022 -0.071 μg L^-1, which is the lowest among the reported SBSE methods for target TFs analysis. The linear range for six TFs was 0.1/0.2-500 μg L^-1 and the recoveries for the spiked grape and cabbage were 81.0-109% and 80.7-111%, respectively.

Customized dispersive micro-solid-phase extraction device combined with micro-desorption for the simultaneous determination of 39 multiclass pesticides in environmental water samples

A dispersive micro-solid phase extraction (d-µ-SPE) procedure was developed for the simultaneous extraction of 39 multiclass pesticides, containing a variety of chemical groups (organophosphate, organochlorine, pyrethroid, strobilurin, thiocarbamate, triazole, imidazole, and triazine), from water samples. A customized d-µ-SPE glass device was combined with a multi-tube platform vortex and a micro-desorption unit (Whatman Mini-UniPrep G2 syringeless filter), which allowed the unique simultaneous desorption, extract filtration, and injection. A simplex-centroid mixture design and Doehlert design were employed to optimize the extraction conditions. The optimized extraction conditions consisted of an extraction time of 30 min, an addition of 6.74 % of NaCl into 100 mL of water sample, and a desorption time of 24 min with 500 µL of EtAc. The procedure provided a low limit of detection (LOD), ranging from 0.51 ng L^-1 (4,4-DDE) to 22.4 ng L^-1 (dimethoate), and an enrichment factor ranging from 72.5 (dimethoate) to 200 (tebuconazole). The relative recoveries of the pesticides from spiked freshwater and seawater ranged from 74.2 % (endrin) to 123 % (molinate). The proposed procedure was applied to detect the presence of multiclass pesticides in environmental water samples. Three pesticides commonly applied in Brazil, namely, malathion, dimethoate, and lambda-cyhalothrin, were detected in concentrations ranging from <LOD to 120 ng L^-1 (dimethoate).

Metal-organic framework for the extraction and detection of pesticides from food commodities

Pesticide residues in food matrices, threatening the survival and development of humanity, is one of the critical challenges worldwide. Metal-organic frameworks (MOFs) possess excellent properties, which include excellent adsorption capacity, tailorable shape and size, hierarchical structure, numerous surface-active sites, high specific surface areas, high chemical stabilities, and ease of modification and functionalization. These promising properties render MOFs as advantageous porous materials for the extraction and detection of pesticides in food samples. This review is based on a brief introduction of MOFs and highlights recent advances in pesticide extraction and detection through MOFs. Furthermore, the challenges and prospects in this field are also described.

Synthesis of a magnetic sorbent and its application in extraction of different pesticides from water, fruit, and vegetable samples prior to their determination by gas chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry

In this investigation, an efficient sorbent based on Fe₃O₄@polyphenols magnetic nanoparticles has been prepared using the extract of Mentha piperita leaves for the first time. The main purposes of this study were synthesis of economically affordable and environmentally friendly sorbent using the extract of Mentha piperita leaves and evaluating its application as a sorbent in magnetic solid phase extraction. The functional groups, magnetic property, size, and shape of the synthesized sorbent were characterized. The sorbent was utilized for the extraction and preconcentration of various pesticides (chlorpyrifos, fenazaquin, penconazole, diniconazole, oxadiazon, haloxyfop-methyl, hexaconazole, clodinafop-propargyl, tebuconazole, and fenoxaprop-p-ethyl) from vegetable, fruit, and water samples. After magnetic solid phase extraction, a dispersive liquid-liquid microextraction method was done to achieve low detection limits. The enriched pesticides were monitored by gas chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry. The synthesized sorbent was characterized by Fourier transform infrared, scanning electron microscopy, energy-dispersive x-ray spectroscopy, x-ray diffraction, and vibrating sample magnetometer techniques, which confirmed the successful synthesis of the magnetic nanoparticles. The effective parameters such as the sorbent weight, ionic strength, pH, vortex time, and kind and volume of elution and extraction solvents were studied. Under optimum extraction conditions, the method showed broad linear ranges (0.05-1000 µg L^-1) with low limits of detection (0.27-4.13 ng L^-1) and quantification (0.91-13.8 ng L^-1). Extraction recoveries and enrichment factors were in the ranges of 54-89 % and 491-811, respectively.

Recent Applications of Magnetic Nanoparticles in Food Analysis

Nanotechnology has become a topic of interest due to the outstanding advantages that the use of nanomaterials offers in many fields. Among them, magnetic nanoparticles (m-NPs) have been one of the most widely applied in recent years. In addition to the unique features of nanomaterials in general, which exclusively appear at nanoscale, these present magnetic or paramagnetic properties that result of great interest in many applications. In particular, in the area of food analysis, the use of these nanomaterials has undergone a considerable increase since they can be easily separated from the matrix in sorbent-based extractions, providing a considerable simplification of the procedures. This allows reducing cost and giving fast responses, which is essential in the food trade to guarantee consumer safety. These materials can also be easily tunable, providing higher selectivity. Moreover, their particular electrical, thermal and optical characteristics allow enhancing sensor signals, increasing the sensitivity of the approaches based on this type of device. The aim of this review article is to summarise the most remarkable applications of m-NPs in food analysis in the last five years (2016–2020) showing a general view of the use of such materials in the field.