Chitosan-gelatin composites and bi-layer films with potential antimicrobial activity

Characterization of gelatin-chitosan films incorporated with Nicotiana tabacum extract nanoliposomes for food packaging applications

The aim of this innovative research was to develop and assess the characteristics of nanoliposome (NL)-loaded gelatin-chitosan (GL-CS 60:40 (v/v))-based bionanocomposite films incorporating encapsulated Tabacum Nicotiana extract (TE) at concentrations of 5, 10, and 15 % w/v. TE-loaded NLs (TENL) were synthesized using soy-lecithin via the sonication method, resulting in an average size of 110 nm. Observations from Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM) image and Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FTIR) analysis revealed that GL-CS films integrated with TENL exhibited enhanced interconnectivity, a rough surface structure, and the formation of new hydrogen bonds compared to control films. The inclusion of TENL at 5 % and 10 % levels led to notable enhancements in film properties, showcasing improved barrier attributes, thermal stability (63.04 to 68.02), and mechanical strength (407.30 to 802.68 MPa). Moreover, incorporating TENL at 15 % levels enhanced the antioxidant activity of the film from 16 % (control films) to 43 %. The presence of NLs in the films corresponded to heightened antibacterial efficacy against Salmonella enterica and Pseudomonas aerogenosan. This study underscores the potential of GL-CS-loaded TENL edible films as a promising strategy for prolonging the shelf life of perishable food items.

The favorable role of oxidized pullulan as a multipurpose crosslinker in polyvinyl alcohol (PVA)/chitosan/collagen films for promoting human skin fibroblast viability, antibacterial activity and healing of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) infected wounds in mice

In this study, pullulan was oxidized by NaIO4 into low, medium and high oxidation degrees (OPL1,OPL2,OPL3) and used as a crosslinker to enhance physicochemical and biological properties of the wound dressings based on polyvinyl alcohol(PVA)/chitosan/collagen (FPL,FOPL1,FOPL2,FOPL3). Physicochemical, mechanical and biological properties of OPL samples as well as crosslinked films were characterized. The results showed that OPL not only increased the cell viability of human skin fibroblasts but also promoted antibacterial activity. Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, rheological and gel content results proved the crosslinking effect of OPL. Mechanical properties of FOPL2 and FOPL3 films was >2 times higher than FPL film. The viability of human skin fibroblast cells was higher than the control for all films, and antibacterial activity of the film FOPL3 was significantly higher compared to other films. Wound healing effect of FOPL3 film was evaluated in a methicillin-resistant staphylococcus aureus(MRSA) infected full-thickness skin defect model in mice. The results showed a significantly lower wound area after 7,10,14 days of treatment compared to the control group treated by normal saline. The findings of this research enlighten wound healing potentials of oxidized pullulan to be used as a multifunctional ingredient for the development of future skin care biomaterials.

Polypyrrole-modified gelatin-based hydrogel: A dressing for intestinal perforation treatment with enhanced wound healing and anti-adhesion properties

Intestinal perforation is a serious medical emergency, and traditional surgery often causes adhesion and other complications. Innovative hydrogels improve postoperative care and rehabilitation with their anti-adhesion, antibacterial, and hemostatic properties. We have developed an advanced anti-adhesion hydrogel, AA-A30, composed of polypyrrole-modified gelatin (PPy-GelMA), carboxymethyl chitosan (CMCS), and NHS-functionalized polyethylene glycol (PEG-NHS). This hydrogel is specifically tailored for intestinal perforations. Upon hydrolysis, PEG-NHS forms a protective barrier that effectively prevents adhesion to surrounding normal tissues. Furthermore, the integration of PPy-GelMA significantly extends the degradation duration of the hydrogel, from 24 to 48 h. In a mouse model of intestinal perforation, the AA-A30 hydrogel demonstrated remarkable efficacy in inhibiting inflammation and preventing tissue adhesion by modulating the expression of both inflammatory and tissue adhesion-related factors, such as IL-1β, TNF-α, and the ratio of tPA to PAI-1. These findings underscore the considerable potential of AA-A30 for the therapeutic management of intestinal perforations.

Synthesis of chitosan and carboxymethyl cellulose connect flavonoid (CH-Fla-CMC) composite and their investigation of antioxidant, cytotoxicity activities

This study successfully synthesised and characterised composites combining chitosan (CH), carboxymethyl cellulose (CMC), and various flavonoids (Fla). This innovative approach demonstrates the potential for developing functional materials with antioxidant and food preservation properties. The composites CH-Fla-CMC (1-5) was characterised using advanced techniques such as FT-IR, UV-Vis, XRD, SEM, TEM, and TGA, providing robust data on their structural, morphological, and thermal properties. CH-connected CMC has been used to prevent many diseases, based on the findings of this study. Therefore, dietary flavonoids (Fla = 1. 3-Hydroxyflavone; 2. rhamnetin; 3. natsudaidain; 4. isorhamnetin; 5. myricetin) was used to prepare the composites in this study. Dietary flavonoids play an important role in the prevention of degenerative diseases. In addition, oxygen permeability (OP), water solubility (WS), and moisture content (MS) were analysed. The synthesised composites were screened for antioxidant and cytotoxic activities. Multiple antioxidant assays (DPPH, H₂O₂, NO, ABTS•+, and AAPH) were conducted, confirming the superior radical scavenging activity of CH-Fla-CMC-5 compared to standards such as BHT and Trolox. The synthesised composite CH-Fla-CMC 5 was more active than the standard butylated hydroxytoluene (BHT) against 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH), hydrogen peroxide (H2O2), and nitric oxide (NO) radical scavenging activity (DPPH: 10.30 vs. 33.88 μg/ml; H2O2: 13.26 vs. 27.16 μg/ml, and NO: 13.56 vs. 31.73 μg/ml), whereas 2,2-azino-bis-3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulphonic acid radical cation (ABTS•+) decolourisation assay and lipid peroxidation method (AAPH) CH-Fla-CMC 5 was more active than the standard Trolox (ABTS: 91.26 ± 0.59 % vs. 85.28 ± 0.97 %; AAPH: 91.02 ± 0.01 % vs. 62.39 ± 0.35 %). The synthesis and characterisation methods are laboratory-based. This study primarily focused on in vitro antioxidant and cytotoxicity assays. The performance of these composites in living organisms and real-life food packaging scenarios remains untested. Cytotoxicity against only check these cell lines such as MCF-7, HeLa, HepG2, and normal Vero cancer cell lines was assessed. Only five flavonoids were tested, potentially limiting the generalisability of the findings to other dietary flavonoids. In the future, we plan to compare more cell lines with flavonoids. These laboratory-based methods have been converted into industrial production. The CH-Fla-CMC-5 composite performed better than the other compounds in all tests. Based on our findings, the synthesised CH-Fla-CMC-5 composite could be used to pack dishes that are watery, acidic, or alcoholic, as well as to coat freshly cut fruits.

Preparation and characterization of active packaging film containing chitosan/gelatin/brassica crude extract

Chitosan (CS), gelatin (GE), and brassica (BR) were utilized as the primary components to develop an active packaging film with outstanding properties. Active film-forming solutions were prepared using the solution casting method to produce these films. The resulting active films were characterized through various techniques, including X-ray diffraction (XRD), scanning electron microscope (SEM), Fourier transform infrared (FT-IR) spectroscopy, and light transmittance (T%), opacity, water solubility (WS), water vapour transmittance rate (WVTR), oxygen permeability (OP), mechanical properties, and antioxidant and antimicrobial properties. Orthogonal test results indicated that the optimal preparation ratio for the composite film was achieved with 2.5 g CS, 3.5 g GE, 6 g glycerol (GL) dissolved in distilled water. Under these conditions, the active packaging film exhibited excellent mechanical properties. In summary, the chitosan/gelatin/brassica crude extract-based active packaging film developed in this study presents a promising option for practical applications.

Synthesis and characterization of gelatin/chondroitin sulfate microgels with NaCl: Preliminary research toward wound healing applications

Gelatin and chondroitin sulfate are natural polymers with significant potential in the biomedical field, particularly for wound healing applications. They can form hydrogels that absorb exudates and exhibit anti-inflammatory and antioxidant properties. Silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) can be used as antibacterial agents in wound management. Moreover, the addition of NaCl may enhance the efficacy and mechanical properties of the microgels. This study focuses on the synthesis and characterization of gelatin/chondroitin sulfate powder hydrogels, both with and without AgNPs, obtained through fungal digestion and NaCl for potential acute wound healing application. As a result, AgNPs were successfully synthesized, they are spherical with an average size of 19 ± 6 nm. Microgels were obtained via electrostatic interactions and processed using spray drying equipment, the highest yield was 50.2 ± 7.1 %. Characterization results indicated that the composition significantly influenced the yield percentage, which was greater in samples containing NaCl. Moreover, particle areas varied significantly from 6.0 ± 1.3 μm2 to 85.6 ± 35.9 μm2 with the incorporation of salt. Swelling capacities were similar over time, with highest values at 15 min exceeding 500 % under physiological conditions. Notably, microgels exhibited enhanced disintegration resistance compared to gelatin alone, making them suitable for sustained wound coverage. The incorporation of AgNPs conferred notable antimicrobial activity; however, it adversely affected erythrocyte viability. Therefore, microgels without AgNPs, particularly those containing NaCl, may be suitable for acute wounds management, while alternative methods or lower concentrations of AgNPs may be required to retain antibacterial properties.

Enhanced physicochemical properties and riboflavin delivery ability of soy isolate protein/sugar beet pectin composite freeze-dried gels prepared by double crosslinking strategy

Improving the mechanical strength of protein freeze-dried gels materials has become a research priority in the field of nutrient delivery system development in recent years. In this study, double crosslinking freeze-dried gels were prepared by integrating laccase catalyzed sugar beet pectin (SBP) as a highly active filler molecule into the soybean isolate protein (SPI) thermally induced gel network, followed by freeze-drying. The double crosslinking freeze-dried gels were a porous material and the addition of SBP resulted in the formation of amorphous forms of freeze-dried gels with lower binding energy. The freeze-dried gels with 2.0 % SBP addition had the densest microstructure with the highest density (19.00 mg/cm3) and mechanical strength (180.43 ± 15.27 KPa), and hydrogen bonding, NH, CN, and CO bands were the most important factors to maintain the freeze-dried gels structure. As the concentration of sugar beet pectin increased, the release mechanism of riboflavin underwent a shift from a Fickian to a non-Fickian diffusion mechanism. In addition, the highest bioavailability of riboflavin was found in the freeze-dried gels spiked with 2.0 % SBP. These results will contribute to the development of double crosslinking freeze-dried gels carriers for targeted slow release of hydrophilic bioactive.

Smart packaging films based on gelatin/κ-carrageenan integrated with gromwell root extract rich in shikonin and carbon dots for real-time monitoring of shrimp freshness

Multifunctional pH-responsive gelatin/κ-carrageenan (GC) blend films containing gromwell (Lithospermum erythrorhizon [LE]) root ethanolic extract (LE-EE) rich in shikonin or shikonin rich extract (SRE) and carbon dots (LE carbon dots [LE-CDs]) were prepared and characterized. The hydrothermal method was adopted for the synthesis of LE-CDs, which displayed a blue color under UV light. The obtained LE-CDs possessed exceptional UV barrier, antioxidant and antimicrobial activities. The enhanced activities were recorded when the level of LE-CDs upsurged (p < 0.05). Transmission electron microscopic (TEM) and Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) results revealed the typical morphology and chemical composition of LE-CDs. LE-CDs of 1 and 3% (w/w) were incorporated as the active fillers along with SRE into the GC blend film by the solvent casting method. Developed films showed a slight decrease in tensile and water vapor barrier properties with the inclusion of both additives. Color and opaqueness of the film became darker as the additives were incorporated, whereas the thermal property was greatly enhanced. Film containing 3% LE-CDs blocked UV-A and UV-B by 93.30 and 99.81%, respectively. GC/SRE/3%CD film exhibited strong radical scavenging and antibacterial activities against Listeria monocytogenes and Escherichia coli, in which the growth was terminated after 12 h. Film had a pH-dependent color change, depending on various pH levels (2-12). Shrimp freshness could be monitored as indicated by the shift to bluish color after 48 h. Therefore, this finding indicated that incorporating biomass-derived CDs and natural colorants into biopolymer films, especially GC blend films, could offer diverse strategies for maintaining safety and prolonging shelf life in response to the growing need for smart packaging for food applications.

Carboxymethyl cellulose/shellac composite loaded with pomegranate extract and jojoba oil as anti-mycotic and anti-mycotoxigenic food packaging materials

Food commodities, including mycotoxins naturally produced from toxigenic fungi (pre- or post-harvest), are particularly vulnerable to contamination. The study intended to use unique bioactive composites loaded with antimicrobial constituents for food packaging. Three composite types are based on carboxymethyl cellulose/shellac (CMC/SH) and loaded with pomegranate extract (POE) with or without jojoba oil (JOE) at various concentrations. An enhancement was recorded for tensile strength and elongation at break and burst properties of the composites, where the results point out the amelioration of flexibility and elasticity with E9 (0.3/3 mg/mL of POE/JO). Moreover, E10 (0.3/1 of POE/JOE) content had higher phenolic and flavonoids, with significant antioxidants and the best antimicrobial and anti-mycotoxigenic activity. Six higher antimicrobial composites were chosen for corn seed coating applications in a simulated experiment of toxigenic fungal contamination, where the results recommend E10 as the best formula for packaging application. The E10 was characterized for emulsion stability, particle size, zeta potential, pH, PDI, and acidity that were recorded at 88.16 ± 2.87%, 54.81 nm, 38.74 mV, 6.34 ± 0.54, 31.12 ± 1.02, and 6.02 ± 0.34 mg/L, respectively. The in-silico study revealed that ellagic acid and hesperidin in POE extract, erucic and oleic acids in JOE, and shellac had the highest binding free energies against the vital enzymes involved in bactericidal/bacteriostatic effects and the aflatoxin bio synthetic mechanism.

Atmosphere-controlled high-voltage electrospray for improving conductivity, flexibility, and antibacterial properties of chitosan films

Atmosphere-controlled high-voltage electrospray (AHES) was utilised to modify the structure of chitosan (CS) films. The applied voltage in the AHES process ranged from 60 to 100 kV, with variations in the O2 content of the propellant gas from 0 to 100 %. The number density of cations in the charging environment reached 600 × 105 cations/cm3. Under these specific conditions, the one-step AHES procedure facilitated the protonation of the amine groups in the CS molecular chains, resulting in a notable increase in electrical conductivity by over 95 % and tensile elongation by over 100 %. The generation of reactive oxygen species during the AHES process also improved the antibacterial properties of the charged CS films, as evidenced by a more than 36 % increase in the inhibition zone diameter. The treated (AHES) films were employed for preserving fresh-cut muskmelon slices. These films maintained satisfactory sensory quality and effectively controlled water evaporation for up to 3 days when utilised as the inner layer of the packaging. These enhancements were achieved through a single-step AHES treatment, without the addition of chemicals or the need to alter the ambient temperature (25 °C ± 5°C). Consequently, AHES presents itself as a viable method for modifying the electrostatic characteristics of CS films and can be extended to various other materials.

Study of glutaraldehyde-treated crosslinking protocols for placental decellularized matrix sponges

Extracellular matrix sponge plays a positive role in the wound healing process, but requires proper structural strength and biological properties. In order to solve the problem of lyophilized dissolution of placenta-derived sponge, glutaraldehyde was selected for use in the lyophilized crosslinking process to improve the necessary mechanical properties of the placental decellularization matrix sponge. In this work, the effects of three cross-linking methods of glutaraldehyde (Fumigation/Slurry/Soak) on the physical and biological characteristics of lyophilised sponges derived from placental acellular matrix was investigated. The results revealed that the sponges prepared by all three cross-linking methods exhibited excellent blood coagulation ability and stability. The fumigation cross-linked sponges had good mechanical properties of soft and elastic, and safe cytotoxicity, which were more compatible with the requirements of wound dressing. The slurry cross-linking process was uneven due to the stacked matrix materials, resulting in obvious cracks and easy to break when stretching. The soak crosslinking can obtain a higher degree of crosslinking, which leads to the poor antibacterial performance and the harder sponge scaffold with larger elastic modulus and smaller tensile ratio. In general, fumigation cross-linking is more suitable for the preparation of acellular sponge derived from placenta materials which can maintain basic mechanical properties and biological validity.

Development of active films with thymol-based hydrophobic eutectic solvents

Thymol, known for its antimicrobial properties, was combined with acetic acid, betaine, and caprylic acid to form hydrophobic natural eutectic solvents (NAES), whose influence on the properties of bovine gelatin films was investigated. Films showed enhanced mechanical performance and a clear plasticizing effect provided by the natural eutectic solvents. At 300 wt% concentration, tensile strength and elongation at break reached 871 ± 78 kPa and 141 ± 10 % for acetic acid, 391 ± 41 kPa and 159 ± 10 % for betaine, and 1209 ± 52 kPa and 198 ± 15 % for caprylic acid. Water vapor permeability and total soluble matter were reduced, and swelling decreased to ~250 %, ~150 %, and ~ 200 % for films with 300 wt% of acetic acid, betaine, and caprylic acid, respectively. Pure thymol exhibited significant volatility, with 17.10 ± 1.50 % weight loss over one week, while the NADES demonstrated dramatically reduced losses (up to 1.15 ± 0.04 %). The films displayed exceptional antibacterial activity, achieving inhibition diameters of 34 mm against Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria, and films with caprylic or acetic NAES achieved undetectable CFU levels for major pathogens on chicken breast. These results highlight the antimicrobial potency and enhanced stability of NAES-based gelatin films for active packaging applications.

Co-immobilization of lipase and β-galactosidase in gelatin-carboxymethyl cellulose blend films used as an active packaging component

β-Galactosidase and lipase were co-immobilized in polymeric blends of gelatin (GEL) and carboxymethyl cellulose (CMC) synthesized with different ratios of GEL/CMC: A (0GEL:100CMC), B (25GEL:75CMC), C (50GEL:50CMC), D (75GEL:25CMC), E (100GEL:0CMC). The films obtained good electrostatic interaction and a regular and uniform structure. The addition of CMC increased the mechanical resistance of the films, the tensile strength being 35.04 ± 0.10 MPa for A (0GEL:100CMC) films and 19.17 ± 2.44 MPa for E (100GEL:0CMC) films. Thermogravimetry (TG) showed that the addition of the enzyme decreases the thermal stability of the films. Film B (25GEL:75CMC) showed greater affinity with the added enzymes and greater thermal stability, in addition to increasing the crystallinity by up to 5.8 % and forming more transparent films. CMC was the most hydrophilic polymer, with higher moisture content (17.35 ± 1.73 %) and PVA (0.398 ± 0.047 g.mm/h.m2.kPa), higher still after the addition of enzyme (22.91 ± 1.06 % and 1.136 ± 0.087 g.mm/h.m2.kPa). The enzymes showed greater interaction with the bulky groups of CMC and the film with the highest concentration of this polymer was the one that presented the best hydrolysis rate of lactose and triglycerides, enabling the production of films.

Antimicrobial multi-crosslinking tamarind xyloglucan/protein-chitosan coating packaging films with self-recovery and biocompatible properties

Natural and high-quality biomass-based coating films are considered promising packaging to consumers. However, the poor mechanical properties and weak antimicrobial activity of biomass materials have limited their practical application. A cleaner and low-cost strategy is used to prepare antimicrobial, self-recovery, and biocompatible coating films using tamarind kernel powder (TKP) and chitosan (CS). The TKP protein and chitosan chains were covalently cross-linked with tetrakis(hydroxymethyl)phosphonium chloride (THPC) to form a three-dimensional network based on THPC-amine dynamic bonds, and act as a sacrificial bond. Then, the hydrogen bond forms an interpenetrating network to build a strong multi-network film. Thus, the THPC multi-crosslinking TKP based films showed enhanced stretchable property (increased from 3.23 % to 77.54 %), and self-recovery after 30 min of recovery. Additionally, the film has been found to exhibit low water vapor permeability, low oxygen transmittance rate, and excellent antimicrobial efficiency (maximum inhibition zones: 24.39 mm). Moreover, the prepared films were demonstrated to be biocompatible and non-hemolytic based on cell viability and hemolytic activity assays. The method described herein could broaden the scope of biomass-based materials in the realm of antimicrobial coating films.

Gelatin-chitosan interactions in edible films and coatings doped with plant extracts for biopreservation of fresh tuna fish products: A review

The preservation of tuna fish products, which are extremely perishable seafood items, is a substantial challenge due to their instantaneous spoilage caused by microbial development and oxidative degradation. The current review explores the potential of employing chitosan-gelatin-based edible films and coatings, which are enriched with plant extracts, as a sustainable method to prolong the shelf life of tuna fish products. The article provides a comprehensive overview of the physicochemical properties of chitosan and gelatin, emphasizing the molecular interactions that underpin the formation and functionality of these biopolymer-based films and coatings. The synergistic effects of combining chitosan and gelatin are explored, particularly in terms of improving the mechanical strength, barrier properties, and bioactivity of the films. Furthermore, the application of botanical extracts, which include high levels of antioxidants and antibacterial compounds, is being investigated in terms of their capacity to augment the protective characteristics of the films. The study also emphasizes current advancements in utilizing these composite films and coatings for tuna fish products, with a specific focus on their effectiveness in preventing microbiological spoilage, decreasing lipid oxidation, and maintaining sensory qualities throughout storage. Moreover, the current investigation explores the molecular interactions associated with chitosan-gelatin packaging systems enriched with plant extracts, offering valuable insights for improving the design of edible films and coatings and suggesting future research directions to enhance their effectiveness in seafood preservation. Ultimately, the review underscores the potential of chitosan-gelatin-based films and coatings as a promising, eco-friendly alternative to conventional packaging methods, contributing to the sustainability of the seafood industry.

Encapsulated Thuja plicata essential oil into biopolymer matrix as a potential pesticide against Phytophthora root pathogens

A new formulation that gradually released encapsulated Thuja plicata essential oil (TPEO) as an active component from a biopolymer matrix within a given period was obtained. Antimicrobial activity was determined in in-vitro tests where pure TPEO successfully inhibited the development of different Phytophthora species. The TPEO essential oil was encapsulated into the biopolymer matrix and an oil-in-water emulsion was formed. FTIR spectra analysis confirmed the formation of electrostatic interaction between these polymers, and hydrogen interactions between active components of TPEO and polymer chains. The stability of the emulsions was confirmed by zeta potential measurements, with a value of about 30 mV, even after 14 days of aging. UV-Vis spectra analysis revealed that >60 % of TPEO remained in the emulsion after 14 days of exposure to ambient conditions, whereas pure TPEO evaporated faster, and around 20 % remained after 6 days. Encapsulated TPEO almost completely inhibited the growth of Phytophthora species during the ten-day day's exposition being statistically significantly improved compared to fungicide treatment. It was demonstrated that the emulsion exhibited a prolonged antimicrobial effect and successfully suppressed the growth of Phytophthora species, and can be considered as a means of protection in forests and crops.

A multi-functional coating on cotton fabric to incorporate electro-conductive, anti-bacterial, and flame-retardant properties

Multi-functional textiles have become a growing trend among smart customers who dream of having multiple functionalities in a single product. Thus, this study aimed to develop a multi-functional textile from a common textile substrate like cotton equipped with electrically conductive, anti-bacterial, and flame-retardant properties. Herein, a bunch of compounds from various sources like petro-based poly-aniline (PANI), phosphoric acid (H3PO4), inorganic silver nanoparticles (Ag-NPs), and biomass-sourced fish scale protein (FSP) were used. The coating was prepared via in-situ polymerization of PANI with the cotton substrate, followed by the dipping in AGNPs solution, layer-by-layer deposition of FSP and sodium alginate, and finally, a dip-dry-cure technique after immersing the modified cotton substrate into the H3PO4 and citric acid solution. The key results indicated that the fabric treated with PANI/Ag-NPs/FSP/P-compound exhibited a balanced improvement in all three desired properties as the electrical resistance was reduced by 44.44 % while showing superior bacterial inhibition against gram-positive bacteria (S. aureus) and gram-negative bacteria (E. coli), and produced dense-black carbonaceous char residues, indicating its flame retardant properties as well. Thus, such amicable developments made the cotton textile substrate a multi-functional textile, which showed potential to be used in medical textiles, wearable electronics, fire-fighter suits, etc.

Eco-Friendly Design of Chitosan-Based Films with Biodegradable Properties as an Alternative to Low-Density Polyethylene Packaging

Biopolymer-based films are a promising alternative for the food packaging industry, in which petrochemical-based polymers like low-density polyethylene (LDPE) are commanding attention because of their high pollution levels. In this research, a biopolymer-based film made of chitosan (CS), gelatin (GEL), and glycerol (GLY) was designed. A Response Surface Methodology (RSM) analysis was performed to determine the chitosan, gelatin, and glycerol content that improved the mechanical properties selected as response variables (thickness, tensile strength (TS), and elongation at break (EAB). The content of CS (1.1% w/v), GEL (1.1% w/v), and GLY (0.4% w/v) in the film-forming solution guarantees an optimized film (OPT-F) with a 0.046 ± 0.003 mm thickness, 11.48 ± 1.42 mPa TS, and 2.6 ± 0.3% EAB. The OPT-F was characterized in terms of thermal, optical, and biodegradability properties compared to LDPE films. Thermogravimetric analysis (TGA) revealed that the OPT-F was thermally stable at temperatures below 300 °C, which is relevant to thermal processes in the food industry of packaging. The reduced water solubility (WS) (24.34 ± 2.47%) and the improved biodegradability properties (7.1%) compared with LDPE suggests that the biopolymer-based film obtained has potential applications in the food industry as a novel packaging material and can serve as a basis for the design of bioactive packaging.

Nanocellulose@gallic Acid-Based MOFs: A Novel Material for Ecofriendly Food Packaging

The development of an effective food packaging material is essential for safeguarding against infections and preventing chemical, physical, and biological changes during food storage and transportation. In the present study, we successfully synthesized an innovative food packaging material by combining chitosan (CH), nanocellulose (NC), and a gallic acid-based metal-organic framework (MOF). The CH films were prepared using different concentrations of NC (5 and 10%) and MOFs (1.5, 2.5, and 5%). Various properties of prepared films, including water solubility (WS), moisture content (MC), swelling degree, oxygen permeability, water vapor permeability (WVP), mechanical property, color analysis, and light transmittance, were studied. The chitosan film with a 5% NC and 1.5% MOF (CH-5% NC-1.5% MOF) exhibited the least water solubility, moisture content, and water vapor permeability, indicating the overall stability of the film. Additionally, this film demonstrated low oxygen permeability, as indicated by a peroxide value of 18.911 ± 4.009, ensuring the effective preservation of packaged contents. Notably, this synthesized film exhibited high antioxidant activity, resulting in an extended duration of 52 days. This antioxidant activity was further validated by the preservation of apple slices for 9 days in a CH-5% NC-1.5% MOF film. The findings of the study suggest that the developed films can provide a promising and environmentally friendly solution for active food packaging.

Tannic acid crosslinked chitosan/gelatin/SiO2 biopolymer film with superhydrophobic, antioxidant and UV resistance properties for prematuring fruit packaging

The environmental pollution caused by plastic films urgently requires the development of non-toxic, biodegradable, and renewable biopolymer films. However, the poor waterproof and UV resistance properties of biopolymer films have limited their application in fruit packaging. In this work, a novel tannic acid cross-linked chitosan/gelatin film with hydrophobic silica coating (CGTS) was prepared. Relying on the adhesion of tannic acid and gelatin to silica, the coating endows CGTS film with excellent superhydrophobic properties. Especially, the contact angle reaches a maximum value 152.6°. Meanwhile, tannic acid enhanced the mechanical strength (about 36.1 %) through the forming of hydrogen bonding and the network structure. The prepared CGTS films showed almost zero transmittance to ultraviolet light and exhibited excellent radical scavenging ability (∼76.5 %, DPPH). Hence, CGTS film is suitable as a novel multifunctional packaging material for the agriculture to protect premature fruits, or the food industry used in environments exposed to ultraviolet radiation and rainwater.

Use of Plant Extracts in Polymeric Scaffolds in the Regeneration of Mandibular Injuries

Severe loss of bone mass may require grafting, and, among the alternatives available, there are natural biomaterials that can act as scaffolds for the cell growth necessary for tissue regeneration. Collagen and elastin polymers are a good alternative due to their biomimetic properties of bone tissue, and their characteristics can be improved with the addition of polysaccharides such as chitosan and bioactive compounds such as jatoba resin and pomegranate extract due to their antigenic actions. The aim of this experimental protocol was to evaluate bone neoformation in experimentally made defects in the mandible of rats using polymeric scaffolds with plant extracts added. Thirty rats were divided into group 1, with a mandibular defect filled with a clot from the lesion and no graft implant (G1-C, n = 10); group 2, filled with collagen/chitosan/jatoba resin scaffolds (G2-CCJ, n = 10); and group 3, with collagen/nanohydroxyapatite/elastin/pomegranate extract scaffolds (G3-CHER, n = 10). Six weeks after surgery, the animals were euthanized and samples from the surgical areas were submitted to macroscopic, radiological, histological, and morphometric analysis of the mandibular lesion repair process. The results showed no inflammatory infiltrates in the surgical area, indicating good acceptance of the scaffolds in the microenvironment of the host area. In the control group (G1), there was a predominance of reactive connective tissue, while in the grafted groups (G2 and G3), there was bone formation from the margins of the lesion, but it was still insufficient for total bone repair of the defect within the experimental period standardized in this study. The histomorphometric analysis showed that the mean percentage of bone volume formed in the surgical area of groups G1, G2, and G3 was 17.17 ± 2.68, 27.45 ± 1.65, and 34.07 ± 0.64 (mean ± standard deviation), respectively. It can be concluded that these scaffolds with plant extracts added can be a viable alternative for bone repair, as they are easily manipulated, have a low production cost, and stimulate the formation of new bone by osteoconduction.

Enhanced antibacterial properties of polyvinyl alcohol/starch/chitosan films with NiO-CuO nanoparticles for food packaging

Packaging is very important to maintain the quality of food and prevent the growth of microbes. Therefore, the use of food packaging with antimicrobial properties protects the food from the growth of microorganisms. In this study, antibacterial nanocomposite films of polyvinyl alcohol/starch/chitosan (PVA/ST/CS) together with nickel oxide-copper oxide nanoparticles (NiO-CuONPs) are prepared for food packaging. NiO-CuONPs were synthesized by the co-precipitation method, and structural characterization of nanoparticles (NPs) was carried out by XRD, FTIR, and SEM techniques. Composites of PVA/ST/CS, containing different percentages of NPs, were prepared by casting and characterized by FTIR and FESEM. The mechanical properties, diffusion barrier, and thermal stability were determined. The nanoparticles have a round structure with an average size of 6.7 ± 1.2 nm. The cross-section of PVA/ST/CS film is dense, uniform, and without cracks. In the mechanical tests, the addition of NPs up to 1% improved the mechanical properties (TS = 31.94 MPa), while 2% of NPs lowered TS to 14.76 MPa. The fibroblast cells toxicity and the films antibacterial activity were also examined. The films displayed stronger antibacterial effects against Gram-positive bacteria (Staphylococcus aureus) compared to Gram-negative bacteria (Escherichia coli). Furthermore, these films have no toxicity to fibroblast cells and the survival rate of these cells in contact with the films is more than 84%. Therefore, this film is recommended for food packaging due to its excellent mechanical and barrier properties, good antibacterial activity, and non-toxicity.

Bee chitosan nanoparticles loaded with apitoxin as a novel approach to eradication of common human bacterial, fungal pathogens and treating cancer

Antimicrobial resistance is one of the largest medical challenges because of the rising frequency of opportunistic human microbial infections across the globe. This study aimed to extract chitosan from the exoskeletons of dead bees and load it with bee venom (commercially available as Apitoxin [Api]). Then, the ionotropic gelation method would be used to form nanoparticles that could be a novel drug-delivery system that might eradicate eight common human pathogens (i.e., two fungal and six bacteria strains). It might also be used to treat the human colon cancer cell line (Caco2 ATCC ATP-37) and human liver cancer cell line (HepG2ATCC HB-8065) cancer cell lines. The x-ray diffraction (XRD), Fourier transform infrared (FTIR), and dynamic light scattering (DLS) properties, ζ-potentials, and surface appearances of the nanoparticles were evaluated by transmission electron microscopy (TEM). FTIR and XRD validated that the Api was successfully encapsulated in the chitosan nanoparticles (ChB NPs). According to the TEM, the ChB NPs and the ChB NPs loaded with Apitoxin (Api@ChB NPs) had a spherical shape and uniform size distribution, with non-aggregation, for an average size of approximately 182 and 274 ± 3.8 nm, respectively, and their Zeta potential values were 37.8 ± 1.2 mV and - 10.9 mV, respectively. The Api@ChB NPs had the greatest inhibitory effect against all tested strains compared with the ChB NPs and Api alone. The minimum inhibitory concentrations (MICs) of the Api, ChB NPs, and Api@ChB NPs were evaluated against the offer mentioned colony forming units (CFU/mL), and their lowest MIC values were 30, 25, and 12.5 μg mL-1, respectively, against Enterococcus faecalis. Identifiable morphological features of apoptosis were observed by 3 T3 Phototox software after Api@ChB NPs had been used to treat the normal Vero ATCC CCL-81, Caco2 ATCC ATP-37, and HepG2 ATCC HB-8065 cancer cell lines for 24 h. The morphological changes were clear in a concentration-dependent manner, and the ability of the cells was 250 to 500 μg mL-1. These results revealed that Api@ChB NPs may be a promising natural nanotreatment for common human pathogens.

Preparation and characterization of peach gum/chitosan polyelectrolyte composite films with dual cross-linking networks for antibacterial packaging

Peach gum (PG) is a valuable polymeric feedstock for developing eco-friendly, bio-safe, and functional materials. However, PG has limited use in food packaging due to its inferior mechanical and antibacterial properties. To overcome these limitations, we created a dual cross-linked network by introducing chitosan (CS) and glycerol to the PG matrix. Our research discovered that incorporating CS into the PG matrix significantly improved its Young's modulus, from 277.62 to 925.89 MPa, and its tensile strength from 5.96 to 39.94 MPa. Furthermore, the inclusion of glycerol greatly increased the elongation. These enhancements were attributed to the ionic and hydrogen-bonding interactions between the two biopolymers. Additionally, the composite films exhibited strong antibacterial effects, reducing the total number of colonies by 99.2 % and 99.9 % against Escherichia coli (E. coli) and Staphylococcus aureus (S. aureus), respectively. The incorporation of CS resulted in more amorphous films, enhancing their stiffness, flexibility, and barrier properties. To assess the practical application of PG/CS composite films, we conducted a comparative analysis between non-packaged strawberries and strawberries packaged with these films. The results demonstrated that the composite polyelectrolyte film extended the shelf life of strawberries better than the non-packaged fruits.

Investigation of the Structure-Forming Potential of Protein Components in the Reformulation of the Composition of Edible Films

To optimize the functional properties of edible films or coatings, mixtures of several ingredients are used, including food processing by-products. In this way, pectin from fruit pomace, whey proteins from whey as a by-product of rennet cheese production, and gelatin from by-products of the processing of slaughtered animals can be obtained. The aim and scope of the investigation were to verify the hypothesis of the research, which assumes that the addition of beef broth to edible gelatin films will affect the gelation processes of the tested film-forming solutions and will allow for the modification of the edible properties of the films obtained based on these solutions. Measurements were carried out to determine the visual parameters, mechanical strengths, surface and cross-sectional structures, FTIR spectra, thermal degradation rates, and hydrophilicities of the prepared gelatin films. The water content, water vapor permeability, and course of water vapor sorption isotherms of the films were also examined, as well as the course of the gelation process for film-forming solutions. The addition of broth to film-forming solutions was found to increase their opacity and color saturation, especially for the ones that were yellow. The films with the addition of broth were more uneven on the surface and more resistant to stretching, and in the case of the selected types of gelatins, they also formed a more stable gel. The broth increased the hydrophilicity and permeability of the water vapor and reduced the water content of the films. The addition of broth enables the practical use of edible films, but it is necessary to modify some features.

Sustainable packaging film based on cellulose nanofibres/pullulan impregnated with zinc-doped carbon dots derived from avocado peel to extend the shelf life of chicken and tofu

A cellulose nanofiber (CNF)/pullulan (PUL) based multifunctional composite film was developed for active packaging applications by incorporating Zn-doped avocado-derived carbon dots (Zn-ACDs). The incorporation of Zn-ACDs improved the interfacial compatibility and produced a dense cross-sectional structure of the composite films. The Zn-ACDs added film showed no significant difference in water vapor permeability and surface hydrophilicity compared to the neat CNF/PUL film, but the tensile strength and elongation at break increased by ~45.4 % and ~64.1 %, respectively. The addition of 5 wt% Zn-ACDs to the CNF/PUL matrix resulted in 100.0 % UV blocking properties, excellent antioxidant activity (100.0 % for ABTS and 68.0 % for DPPH), and complete eradication of foodborne pathogens such as Listeria monocytogenes ATCC 15313 and Escherichia coli O157:H7 after 3 h of exposure. The CNF/PUL composite film with Zn-ACDs applied to the active packaging of chicken and tofu significantly reduced the total growth of aerobic microorganisms without significantly changing the actual color of the packaged chicken and tofu for 9 days at 10°C. This study demonstrates that CNF/PUL composite films with Zn-ACDs are a sustainable and environmentally friendly option for protecting food from microbial contamination.

Immobilization of α-amylase in calcium alginate-gum odina (CA-GO) beads: An easily recoverable and reusable support

A natural polysacharide, gum odina was collected from Odina wodier tree and purified. Purified gum odina was used with sodium alginate for immobilization of α-amylase. Calcium alginate-gum odina (CA-GO) beads were prepared by ionotropic gelation method to find the improvement of immobilization efficiency and reusability of α-amylase over calcium alginate (CA) beads. XRD, SEM, FTIR, beads diameter, enzyme leaching from beads, moisture content, total soluble matter and swelling study have been carried out to understand the physical morphology and mechanism of immobilization of enzyme in beads matrix. It has been observed that if the polymer ratio changes (keeping enzyme conc. & calcium Chloride conc. constant) then the size and shape of the beads will vary and at a particular range of polymer ratio, the optimal beads forms. At a certain conc.(4%w/v of SA and 1%w/v GO), the immobilization efficiency of CA-GO and CA beads were 92.71 ± 0.85 % (w/w) and 89.19 ± 0.35 %(w/w) respectively. After 8th time use, the CA-GO beads remain (~4 fold) more active than that of CA beads. The FTIR confirms that GO does not interfere with α-Amylase and alginate. Here, it can be concluded that CA-GO beads show better efficiency in respect to immobilization, reusability than CA beads only.

The physicochemical properties and molecular docking study of plasticized amphotericin B loaded sodium alginate, carboxymethyl cellulose, and gelatin-based films

Plasticizers are employed to stabilize films by safeguarding their physical stability and avoiding the degradation of the loaded therapeutic drug during processing and storage. In the present study, the plasticizer effect (glycerol) was studied on bioadhesive films based on sodium alginate (SA), carboxymethyl cellulose (CMC) and gelatin (GE) polymers loaded with amphotericin B (AmB). The main objective of the current study was to assess the morphological, mechanical, thermal, optical, and barrier properties of the films as a function of glycerol (Gly) concentration (0.5-1.5 %) using different techniques such as Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM), Texture analyzer (TA), Differential Scanning Calorimeter (DSC), X-Ray Diffraction (XRD), and Fourier Transforms Infrared Spectroscopy (FTIR). The concentration increase of glycerol resulted in an increase in Water Vapor Permeability (WVP) (0.187-0.334), elongation at break (EAB) (0.88-35.48 %), thickness (0.032-0.065 mm) and moisture level (17.5-41.76 %) whereas opacity, tensile strength (TS) (16.81-0.86 MPa), and young's modulus (YM) (0.194-0.002 MPa) values decreased. Glycerol incorporation in the film-Forming solution decreased the brittleness and fragility of the films. Fourier Transform Infrared (FTIR) spectra showed that intermolecular hydrogen bonding occurred between glycerol and polymers in plasticized films compared to control films. Furthermore, molecular docking was applied to predict the binding interactions betweem AmB, CMC, gelatin, SA and glycerol, which further endorsed the stabilizing effects of glycerol in the complex formation between AmB, CMC, SA, and gelatin. The Findings of the current study demonstrated that this polymeric blend could be used to successfully prepare bioadhesive films with glycerol as a plasticizer.

Preparation and characterization of gelatin/chitosan nanocomposite reinforced by NiO nanoparticles as an active food packaging

Food packaging with antibacterial properties has attracted much attention recently. In this study, nickel oxide nanoparticles (NiONPs) were synthesized by co-precipitation and then gelatin/chitosan polymer films (GEL/CS) with different percentages of NiONPs, bio-nanocomposites, were prepared by casting. Morphology, crystal microstructure, molecular interactions and thermal stabilities of the NPs and the composite films were characterized by FESEM, XRD, FTIR and TGA, respectively. The bio-nanocomposite films exhibited excellent barrier, thermal and mechanical properties by addition of an optimized content of NPs. For example, the tensile strength (TS) of the GEL/CS film without NPs was 23.83 MPa and increased to 30.13 MPa by incorporation of 1% NPs. The antibacterial properties and toxicity of the films were investigated. These films show good antibacterial behavior against Gram-positive (Staphylococcus aureus) bacteria compared to Gram-negative (Escherichia coli) bacteria. Furthermore, the films were found to be non-toxic to fibroblast cells that came into contact with the films, with a survival rate of more than 88%. Therefore, these films can be applied for food packaging due to their excellent mechanical, barrier, and antibacterial properties.

Vanillin cross-linked chitosan/gelatin bio-polymer film with antioxidant, water resistance and ultraviolet-proof properties

Cross-linking is the most promising method for preparing high-performance chitosan/gelatin bio-polymer film. In this work, vanillin cross-linked chitosan/gelatin bio-polymer (CGGV) film with good mechanics, water resistance, antioxidant and ultraviolet-proof property was prepared. The micro-structure, physical and functional properties of CGGV film were studied. Results showed that vanillin as a cross-linking agent provided a compact inner micro-structure through Schiff base and hydrogen bond interaction. Moderate cross-linking significantly improved mechanical strength, thermal ability, hydrophobicity of the films and reduced the water vapor permeability, swelling ratio and water solubility. Especially, CGGV films showed stronger ultraviolet-proof properties and possessed potent radical scavenging activity. Therefore, CGGV film is suitable to protect per-mature fruits and could be used as novel multifunctional packaging in the agriculture and foods industry.

Packaging films based on biopolymers from seafood processing wastes: Preparation, properties, and their applications for shelf-life extension of seafoods-A comprehensive review

Biopolymers derived from seafood processing byproducts are used to prepare active and biodegradable films as the packaging of food products. These films possess bioactivities to enhance the shelf life of packed foods by proactively releasing antimicrobial/antioxidative agents into the foods and providing sufficient barrier properties. Seafood processing byproducts are an eminent source of valuable compounds, including biopolymers and bioactive compounds. These biopolymers, including collagen, gelatin, chitosan, and muscle proteins, could be used to prepare robust and sustainable food packaging with some antimicrobial agents or antioxidants, for example, plant extracts rich in polyphenols or essential oils. These active packaging are not only biodegradable but also prevent the deterioration of packed foods caused by spoilage microorganisms as well as chemical deterioration. Seafood discards have a promising benefit for the development of environmentally friendly food packaging systems via the appropriate preparation methods or techniques. Therefore, the green packaging from seafood leftover can be better exploited and replace the synthetic counterpart.

Improving the quality of the chicken fillet using chitosan, gelatin, and starch coatings incorporated with bitter orange peel extract during refrigeration

The preserving potential of biopolymer coatings can be improved by adding natural antimicrobial and antioxidant compounds. The objective of this study was to evaluate the effect of natural coatings (gelatin (Gel), chitosan (Ch), and modified starch (MS)) incorporated with bitter orange peel extract (BOE) on the quality of the chicken fillets during cold. BOE had a high amount of phenolic compounds (145.28 mgGAE/g). Coating the fillets with pure BOE exerted a higher inhibitory effect against bacterial growth compared to composite coatings without extract. Lower microbial count (2-3 log CFU/g on days 9 and 12 of storage) was observed in the samples coated with composite biopolymers incorporated with BOE in comparison to the coatings without BOE. Composite coatings of Gel/MS/BOE showed lower FFA in the fillets followed by Gel/Ch/BOE and MS/Ch/BOE. The lowest TVB-N belonged to MS/Ch/BOE followed by Gel/Ch/BOE and Gel/MS/BOE which were 17.05, 17.39, and 19.40 mg/100 g at the end of the storage. Among the samples, pure BOE, Gel/MS/BOE, Gel/Ch/BOE, and MS/Ch/BOE showed the lowest peroxide value and the coatings containing chitosan had a slower rate of hydroperoxide generation. Drip loss showed a descending trend in all coated samples except for an enhancement in control and BOE-coated fillets, 6.42% and 6.39%, respectively, on day 12 of storage. Samples coated with Gel/MS and Gel/MS/BOE had the lowest drip loss during the storage period (5.96% and 5.98%, respectively). It should be noted that coatings containing chitosan had higher antimicrobial and antioxidant effects. The effect of the coatings as antimicrobial barriers and preservative agents were as follows: Gel/Ch/BOE > MS/Ch/BOE > Gel/MS/BOE. It can be concluded that the applied composite coatings in this work have a high potential to maintain and improve the quality of raw chicken fillets during storage in the refrigerator.

Films for Wound Healing Fabricated Using a Solvent Casting Technique

Wound healing is a complex process that involves restoring the structure of damaged tissues through four phases: hemostasis, inflammation, proliferation, and remodeling. Wound dressings are the most common treatment used to cover wounds, reduce infection risk and the loss of physiological fluids, and enhance wound healing. Despite there being several types of wound dressings based on different materials and fabricated through various techniques, polymeric films have been widely employed due to their biocompatibility and low immunogenicity. Furthermore, they are non-invasive, easy to apply, allow gas exchange, and can be transparent. Among different methods for designing polymeric films, solvent casting represents a reliable, preferable, and highly used technique due to its easygoing and relatively low-cost procedure compared to sophisticated methods such as spin coating, microfluidic spinning, or 3D printing. Therefore, this review focuses on the polymeric dressings obtained using this technique, emphasizing the critical manufacturing factors related to pharmaceuticals, specifically discussing the formulation variables necessary to create wound dressings that demonstrate effective performance.

Comparison of chitosan and gelatin-based films and application to antimicrobial coatings enriched with grapefruit seed extract for cherry tomato preservation

Bio-based single, composite, and bilayer edible films were developed based on chitosan and gelatin, including grapefruit seed extract (GSE) as an antimicrobial agent. The physicochemical and antimicrobial properties of films were analyzed, and it was found that compounding and laminating two polymers could enhance their physicochemical properties. The composite film was strong, endurable, and flexible compared with the single ones. In addition, the composite and bilayer films had lower water vapor permeability than the single ones. Edible films and coatings with GSE presented a greater bactericidal effect than the inactive ones. In addition, the hardness, weight, and color changes of the coated cherry tomatoes during 7-day storage did not differ, whereas a bacterial reduction against Salmonella Typhimurium was revealed. Taken together, composite and bilayer films with CH and GL and enriched with GSE were developed for food packaging applications, and it showed improved mechanical, water barrier, and antimicrobial properties.

Supplementary Information

The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1007/s10068-023-01254-9.

Encapsulation of tea polyphenols into high amylose corn starch composite nanofibrous film for active antimicrobial packaging

Starch-based composite nanofibrous films loaded with tea polyphenols (TP) were successfully fabricated through electrospinning high amylose corn starch (HACS) with aid of polyvinyl alcohol (PVA), referred as HACS/PVA@TP. With the addition of 15 % TP, HACS/PVA@TP nanofibrous films exhibited enhanced mechanical properties and water vapor barrier capability, and their hydrogen bonding interactions were further evidenced. TP was slowly released from the nanofibrous film and followed Fickian diffusion mechanism, which achieved the controlled sustained release of TP. Interesting, HACS/PVA@TP nanofibrous films effectively improved antimicrobial activities against Staphylococcus aureus (S. aureus) and prolonged the shelf life of strawberry. HACS/PVA@TP nanofibrous films showed superior antibacterial function by by destroying cell wall and cytomembrane, and degrading existing DNA fragments, stimulating excessive intracellular reactive oxygen species (ROS) generation. Our study demonstrated that the functional electrospun Starch-based nanofibrous films with enhanced mechanical properties and superior antimicrobial activities were potential for the application in active food packaging and relative areas.

Enhanced tissue infiltration and bone regeneration through spatiotemporal delivery of bioactive factors from polyelectrolytes modified biomimetic scaffold

Efficient healing of bone defect is closely associated with the structured and functional characters of tissue engineered scaffolds. However, the development of bone implants with rapid tissue ingrowth and favorable osteoinductive properties remains a challenge. Herein, we fabricated polyelectrolytes modified-biomimetic scaffold with macroporous and nanofibrous structures as well as simultaneous delivery of BMP-2 protein and trace element strontium. The hierarchically structured scaffold incorporated with strontium-substituted hydroxyapatite (SrHA) was coated with polyelectrolyte multilayers of chitosan/gelatin via layer-by-layer assembly technique for BMP-2 immobilization, which endowed the composite scaffold with sequential release of BMP-2 and Sr ions. The integration of SrHA improved the mechanical property of composite scaffold, while the polyelectrolytes modification strongly increased the hydrophilicity and protein binding efficiency. In addition, polyelectrolytes modified-scaffold significantly facilitated cell proliferation in vitro, as well as enhanced tissue infiltration and new microvascular formation in vivo. Furthermore, the dual-factor loaded scaffold significantly enhanced the osteogenic differentiation of bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells. Moreover, both vascularization and new bone formation were significantly increased by the treatment of dual-factor delivery scaffold in the rat calvarial defects model, suggesting a synergistic effect on bone regeneration through spatiotemporal delivery of BMP-2 and Sr ions. Overall, this study demonstrate that the prepared biomimetic scaffold as dual-factor delivery system has great potential for bone regeneration application.

Effect of Essential Oils from Lemongrass and Tahiti Lime Residues on the Physicochemical Properties of Chitosan-Based Biodegradable Films

This work aimed to evaluate the impact of adding two essential oils (EO) from lemongrass (LEO) and Tahiti lime (TLEO) on the physical, mechanical, and thermal properties of chitosan-based biodegradable films. Six film formulations were prepared: two controls with chitosan concentrations of 1% and 1.5% v/w, two formulations combining the two chitosan concentrations with 1% LEO v/v, and two formulations combining the two chitosan concentrations with 1% TLEO v/v. The films' morphological, water affinity, barrier, mechanical, and thermal properties were evaluated. The films' surface showed a heterogeneous morphology without cracks, whereas the cross-section showed a porous-like structure. Adding EO to the films promoted a 35-50% decrease in crystallinity, which was associated with an increase in the elasticity (16-35%) and a decrease in the tensile strength (9.3-29.2 MPa) and Young's modulus (190-1555 MPa) on the films. Regarding the optical properties, the opacity of the films with TLEO increased up to 500% and 439% for chitosan concentrations of 1% and 1.5%, respectively. While the increase in opacity for the films prepared with LEO was 357% and 187%, the reduction in crystallinity also reduced the resistance of the films to thermal processes, which could be explained by the reduction in the enthalpy of fusion. The thermal degradation of the films using TLEO was higher than those where LEO was used. These results were indicative of the great potential of using TLEO and LEO in biodegradable films. Likewise, this work showed an alternative for adding value to the cultivation of Tahiti lime due to the use of its residues, which is in accordance with the circular economy model. However, it was necessary to deepen the study and the use of these essential oils in the preparation of biodegradable films.

Comparative Study of the Antibacterial, Biodegradable, and Biocompatibility Properties of Composite and Bi-Layer Films of Chitosan/Gelatin Coated with Silver Particles

The dressings are materials that can improve the wound-healing process in patients with medical issues. Polymeric films are frequently used as dressings with multiple biological properties. Chitosan and gelatin are the most used polymers in tissue regeneration processes. There are usually several configurations of films for dressings, among which the composite (mixture of two or more materials) and layered ones stand out (layers). This study analyzed the antibacterial, degradable, and biocompatible properties of chitosan and gelatin films in 2 configurations, composite and bilayer, composite. In addition, a silver coating was added to enhance the antibacterial properties of both configurations. After the study, it was found that the bilayer films have a higher antibacterial activity than the composite films, having inhibition halos between 23% and 78% in Gram-negative bacteria. In addition, the bilayer films increased the fibroblast cell proliferation process, reaching up to 192% cell viability after 48 h of incubation. On the other hand, composite films have greater stability since they are thicker, with 276 µm, 243.8 µm, and 239 µm compared to 236 µm, 233 µm, and 219 µm thick for bilayer films; and a low degradation rate compared to bilayer films.

Study on film forming characteristic of ε-polylysine grafted chitosan through TEMPO oxidation system and its preservation effects for pork fillet

The present study synthesized a new type of ε-polylysine (PL) modified chitosan film (TO-CH-PL) through TEMPO (2,2,6,6-Tetramethylpiperidine) oxidation system. Firstly, the physicochemical properties of the TO-CH-PL were characterized using Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, scanning electron microscopy, and energy dispersive spectrometer analysis. Results proved that PL was successfully grafted onto chitosan molecules. Based on the water vapor, oxygen permeability, and mechanical analysis, the TO-CH-PL film demonstrated higher physical properties than chitosan and PE films. Secondly, the TO-CH-PL film's preservation effect on pork fillets was evaluated. Due to the significant retardation of growth of the aerobic plate count (APC), total volatile basic nitrogen (TVBN), and thiobarbituric acid reactive substances (TBARS), as well as the changes of pH and color in packaged pork, TO-CH-PL film exhibited better preservation effects for the pork samples. According to the criteria of TVBN values (<15 mg/100 g), compared with CH and PE films, TO-CH-PL film can prolong the shelf life of pork for 2 to 3 days. Therefore, PL-modified chitosan films could be introduced as an alternative method to maintain the quality indices and extend the shelf life of pork during refrigerated storage.

Pentoxifylline/Chitosan Films on Wound Healing: In Vitro/In Vivo Evaluation

This study aimed to develop films of chitosan (CSF) associated with pentoxifylline (PTX) for healing cutaneous wounds. These films were prepared at two concentrations, F1 (2.0 mg/mL) and F2 (4.0 mg/mL), and the interactions between the materials, structural characteristics, in vitro release, and morphometric aspects of skin wounds in vivo were evaluated. The formation of the CSF film with acetic acid modifies the polymeric structure, and the PTX demonstrates interaction with the CSF, in a semi-crystalline structure, for all concentrations. The release for all films was proportional to the concentration, with two phases: a fast one of ≤2 h and a slow one of >2 h, releasing 82.72 and 88.46% of the drug after 72 h, being governed by the Fickian diffusion mechanism. The wounds of the mice demonstrate a reduction of up to 60% in the area on day 2 for F2 when compared to CSF, F1, and positive control, and this characteristic of faster healing speed for F2 continues until the ninth day with wound reduction of 85%, 82%, and 90% for CSF, F1, and F2, respectively. Therefore, the combination of CSF and PTX is effective in their formation and incorporation, demonstrating that a higher concentration of PTX accelerates skin-wound reduction.

Caffeine Release from Magneto-Responsive Hydrogels Controlled by External Magnetic Field and Calcium Ions and Its Effect on the Viability of Neuronal Cells

Caffeine (CAF) is a psychostimulant present in many beverages and with rapid bioabsorption. For this reason, matrices that effectuate the sustained release of a low amount of CAF would help reduce the intake frequency and side effects caused by high doses of this stimulant. Thus, in this study, CAF was loaded into magnetic gelatin/alginate (Gel/Alg/MNP) hydrogels at 18.5 mg/ghydrogel. The in vitro release of CAF was evaluated in the absence and presence of an external magnetic field (EMF) and Ca2+. In all cases, the presence of Ca2+ (0.002 M) retarded the release of CAF due to favorable interactions between them. Remarkably, the release of CAF from Gel/Alg/MNP in PBS/CaCl2 (0.002 M) at 37 °C under an EMF was more sustained due to synergic effects. In PBS/CaCl2 (0.002 M) and at 37 °C, the amounts of CAF released after 45 min from Gel/Alg and Gel/Alg/MNP/EMF were 8.3 ± 0.2 mg/ghydrogel and 6.1 ± 0.8 mg/ghydrogel, respectively. The concentration of CAF released from Gel/Alg and Gel/Alg/MNP hydrogels amounted to ~0.35 mM, thereby promoting an increase in cell viability for 48 h. Gel/Alg and Gel/Alg/MNP hydrogels can be applied as reservoirs to release CAF at suitable concentrations, thus forestalling possible side effects and improving the viability of SH-SY5Y cells.

Kappa-Carrageenan/Chitosan/Gelatin Scaffolds Provide a Biomimetic Microenvironment for Dentin-Pulp Regeneration

This study aims to investigate the impact of kappa-carrageenan on dental pulp stem cells (DPSCs) behavior in terms of biocompatibility and odontogenic differentiation potential when it is utilized as a component for the production of 3D sponge-like scaffolds. For this purpose, we prepared three types of scaffolds by freeze-drying (i) kappa-carrageenan/chitosan/gelatin enriched with KCl (KCG-KCl) as a physical crosslinker for the sulfate groups of kappa-carrageenan, (ii) kappa-carrageenan/chitosan/gelatin (KCG) and (iii) chitosan/gelatin (CG) scaffolds as a control. The mechanical analysis illustrated a significantly higher elastic modulus of the cell-laden scaffolds compared to the cell-free ones after 14 and 28 days with values ranging from 25 to 40 kPa, showing an increase of 27-36%, with the KCG-KCl scaffolds indicating the highest and CG the lowest values. Cell viability data showed a significant increase from days 3 to 7 and up to day 14 for all scaffold compositions. Significantly increasing alkaline phosphatase (ALP) activity has been observed over time in all three scaffold compositions, while the KCG-KCl scaffolds indicated significantly higher calcium production after 21 and 28 days compared to the CG control. The gene expression analysis of the odontogenic markers DSPP, ALP and RunX2 revealed a two-fold higher upregulation of DSPP in KCG-KCl scaffolds at day 14 compared to the other two compositions. A significant increase of the RunX2 expression between days 7 and 14 was observed for all scaffolds, with a significantly higher increase of at least twelve-fold for the kappa-carrageenan containing scaffolds, which exhibited an earlier ALP gene expression compared to the CG. Our results demonstrate that the integration of kappa-carrageenan in scaffolds significantly enhanced the odontogenic potential of DPSCs and supports dentin-pulp regeneration.

Aloe vera and copaiba oleoresin-loaded chitosan films for wound dressings: microbial permeation, cytotoxicity, and in vivo proof of concept

Chitosan films are commonly used for wound dressing, provided that this polymer has healing, mucoadhesiveness and antimicrobial properties. These properties can be further reinforced by the combination of chitosan with polysaccharides and glycoproteins present in aloe vera, together with copaiba oleoresin's pharmacological activity attributed to sesquiterpenes. In this work, we developed chitosan films containing either aloe vera, copaiba oil or both, by casting technique, and evaluated their microbial permeation, antimicrobial activity, cytotoxicity, and in vivo healing potential in female adult rats. None of the developed chitosan films promoted microbial permeation, while the cytotoxicity in Balb/c 3 T3 clone A31 cell line revealed no toxicity of films produced with 2 % of chitosan and up to 1 % of aloe vera and copaiba oleoresin. Films obtained with either 0.5 % chitosan or 0.5 % copaiba oleoresin induced cell proliferation which anticipate their potential for closure of wound and for the healing process. The in vivo results confirmed that tested films (0.5 % copaiba-loaded chitosan film and 0.5 % aloe vera-loaded chitosan film) were superior to a commercial dressing film. For all tested groups, a fully formed epithelium was seen, while neoformation of vessels seemed to be greater in formulations-treated groups than those treated with the control. Our work confirms the added value of combining chitosan with aloe vera and copaiba oil in the healing process of wounds.

Development of multifunctional packaging films based on arginine-modified chitosan/gelatin matrix and betacyanins from weed amaranth (A. hybridus)

Active and intelligent films with antioxidant, antimicrobial, and pH-responsive properties were developed by incorporating betacyanins-rich weed amaranth (A. hybridus) extract (AE) into chitosan/gelatin (Cs/Gn) and arginine-modified chitosan/gelatin (MCs/Gn) blend films. The microstructures, physical and functional properties of Cs/Gn, MCs/Gn, Cs/Gn-AE, and MCs/Gn-AE films were compared. Results showed the addition of AE into MCs/Gn film produced a compact inner microstructure through H-bonding and electrostatic interactions. Meanwhile, AE remarkably changed the colors of the film under alkaline pH mediums. However, AE significantly reduced the water vapor permeability of the films. By comparing different films, MCs/Gn-AE film presented the best UV-vis light and barrier ability as well as the highest mechanical strength. Moreover, MCs/Gn and MCs/Gn-AE films showed stronger microbial growth inhibition than Cs/Gn and Cs/Gn-AE films. Cs/Gn-AE and MCs/Gn-AE films possessed more potent free radical scavenging activity than Cs/Gn and MCs/Gn. Notably, MCs/Gn-AE film is suitable to monitor fish freshness and could be used as novel multifunctional packaging in the seafood industry.

Enhanced antibacterial effect and biodegradation of coating via dual-in-situ growth based on carboxymethyl cellulose

The lack of antimicrobial effect of commercial paper coating for food packaging makes it difficult to prevent food spoilage and harms the environment by non-biodegradation. Herein, carboxymethyl cellulose (CMC) provides negatively charged sites for anchoring Ag⁺ and Zn²⁺ to grow AgNPs and ZIF-8 in situ on its molecular chains. The ZIF-8/AgNPs@CMC paper coating has excellent synergistic antibacterial activity to prolong the shelf-life of food. It not only has good thermal stability but binds closely to the paper and its adhesion force reaches 628.9 nN. Besides, the ZIF-8/AgNPs@CMC coated paper has better mechanical properties, water vapor barrier, and resists water solubility. Interestingly, due to the confinement effect of ZIF-8, the cumulative release of AgNPs after 168 h is only 2.66 % to avoid possible food safety risks. Especially, the coating can be almost biodegraded in the soil after 30 days, which provides the possibility to replace the non-biodegradable coatings in food packaging.

Physicochemical and Antimicrobial Characterization of Chitosan and Native Glutinous Rice Starch-Based Composite Edible Films: Influence of Different Essential Oils Incorporation

Biopolymer-based edible packaging is an effective way of preserving food while protecting the environment. This study developed an edible composite film using chitosan and native glutinous rice starch (NGRS) and incorporated essential oils (EOs) such as garlic, galangal, turmeric, and kaffir lime at fixed concentrations (0.312 mg/mL) to test its physicochemical and antimicrobial properties. The EO-added films were found to significantly improve the overall color characteristics (lightness, redness, and yellowness) as compared to the control film. The control films had higher opacity, while the EO-added films had slightly reduced levels of opacity and produced clearer films. The tensile strength and elongation at break values of the films varied among the samples. The control samples had the highest tensile strength, followed by the turmeric EO-added samples. However, the highest elongation at break value was found in the galangal and garlic EO-added films. The Young's modulus results showed that garlic EO and kaffir lime EO had the lowest stiffness values. The total moisture content and water vapor permeability were very low in the garlic EO-added films. Despite the differences in EOs, the Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) patterns of the tested films were similar among each other. Microstructural observation of the surface and cross-section of the tested edible film exhibited smooth and fissureless patterns, especially in the EO-added films, particularly in the galangal and kaffir lime EO-added films. The antimicrobial activity of the EO-added films was highly efficient against various gram-positive and gram-negative pathogens. Among the EO-added films, the garlic and galangal EO-added films exhibited superior inhibitory activity against Escherichia coli, Salmonella Typhimurium, Listeria monocytogenes, Staphylococcus aureus, and Pseudomonas fluorescence, and turmeric and kaffir lime EO-added films showed potential antimicrobial activity against Lactobacillus plantarum and L. monocytogenes. Overall, this study concludes that the addition of EOs significantly improved the physicochemical and antimicrobial properties of the CH-NGRS-based edible films, making them highly suitable for food applications.

Fabrication of chitosan-gelatin films incorporated with thymol-loaded alginate microparticles for controlled drug delivery, antibacterial activity and wound healing: In-vitro and in-vivo studies

Previously, studies have demonstrated the unique characteristics of chitosan-gelatin films as wound dressings applications. However, their application has been limited due to their inadequacy of antimicrobial and anti-inflammatory characteristics. To improve the intended multifunctional characteristics of chitosan-gelatin film, in this study, we designed a novel composite film with the capability of controlled and prolonged release of thymol as a natural antioxidant and antimicrobial drug. Here, thymol-loaded ALG MPs (Thymol-ALG MPs) were prepared by electrospraying method and incorporated into the chitosan-gelatin film. The composite wound dressings of Thymol-ALG MPs incorporated in chitosan-gelatin film (CS-GEL/Thymol-ALG MPs) were characterized by in vitro and in vivo evaluations. The Thymol-ALG MPs demonstrated spherical and uniform morphology, with high encapsulation efficiency (88.9 ± 1.1 %). The CS-GEL/Thymol-ALG MPs exhibited high antibacterial activity against both Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria and no cytotoxicity for the L929 fibroblast cells. The release trend of thymol from CS-GEL/Thymol-ALG MPs and Thymol-ALG MPs followed a pseudo-Fickian diffusion mechanism. This wound dressing effectively accelerates the wound healing process at rats' full-thickness skin excisions. Also, the histological analysis demonstrated that the CS-GEL/Thymol-ALG MPs could significantly enhance epithelialization, collagen deposition, and induce skin regeneration. The present antibacterial composite film has promising characteristics for wound dressings applications.