Preparation and characterization of a novel edible film based on Artemisia sphaerocephala Krasch. gum: Effects of type and concentration of plasticizers

Fabrication and characterization of Artemisia sphaerocephala Krasch. Gum-based active films containing coriander essential oil emulsion for meat preservation

Bio-based packaging holds substantial prospects due to the inherent non-toxic property and biodegradability. The potential for practical applications would be improved if the requirements of antimicrobial, antioxidant and mechanical properties could be met simultaneously. This work utilized Artemisia sphaerocephala Krasch. Gum (ASKG) (film-forming matrix) for forming the active film by adding coriander essential oil emulsion (COE) at different concentrations. The active films were systematically tested for their physicochemical properties and evaluated for their freshness preservation effect on refrigerated lamb and chicken. The results indicated that emulsion incorporation reduced the water sensitivity of the films while enhancing their barrier, mechanical, antioxidant, and antibacterial properties. Specifically, compared to the control ASKG film, the water solubility of the active film decreased from 42.55 % to 38.39 %, while the tensile strength (TS) and elongation at break (EAB) increased to 9.34 MPa and 62.38 %, respectively. Additionally, the active film demonstrated a high capacity for radical scavenging, with maximum 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) and 2,2'-azido-bis(3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulphonate) diammonium salt (ABTS) radical scavenging rates of 49.87 % and 72.00 %, respectively. Combined with its antibacterial properties against Escherichia coli (E. coli) and Staphylococcus aureus (S. aureus) the active film can extend the shelf life of lamb and chicken. In summary, the prepared ASKG active film exhibits excellent comprehensive properties and holds significant potential as a packaging material for fresh meat preservation.

The synergistic effect of 1-butyl-3-methylimidazolium chloride and glycerol on the performance of chitosan films

In this study, we examined the plasticizing effects of 1-butyl-3-Methylimidazolium Chloride (BmimCl), glycerol, and their combination on chitosan (CS) films. Additionally, we examined the effect of plasticizers for chitosan films structure and physicochemical properties of CS films by FTIR, XRD, SEM and mechanism of action of plasticizers on the structure of CS films. The results indicated that the interaction between BmimCl and chitosan is mainly ionic interaction and hydrogen bonding, while the interaction between glycerol and CS is mainly hydrogen bonding. The utilization of a 1:1 mixture of BmimCl and glycerol as a plasticizer exhibits a synergistic impact on the film samples. In dry conditions, the elongation at break of the CS/BmimCl0.5/Gly0.5 film reached 17.47 %, representing a 33 % and 78 % increase compared to the CS/BmimCl and CS/Gly films, respectively. In moist environments, the mechanical strength of CS/BmimCl0.5/Gly0.5 film was significantly enhanced to 35.09 MPa compared to the CS/BmimCl and CS/Gly films. Notably, the elongation at break of the films remained at 37.05 %, without compromising their flexibility properties.

Film-forming modifications and mechanistic studies of soybean protein isolate by glycerol plasticization and thermal denaturation: A molecular interaction perspective

Plasticizer and thermal denaturation are indeed important factors for soybean protein film formation. The objective of the study was to investigate the effects of glycerol and thermal denaturation on the film-forming performances of soybean protein isolate (SPI) and elucidate the underlying mechanisms. From the results, glycerol had almost no effect on the protein's secondary and tertiary structures. Indeed, the dispersion of glycerol diminished the intra- or intermolecular hydrogen bonding of SPI and interacted with the amino acids of subunits through hydrogen bonding and van der Waals forces. By interfering with protein network interactions, the glycerol molecule achieved a plasticizing effect on SPI films. The effects of heat treatment on SPI film properties were mainly realized through the changes in molecular conformation caused by protein denaturation, which manifested in the enhancement of light barrier and mechanical capabilities, and markedly altered the distribution of water states within the film network. This study provided valuable insights to clarify the mechanism of protein film formation.

The application of starch-based edible film in food preservation: a comprehensive review

Using renewable resources for food packaging not only helps reduce our dependence on fossil fuels but also minimizes the environmental impact associated with traditional plastics. Starch has been a hot topic in the field of current research because of its low cost, wide source and good film forming property. However, a comprehensive review in this field is still lacking. Starch-based films offer a promising alternative for sustainable packaging in the food industry. The present paper covers various aspects such as raw material sources, modification methods, and film formation mechanisms. Understanding the physicochemical properties and potential commercial applications is crucial for bridging the gap between research and practical implementation. Finally, the application of starch-based films in the food industry is discussed in detail. Different modifications of starch can improve the mechanical and barrier properties of the films. The addition of active substances to starch-based films can endow them with more functions. Therefore, these factors should be better investigated and optimized in future studies to improve the physicochemical properties and functionality of starch-based films. In summary, this review provides comprehensive information and the latest research progress of starch-based films in the food industry.

Impact of Nanoclays Addition on Chickpea (Cicer arietinum L.) Flour Film Properties

Chickpea flour is an affordable natural blend of starch, proteins, and lipids, which can create films with suitable properties as an eco-friendly packaging material. Nanoclays' incorporation into natural biopolymers enhances the barrier properties of the resulting nanocomposites, so they could improve the properties of flour films. The objective of this work was to assess the influence of three types of nanoclays (halloysite, bentonite, and Cloisite 20A) at two concentrations on the characteristics of chickpea flour films. In general terms, when the lowest dose (5%) was added, no or very slight significant differences with the control were observed in most parameters, except for thermal stability and opacity, which increased, and solubility, which decreased. At the highest concentration (10%), films containing any of the nanoclays demonstrated greater thermal stability, opacity, and rigidity while being less soluble than those without nanofillers. Bentonite exhibited superior film structure distribution compared to other nanoclays. At the highest concentration, it had the most significant impact on modifying the properties of chickpea flour films, increasing their tensile and puncture strengths while decreasing elasticity and water vapor permeability. The incorporation of nanoclays into chickpea flour films could be a useful technique to enhance their properties.

Development of Plastic/Gelatin Bilayer Active Packaging Film with Antibacterial and Water-Absorbing Functions for Lamb Preservation

In order to extend the shelf life of refrigerating raw lamb by inhibiting the growth of microorganisms, preventing the oxidation of fat and protein, and absorbing the juice outflow of lamb during storage, an active packaging system based on plastic/gelatin bilayer film with essential oil was developed in this study. Three kinds of petroleum-derived plastic films, oriented polypropylene (OPP), polyethylene terephthalate, and polyethylene, were coated with gelatin to make bilayer films for lamb preservation. The results showed significant improvement in the mechanical properties, oxygen, moisture, and light barriers of the bilayer films compared to the gelatin film. The OPP/gelatin bilayer film was selected for further experiments because of its highest acceptance by panelists. If the amount of juice outflow was less than 350% of the mass of the gelatin layer, it was difficult for the gelatin film to separate from lamb. With the increase in essential oil concentration, the water absorption capacity decreased. The OPP/gelatin bilayer films with 20% mustard or 10% oregano essential oils inhibited the growth of bacteria in lamb and displayed better mechanical properties. Essential oil decreased the brightness and light transmittance of the bilayer films and made the film yellow. In conclusion, our results suggested that the active packaging system based on OPP/gelatin bilayer film was more suitable for raw lamb preservation than single-layer gelatin film or petroleum-derived plastic film, but need further study, including minimizing the amount of essential oil, enhancing the mechanical strength of the gelatin film after water absorption.

Physicochemical properties and cytocompatibility of radiation-resistant and anti-washout calcium phosphate cement by introducing artemisia sphaerocephala krasch gum

The anti-washout ability of calcium phosphate cement (CPC) determines the effectiveness of CPC in clinical application. The γ-ray irradiation method often used in the sterilization process of CPC products is easy to degrade some commonly polymer anti-washout agent, which greatly reduces its anti-washout performance. Artemisia sphaerocephala Krasch gum (ASKG) has the potential of radiation resistance and anti-washout, but no one has considered its performance as anti-washout agent of CPC and mechanism of radiation resistance and anti-washout so far. In this study, we report the effect of γ-ray on ASKG and the effectiveness of ASKG for enhancing of radiation resistance and anti-washout ability of CPC, the physical, chemical properties and in vitro cell behaviors of ASKG-CPCs were also investigated. The results showed that addition of ASKG before and after irradiation could significantly enhanced the anti-washout performance of CPC, which is differ from conventional anti-washout agents. Meanwhile, ASKG-CPCs had an excellent injectable property and biocompatibility, and low content of irradiated ASKG could promote bone differentiation well. We anticipate that the radiation-resistant and anti-washout ASKG-CPCs have potential application prospect in orthopaedic surgery.

Facile fabrication of Artemisia sphaerocephala krasch gum hydrogels by radiation induced cross-linking polymerization and enhanced ultrahigh adsorption for methylene blue

Although Artemisia sphaerocephala krasch gum (ASKG) has attracted growing attention in the field of medical engineering and food industries, however, there are few studies on the gelation of ASKG. In this paper, acrylic acid modified ASKG hydrogels were prepared by radiation induced grafting, cross-linking and polymerization technique for the first time. The semi-IPN structure was prepared by the cross-linked ASKG network and poly-AAc dispersed within the network. The effects of the adsorbed dose on the swelling ratio and gel fraction were investigated. The different acrylic acid content modified ASKG hydrogels (ASKGAAc1 and ASKGAAc2) for methyl blue (MB) adsorption were investigated, and the ASKG hydrogels was also studied for comparison. The influence of pH, contact time, initial concentration, temperature, ion strength on MB adsorption were tested. The results showed that acrylic acid can promote the formation of hydrogel and greatly enhanced the adsorption of ASKG. The adsorption isotherms were well obeyed the Langmuir model, and the maximum adsorption capacity for MB of ASKG, ASKGAAc1 and ASKGAAc2 were 571.43, 1517.8 and 1654.9 mg/g, respectively. Moreover, the MB adsorption by ASKG based hydrogels was exothermic, spontaneous, and more favorable at lower temperature. Furthermore, the adsorption-desorption experiments demonstrated a good reusability of these hydrogels.

Dual cross-linked starch hydrogel for eugenol encapsulation and the formation of hydrogen bonds on textural hydrogel

Physical and chemical cross-linked hydrogels combining N, N'-Methylenebisacrylamide (MBA)-grafted starch (MBAS) and sorbitol were successfully prepared and encapsulated with eugenol in this work. The dense porous structure with diameter of 10-15 μm and strong skeleton after restructuring inside the hydrogel was confirmed by SEM. The band shifts between 3258 cm^-1 and 3264 cm^-1 clarified the presence of a large number of hydrogen bonds in physical and chemical cross-linked hydrogels. The robust structure of the hydrogel was confirmed by mechanical and thermal property measurements. Molecular docking techniques were used to help understand the bridging pattern between three raw materials and to assess the advantageous conformation, which demonstrate sorbitol is beneficial to improve the characteristics of textural hydrogel by the formation of hydrogen bonds, creating a denser network, structural recombination and new intermolecular hydrogen bonds between starch and sorbitol afforded considerably junction zones. Compared to ordinary starch-based hydrogels, eugenol-loaded starch-sorbitol hydrogels (ESSG) exhibited a more attractive internal structure, swelling properties, viscoelasticity. Moreover, the ESSG showed excellent antimicrobial activity for typical undesired microorganisms in foods.

Preparation and Application of pH-Sensitive Film Containing Anthocyanins Extracted from Lycium ruthenicum Murr

A new pH-sensitive film was developed using Artemisia sphaerocephala Krasch. gum (ASKG), soybean protein isolate (SPI), and natural anthocyanin extracted from Lycium ruthenicum Murr. The film was prepared by adsorbing anthocyanins dissolved in an acidified alcohol solution on a solid matrix. ASKG and SPI were used as the solid matrix for the immobilization of the Lycium ruthenicum Murr. anthocyanin extract, which was absorbed into the film as a natural dye using the facile-dip method. Regarding the mechanical properties of the pH-sensitive film, the tensile strength (TS) values increased approximately 2-5-fold, but the elongation at break (EB) values decreased significantly by about 60% to 95%. With the increase in anthocyanin concentration, the oxygen permeability (OP) values first decreased by about 85%, and then increased by about 364%. The water vapor permeability (WVP) values increased by about 63%, and then decreased by about 20%. Colorimetric analysis of the films revealed variations in color at different pH values (pH 2.0-10.0). Fourier-transform infrared (FT-IR) spectra and XRD patterns indicated compatibility among ASKG, SPI, and anthocyanin extracts. In addition, an application test was conducted to establish a correlation between film color change and carp meat spoilage. At storage temperatures of 25 °C and 4 °C, when the meat was totally spoiled, the TVB-N values reached 99.80 ± 2.53 mg/100 g and 58.75 ± 1.49 mg/100 g, and the film's color changed from red to light brown and from red to yellowish green, respectively. Therefore, this pH-sensitive film could be used as an indicator to monitor the freshness of meat during storage.

Influence of Pomelo (Citrus maxima) Pericarp Essential Oil on the Physicochemical Properties of HomChaiya Rice (Oryza sativa L. cv. HomChaiya) Flour-Derived Edible Films

The food industry is increasingly interested in using active edible packaging to address environmental problems caused by conventional synthetic polymers, such as pollution and degradation. The present study took advantage of this opportunity to develop active edible packaging using Hom-Chaiya rice flour (RF), incorporating pomelo pericarp essential oil (PEO) at varying concentrations (1-3%). Films without PEO were used as controls. Various physicochemical parameters, structural and morphological observations were examined in the tested films. Overall, the results showed that the addition of PEO at varying concentrations significantly improved the qualities of the RF edible films, particularly the film's yellowness (b*) and total color. Furthermore, RF-PEO films with increased concentrations significantly reduced the film's roughness and relative crystallinity, while increasing opacity. The total moisture content in the films did not differ, but water activity was significantly reduced in the RF-PEO films. Water vapor barrier properties also improved in the RF-PEO films. In addition, textural properties, including tensile strength and elongation at break, were better in the RF-PEO films compared with the control. Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) revealed strong bonding between the PEO and RF in the film. Morphological studies showed that the addition of PEO smoothed the film's surface, and this effect increased with concentration. Overall, the biodegradability of the tested films was effective, despite variations; however, a slight advancement in degradation was found in the control film. Lastly, the antimicrobial properties of the RF-PEO films exhibited excellent inhibitory effects against various pathogens, including Staphylococcus aureus (S. aureus), Listeria monocytogenes (L. monocytogenes), Escherichia coli (E. coli), and Salmonella typhimurium (S. typhimurium). This study demonstrated that RF and PEO could be an effective combination for developing active edible packaging that delivers desirable functional properties and excellent biodegradability.

Colorimetric porous microspheres of natural sodium alginate for chilled pork visual monitoring

Chilled meat is subject to deterioration by various factors during storage and distribution. Therefore, it is very important to monitor the quality of meat in real time. This study aims at preparing a natural, low-cost indicating microsphere to visualize the freshness of meat by the combination of sodium alginate (SA) and chitosan with 0-10 wt% anthocyanins derived from chokeberry as a colorant using ionic gelation method. Size-controlled porous SA microspheres with were further constructed by freeze-drying and their physicochemical properties were characterized by SEM, FTIR, DSC, and XRD. Results showed that microspheres with 1 wt% anthocyanin showed good responsiveness to different concentrations of ammonia and were able to effectively identify the freshness of chilled meat by color change. Principal component analysis showed that the color difference of the porous microspheres was highly significantly correlated with pH, TVB-N, total plate count and thiobarbituric acid active substance (p < 0.01), suggesting a visible satisfactory capability of the microspheres to identify the spoilage in pork. Principal component analysis showed that the color difference of the porous microspheres was highly significantly correlated with pH, TVB-N, total plate count and thiobarbituric acid active substance (P < 0.01), suggesting a visible satisfactory capability of the microspheres to identify the spoilage in pork.

Biodegradable edible film based on basil seed gum: the effect of gum and plasticizer concentrations.. [DOI: 10.21203/rs.3.rs-2626369/v1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0]

In this research, edible films produced from basil seed gum (BSG) with 3 different gum (0.5%, 1%, 1.5%) and plasticizer concentrations (1%, 3%, 5%) were developed, and the physical, thermal, barrier and microstructural properties of these films were measured. As a result of XRD, AFM, DSC, and FT-IR spectroscopy analyses, it was concluded that the mechanical and barrier properties and thermal stability of BSG-based films are quite good. The increase in gum and glycerol concentrations increased the crystallinity also strengthened the mechanical and barrier properties of the film. Also, films with low gum and high glycerol ratio have almost smooth surfaces and appropriate transparency for packaging applications. As the glycerol and BSG concentration increased, WVP values of the films increased. The complete dissolution of this film in the soil within 60 days, even at the highest gum concentration, showed that this material could be considered eco-friendly packaging. For this reason, it is thought that BSG-based films and coatings with suitable gum and plasticizer concentrations can be a potential packaging material for foods since they can be obtained at low cost, have a very good barrier, thermal and structural properties, and are edible and biodegradable.

Effects of glycerol and sorbitol on a novel biodegradable edible film based on Malva sylvestris flower gum

There has been an increasing interest in the investigation of novel eco-friendly packaging materials. An edible film based on Malva sylvestris flower gum was fabricated with 40%, 50%, and 60% glycerol and sorbitol using casting method. FTIR analysis was applied to identify the functional groups of films with different concentrations of plasticizers. The lightness of the samples did not affect upon increasing the sorbitol and glycerol; nevertheless, the samples tended to be green and yellow. SEM images indicated that glycerol-based films enjoy heterogeneous and porous surfaces compared to the sorbitol-based samples. Although Tensile Strength and Young's Modulus characteristics declined considerably (p < .05) upon plasticizer addition, elongation at break increased by more than 10% in glycerol-based samples. A significant (p < .05) decrement was observed in the density of film strips via the addition of glycerol and sorbitol. Moisture content of films incorporated with both plasticizers saw a considerable improvement (p < .05) upon increasing the plasticizer concentration from 40% to 60% and is ascribed to the water-holding capacity of plasticizers. Water contact angle and water solubility increased via plasticizer supplementation, which is attributed to the hydrophilic characteristic of glycerol and sorbitol, are in line with SEM analysis.

A Green Film-Forming Investigation of the Edible Film Based on Funoran: Preparation, Characterization, and the Investigation of the Plasticizer Effects

In this study, an edible film based on funoran was developed. Moreover, the effects of plasticizers (glycerol, xylitol, and sorbitol) on the physicochemical properties of the funoran films were also investigated. The interactions between plasticizers and funoran molecules of the film-forming system were characterized by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, thermogravimetric analysis, and scanning electron microscopy. The results showed that the addition of plasticizers altered and broke the initial complex entangled structures of funoran molecular chains. Funoran films containing plasticizers were compatible, homogeneous, and dense, exhibiting good thermal stability below 100 °C. With the addition of plasticizers, the elongation at break, oxygen permeability, light transmittance, and water vapor permeability increased, but the tensile strength decreased. It was found that a glycerol addition of 40% was most suitable for commercial applications. All the results revealed the excellent film-forming properties of funoran, indicating that the prepared funoran films have tremendous potential for packaging applications.

Effect of Plasticizer Content on Mechanical and Water Vapor Permeability of Maize Starch/PVOH/Chitosan Composite Films

Packaging materials based on biodegradable polymers are a viable alternative to replace conventional plastic packaging from fossil origin. The type of plasticizer used in these materials affects their functionality and performance. The effect of different plasticizers such as glycerol (GLY), sorbitol (SOR), and poly(ethylene glycol) (PEG) in concentrations of 5%, 10%, and 15% (w/w) on the structural features and functional properties of starch/PVOH/chitosan films was evaluated. The incorporation of a plasticizer increased the thickness of the biodegradable composite films. Furthermore, the material plasticized with 30% (w/w) sorbitol had the highest elongation at break, lowest water vapor permeability, and better thermal resistance. The results obtained in this study suggest that maize starch/PVOH/chitosan biodegradable composite films are a promising packaging material, and that sorbitol is the most suitable plasticizer for this formulation.

Effect of plasticizers on physical, thermal, and tensile properties of thermoplastic films based on Dioscorea hispida starch

This study examines the effects of varying the concentrations of sorbitol (S) and glycerol (G) on the physical, morphological, thermal, and mechanical properties of Dioscorea hispida, starch-based films. In this context, the films of Dioscorea hispida starch were developed using solution casting technique with glycerol (G), sorbitol (S), and a mixture of sorbitol-glycerol (SG) as plasticizers at the ratios of 0, 30, 45, and 60 wt%. The films' moisture contents were increased when increasing the plasticizer contents. The tensile strengths were decreased, but elongations at break were increased; 7.38%-11.54% for G-plasticized films, 10.17%-15.76% for S-plasticized films, and 14.41%- 16.10% for SG-plasticized films with increasing plasticizer concentrations of the film samples. Varying plasticizer concentrations exhibited a minor effect on the S-plasticized film's thermal properties. Significant decrement in the glass transition temperatures of Dioscorea hispida starch films was observed when the plasticizer contents were raised from 30% to 60%. Significantly, the present work has shown that plasticized Dioscorea hispida starch can be considered a promising biopolymer for the applications of biodegradable films.

Potentials of polysaccharides, lipids and proteins in biodegradable food packaging applications

Bio-based packaging materials are gaining importance due to their biodegradability, sustainability and environmental friendliness. To control the food quality and improve the food safety standards, proteins polysaccharide and lipid-based packaging films are enriched with bioactive and functional substances. However, poor permeability and mechanical characteristics are the challenging areas in their commercialization. Scientists and researchers are using a combination of techniques i.e. hydrogels, crosslinking, etc. to improve the intermolecular forces between different components of the film formulation to counter these challenges More recently, biodegradable packaging materials, sometimes edible, are also used for the delivery of functional ingredients which reveals their potential for drug delivery to counter the nutrient deficiency problems. This study highlights the potentials of bio-based materials i.e. proteins, polysaccharides, lipids, etc. to develop biodegradable packaging materials. It also explores the additives used to improve the physicochemical and mechanical properties of biodegradable packaging materials. Furthermore, it highlights the novel trends in biodegradable packaging from a food safety and quality point of view.

Innovative Method for Coating of Natural Corrosion Inhibitor Based on Artemisia vulgaris

In this work, the production of a novel methodology for the application of natural corrosion inhibitors on steel, using an autoclave is presented. Tests were carried out using Artemisia vulgaris. The inhibitor was produced with a simple soxhlet extraction process using 15 g of Artemisia vulgaris and 260 mL of Ether. Once the inhibitor was produced, the steel was immersed in it, to form a coating that protects the material against corrosion. Thermogravimetry analyzes (TGA) were performed on the inhibitor, to determine the degradation temperature; it was observed that, at 321 °C, the loss of organic mass begins. After applying the inhibitor to the steel, the Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FTIR) technique was used to determine the vibrational bands and the difference between the spectra for the steels before and after the coating was applied. For the evaluation of the method efficiency, Electrochemical Impedance Spectroscopy (EIS) and polarization resistance tests were performed, where Nyquist diagrams and Tafel curves were obtained, for steels with and without treatment. In this case, an increase of 93% in the corrosion resistance, and an 88% decrease in the corrosion rate were observed, proving that this methodology can be used to protect steel against corrosion and extend the steel’s useful life.

A review on polysaccharides from Artemisia sphaerocephala Krasch seeds, their extraction, modification, structure, and applications

Artemisia sphaerocephala Krasch (ASK) is an important member of Compositae (Asteraceae) family. Its seeds have been widely used as traditional medicine and to improve the quality of food. Water soluble and water insoluble polysaccharides are found in the seeds of this plant. Research has been conducted on the extraction of polysaccharides, their modification and determination of their structure. To date different techniques for extraction purposes have been applied which are reviewed here. Antioxidant, antidiabetic, anti-obesogenic, antitumor, and immunomodulatory activities have been explored using in vivo and in vitro methods. Moreover, these polysaccharides have been used as packaging material and as a sensing component for monitoring the freshness of packaged food. Some experimental results have shown that the quality of foods is also improved by using them as a food additive. We have also indicated some of the potential areas that are needed to be explored.

Preparation and characterization of a new edible film based on Persian gum with glycerol plasticizer

A new type of biodegradable film was formulated and characterized when based on the water-soluble-phase of Persian gum (SPG). The edible film was formulated optimally by using different concentrations of SPG (2.0, 2.5, 3.0, 3.5 and 4%) and glycerol as plasticizer (25, 35, and 35% based on dried SPG). Further examinations involved evaluating the manufactured films in terms of the barrier and physical properties, mechanical qualities, optical indices, microstructural properties and Fourier transform. The results showed that the increase in SPG and plasticizer content caused increases in thickness, moisture uptake, water vapor permeability and density of films (p < 0.05). Water solubility increased in response to higher concentrations of glycerol but decreased by higher amounts of dry matter (p < 0.05). The highest levels of the tensile strength (59.95%) and elongation at break (40.3 MPa) were obtained by SPG (3.5%) + 35% glycerol treatment. The L*, a* and opacity values decreased, while there was an increase in the b* value, as a result of increasing the plasticizer content (p < 0.05). A reduction occurred in the L* value of films, while the a* and b* values increased when using higher amounts of dry matter (p < 0.05). By analyzing the samples with field emission scanning electron microscopy, no cracks were observed on films when the contents of glycerol and dry matter were higher than 30% and 2.5%, respectively. The findings demonstrated that creating edible films from SPG can be an effective approach to the production of edible films.

Development and characterization of black mulberry (Morus nigra) pekmez (molasses) composite films based on alginate and pectin

Production of composite films is an important approach to improve functionality of edible films, by combining different polysaccharides, proteins, and lipids. Carbohydrate-based composite films are most attractive, which have good film-forming ability due to their unique colloidal properties. Fruit purees include high polysaccharide content that plays a role to have desirable film properties including mechanical resistance, efficient barrier properties, and selective permeability against oxygen transmission. The purpose of this study was to characterize physical, barrier, mechanical, thermal, and water sorption properties of composite films formulated with different mulberry pekmez concentrations (26, 32, and 38 °Brix) based on alginate or pectin. All film-forming solutions were showed shear thinning behavior with higher yield stress and viscosity-shear rate data were fitted to Ostwald de Waele model (R²  ≥ 0.943). A noticeable decrease in tensile strength of films with increasing concentration was determined, but films prepared with high concentration showed more flexible. The mechanical properties of pectin films exhibited weakened properties compared to alginate films. Increasing pekmez concentration in the film matrix improved the water vapor permeability of alginate films, whereas pectin films showed reverse behavior as resulting in cracks and crack propagation within the structure. The sorption isotherms of films showed a typical profile of foods contain high soluble components and the Guggenheim-Anderson-deBoer (GAB) model gave a good fit for all of the obtained data. The results showed that mulberry pekmez films based alginate have a potential for food applications depends on the physical properties and for the replacement of non-biodegradable plastic packaging.

Preparation, Characterization and Application of a Low Water-Sensitive Artemisia sphaerocephala Krasch. Gum Intelligent Film Incorporated with Anionic Cellulose Nanofiber as a Reinforcing Component

A low-water-sensitive Artemisia sphaerocephala Krasch. gum (ASKG) based intelligent film was developed. Red cabbage extracts (RCE) was selected as a natural pH-sensitive indicator, and anionic cellulose nanofiber (ACNF) was added as a hydrophobic and locking host. The zeta potential, rheology, Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy, X-ray diffractometry, and release results indicated that the RCE was locked by the ACNF via electrostatic interactions, moreover, broke the original complicated network and ordered arrangement of polymer molecules in the developed intelligent films. RCE addition decreased the tensile strength, oxygen, and water vapor barrier properties and light transmission of the developed intelligent films, while increasing the elongation at break. The films could respond to buffer solutions and NH₃ through different color changes. The developed intelligent film was hydrophobic, which could precisely detect the freshwater shrimp freshness in real time via color changes, which indicated that the films have potential in intelligent packaging and gas-sensing label fields.

Characterization of Chickpea (Cicer arietinum L.) Flour Films: Effects of pH and Plasticizer Concentration

The use of flours as a material for biopolymer-based film preparation has gained interest due to the fact that they are a natural mixture of compatible macromolecules and due to their low cost. Chickpea flour shows a promising composition for the development of edible films. The aim of this study was to characterize and evaluate the properties of chickpea flour films as affected by pH (7 or 10) and plasticizer concentration (1% or 3% w/v) of film-forming solutions. Water vapor permeability, solubility, color, opacity, mechanical properties, thermal stability, structural changes by Fourier transform infrared analysis, and microstructure of the films were determined. Glycerol content and pH influenced chickpea flour film properties, microstructure and structural organization; interactions were also observed. The 1% glycerol films showed lower water vapor permeability, thickness, radical scavenging capacity, elongation at break and puncture deformation, and higher dry matter content, swelling, opacity, elastic modulus, and tensile and puncture strengths than 3% glycerol films. Film-forming solutions at pH 10 produced films with higher thickness and swelling, and were greener than those from solutions at neutral pH. The changes were more intense in 1% glycerol films. Glycerol concentration and pH could be combined in order to obtain chickpea flour films with different properties according to different food packaging requirements.

Preparation and characterization of Artemisia sphaerocephala gum composite hydrogels: evaluation of rheological and release behaviour

A sodium alginate and Artemisia sphaerocephala gum composite hydrogel prepared using a water/ethanol method shows enhanced mechanical and swelling properties.