1
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Eben SS, Imlay JA. Excess copper catalyzes protein disulfide bond formation in the bacterial periplasm but not in the cytoplasm. Mol Microbiol 2023; 119:423-438. [PMID: 36756756 PMCID: PMC10155707 DOI: 10.1111/mmi.15032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2022] [Revised: 01/20/2023] [Accepted: 01/25/2023] [Indexed: 02/10/2023]
Abstract
Copper avidly binds thiols and is redox active, and it follows that one element of copper toxicity may be the generation of undesirable disulfide bonds in proteins. In the present study, copper oxidized the model thiol N-acetylcysteine in vitro. Alkaline phosphatase (AP) requires disulfide bonds for activity, and copper activated reduced AP both in vitro and when it was expressed in the periplasm of mutants lacking their native disulfide-generating system. However, AP was not activated when it was expressed in the cytoplasm of copper-overloaded cells. Similarly, this copper stress failed to activate OxyR, a transcription factor that responds to the creation of a disulfide bond. The elimination of cellular disulfide-reducing systems did not change these results. Nevertheless, in these cells, the cytoplasmic copper concentration was high enough to impair growth and completely inactivate enzymes with solvent-exposed [4Fe-4S] clusters. Experiments with N-acetylcysteine determined that the efficiency of thiol oxidation is limited by the sluggish pace at which oxygen regenerates copper(II) through oxidation of the thiyl radical-Cu(I) complex. We conclude that this slow step makes copper too inefficient a catalyst to create disulfide stress in the thiol-rich cytoplasm, but it can still impact the few thiol-containing proteins in the periplasm. It also ensures that copper accumulates intracellularly in the Cu(I) valence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stefanie S. Eben
- Department of Microbiology, University of Illinois, Urbana, IL 61801
| | - James A. Imlay
- Department of Microbiology, University of Illinois, Urbana, IL 61801
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2
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Zhang Y, Zhang L, Liang X, Wang Q, Yin X, Pierce EM, Gu B. Competitive exchange between divalent metal ions [Cu(II), Zn(II), Ca(II)] and Hg(II) bound to thiols and natural organic matter. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2022; 424:127388. [PMID: 34879578 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2021.127388] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2021] [Revised: 09/21/2021] [Accepted: 09/27/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Mercuric Hg(II) ion forms exceptionally strong complexes with various organic ligands, particularly thiols and dissolved organic matter (DOM) in natural water. Few studies, however, have experimentally determined whether or not the presence of base cations and transition metal ions, such as Ca(II), Cu(II), and Zn(II), would compete with Hg(II) bound to these ligands, as concentrations of these metal ions are usually orders of magnitude higher than Hg(II) in aquatic systems. Different from previous model predictions, a significant fraction of Hg(II) bound to cysteine (CYS), glutathione (GSH), or DOM was found to be competitively exchanged by Cu(II), but not by Zn(II) or Ca(II). About 20-75% of CYS-bound-Hg(II) [at 2:1 CYS:Hg(II)] and 14-40% of GSH-bound-Hg(II) [at 1:1 GSH:Hg(II)] were exchanged by Cu(II) at concentrations 1-3 orders of magnitude greater than Hg(II). Competitive exchange was also observed between Cu(II) and Hg(II) bound to DOM, albeit to a lower extent, depending on relative abundances of thiol and carboxylate functional groups on DOM and their equilibrium time with Hg(II). When complexed with ethylenediaminetetraacetate (EDTA), most Hg(II) could be exchanged by Cu(II) and Zn(II), as well as Ca(II) at increasing concentrations. These results shed additional light on competitive exchange reactions between Hg(II) and coexisting metal ions and have important implications in Hg(II) chemical speciation and biogeochemical transformation, particularly in contaminated environments containing relatively high concentrations of Hg(II) and metal ions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yaoling Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Comprehensive and Highly Efficient Utilization of Salt Lake Resources and Qinghai Provincial Key Laboratory of Resources and Chemistry of Salt Lakes, Qinghai Institute of Salt Lakes, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xining, Qinghai 810008, China; Environmental Sciences Division, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, TN 37831, United States
| | - Lijie Zhang
- Environmental Sciences Division, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, TN 37831, United States
| | - Xujun Liang
- Environmental Sciences Division, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, TN 37831, United States
| | - Quanying Wang
- Environmental Sciences Division, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, TN 37831, United States
| | - Xiangping Yin
- Environmental Sciences Division, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, TN 37831, United States
| | - Eric M Pierce
- Environmental Sciences Division, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, TN 37831, United States
| | - Baohua Gu
- Environmental Sciences Division, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, TN 37831, United States; Department of Biosystems Engineering and Soil Science, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, TN 37996, United States.
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3
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Enriquez JS, Yu M, Bouley BS, Xie D, Que EL. Copper(ii) complexes for cysteine detection using 19F magnetic resonance. Dalton Trans 2018; 47:15024-15030. [PMID: 30303220 DOI: 10.1039/c8dt03780a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Cysteine plays an essential role in maintaining cellular redox homeostasis and perturbations in cysteine concentration are associated with cardiovascular disease, liver disease, and cancer. 19F MRI is a promising modality for detecting cysteine in biology due to its high tissue penetration and negligible biological background signal. Herein we report fluorinated macrocyclic copper complexes that display a 19F NMR/MRI turn-on response following reduction of the Cu(ii) complexes by cysteine. The reactivity with cysteine was studied by monitoring the appearance of a robust diamagnetic 19F signal following addition of cysteine in conjunction with UV-vis and EPR spectroscopies. Importantly, complexes with -CH2CF3 tags display good water solubility. Studies with this complex in HeLa cells demonstrate the applicability of these probes to detect cysteine in complex biological environments.
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Affiliation(s)
- José S Enriquez
- Department of Chemistry, The University of Texas at Austin, 105 E. 24th St Stop A5300, Austin, Texas 78712, USA.
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4
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Fujita M, Yamamoto Y, Watanabe S, Sugawara T, Wakabayashi K, Tahara Y, Horie N, Fujimoto K, Kusakari K, Kurokawa Y, Kawakami T, Kojima K, Kojima H, Ono A, Katsuoka Y, Tanabe H, Yokoyama H, Kasahara T. Cause of and countermeasures for oxidation of the cysteine-derived reagent used in the amino acid derivative reactivity assay. J Appl Toxicol 2018; 39:191-208. [DOI: 10.1002/jat.3707] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2017] [Revised: 07/05/2018] [Accepted: 07/05/2018] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Masaharu Fujita
- Fujifilm Corporation, Safety Evaluation Centre; Kanagawa Japan
| | - Yusuke Yamamoto
- Fujifilm Corporation, Safety Evaluation Centre; Kanagawa Japan
| | - Shinichi Watanabe
- Lion Corporation, Human & Environmental Safety Evaluation Center; Kanagawa Japan
| | - Tsunetsugu Sugawara
- Lion Corporation, Human & Environmental Safety Evaluation Center; Kanagawa Japan
| | | | - Yu Tahara
- Mitsui Chemicals, Inc.; Chemical Safety Department; Chiba Japan
| | - Nobuyuki Horie
- Sumitomo Chemical Co., Ltd.; Environmental Health Science Laboratory; Osaka Japan
| | - Keiichi Fujimoto
- Sumitomo Chemical Co., Ltd.; Environmental Health Science Laboratory; Osaka Japan
| | - Kei Kusakari
- Nissan Chemical Corporation, Biological Research Laboratories; Saitama Japan
| | - Yoshihiko Kurokawa
- Nissan Chemical Corporation, Biological Research Laboratories; Saitama Japan
| | - Tsuyoshi Kawakami
- National Institute of Health Sciences; Division of Environmental Chemistry; Kanagawa Japan
| | - Kohichi Kojima
- Food and Drug Safety Center; Hatano Research Institute; Kanagawa Japan
| | - Hajime Kojima
- National Institute of Health Sciences; Biological Safety Research Center, Division of Risk Assessment; Kanagawa Japan
| | - Atsushi Ono
- Okayama University, Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry, and Pharmaceutical Sciences; Division of Pharmaceutical Sciences; Okayama Japan
| | | | - Hideto Tanabe
- Fujifilm Corporation, Research & Development Management Headquarters; Analysis Technology Center; Kanagawa Japan
| | - Hiroshi Yokoyama
- Fujifilm Corporation, Research & Development Management Headquarters; Analysis Technology Center; Kanagawa Japan
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5
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Diomede L, Romeo M, Rognoni P, Beeg M, Foray C, Ghibaudi E, Palladini G, Cherny RA, Verga L, Capello GL, Perfetti V, Fiordaliso F, Merlini G, Salmona M. Cardiac Light Chain Amyloidosis: The Role of Metal Ions in Oxidative Stress and Mitochondrial Damage. Antioxid Redox Signal 2017; 27:567-582. [PMID: 28132512 PMCID: PMC5567464 DOI: 10.1089/ars.2016.6848] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
AIMS The knowledge of the mechanism underlying the cardiac damage in immunoglobulin light chain (LC) amyloidosis (AL) is essential to develop novel therapies and improve patients' outcome. Although an active role of reactive oxygen species (ROS) in LC-induced cardiotoxicity has already been envisaged, the actual mechanisms behind their generation remain elusive. This study was aimed at further dissecting the action of ROS generated by cardiotoxic LC in vivo and investigating whether transition metal ions are involved in this process. In the absence of reliable vertebrate model of AL, we used the nematode Caenorhabditis elegans, whose pharynx is an "ancestral heart." RESULTS LC purified from patients with severe cardiac involvement intrinsically generated high levels of ROS and when administered to C. elegans induced ROS production, activation of the DAF-16/forkhead transcription factor (FOXO) pathway, and expression of proteins involved in stress resistance and survival. Profound functional and structural ROS-mediated mitochondrial damage, similar to that observed in amyloid-affected hearts from AL patients, was observed. All these effects were entirely dependent on the presence of metal ions since addition of metal chelator or metal-binding 8-hydroxyquinoline compounds (chelex, PBT2, and clioquinol) permanently blocked the ROS production and prevented the cardiotoxic effects of amyloid LC. Innovation and Conclusion: Our findings identify the key role of metal ions in driving the ROS-mediated toxic effects of LC. This is a novel conceptual advance that paves the way for new pharmacological strategies aimed at not only counteracting but also totally inhibiting the vicious cycle of redox damage. Antioxid. Redox Signal. 27, 567-582.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luisa Diomede
- 1 Department of Molecular Biochemistry and Pharmacology, IRCCS-Istituto di Ricerche Farmacologiche "Mario Negri ," Milan, Italy
| | - Margherita Romeo
- 1 Department of Molecular Biochemistry and Pharmacology, IRCCS-Istituto di Ricerche Farmacologiche "Mario Negri ," Milan, Italy
| | - Paola Rognoni
- 2 Amyloid Research and Treatment Center , Foundation IRCCS Policlinico San Matteo, Pavia, Italy
| | - Marten Beeg
- 1 Department of Molecular Biochemistry and Pharmacology, IRCCS-Istituto di Ricerche Farmacologiche "Mario Negri ," Milan, Italy
| | - Claudia Foray
- 3 Bio-imaging Unit, Department of Cardiovascular Research, IRCCS-Istituto di Ricerche Farmacologiche "Mario Negri ," Milan, Italy
| | - Elena Ghibaudi
- 4 Department of Chemistry, University of Turin , Turin, Italy
| | - Giovanni Palladini
- 2 Amyloid Research and Treatment Center , Foundation IRCCS Policlinico San Matteo, Pavia, Italy .,5 Department of Molecular Medicine, University of Pavia , Pavia, Italy
| | - Robert A Cherny
- 6 The Florey Institute of Neuroscience and Mental Health, The University of Melbourne , Royal Pde, Parkville, Australia .,7 Prana Biotechnology Ltd. , Parkville, Australia
| | - Laura Verga
- 8 Pathologic Unit, Foundation IRCCS Policlinico San Matteo , Pavia, Italy
| | - Gian Luca Capello
- 8 Pathologic Unit, Foundation IRCCS Policlinico San Matteo , Pavia, Italy
| | - Vittorio Perfetti
- 9 Medical Oncology Unit, Foundation IRCCS Policlinico San Matteo , Pavia, Italy
| | - Fabio Fiordaliso
- 3 Bio-imaging Unit, Department of Cardiovascular Research, IRCCS-Istituto di Ricerche Farmacologiche "Mario Negri ," Milan, Italy
| | - Giampaolo Merlini
- 2 Amyloid Research and Treatment Center , Foundation IRCCS Policlinico San Matteo, Pavia, Italy .,5 Department of Molecular Medicine, University of Pavia , Pavia, Italy
| | - Mario Salmona
- 1 Department of Molecular Biochemistry and Pharmacology, IRCCS-Istituto di Ricerche Farmacologiche "Mario Negri ," Milan, Italy
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6
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Abstract
Cysteine thiols are among the most reactive functional groups in proteins, and their pairing in disulfide linkages is a common post-translational modification in proteins entering the secretory pathway. This modest amino acid alteration, the mere removal of a pair of hydrogen atoms from juxtaposed cysteine residues, contrasts with the substantial changes that characterize most other post-translational reactions. However, the wide variety of proteins that contain disulfides, the profound impact of cross-linking on the behavior of the protein polymer, the numerous and diverse players in intracellular pathways for disulfide formation, and the distinct biological settings in which disulfide bond formation can take place belie the simplicity of the process. Here we lay the groundwork for appreciating the mechanisms and consequences of disulfide bond formation in vivo by reviewing chemical principles underlying cysteine pairing and oxidation. We then show how enzymes tune redox-active cofactors and recruit oxidants to improve the specificity and efficiency of disulfide formation. Finally, we discuss disulfide bond formation in a cellular context and identify important principles that contribute to productive thiol oxidation in complex, crowded, dynamic environments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Deborah Fass
- Department of Structural Biology, Weizmann Institute of Science , Rehovot 7610001, Israel
| | - Colin Thorpe
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Delaware , Newark, Delaware 19716, United States
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7
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Ye Y, Zhang Q, Wang F, Li Y, Gao F, Zhang Y. Cu2+-catalyzed and H2O2-facilitated oxidation strategy for sensing copper(ii) based on cysteine-mediated aggregation of gold nanoparticles. RSC Adv 2017. [DOI: 10.1039/c7ra09750f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023] Open
Abstract
A novel colorimetric Cu2+ sensor using polyethyleneglycol-stabilized gold nanoparticles has been developed based on a cysteine/H2O2 system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yingjie Ye
- Department of Materials and Chemical Engineering
- Henan Institute of Engineering
- Zhengzhou
- P. R. China
| | - Qian Zhang
- Department of Materials and Chemical Engineering
- Henan Institute of Engineering
- Zhengzhou
- P. R. China
| | - Fei Wang
- Department of Materials and Chemical Engineering
- Henan Institute of Engineering
- Zhengzhou
- P. R. China
| | - Yue Li
- Department of Materials and Chemical Engineering
- Henan Institute of Engineering
- Zhengzhou
- P. R. China
| | - Fengxian Gao
- Department of Materials and Chemical Engineering
- Henan Institute of Engineering
- Zhengzhou
- P. R. China
| | - Yongxing Zhang
- School of Physics and Electronic Information
- Huaibei Normal University
- Huaibei
- P. R. China
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8
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Valent I, Topolská D, Valachová K, Bujdák J, Šoltés L. Kinetics of ABTS derived radical cation scavenging by bucillamine, cysteine, and glutathione. Catalytic effect of Cu(2+) ions. Biophys Chem 2016; 212:9-16. [PMID: 26978549 DOI: 10.1016/j.bpc.2016.02.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2015] [Revised: 02/18/2016] [Accepted: 02/18/2016] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Kinetics of reduction of the stable radical cation derived from 2,2'-azino-bis(3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulphonic acid (ABTS) in reaction with the anti-rheumatic drug bucillamine (BUC) and two reference thiols - cysteine (Cys) and glutathione (GSH) was followed spectrophotometrically in acidic medium with 10-fold molar excess of the reductant. Decay of the radical is governed by pseudo-first order kinetics with small deviation in the case of GSH. H(+) ions displayed second order inhibition of the reaction with all the studied compounds. The reaction of BUC exhibits zero order kinetics to the radical at lower acidities with a moderate acceleration of the reaction rate by H(+) ions. A significant catalytic effect of Cu(2+) ions on the reactions with all the reductants was observed. The most sensitive to Cu(2+)-catalysis was the reaction of BUC with the radical cation, while Cu(2+) ions showed much lower effect on the reaction with GSH. The presence of EDTA strongly inhibited the reactions and equalized the reaction rates for all the reductants. A Cu(I) selective chelator bathocuproine disulfonate reduced the reaction rate with Cys, but accelerated the reaction with BUC at the lower acidities. The experimental results were rationalized in the framework of the mechanism of reductive chelation. The conclusions may have important consequences for interpretation of antioxidant capacity assays, such as TEAC, utilizing the ABTS derived radical cation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ivan Valent
- Department of Physical and Theoretical Chemistry, Faculty of Natural Sciences, Comenius University, Mlynská dolina, Ilkovičova 6, 842 15 Bratislava, Slovak Republic.
| | - Dominika Topolská
- Institute of Experimental Pharmacology and Toxicology, Slovak Academy of Sciences, Dúbravská cesta 9, 841 04 Bratislava, Slovak Republic
| | - Katarína Valachová
- Institute of Experimental Pharmacology and Toxicology, Slovak Academy of Sciences, Dúbravská cesta 9, 841 04 Bratislava, Slovak Republic
| | - Juraj Bujdák
- Department of Physical and Theoretical Chemistry, Faculty of Natural Sciences, Comenius University, Mlynská dolina, Ilkovičova 6, 842 15 Bratislava, Slovak Republic
| | - Ladislav Šoltés
- Institute of Experimental Pharmacology and Toxicology, Slovak Academy of Sciences, Dúbravská cesta 9, 841 04 Bratislava, Slovak Republic
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9
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Grintzalis K, Papapostolou I, Zisimopoulos D, Stamatiou I, Georgiou CD. Multiparametric protocol for the determination of thiol redox state in living matter. Free Radic Biol Med 2014; 74:85-98. [PMID: 24996203 DOI: 10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2014.06.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2014] [Revised: 06/13/2014] [Accepted: 06/20/2014] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Thiol redox state (TRS) evaluation is mostly restricted to the estimation of GSH and GSSG. However, these TRS parameters can estimate the GSSG/GSH potential, which might be useful for indicating abnormalities in redox metabolism. Nonetheless, evaluation of the multiparameric nature of TRS is required for a more accurate assessment of its physiological role. The present protocol extends the partial assessment of TRS by current methodologies. It measures 15 key parameters of TRS by two modular subprotocols: one for the glutathione (GSH)- and cysteine (CSH)-based nonprotein (NP) thiols/mixed disulfides (i.e., GSH, GSSG, GSSNP, CSH, CSSNP, NPSH, NPSSNP, NP(x)SH(NPSSNP), NP(x)SH(NPSH)), and the other for their protein (P) thiols/mixed disulfides (i.e., PSH, PSSG, PSSC, PSSNP, PSSP, NP(x)SH(PSSNP)). The protocol eliminates autoxidation of GSH and CSH (and thus overestimation of GSSG and CSSNP). Its modularity allows the determination GSH and GSSG also by other published specific assays. The protocol uses three assays; two are based on the photometric reagents 4,4'-dithiopyridine (DTP) and ninhydrin (NHD), and the third on the fluorometric reagent o-phthaldialdehyde (OPT). The initial assays employing these reagents have been extensively modified and redesigned for increased specificity, sensitivity, and simplicity. TRS parameter values and their standard errors are estimated automatically by sets of Excel-adapted algebraic equations. Protocol sensitivity for NPSH, PSH, NPSSNP, PSSP, PSSNP, CSH, CSSNP, PSSC, NP(x)SH(NPSSNP), and NP(x)SH(NPSH) is 1 nmol -SH/CSH, for GSSNP 0.2 nmol, for GSH and GSSG 0.4 nmol, and for PSSG 0.6 nmol. The protocol was applied on human plasma, a sample of high clinical value, and can be also applied in any organism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Konstantinos Grintzalis
- Genetics, Cell and Developmental Biology Section, Department of Biology, University of Patras, Patras, Greece.
| | - Ioannis Papapostolou
- Genetics, Cell and Developmental Biology Section, Department of Biology, University of Patras, Patras, Greece.
| | - Dimitris Zisimopoulos
- Genetics, Cell and Developmental Biology Section, Department of Biology, University of Patras, Patras, Greece.
| | - Irene Stamatiou
- Genetics, Cell and Developmental Biology Section, Department of Biology, University of Patras, Patras, Greece.
| | - Christos D Georgiou
- Genetics, Cell and Developmental Biology Section, Department of Biology, University of Patras, Patras, Greece.
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10
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Israel BA, Jiang L, Gannon SA, Thorpe C. Disulfide bond generation in mammalian blood serum: detection and purification of quiescin-sulfhydryl oxidase. Free Radic Biol Med 2014; 69:129-35. [PMID: 24468475 PMCID: PMC3960832 DOI: 10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2014.01.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2013] [Revised: 01/14/2014] [Accepted: 01/17/2014] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
A sensitive new plate-reader assay has been developed showing that adult mammalian blood serum contains circulating soluble sulfhydryl oxidase activity that can introduce disulfide bonds into reduced proteins with the reduction of oxygen to hydrogen peroxide. The activity was purified 5000-fold to >90% homogeneity from bovine serum and found by mass spectrometry to be consistent with the short isoform of quiescin-sulfhydryl oxidase 1 (QSOX1). This FAD-dependent enzyme is present at comparable activity levels in fetal and adult commercial bovine sera. Thus cell culture media that are routinely supplemented with either fetal or adult bovine sera will contain this facile catalyst of protein thiol oxidation. QSOX1 is present at approximately 25 nM in pooled normal adult human serum. Examination of the unusual kinetics of QSOX1 toward cysteine and glutathione at low micromolar concentrations suggests that circulating QSOX1 is unlikely to significantly contribute to the oxidation of these monothiols in plasma. However, the ability of QSOX1 to rapidly oxidize conformationally mobile protein thiols suggests a possible contribution to the redox status of exofacial and soluble proteins in blood plasma. Recent proteomic studies showing that plasma QSOX1 can be utilized in the diagnosis of pancreatic cancer and acute decompensated heart failure, together with the overexpression of this secreted enzyme in a number of solid tumors, suggest that the robust QSOX assay developed here may be useful in the quantitation of enzyme levels in a wide range of biological fluids.
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Affiliation(s)
- Benjamin A Israel
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Delaware, Newark, DE 19716, USA
| | - Lingxi Jiang
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Delaware, Newark, DE 19716, USA
| | - Shawn A Gannon
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Delaware, Newark, DE 19716, USA
| | - Colin Thorpe
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Delaware, Newark, DE 19716, USA.
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11
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Dong Y, Tian W, Ren S, Dai R, Chi Y, Chen G. Graphene quantum dots/L-cysteine coreactant electrochemiluminescence system and its application in sensing lead(II) ions. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2014; 6:1646-1651. [PMID: 24405119 DOI: 10.1021/am404552s] [Citation(s) in RCA: 82] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
A new coreactant electrochemiluminescence (ECL) system including single-layer graphene quantum dots (GQDs) and L-cysteine (L-Cys) was found to be able to produce strong cathodic ECL signal. The ECL signal of GQD/L-Cys coreactant system was revealed to be mainly dependent on some key factors, including the oxidation of L-Cys, the presence of dissolved oxygen and the reduction of GQDs. Then, a possible ECL mechanism was proposed for the coreactant ECL system. Furthermore, the ECL signal of the GQD/L-Cys system was observed to be quenched by lead(II) ions (Pb(2+)). After optimization of some important experimental conditions, including concentrations of GQDs and L-Cys, potential scan rate, response time, and pH value, an ECL sensor was developed for the detection of Pb(2+). The new methodology can offer a rapid, reliable, and selective detection of Pb(2+) with a detection limit of 70 nM and a dynamic range from 100 nM to 10 μM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yongqiang Dong
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Analysis and Detection Technology for Food Safety, Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Analysis and Detection Technology for Food Safety, and Department of Chemistry, Fuzhou University , Fujian 350108, China
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12
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Liu J, Rozovsky S. Contribution of selenocysteine to the peroxidase activity of selenoprotein S. Biochemistry 2013; 52:5514-6. [PMID: 23914919 DOI: 10.1021/bi400741c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
Selenoprotein S (SelS, VIMP) is an intrinsically disordered enzyme that utilizes selenocysteine to catalyze the reduction of disulfide bonds and peroxides. Here it is demonstrated that selenocysteine is the residue oxidized by the peroxide substrate. It is possible to trap the reaction intermediate selenenic acid when the resolving cysteine is mutated. The selenocysteine allows SelS to rapidly re-form its selenenylsulfide bond following its reduction, and to resist inactivation by H2O2. We propose that SelS's peroxidase mechanism is similar to that of atypical 2-Cys peroxiredoxin and that selenocysteine allows SelS to sustain activity under oxidative stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jun Liu
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Delaware, Newark, DE 19716, USA
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13
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Zhang N, Qu F, Luo HQ, Li NB. Sensitive signal-on fluorescent sensing for copper ions based on the polyethyleneimine-capped silver nanoclusters–cysteine system. Anal Chim Acta 2013; 791:46-50. [DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2013.06.045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2013] [Revised: 06/25/2013] [Accepted: 06/28/2013] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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14
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Quantification of thiols and disulfides. Biochim Biophys Acta Gen Subj 2013; 1840:838-46. [PMID: 23567800 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbagen.2013.03.031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 238] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2013] [Revised: 03/25/2013] [Accepted: 03/28/2013] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Disulfide bond formation is a key posttranslational modification, with implications for structure, function and stability of numerous proteins. While disulfide bond formation is a necessary and essential process for many proteins, it is deleterious and disruptive for others. Cells go to great lengths to regulate thiol-disulfide bond homeostasis, typically with several, apparently redundant, systems working in parallel. Dissecting the extent of oxidation and reduction of disulfides is an ongoing challenge due, in part, to the facility of thiol/disulfide exchange reactions. SCOPE OF REVIEW In the present account, we briefly survey the toolbox available to the experimentalist for the chemical determination of thiols and disulfides. We have chosen to focus on the key chemical aspects of current methodology, together with identifying potential difficulties inherent in their experimental implementation. MAJOR CONCLUSIONS While many reagents have been described for the measurement and manipulation of the redox status of thiols and disulfides, a number of these methods remain underutilized. The ability to effectively quantify changes in redox conditions in living cells presents a continuing challenge. GENERAL SIGNIFICANCE Many unresolved questions in the metabolic interconversion of thiols and disulfides remain. For example, while pool sizes of redox pairs and their intracellular distribution are being uncovered, very little is known about the flux in thiol-disulfide exchange pathways. New tools are needed to address this important aspect of cellular metabolism. This article is part of a Special Issue entitled Current methods to study reactive oxygen species - pros and cons and biophysics of membrane proteins. Guest Editor: Christine Winterbourn.
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Mishra R, Banerjee R, Mukhopadhyay S. Cu(II)-catalyzed oxidation of thiols by superoxide ligated to CoIII
2. J PHYS ORG CHEM 2013. [DOI: 10.1002/poc.2991] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Ritu Mishra
- Department of Chemistry and Environment; Heritage Institute of Technology; Kolkata 700 107 India
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Nayak S, Brahma GS, Reddy KV. Kinetics and Mechanism of the Reaction of Dichlorotetraaquaruthenium(III) and Thiols. Aust J Chem 2012. [DOI: 10.1071/ch11352] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
The formation of an intermediate ruthenium(iii) thiolate complex by the interaction of thiols, RSH (R = glutathione and l-cysteine) and dichlorotetraaquaruthenium(iii), [RuIIICl2(H2O)4]+, is reported in the temperature range 25–40°C. The kinetics and mechanism of formation of the intermediate complex were studied as a function of [RuIIICl2(H2O)4]+, [RSH], pH, ionic strength and temperature. Reduction of the intermediate complex takes place slowly and results in the corresponding disulfides RSSR and [RuIICl2(H2O)4]+. The results are interpreted in terms of a mechanism involving a rate-determining inner-sphere one-electron transfer from RSH to the oxidant used in the present investigation and a comparison of rate and equilibrium constants is presented with activation parameters.
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Kodali VK, Thorpe C. Oxidative protein folding and the Quiescin-sulfhydryl oxidase family of flavoproteins. Antioxid Redox Signal 2010; 13:1217-30. [PMID: 20136510 PMCID: PMC2959182 DOI: 10.1089/ars.2010.3098] [Citation(s) in RCA: 99] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Flavin-linked sulfhydryl oxidases participate in the net generation of disulfide bonds during oxidative protein folding in the endoplasmic reticulum. Members of the Quiescin-sulfhydryl oxidase (QSOX) family catalyze the facile direct introduction of disulfide bonds into unfolded reduced proteins with the reduction of molecular oxygen to generate hydrogen peroxide. Current progress in dissecting the mechanism of QSOX enzymes is reviewed, with emphasis on the CxxC motifs in the thioredoxin and Erv/ALR domains and the involvement of the flavin prosthetic group. The tissue distribution and intra- and extracellular location of QSOX enzymes are discussed, and suggestions for the physiological role of these enzymes are presented. The review compares the substrate specificity and catalytic efficiency of the QSOX enzymes with members of the Ero1 family of flavin-dependent sulfhydryl oxidases: enzymes believed to play key roles in disulfide generation in yeast and higher eukaryotes. Finally, limitations of our current understanding of disulfide generation in metazoans are identified and questions posed for the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vamsi K Kodali
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Delaware, Newark, Delaware 19711, USA
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Zhang L, Xiao N, Pan Y, Zheng Y, Pan Z, Luo Z, Xu X, Liu Y. Binding and Inhibition of Copper Ions to RecA Inteins fromMycobacterium tuberculosis. Chemistry 2010; 16:4297-306. [DOI: 10.1002/chem.200903584] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
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Sekirnik R, Rose NR, Mecinović J, Schofield CJ. 2-Oxoglutarate oxygenases are inhibited by a range of transition metals. Metallomics 2010; 2:397-9. [DOI: 10.1039/c004952b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
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Wang X, Stanbury DM. Direct oxidation of L-cysteine by [FeIII(bpy)2(CN)2]+ and [FeIII(bpy)(CN)4]-. Inorg Chem 2008; 47:1224-36. [PMID: 18177037 DOI: 10.1021/ic701891m] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
The oxidation of L-cysteine by the outer-sphere oxidants [Fe(bpy)2(CN)2]+ and [Fe(bpy)(CN)4]- in anaerobic aqueous solution is highly susceptible to catalysis by trace amounts of copper ions. This copper catalysis is effectively inhibited with the addition of 1.0 mM dipicolinic acid for the reduction of [Fe(bpy)2(CN)2]+ and is completely suppressed with the addition of 5.0 mM EDTA (pH<9.00), 10.0 mM EDTA (9.0<pH<or=10.0), and 1.0 mM cyclam (pH>10.0) for the reduction of [Fe(bpy)(CN)4]-. 1H NMR and UV-vis spectra show that the products of the direct (uncatalyzed) reactions are the corresponding Fe(II) complexes and, when no radical scavengers are present, L-cystine, both being formed quantitatively. The two reactions display mild kinetic inhibition by Fe(II), and the inhibition can be suppressed by the free radical scavenger PBN (N-tert-butyl-alpha-phenylnitrone). At 25 degrees C and micro=0.1 M and under conditions where inhibition by Fe(II) is insignificant, the general rate law is -d[Fe(III)]/dt=k[cysteine]tot[Fe(III)], with k={k2Ka1[H+]2+k3Ka1Ka2[H+]+k4Ka1Ka2Ka3{/}[H+]3+Ka1[H+]2+Ka1Ka2[H+]+Ka1Ka2Ka3}, where Ka1, Ka2, and Ka3 are the successive acid dissociation constants of HSCH2CH(NH3+)CO2H. For [Fe(bpy)2(CN)2]+, the kinetics over the pH range of 3-7.9 yields k2=3.4+/-0.6 M(-1) s(-1) and k3=(1.18+/-0.02)x10(6) M(-1) s(-1) (k4 is insignificant in the fitting). For [Fe(bpy)(CN)4]- over the pH range of 6.1-11.9, the rate constants are k3=(2.13+/-0.08)x10(3) M(-1) s(-1) and k4=(1.01+/-0.06)x10(4) M(-1) s(-1) (k2 is insignificant in the fitting). All three terms in the rate law are assigned to rate-limiting electron-transfer reactions in which various thiolate forms of cysteine are reactive. Applying Marcus theory, the self-exchange rate constant of the *SCH2CH(NH2)CO2-/-SCH2CH(NH2)CO2- redox couple was obtained from the oxidation of L-cysteine by [Fe(bpy)(CN)4]-, with k11=4x10(5) M(-1) s(-1). The self-exchange rate constant of the *SCH2CH(NH3+)CO2-/-SCH2CH(NH3+)CO2- redox couple was similarly obtained from the rates with both Fe(III) oxidants, a value of 6x10(6) M(-1) s(-1) for k11 being derived. Both self-exchange rate constants are quite large as is to be expected from the minimal rearrangement that follows conversion of a thiolate to a thiyl radical, and the somewhat lower self-exchange rate constant for the dianionic form of cysteine is ascribed to electrostatic repulsion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoguang Wang
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Auburn University, Auburn, Alabama 36849, USA
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Hill NL, Jarvis JL, Pettersson F, Braslau R. Synthesis of thiol-derivatized initiators for nitroxide-mediated radical polymerization: Reversible disulfide formation. REACT FUNCT POLYM 2008. [DOI: 10.1016/j.reactfunctpolym.2007.07.050] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
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22
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Zahdeh RN, Zaru RA, Hodali HA. Kinetics of oxidation of cysteine and captopril via Cs3[Mo(CN)8] and Cs3[W(CN)8]. Polyhedron 2007. [DOI: 10.1016/j.poly.2007.02.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
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Shukla N, Koupparis A, Jones RAW, Angelini GD, Persad R, Jeremy JY. Penicillamine administration reverses the inhibitory effect of hyperhomocysteinaemia on endothelium-dependent relaxation and superoxide formation in the aorta of the rabbit. Eur J Pharmacol 2006; 531:201-8. [PMID: 16451799 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejphar.2005.12.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2005] [Revised: 11/29/2005] [Accepted: 12/12/2005] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
Although hyperhomocysteinaemia is a risk factor for cardiovascular disease, the mechanisms underlying this association have not been elucidated. It has been demonstrated, however, that copper augments the inhibitory effect of homocysteine on nitric oxide (NO)-mediated relaxation of the rat aorta through increased superoxide formation, which reacts with NO thereby reducing the bioavailability of NO. Since it follows that the administration of a copper chelator may blunt the pathogenic impact of hyperhomocysteinaemia, in vivo, the effect of penicillamine administration on NO-dependent relaxation and superoxide formation in the aortae of hyperhomocysteinaemic rabbits was studied. New Zealand White rabbits were fed a methionine-rich (20 g/kg chow) diet for 1 month+/-penicillamine administered orally (10 mg/kg/day) and aortic relaxation elicited with acetylcholine and superoxide measured. The role of NADPH oxidase was also studied using a range of inhibitors and western analysis of gp47(phox) (a catalytic subunit of NADPH oxidase). The methionine-rich diet markedly increased plasma total homocysteine levels. In hyperhomocysteinaemic rabbits there was a marked reduction of acetylcholine-stimulated relaxation and an increase in superoxide formation that were both inhibited with superoxide dismutase and apocynin, an NADPH oxidase inhibitor. Gp47(phox) expression was also increased in aortae from methionine fed rabbits. Penicillamine administration significantly reduced plasma total copper in methionine-fed rabbits compared to controls. Impaired acetylcholine-stimulated relaxation, increased superoxide formation and increased gp47(phox) expression in aortae from methionine-fed rabbits was reversed by penicillamine administration. These data indicate that hyperhomocysteinaemia augments the formation of arterial superoxide through an increase in NADPH oxidase expression/activity which in turn reduces NO bioavailability. Since these effects were reversed by penicillamine, these data consolidate the hypothesis that copper plays a role in mediating homocysteine-induced vasculopathy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nilima Shukla
- Bristol Heart Institute, Bristol Royal Infirmary, University of Bristol, Bristol BS2 8HW, UK
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Shukla N, Maher J, Masters J, Angelini GD, Jeremy JY. Does oxidative stress change ceruloplasmin from a protective to a vasculopathic factor? Atherosclerosis 2006; 187:238-50. [PMID: 16412446 DOI: 10.1016/j.atherosclerosis.2005.11.035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 92] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2005] [Revised: 10/30/2005] [Accepted: 11/20/2005] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Although ceruloplasmin (CP), a copper containing metalloenzyme, possesses antioxidant properties (e.g. ferroxidase activity), elevated circulating CP is associated with cardiovascular disease (CVD). This ambivalence is possibly due to the capacity of CP, via its coppers, to promote vasculopathic effects that include lipid oxidation, negation of nitric oxide bioactivity and endothelial cell apoptosis. In turn, these effects that are mediated by increased formation of reactive oxygen species (ROS), such as superoxide and hydrogen peroxide. There is also evidence that risk factors for CVD (in particular, diabetes mellitus and hyperhomocysteinaemia) may augment the vasculopathic impact of CP. In turn, it appears that ROS disrupt copper binding to CP, thereby impairing its normal protective function while liberating copper which in turn may promote oxidative pathology. The objective of this review, therefore, is to consider the epidemiology and pathophysiology of CP in relation to CVD, with particular emphasis on the relationship between CP and oxidative stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nilima Shukla
- Bristol Heart Institute, University of Bristol, Bristol BS2 8HW, United Kingdom
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