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Radulescu D, Mihai FD, Trasca MET, Caluianu EI, Calafeteanu CDM, Radulescu PM, Mercut R, Ciupeanu-Calugaru ED, Marinescu GA, Siloşi CA, Nistor CCE, Danoiu S. Oxidative Stress in Military Missions-Impact and Management Strategies: A Narrative Analysis. Life (Basel) 2024; 14:567. [PMID: 38792589 PMCID: PMC11121804 DOI: 10.3390/life14050567] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2024] [Revised: 04/22/2024] [Accepted: 04/24/2024] [Indexed: 05/26/2024] Open
Abstract
This narrative review comprehensively examines the impact of oxidative stress on military personnel, highlighting the crucial role of physical exercise and tailored diets, particularly the ketogenic diet, in minimizing this stress. Through a meticulous analysis of the recent literature, the study emphasizes how regular physical exercise not only enhances cardiovascular, cognitive, and musculoskeletal health but is also essential in neutralizing the effects of oxidative stress, thereby improving endurance and performance during long-term missions. Furthermore, the implementation of the ketogenic diet provides an efficient and consistent energy source through ketone bodies, tailored to the specific energy requirements of military activities, and significantly contributes to the reduction in reactive oxygen species production, thus protecting against cellular deterioration under extreme stress. The study also underlines the importance of integrating advanced technologies, such as wearable devices and smart sensors that allow for the precise and real-time monitoring of oxidative stress and physiological responses, thus facilitating the customization of training and nutritional regimes. Observations from this review emphasize significant variability among individuals in responses to oxidative stress, highlighting the need for a personalized approach in formulating intervention strategies. It is crucial to develop and implement well-monitored, personalized supplementation protocols to ensure that each member of the military personnel receives a regimen tailored to their specific needs, thereby maximizing the effectiveness of measures to combat oxidative stress. This analysis makes a valuable contribution to the specialized literature, proposing a detailed framework for addressing oxidative stress in the armed forces and opening new directions for future research with the aim of optimizing clinical practices and improving the health and performance of military personnel under stress and specific challenges of the military field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dumitru Radulescu
- Department of Surgery, The Military Emergency Clinical Hospital ‘Dr. Stefan Odobleja’ Craiova, 200749 Craiova, Romania; (D.R.); (E.-I.C.); (P.-M.R.); (G.-A.M.)
| | - Florina-Diana Mihai
- Doctoral School, University of Medicine and Pharmacy of Craiova, 2 Petru Rares Street, 200349 Craiova, Romania;
| | - Major Emil-Tiberius Trasca
- Department of Surgery, The Military Emergency Clinical Hospital ‘Dr. Stefan Odobleja’ Craiova, 200749 Craiova, Romania; (D.R.); (E.-I.C.); (P.-M.R.); (G.-A.M.)
| | - Elena-Irina Caluianu
- Department of Surgery, The Military Emergency Clinical Hospital ‘Dr. Stefan Odobleja’ Craiova, 200749 Craiova, Romania; (D.R.); (E.-I.C.); (P.-M.R.); (G.-A.M.)
| | - Captain Dan Marian Calafeteanu
- Department of Ortopedics, The Military Emergency Clinical Hospital ‘Dr. Stefan Odobleja’ Craiova, 200749 Craiova, Romania;
| | - Patricia-Mihaela Radulescu
- Department of Surgery, The Military Emergency Clinical Hospital ‘Dr. Stefan Odobleja’ Craiova, 200749 Craiova, Romania; (D.R.); (E.-I.C.); (P.-M.R.); (G.-A.M.)
| | - Razvan Mercut
- Department of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, University of Medicine and Pharmacy of Craiova, 200349 Craiova, Romania;
| | | | - Georgiana-Andreea Marinescu
- Department of Surgery, The Military Emergency Clinical Hospital ‘Dr. Stefan Odobleja’ Craiova, 200749 Craiova, Romania; (D.R.); (E.-I.C.); (P.-M.R.); (G.-A.M.)
| | - Cristian-Adrian Siloşi
- Doctoral School, University of Medicine and Pharmacy of Craiova, 2 Petru Rares Street, 200349 Craiova, Romania;
| | | | - Suzana Danoiu
- Department of Pathophysiology, University of Medicine and Pharmacy of Craiova, 200349 Craiova, Romania;
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Vilar E, Collado-Boira E, Guerrero C, Folch-Ayora A, Salas-Medina P, Hernando C, Baliño P, Muriach M. Is There a Role of Beetroot Consumption on the Recovery of Oxidative Status and Muscle Damage in Ultra-Endurance Runners? Nutrients 2024; 16:583. [PMID: 38474711 DOI: 10.3390/nu16050583] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2024] [Revised: 02/10/2024] [Accepted: 02/16/2024] [Indexed: 03/14/2024] Open
Abstract
(1) Background: Ultra-endurance exercise involves a high physical impact, resulting in muscle damage, inflammatory response and production of free radicals that alter the body's oxidative state. Supplementation with antioxidants, such as beetroot, may improve recovery in ultra-endurance runners. The aim of this study was to determine whether there is a correlation between beetroot intake and recovery of serum oxidative status, inflammatory response and muscle damage parameters after an ultra-endurance race. (2) Methods: An observational and longitudinal study was conducted by means of surveys and blood samples collected from 32 runners during the IX Penyagolosa Trails CSP®® race and the two following days. The variables C-reactive protein (CRP), lactate dehydrogenase (LDH), creatine kinase (CK), the activity of the antioxidant enzymes glutathione peroxidase (GPx) and glutathione reductase (GR) as well as the oxidative damage markers malondialdehyde (MDA), carbonyl groups (CG) and loss of muscle strength using the squat jump (SJ) test were analyzed to discriminate whether beetroot consumption can modulate the recovery of ultra-trail runners. (3) Results: Significant differences were observed between runners who ingested beetroot and those who did not, in terms of oxidative status, specifically in serum GPx activity at 24 and 48 h, muscle damage variables CK and LDH and regarding the SJ test results at the finish line. Therefore, the intake of supplements containing beetroot positively influences the recovery of serum oxidative status and muscle damage after ultra-endurance running.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eva Vilar
- Hospital de La Plana, Vila-Real, 12540 Castellon, Spain
| | - Eladio Collado-Boira
- Unidad Predepartamental de Enfermeria, Jaume I University, 12071 Castellon, Spain
| | - Carlos Guerrero
- Unitat Predepartamental de Medicina, Jaume I University, 12071 Castellón, Spain
| | - Ana Folch-Ayora
- Unidad Predepartamental de Enfermeria, Jaume I University, 12071 Castellon, Spain
| | - Pablo Salas-Medina
- Unidad Predepartamental de Enfermeria, Jaume I University, 12071 Castellon, Spain
| | - Carlos Hernando
- Department of Education and Specific Didactics, Sport Service, Jaume I University, 12071 Castellon, Spain
| | - Pablo Baliño
- Unitat Predepartamental de Medicina, Jaume I University, 12071 Castellón, Spain
| | - María Muriach
- Unitat Predepartamental de Medicina, Jaume I University, 12071 Castellón, Spain
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Zhao R, Wu R, Jin J, Ning K, Wang Z, Yi X, Kapilevich L, Liu J. Signaling pathways regulated by natural active ingredients in the fight against exercise fatigue-a review. Front Pharmacol 2023; 14:1269878. [PMID: 38155906 PMCID: PMC10752993 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2023.1269878] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2023] [Accepted: 12/04/2023] [Indexed: 12/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Exercise fatigue is a normal protective mechanism of the body. However, long-term fatigue hinders normal metabolism and exercise capacity. The generation and recovery from exercise fatigue involves alterations in multiple signaling pathways, mainly AMPK, PI3K/Akt, Nrf2/ARE, NF-κB, PINK1/Parkin, and BDNF/TrkB, as well as MAPK signaling pathways that mediate energy supply, reduction of metabolites, oxidative stress homeostasis, muscle fiber type switching, and central protective effects. In recent studies, a rich variety of natural active ingredients have been identified in traditional Chinese medicines and plant extracts with anti-fatigue effects, opening up the field of research in new anti-fatigue drugs. In this review we give an overview of the signaling pathways associated with the activity of natural food active ingredients against exercise fatigue. Such a comprehensive review is necessary to understand the potential of these materials as preventive measures and treatments of exercise fatigue. We expect the findings highlighted and discussed here will help guide the development of new health products and provide a theoretical and scientific basis for future research on exercise fatigue.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rongyue Zhao
- College of Exercise and Health, Shenyang Sport University, Shenyang, China
| | - Ruomeng Wu
- College of Exercise and Health, Shenyang Sport University, Shenyang, China
| | - Junjie Jin
- College of Exercise and Health, Shenyang Sport University, Shenyang, China
| | - Ke Ning
- College of Exercise and Health, Shenyang Sport University, Shenyang, China
| | - Zhuo Wang
- College of Exercise and Health, Shenyang Sport University, Shenyang, China
| | - Xuejie Yi
- Exercise and Health Research Center, Department of Kinesiology, Shenyang Sport University, Shenyang, Liaoning, China
| | - Leonid Kapilevich
- Faculty of Physical Education, Nаtionаl Reseаrch Tomsk Stаte University, Tomsk, Russia
| | - Jiao Liu
- College of Exercise and Health, Shenyang Sport University, Shenyang, China
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Watanabe D, Wada M. Glutathione depression alters cellular mechanisms of skeletal muscle fatigue in early stage of recovery and prolongs force depression in late stage of recovery. Am J Physiol Regul Integr Comp Physiol 2023; 325:R120-R132. [PMID: 37212553 DOI: 10.1152/ajpregu.00097.2022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2022] [Revised: 05/15/2023] [Accepted: 05/15/2023] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
The effects of reduced glutathione (GSH) on skeletal muscle fatigue were investigated. GSH was depressed by buthionine sulfoximine (BSO) (100 mg/kg body wt/day) treatment for 5 days, which decreased GSH content to ∼10%. Male Wistar rats were assigned to the control (N = 18) and BSO groups (N = 17). Twelve hours after BSO treatment, the plantar flexor muscles were subjected to fatiguing stimulation (FS). Eight control and seven BSO rats were rested for 0.5 h (early stage of recovery), and the remaining were rested for 6 h (late stage of recovery). Forces were measured before FS and after rest, and physiological functions were estimated using mechanically skinned fibers. The force at 40 Hz decreased to a similar extent in both groups in the early stage of recovery and was restored in the control but not in the BSO group in the late stage of recovery. In the early stage of recovery, sarcoplasmic reticulum (SR) Ca2+ release was decreased in the control greater than in the BSO group, whereas myofibrillar Ca2+ sensitivity was increased in the control but not in the BSO group. In the late stage of recovery, SR Ca2+ release decreased and SR Ca2+ leakage increased in the BSO group but not in the control group. These results indicate that GSH depression alters the cellular mechanism of muscle fatigue in the early stage and delays force recovery in the late stage of recovery, due at least in part, to the prolonged Ca2+ leakage from the SR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daiki Watanabe
- Graduate School of Sport and Exercise Sciences, Osaka University of Health and Sport Sciences, Osaka, Japan
| | - Masanobu Wada
- Graduate School of Humanities and Social Sciences, Hiroshima University, Hiroshima, Japan
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Wu Y, Dong Y, Tang Y, Wang W, Bo Y, Zhang C. Relationship between motor performance and cortical activity of older neurological disorder patients with dyskinesia using fNIRS: A systematic review. Front Physiol 2023; 14:1153469. [PMID: 37051020 PMCID: PMC10083370 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2023.1153469] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2023] [Accepted: 03/13/2023] [Indexed: 03/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Background: Neurological disorders with dyskinesia would seriously affect older people’s daily activities, which is not only associated with the degeneration or injury of the musculoskeletal or the nervous system but also associated with complex linkage between them. This study aims to review the relationship between motor performance and cortical activity of typical older neurological disorder patients with dyskinesia during walking and balance tasks.Methods: Scopus, PubMed, and Web of Science databases were searched. Articles that described gait or balance performance and cortical activity of older Parkinson’s disease (PD), multiple sclerosis, and stroke patients using functional near-infrared spectroscopy were screened by the reviewers. A total of 23 full-text articles were included for review, following an initial yield of 377 studies.Results: Participants were mostly PD patients, the prefrontal cortex was the favorite region of interest, and walking was the most popular test motor task, interventional studies were four. Seven studies used statistical methods to interpret the relationship between motor performance and cortical activation. The motor performance and cortical activation were simultaneously affected under difficult walking and balance task conditions. The concurrent changes of motor performance and cortical activation in reviewed studies contained the same direction change and different direction change.Conclusion: Most of the reviewed studies reported poor motor performance and increased cortical activation of PD, stroke and multiple sclerosis older patients. The external motor performance such as step speed were analyzed only. The design and results were not comprehensive and profound. More than 5 weeks walking training or physiotherapy can contribute to motor function promotion as well as cortices activation of PD and stroke patients. Thus, further study is needed for more statistical analysis on the relationship between motor performance and activation of the motor-related cortex. More different type and program sports training intervention studies are needed to perform.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yunzhi Wu
- Graduate School, Shandong Sport University, Jinan, Shandong, China
| | - Yuqi Dong
- Graduate School, Shandong Sport University, Jinan, Shandong, China
| | - Yunqi Tang
- College of Art and Design, Shaanxi University of Science and Technology, Xi’an, Shaanxi, China
| | - Weiran Wang
- Graduate School, Shandong Sport University, Jinan, Shandong, China
| | - Yulong Bo
- Graduate School, Shandong Sport University, Jinan, Shandong, China
| | - Cui Zhang
- Graduate School, Shandong Sport University, Jinan, Shandong, China
- Laboratory of Sports Biomechanics, Shandong Institute of Sport Science, Jinan, Shandong, China
- *Correspondence: Cui Zhang,
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Fei W, Pang E, Hou L, Dai J, Liu M, Wang X, Xie B, Wang J. Synergistic Effect of Hydrogen and 5-Aza on Myogenic Differentiation through the p38 MAPK Signaling Pathway in Adipose-Derived Mesenchymal Stem Cells. Int J Stem Cells 2022; 16:78-92. [PMID: 36042011 PMCID: PMC9978834 DOI: 10.15283/ijsc21238] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2021] [Revised: 05/18/2022] [Accepted: 06/13/2022] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Background and Objectives This study aims to clarify the systems underlying regulation and regulatory roles of hydrogen combined with 5-Aza in the myogenic differentiation of adipose mesenchymal stem cells (ADSCs). Methods and Results In this study, ADSCs acted as an in vitro myogenic differentiating mode. First, the Alamar blue Staining and mitochondrial tracer technique were used to verify whether hydrogen combined with 5-Aza could promote cell proliferation. In addition, this study assessed myogenic differentiating markers (e.g., Myogenin, Mhc and Myod protein expressions) based on the Western blotting assay, analysis on cellular morphological characteristics (e.g., Myotube number, length, diameter and maturation index), RT-PCR (Myod, Myogenin and Mhc mRNA expression) and Immunofluorescence analysis (Desmin, Myosin and β-actin protein expression). Finally, to verify the mechanism of myogenic differentiation of hydrogen-bound 5-Aza, we performed bioinformatics analysis and Western blot to detect the expression of p-P38 protein. Hydrogen combined with 5-Aza significantly enhanced the proliferation and myogenic differentiation of ADSCs in vitro by increasing the number of single-cell mitochondria and upregulating the expression of myogenic biomarkers such as Myod, Mhc and myotube formation. The expressions of p-P38 was up-regulated by hydrogen combined with 5-Aza. The differentiating ability was suppressed when the cells were cultivated in combination with SB203580 (p38 MAPK signal pathway inhibitor). Conclusions Hydrogen alleviates the cytotoxicity of 5-Aza and synergistically promotes the myogenic differentiation capacity of adipose stem cells via the p38 MAPK pathway. Thus, the mentioned results present insights into myogenic differentiation and are likely to generate one potential alternative strategy for skeletal muscle related diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenyong Fei
- Department of Sports Medicine, Northern Jiangsu People’s Hospital, Clinical Medical College, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China
| | - Erkai Pang
- Department of Sports Medicine, Northern Jiangsu People’s Hospital, Dalian Medical University, Dalian, China
| | - Lei Hou
- Department of Sports Medicine, Northern Jiangsu People’s Hospital, Dalian Medical University, Dalian, China
| | - Jihang Dai
- Department of Sports Medicine, Northern Jiangsu People’s Hospital, Clinical Medical College, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China
| | - Mingsheng Liu
- Department of Sports Medicine, Northern Jiangsu People’s Hospital, Dalian Medical University, Dalian, China
| | - Xuanqi Wang
- Department of Sports Medicine, Northern Jiangsu People’s Hospital, Dalian Medical University, Dalian, China
| | - Bin Xie
- Department of Sports Medicine, Northern Jiangsu People’s Hospital, Dalian Medical University, Dalian, China
| | - Jingcheng Wang
- Department of Sports Medicine, Northern Jiangsu People’s Hospital, Clinical Medical College, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China,Correspondence to Jingcheng Wang, Department of Sports Medicine, Northern Jiangsu People’s Hospital, Clinical Medical College, Yangzhou University, 98# Nantong xi Road, Yangzhou 225001, China , Tel: +86-13909254888, Fax: +86-051487373425, E-mail:
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7
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Alizadeh H. Meteorin-like protein (Metrnl): A metabolic syndrome biomarker and an exercise mediator. Cytokine 2022; 157:155952. [PMID: 35780711 DOI: 10.1016/j.cyto.2022.155952] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2022] [Revised: 06/04/2022] [Accepted: 06/20/2022] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Metrnl is a secreted protein able to activate different intracellular signaling pathways in adipocytes, macrophages, myocytes and cardiomyocytes with physiological effects of the browning of white adipose tissue (BWT), insulin sensitivity, inflammation inhibition, skeletal muscle regeneration and heart protection. Shown to be regulated by obesity, diabetes, caloric restriction, weight loss and heart diseases, Metrnl is definitely involved in metabolic turbulences, and may play roles in metabolic syndrome (MetS). However, due to the conflicting data yielded, Metrnl is still far from clinical application as a diagnostic and/or a therapeutic agent or even a therapeutic target in MetS-related diseases such as type 2 diabetes (T2D) and obesity. Nevertheless, blood Metrnl levels as well as Metrnl as a cardiokine have been reported to play cardioprotective roles against heart diseases. Considering the established metabolic and anti-inflammatory hallmarks, exercise-induced Metrnl (as a myokine) is regarded as an exercise mediator in improving obesity-induced complications such as insulin resistance, T2D and inflammation. Besides, due to its healing role in muscle damage, Metrnl is also a potential therapeutic candidate to enhance regeneration with ageing or other inflammatory myopathies like Duchenne muscular dystrophy (DMD). Therefore, there are still many exercise-related questions unanswered on Metrnl, such as Metrnl-mediated fat browning in humans, exercise effects on heart Metrnl production and secretion and the effects of other exercise-induced skeletal muscle stressors like hypoxia and oxidative in Metrnl production other than exercise-induced muscle damage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hamid Alizadeh
- Exercise Physiology, University of Mazandaran, Babolsar, Mazandaran, Iran.
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8
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Brown M, Rébillard A, Hart NH, O'Connor D, Prue G, O'Sullivan JM, Jain S. Modulating Tumour Hypoxia in Prostate Cancer Through Exercise: The Impact of Redox Signalling on Radiosensitivity. SPORTS MEDICINE - OPEN 2022; 8:48. [PMID: 35394236 PMCID: PMC8993953 DOI: 10.1186/s40798-022-00436-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2021] [Accepted: 03/20/2022] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Prostate cancer is a complex disease affecting millions of men globally. Radiotherapy (RT) is a common treatment modality although treatment efficacy is dependent upon several features within the tumour microenvironment (TME), especially hypoxia. A hypoxic TME heightens radioresistance and thus disease recurrence and treatment failure continues to pose important challenges. However, the TME evolves under the influence of factors in systemic circulation and cellular crosstalk, underscoring its potential to be acutely and therapeutically modified. Early preclinical evidence suggests exercise may affect tumour growth and some of the benefits drawn, could act to radiosensitise tumours to treatment. Intracellular perturbations in skeletal muscle reactive oxygen species (ROS) stimulate the production of numerous factors that can exert autocrine, paracrine, and endocrine effects on the prostate. However, findings supporting this notion are limited and the associated mechanisms are poorly understood. In light of this preclinical evidence, we propose systemic changes in redox signalling with exercise activate redox-sensitive factors within the TME and improve tumour hypoxia and treatment outcomes, when combined with RT. To this end, we suggest a connection between exercise, ROS and tumour growth kinetics, highlighting the potential of exercise to sensitise tumour cells to RT, and improve treatment efficacy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Malcolm Brown
- School of Nursing and Midwifery, Queen's University Belfast, Northern Ireland, Belfast, UK.
| | - Amélie Rébillard
- Movement, Sport and Health Sciences Laboratory, Université Rennes 2, ENS Rennes, Bruz, France
| | - Nicolas H Hart
- College of Nursing and Health Sciences, Flinders University, Adelaide, SA, Australia.,School of Medical and Health Sciences, Edith Cowan University, Perth, WA, Australia.,Institute for Health Research, University of Notre Dame Australia, Perth, WA, Australia
| | - Dominic O'Connor
- School of Health Sciences, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, England, UK
| | - Gillian Prue
- School of Nursing and Midwifery, Queen's University Belfast, Northern Ireland, Belfast, UK
| | - Joe M O'Sullivan
- The Patrick G Johnston Centre for Cancer Research, Queen's University Belfast, Belfast, Northern Ireland, UK
| | - Suneil Jain
- The Patrick G Johnston Centre for Cancer Research, Queen's University Belfast, Belfast, Northern Ireland, UK
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Tan R, Wylie LJ, Wilkerson DP, Vanhatalo A, Jones AM. Effects of dietary nitrate on the O 2 cost of submaximal exercise: Accounting for "noise" in pulmonary gas exchange measurements. J Sports Sci 2022; 40:1149-1157. [PMID: 35301929 DOI: 10.1080/02640414.2022.2052471] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Dietary nitrate (NO3-) supplementation can reduce the oxygen cost of submaximal exercise, but this has not been reported consistently. We hypothesised that the number of step transitions to moderate-intensity exercise, and corresponding effects on the signal-to-noise ratio for pulmonary V˙ O2, may be important in this regard. Twelve recreationally active participants were assigned in a randomised, double-blind, crossover design to supplement for 4 days in three conditions: 1) control (CON; water); 2); PL (NO3--depleted beetroot juice); and 3) BR (NO3--rich beetroot juice). On days 3 and 4, participants completed two 6-min step transitions to moderate-intensity cycle exercise. Breath-by-breath V˙ O2 data were collected and V˙ O2 kinetic responses were determined for a single transition and when the responses to 2, 3 and 4 transitions were ensemble-averaged. Steady-state V˙ O2 was not different between PL and BR when the V˙ O2 response to one-, two- or three-step transition was compared but was significantly lower in BR compared to PL when four-step transitions was considered (PL: 1.33 ± 0.34 vs. BR: 1.31 ± 0.34 L·min-1, P < 0.05). There were no differences in pulmonary V˙ O2 responses between CON and PL (P > 0.05). Multiple step transitions may be required to detect the influence of NO3- supplementation on steady-state V˙ O2.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rachel Tan
- Sport and Health Sciences, College of Life and Environmental Sciences, St. Luke's Campus, University of Exeter, Exeter, UK
| | - Lee J Wylie
- Sport and Health Sciences, College of Life and Environmental Sciences, St. Luke's Campus, University of Exeter, Exeter, UK
| | - Daryl P Wilkerson
- Sport and Health Sciences, College of Life and Environmental Sciences, St. Luke's Campus, University of Exeter, Exeter, UK
| | - Anni Vanhatalo
- Sport and Health Sciences, College of Life and Environmental Sciences, St. Luke's Campus, University of Exeter, Exeter, UK
| | - Andrew M Jones
- Sport and Health Sciences, College of Life and Environmental Sciences, St. Luke's Campus, University of Exeter, Exeter, UK
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Jîtcă G, Ősz BE, Tero-Vescan A, Miklos AP, Rusz CM, Bătrînu MG, Vari CE. Positive Aspects of Oxidative Stress at Different Levels of the Human Body: A Review. Antioxidants (Basel) 2022; 11:antiox11030572. [PMID: 35326222 PMCID: PMC8944834 DOI: 10.3390/antiox11030572] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2022] [Revised: 03/12/2022] [Accepted: 03/14/2022] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Oxidative stress is the subject of numerous studies, most of them focusing on the negative effects exerted at both molecular and cellular levels, ignoring the possible benefits of free radicals. More and more people admit to having heard of the term "oxidative stress", but few of them understand the meaning of it. We summarized and analyzed the published literature data in order to emphasize the importance and adaptation mechanisms of basal oxidative stress. This review aims to provide an overview of the mechanisms underlying the positive effects of oxidative stress, highlighting these effects, as well as the risks for the population consuming higher doses than the recommended daily intake of antioxidants. The biological dose-response curve in oxidative stress is unpredictable as reactive species are clearly responsible for cellular degradation, whereas antioxidant therapies can alleviate senescence by maintaining redox balance; nevertheless, excessive doses of the latter can modify the redox balance of the cell, leading to a negative outcome. It can be stated that the presence of oxidative status or oxidative stress is a physiological condition with well-defined roles, yet these have been insufficiently researched and explored. The involvement of reactive oxygen species in the pathophysiology of some associated diseases is well-known and the involvement of antioxidant therapies in the processes of senescence, apoptosis, autophagy, and the maintenance of cellular homeostasis cannot be denied. All data in this review support the idea that oxidative stress is an undesirable phenomenon in high and long-term concentrations, but regular exposure is consistent with the hormetic theory.
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Affiliation(s)
- George Jîtcă
- Department of Pharmacology and Clinical Pharmacy, Faculty of Pharmacy, George Emil Palade University of Medicine, Pharmacy, Science and Technology of Târgu Mureș, 540139 Târgu Mureș, Romania; (G.J.); (C.E.V.)
| | - Bianca E. Ősz
- Department of Pharmacology and Clinical Pharmacy, Faculty of Pharmacy, George Emil Palade University of Medicine, Pharmacy, Science and Technology of Târgu Mureș, 540139 Târgu Mureș, Romania; (G.J.); (C.E.V.)
- Correspondence:
| | - Amelia Tero-Vescan
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, George Emil Palade University of Medicine, Pharmacy, Science and Technology of Târgu Mureș, 540139 Târgu Mureș, Romania; (A.T.-V.); (A.P.M.)
| | - Amalia Pușcaș Miklos
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, George Emil Palade University of Medicine, Pharmacy, Science and Technology of Târgu Mureș, 540139 Târgu Mureș, Romania; (A.T.-V.); (A.P.M.)
| | - Carmen-Maria Rusz
- Doctoral School of Medicine and Pharmacy, I.O.S.U.D, George Emil Palade University of Medicine, Pharmacy, Science and Technology of Târgu Mureș, 540139 Târgu Mureș, Romania; (C.-M.R.); (M.-G.B.)
| | - Mădălina-Georgiana Bătrînu
- Doctoral School of Medicine and Pharmacy, I.O.S.U.D, George Emil Palade University of Medicine, Pharmacy, Science and Technology of Târgu Mureș, 540139 Târgu Mureș, Romania; (C.-M.R.); (M.-G.B.)
| | - Camil E. Vari
- Department of Pharmacology and Clinical Pharmacy, Faculty of Pharmacy, George Emil Palade University of Medicine, Pharmacy, Science and Technology of Târgu Mureș, 540139 Târgu Mureș, Romania; (G.J.); (C.E.V.)
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Berilli P, Fanaro GB, Santos JP, Reyes Reyes FG, Iglesias AH, Reis M, Cazarin CBB, Maróstica Junior MR. White tea modulates antioxidant defense of endurance-trained rats. Curr Res Physiol 2022; 5:256-264. [PMID: 35800140 PMCID: PMC9253650 DOI: 10.1016/j.crphys.2022.06.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2022] [Revised: 05/24/2022] [Accepted: 06/08/2022] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
The interest in nutritional strategies that may counteract the deleterious oxidative effects induced by strenuous exercises is remarkable. Herein, the impact of white tea (Camellia sinensis) (WT), a polyphenol-rich beverage, on antioxidant status in endurance-trained rats after one session of exhaustive exercise were evaluated. Male Wistar rats were divided into groups, which received: control groups - water, and testing groups - WT1 (0.25%; w/v) or WT2 (0.5%; w/v). Drinks were consumed, ad libitum, for 5 or 10 weeks, concomitantly with the running training. Exhaustive running tests were applied before and after the experimental periods. WT intake increased the serum antioxidant capacity of rats in a dose-dependent manner (P < 0.001), which was unaccompanied by the activity of endogenous antioxidant enzymes SOD, GPx, and GR, and GSH content. Inflammatory markers in serum [IL-1β (P = 0.004) and IL-6 (P = 0.001)] could be downregulated by tea intake. In liver tissue, lower levels of lipid oxidation (P < 0.05) and improved antioxidant defenses (SOD, GPx, GR, and GSH, P < 0.05) were related to the consumption of 10.13039/100010269WT in both doses, supporting protective effects in this responsible metabolic organ. In conclusion, long-term consumption of WT could be a promising adjuvant to exercise-stress management, emphasizing its ability to regulate antioxidant responses and prevent oxidative tissue damage. White tea intake improved antioxidant status of blood and liver of runner rats. White tea intake promoted protective effect against liver lipid peroxidation after an exhaustive exercise. Long term white tea intake did not enhance physical performance.
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Chen H, Ma X, Cao L, Zhao S, Zhao C, Yin S, Hu H. A Multi-Ingredient Formula Ameliorates Exercise-Induced Fatigue by Changing Metabolic Pathways and Increasing Antioxidant Capacity in Mice. Foods 2021; 10:foods10123120. [PMID: 34945671 PMCID: PMC8701726 DOI: 10.3390/foods10123120] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2021] [Revised: 12/12/2021] [Accepted: 12/14/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Multiple mechanisms are involved in exercise-induced fatigue, including energy depletion, metabolite accumulation, and oxidative stress, etc. The mechanistic findings provide a rationale for a multi-targeted approach to exercise-induced fatigue management. This study created a multi-ingredient formula mixed with valine, isoleucine, leucine, β-alanine, creatine, l-carnitine, quercetin, and betaine, based on the functional characteristics of these agents, and evaluated the preventive effect of this mechanism-based formula on exercise-induced fatigue. Results showed that the 7-d formula supplement significantly increased the running duration time of mice by 14% and the distance by 20% in an exhaustive treadmill test, indicating that the formula could delay fatigue appearance and improve exercise performance. Mechanistically, the formula enhanced fatty acid oxidation and spared liver glycogen by regulating the fat/glucose metabolism-related signaling pathways, including phospho-adenosine monophosphate-activated protein kinase α (p-AMPKα), phospho-acetyl CoA carboxylase (p-ACC), carnitine palmitoyl-transferase 1B (CPT1B), fatty acid translocase (CD36), and glucose transporter type 4 (GLUT4), and increased antioxidant capacity. The findings suggested that the formula tested in this study effectively ameliorated exercise-induced fatigue by targeting multi-signaling pathways, showing promise as a regimen to fight exercise-induced fatigue.
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Li Y, Li J, Xu F, Liu G, Pang B, Liao N, Li H, Shi J. Gut microbiota as a potential target for developing anti-fatigue foods. Crit Rev Food Sci Nutr 2021:1-16. [PMID: 34592876 DOI: 10.1080/10408398.2021.1983768] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Fatigue has many negative effects on human health. As such, it is desirable to develop anti-fatigue foods and understand the mechanisms of their action. Based on a comprehensive review of the literature, this article discusses the important roles of gut microbiota in fatigue and anti-fatigue. Studies have shown that an increase in pathogenic bacteria and a decrease in beneficial bacteria co-exist when fatigue is present in both rodents and humans, whereas changes in gut microbiota were reported after intervention with anti-fatigue foods. The roles of gut microbiota in the activities of anti-fatigue foods can also be explained in the causes and the effects of fatigue. Among the causes of fatigue, the accumulation of lactic acid, decrease of energy, and reduction of central nervous system function were related to gut microbiota metabolism. Among the harmful effects of fatigue, oxidative stress, inflammation, and intestinal barrier dysfunction were related to gut microbiota dysbiosis. Furthermore, gut microbiota, together with anti-fatigue foods, can inhibit pathogen growth, convert foods into highly anti-oxidative or anti-inflammatory products, produce short-chain fatty acids, maintain intestinal barrier integrity, inhibit intestinal inflammation, and stimulate the production of neurotransmitters that regulate the central nervous system. Therefore, it is believed that gut microbiota play important roles in the activities of anti-fatigue foods and may provide new insights on the development of anti-fatigue foods.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yinghui Li
- Key Laboratory for Space Bioscience and Biotechnology, School of Life Sciences, Northwestern Polytechnical University, Xi'an, Shaanxi, People's Republic of China
| | - Junjun Li
- College of Enology, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, People's Republic of China
| | - Fengqin Xu
- Key Laboratory for Space Bioscience and Biotechnology, School of Life Sciences, Northwestern Polytechnical University, Xi'an, Shaanxi, People's Republic of China
| | - Guanwen Liu
- Key Laboratory for Space Bioscience and Biotechnology, School of Life Sciences, Northwestern Polytechnical University, Xi'an, Shaanxi, People's Republic of China
| | - Bing Pang
- Key Laboratory for Space Bioscience and Biotechnology, School of Life Sciences, Northwestern Polytechnical University, Xi'an, Shaanxi, People's Republic of China
| | - Ning Liao
- Key Laboratory for Space Bioscience and Biotechnology, School of Life Sciences, Northwestern Polytechnical University, Xi'an, Shaanxi, People's Republic of China
| | - Huixin Li
- Key Laboratory for Space Bioscience and Biotechnology, School of Life Sciences, Northwestern Polytechnical University, Xi'an, Shaanxi, People's Republic of China
| | - Junling Shi
- Key Laboratory for Space Bioscience and Biotechnology, School of Life Sciences, Northwestern Polytechnical University, Xi'an, Shaanxi, People's Republic of China
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Kruk J, Aboul-Enein BH, Duchnik E. Exercise-induced oxidative stress and melatonin supplementation: current evidence. J Physiol Sci 2021; 71:27. [PMID: 34470608 PMCID: PMC8409271 DOI: 10.1186/s12576-021-00812-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2021] [Accepted: 08/18/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Melatonin possesses the indoleamine structure and exerts antioxidant and anti-inflammatory actions and other physiological properties. Physical exercise can influence secretion of melatonin. Melatonin is used as a natural supplement among athletes to regulate sleep cycles and protect muscles against oxidative damage. Despite decades of research, there is still a lack of a comprehensive and critical review on melatonin supplementation and physical activity relationship. The aim of this literature review is to examine the antioxidant, anti-inflammatory and other biological functions played by melatonin with reference to the effect of physical exercise on melatonin secretion and the effect of this compound supplementation on exercise-induced oxidative stress in athletes. Evidence shows that intense exercises disturb antioxidant status of competitive athletes, whereas supplementation with melatonin strengthens antioxidant status in trained athletes in various sports as the compound showed high potency in reduction of the oxidative stress and inflammation markers generated during intense and prolonged exercise.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joanna Kruk
- Faculty of Physical Culture and Health, University of Szczecin, Szczecin, Poland.
| | | | - Ewa Duchnik
- Department of Aesthetic Dermatology, Pomeranian Medical University, Szczecin, Poland
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15
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The Impulse of Force as an Effective Indicator of Exercise Capacity in Competitive Rowers and Canoeists. J Hum Kinet 2021; 79:87-99. [PMID: 34400989 PMCID: PMC8336545 DOI: 10.2478/hukin-2021-0064] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
The aim of the research was to present the importance of measuring the impulse of force in assessing exercise capacity in professional rowers and canoeists rather than conducting traditional physiological and biochemical analyses. A group of 20 athletes (12 rowers and 8 canoeists) underwent progressive intensity exercise tests in two testing sessions (before and after a training period). During the tests, maximal aerobic capacity, impulse of strength, metabolic indices, and markers of skeletal muscle damage were assessed. Total testosterone, free testosterone, cortisol, interleukin 1,6, and creatine kinase were evaluated in venous blood. The impulse of force at the ventilatory threshold and at the maximum load was correlated with free testosterone and a total testosterone/cortisol ratio during exercise (p ≤ 0.05) and was negatively correlated with cortisol concentration (p ≤ 0.05) in the first testing session (before training intervention). Values were positively correlated with concentration of total testosterone, free testosterone and total testosterone/cortisol, and free testosterone/cortisol ratios during exercise (p ≤ 0.05) in the second testing session (after training intervention). Biochemical indices of overtraining were correlated with maximum oxygen uptake in each session and with the impulse of force at the ventilatory threshold and the maximum load of exercise. Thus, there is an indirect relationship between maximal aerobic capacity and the impulse of force. The measurement of the impulse of force can become a simple and effective method for evaluating the overall exercise capacity of rowers because of its relationship with indices of the load and changes in hormonal indices of anabolic and catabolic processes during exercise. Therefore, it may constitute a replacement for the traditional laboratory measurement of VO2max in highly qualified rowers and canoeists.
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McKeegan K, Mason SA, Trewin AJ, Keske MA, Wadley GD, Della Gatta PA, Nikolaidis MG, Parker L. Reactive oxygen species in exercise and insulin resistance: Working towards personalized antioxidant treatment. Redox Biol 2021; 44:102005. [PMID: 34049222 PMCID: PMC8167146 DOI: 10.1016/j.redox.2021.102005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2021] [Revised: 04/25/2021] [Accepted: 05/06/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Reactive oxygen species (ROS) are well known for their role in insulin resistance and the development of cardiometabolic disease including type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2D). Conversely, evidence supports the notion that ROS are a necessary component for glucose cell transport and adaptation to physiological stress including exercise and muscle contraction. Although genetic rodent models and cell culture studies indicate antioxidant treatment to be an effective strategy for targeting ROS to promote health, human findings are largely inconsistent. In this review we discuss human research that has investigated antioxidant treatment and glycemic control in the context of health (healthy individuals and during exercise) and disease (insulin resistance and T2D). We have identified key factors that are likely to influence the effectiveness of antioxidant treatment: 1) the context of treatment including whether oxidative distress or eustress is present (e.g., hyperglycemia/lipidaemia or during exercise and muscle contraction); 2) whether specific endogenous antioxidant deficiencies are identified (redox screening); 3) whether antioxidant treatment is specifically designed to target and restore identified deficiencies (antioxidant specificity); 4) and the bioavailability and bioactivity of the antioxidant which are influenced by treatment dose, duration, and method of administration. The majority of human research has failed to account for these factors, limiting their ability to robustly test the effectiveness of antioxidants for health promotion and disease prevention. We propose that a modern "redox screening" and "personalized antioxidant treatment" approach is required to robustly explore redox regulation of human physiology and to elicit more effective antioxidant treatment in humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kathryn McKeegan
- Institute for Physical Activity and Nutrition, School of Exercise and Nutrition Sciences, Deakin University, Geelong, Australia
| | - Shaun A Mason
- Institute for Physical Activity and Nutrition, School of Exercise and Nutrition Sciences, Deakin University, Geelong, Australia
| | - Adam J Trewin
- Institute for Physical Activity and Nutrition, School of Exercise and Nutrition Sciences, Deakin University, Geelong, Australia
| | - Michelle A Keske
- Institute for Physical Activity and Nutrition, School of Exercise and Nutrition Sciences, Deakin University, Geelong, Australia
| | - Glenn D Wadley
- Institute for Physical Activity and Nutrition, School of Exercise and Nutrition Sciences, Deakin University, Geelong, Australia
| | - Paul A Della Gatta
- Institute for Physical Activity and Nutrition, School of Exercise and Nutrition Sciences, Deakin University, Geelong, Australia
| | - Michalis G Nikolaidis
- Department of Physical Education and Sport Science at Serres, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Serres, Greece
| | - Lewan Parker
- Institute for Physical Activity and Nutrition, School of Exercise and Nutrition Sciences, Deakin University, Geelong, Australia.
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17
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Costa KB, Leite HR, Garcia BCC, Ottone VO, Mendonça GDR, Cordeiro PJ, Chaves PR, Deus FA, Tossige-Gomes R, Coimbra CC, Rocha-Vieira E. Storage Duration Affects the Quantification of Oxidative Stress Markers in the Gastrocnemius, Heart, and Brain of Mice Submitted to a Maximum Exercise. Biopreserv Biobank 2021; 20:3-11. [PMID: 34252291 DOI: 10.1089/bio.2020.0126] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
This study investigated the effect of sample storage duration on the quantification of oxidative stress markers in the gastrocnemius, heart, and brain of mice submitted to a maximum swimming exercise. Thiobarbituric acid reactive substances (TBARSs), protein carbonyl derivatives, total antioxidant capacity (TAC), and the activity of superoxide dismutase (SOD) and catalase (CAT) were quantified in fresh tissues and in samples stored at -80°C for 1, 3, or 6 months, from exercised (n = 13) and nonexercised mice (n = 13). Except for protein carbonyl derivatives in the heart, the exercise resulted in the modification of all markers in all fresh-evaluated samples (p < 0.001). The storage duration did not modify the effect of exercise on protein carbonyl derivatives and TAC. TBARS was stable for 3 months in the gastrocnemius and for 1 month in frozen heart and brain. Accordingly, the exercise effect on TBARS levels observed in fresh samples was absent in the gastrocnemius frozen for 6 months (p = 0.98) and in the heart and brain frozen for 3 months (p = 0.07 and 0.28, respectively) or more (p = 0.21 for heart and p > 0.99 for brain). In addition, CAT and SOD activities were reduced by storage duration in all tissues evaluated (p < 0.05). Our findings show that sample storage duration alters the quantification of oxidative stress markers in mice submitted to maximum exercise, and its effect is tissue and marker dependent. Some recommendations to achieve more accurate and reproducible data in the exercise physiology and oxidative stress markers field are presented.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karine B Costa
- Programa Multicêntrico de Pós-graduação em Ciências Fisiológicas, Sociedade Brasileira de Fisiologia, Exercise Biology and Immunometabolism Laboratory, Centro Integrado de Pós-graduacão e Pesquisa em Saúde, Universidade Federal dos Vales do Jequitinhonha e Mucuri, Diamantina, Brazil
| | - Hercules R Leite
- Programa Multicêntrico de Pós-graduação em Ciências Fisiológicas, Sociedade Brasileira de Fisiologia, Exercise Biology and Immunometabolism Laboratory, Centro Integrado de Pós-graduacão e Pesquisa em Saúde, Universidade Federal dos Vales do Jequitinhonha e Mucuri, Diamantina, Brazil
| | - Bruna C C Garcia
- Programa Multicêntrico de Pós-graduação em Ciências Fisiológicas, Sociedade Brasileira de Fisiologia, Exercise Biology and Immunometabolism Laboratory, Centro Integrado de Pós-graduacão e Pesquisa em Saúde, Universidade Federal dos Vales do Jequitinhonha e Mucuri, Diamantina, Brazil
| | - Vinicius O Ottone
- Programa Multicêntrico de Pós-graduação em Ciências Fisiológicas, Sociedade Brasileira de Fisiologia, Exercise Biology and Immunometabolism Laboratory, Centro Integrado de Pós-graduacão e Pesquisa em Saúde, Universidade Federal dos Vales do Jequitinhonha e Mucuri, Diamantina, Brazil
| | - Gabriela D R Mendonça
- Departamento de Farmácia, Faculdade de Ciências Biológicas e da Saúde, Universidade Federal dos Vales do Jequitinhonha e Mucuri, Diamantina, Brazil
| | - Patrício J Cordeiro
- Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade Federal dos Vales do Jequitinhonha e Mucuri, Diamantina, Brazil
| | - Patrícia R Chaves
- Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade Federal dos Vales do Jequitinhonha e Mucuri, Diamantina, Brazil
| | - Franciele A Deus
- Departamento de Fisioterapia, Faculdade de Ciências Biológicas e da Saúde, Universidade Federal dos Vales do Jequitinhonha e Mucuri, Diamantina, Brazil
| | - Rosalina Tossige-Gomes
- Programa Multicêntrico de Pós-graduação em Ciências Fisiológicas, Sociedade Brasileira de Fisiologia, Exercise Biology and Immunometabolism Laboratory, Centro Integrado de Pós-graduacão e Pesquisa em Saúde, Universidade Federal dos Vales do Jequitinhonha e Mucuri, Diamantina, Brazil
| | - Candido C Coimbra
- Programa Multicêntrico de Pós-graduação em Ciências Fisiológicas, Sociedade Brasileira de Fisiologia, Exercise Biology and Immunometabolism Laboratory, Centro Integrado de Pós-graduacão e Pesquisa em Saúde, Universidade Federal dos Vales do Jequitinhonha e Mucuri, Diamantina, Brazil.,Programa de Pós-graduação em Fisiologia e Farmacologia, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Brazil
| | - Etel Rocha-Vieira
- Programa Multicêntrico de Pós-graduação em Ciências Fisiológicas, Sociedade Brasileira de Fisiologia, Exercise Biology and Immunometabolism Laboratory, Centro Integrado de Pós-graduacão e Pesquisa em Saúde, Universidade Federal dos Vales do Jequitinhonha e Mucuri, Diamantina, Brazil.,Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade Federal dos Vales do Jequitinhonha e Mucuri, Diamantina, Brazil
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18
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Impact of Plasma Oxidative Stress Markers on Post-race Recovery in Ultramarathon Runners: A Sex and Age Perspective Overview. Antioxidants (Basel) 2021; 10:antiox10030355. [PMID: 33673404 PMCID: PMC7996940 DOI: 10.3390/antiox10030355] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2021] [Revised: 02/20/2021] [Accepted: 02/23/2021] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Oxidative stress has been widely studied in association to ultra-endurance sports. Although it is clearly demonstrated the increase in reactive oxygen species and free radicals after these extreme endurance exercises, the effects on the antioxidant defenses and the oxidative damage to macromolecules, remain to be fully clarified. Therefore, the aim of this study was to elucidate the impact of an ultramarathon race on the plasma markers of oxidative stress of 32 runners and their post-race recovery, with especial focused on sex and age effect. For this purpose, the antioxidant enzymes glutathione peroxidase (GPx) and glutathione reductase (GR) activity, as well as the lipid peroxidation product malondialdehyde (MDA) and the carbonyl groups (CG) content were measured before the race, in the finish line and 24 and 48 h after the race. We have reported an increase of the oxidative damage to lipids and proteins (MDA and CG) after the race and 48 h later. Moreover, there was an increase of the GR activity after the race. No changes were observed in runners' plasma GPx activity throughout the study. Finally, we have observed sex and age differences regarding damage to macromolecules, but no differences were found regarding the antioxidant enzymes measured. Our results suggest that several basal plasma markers of oxidative stress might be related to the extent of muscle damage after an ultraendurance race and also might affect the muscle strength evolution.
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Lu J, Li Z, Gao Q, Tan J, Sun Z, Chen L, You J. Nonoxidative Strategy for Monitoring Peroxynitrite Fluctuations in Immune Responses of Tumorigenesis. Anal Chem 2021; 93:3426-3435. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.0c04512] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jiao Lu
- Key Laboratory of Life-Organic Analysis of Shandong Province, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Qufu Normal University, Qufu 273165, P. R. China
| | - Zan Li
- Key Laboratory of Life-Organic Analysis of Shandong Province, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Qufu Normal University, Qufu 273165, P. R. China
| | - Qing Gao
- Key Laboratory of Life-Organic Analysis of Shandong Province, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Qufu Normal University, Qufu 273165, P. R. China
| | - Jiangkun Tan
- Key Laboratory of Life-Organic Analysis of Shandong Province, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Qufu Normal University, Qufu 273165, P. R. China
| | - Zhiwei Sun
- Key Laboratory of Life-Organic Analysis of Shandong Province, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Qufu Normal University, Qufu 273165, P. R. China
| | - Lingxin Chen
- Key Laboratory of Life-Organic Analysis of Shandong Province, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Qufu Normal University, Qufu 273165, P. R. China
- CAS Key Laboratory of Coastal Environmental Processes and Ecological Remediation, Yantai Institute of Coastal Zone Research, Chinese Academy of Science, Yantai 264003, P. R. China
| | - Jinmao You
- Key Laboratory of Life-Organic Analysis of Shandong Province, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Qufu Normal University, Qufu 273165, P. R. China
- CAS Key Laboratory of Coastal Environmental Processes and Ecological Remediation, Yantai Institute of Coastal Zone Research, Chinese Academy of Science, Yantai 264003, P. R. China
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20
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Devrim-Lanpir A, Hill L, Knechtle B. How N-Acetylcysteine Supplementation Affects Redox Regulation, Especially at Mitohormesis and Sarcohormesis Level: Current Perspective. Antioxidants (Basel) 2021; 10:antiox10020153. [PMID: 33494270 PMCID: PMC7909817 DOI: 10.3390/antiox10020153] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2020] [Revised: 01/14/2021] [Accepted: 01/18/2021] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Exercise frequently alters the metabolic processes of oxidative metabolism in athletes, including exposure to extreme reactive oxygen species impairing exercise performance. Therefore, both researchers and athletes have been consistently investigating the possible strategies to improve metabolic adaptations to exercise-induced oxidative stress. N-acetylcysteine (NAC) has been applied as a therapeutic agent in treating many diseases in humans due to its precursory role in the production of hepatic glutathione, a natural antioxidant. Several studies have investigated NAC’s possible therapeutic role in oxidative metabolism and adaptive response to exercise in the athletic population. However, still conflicting questions regarding NAC supplementation need to be clarified. This narrative review aims to re-evaluate the metabolic effects of NAC on exercise-induced oxidative stress and adaptive response developed by athletes against the exercise, especially mitohormetic and sarcohormetic response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aslı Devrim-Lanpir
- Department of Nutrition and Dietetics, Faculty of Health Sciences, Istanbul Medeniyet University, Istanbul 34862, Turkey;
| | - Lee Hill
- Division of Gastroenterology and Nutrition, Department of Pediatrics, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON L8S 4K1, Canada;
| | - Beat Knechtle
- Medbase St. Gallen am Vadianplatz, 9001 St. Gallen, Switzerland
- Institute of Primary Care, University of Zurich, 8091 Zurich, Switzerland
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +41-0-71-226-93-00
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21
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Podgórski T, Nowak A, Domaszewska K, Mączyński J, Jabłońska M, Janowski J, Ogurkowska MB. Muscle strength and inflammatory response to the training load in rowers. PeerJ 2020; 8:e10355. [PMID: 33362956 PMCID: PMC7749653 DOI: 10.7717/peerj.10355] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2020] [Accepted: 10/22/2020] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Regular exercise leads to changes in muscle metabolism. The consequence of this is the adaptation to higher training loads.The aim of this study was to evaluate biomechanical and biochemical parameters describing the functions of skeletal muscles in periods when changes in training forms were introduced. Methods Seventeen male sweep-oar rowers, members of the Polish national rowing team, participated. The study was carried out at the beginning and at the end of the preparatory period. In the first and second examination measurements of torques of selected muscle groups and blood biochemical analysis were performed. Results There was observed a statistically significant decrease in the relative global force of the right lower limb between both terms of examination. A statistically significant increase in maximum torque was found for torso flexors. In the case of muscles responsible for torso rotation, a statistically significant decrease in the torque values of right torso rotators was observed. A significant difference was found with respect to creatine kinase activity, total testosterone concentration, total testosterone to cortisol ratio and total phenolics concentration (p < 0.05). Conclusion The study shows that the rowers’ training should be more focused on building the strength of lower limbs to prevent the overload of lumbar spine and that the amount of force developed may be significantly affected by the antioxidant potential of rowers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tomasz Podgórski
- Department of Physiology and Biochemistry, Poznan University of Physical Education, Poznań, Poland
| | - Alicja Nowak
- Department of Hygiene, Poznan University of Physical Education, Poznań, Poland
| | - Katarzyna Domaszewska
- Department of Physiology and Biochemistry, Poznan University of Physical Education, Poznań, Poland
| | - Jacek Mączyński
- Department of Biomechanics, Poznan University of Physical Education, Poznań, Poland
| | - Magdalena Jabłońska
- Department of Biomechanics, Poznan University of Physical Education, Poznań, Poland
| | - Jarosław Janowski
- Department of Theory of Sport, Poznan University of Physical Education, Poznań, Poland
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22
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Papanikolaou K, Veskoukis AS, Draganidis D, Baloyiannis I, Deli CK, Poulios A, Jamurtas AZ, Fatouros IG. Redox-dependent regulation of satellite cells following aseptic muscle trauma: Implications for sports performance and nutrition. Free Radic Biol Med 2020; 161:125-138. [PMID: 33039652 DOI: 10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2020.10.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2020] [Revised: 09/26/2020] [Accepted: 10/01/2020] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Skeletal muscle satellite cells (SCs) are indispensable for tissue regeneration, remodeling and growth. Following myotrauma, SCs are activated, and assist in tissue repair. Exercise-induced muscle damage (EIMD) is characterized by a pronounced inflammatory response and the production of reactive oxygen species (ROS). Experimental evidence suggests that SCs kinetics (the propagation from a quiescent to an activated/proliferative state) following EIMD is redox-dependent and interconnected with changes in the SCs microenvironment (niche). Animal studies have shown that following aseptic myotrauma, antioxidant and/or anti-inflammatory supplementation leads to an improved recovery and skeletal muscle regeneration through enhanced SCs kinetics, suggesting a redox-dependent molecular mechanism. Although evidence suggests that antioxidant/anti-inflammatory compounds may prevent performance deterioration and enhance recovery, there is lack of information regarding the redox-dependent regulation of SCs responses following EIMD in humans. In this review, SCs kinetics following aseptic myotrauma, as well as the intrinsic redox-sensitive molecular mechanisms responsible for SCs responses are discussed. The role of redox status on SCs function should be further investigated in the future with human clinical trials in an attempt to elucidate the molecular pathways responsible for muscle recovery and provide information for potential nutritional strategies aiming at performance recovery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Konstantinos Papanikolaou
- Department of Physical Education and Sport Science, University of Thessaly, Karies, Trikala, 42132, Greece
| | - Aristidis S Veskoukis
- Department of Nutrition and Dietetics, University of Thessaly, Argonafton 1, 42132, Trikala, Greece; Department of Biochemistry and Biotechnology, University of Thessaly, Viopolis, Mezourlo, 41500, Larissa, Greece
| | - Dimitrios Draganidis
- Department of Physical Education and Sport Science, University of Thessaly, Karies, Trikala, 42132, Greece
| | - Ioannis Baloyiannis
- Department of Surgery, University Hospital of Larissa, Mezourlo, 41110, Larissa, Greece
| | - Chariklia K Deli
- Department of Physical Education and Sport Science, University of Thessaly, Karies, Trikala, 42132, Greece
| | - Athanasios Poulios
- Department of Physical Education and Sport Science, University of Thessaly, Karies, Trikala, 42132, Greece
| | - Athanasios Z Jamurtas
- Department of Physical Education and Sport Science, University of Thessaly, Karies, Trikala, 42132, Greece
| | - Ioannis G Fatouros
- Department of Physical Education and Sport Science, University of Thessaly, Karies, Trikala, 42132, Greece.
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González-Haro C, Ross R, AlDuhishy A. Plasma oxidative stress (hydrogen peroxide/trolox) responses during a 7-day road cycling stage race and a competitive football match in top-level athletes. SPORT SCIENCES FOR HEALTH 2020. [DOI: 10.1007/s11332-020-00645-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
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Higgins MR, Izadi A, Kaviani M. Antioxidants and Exercise Performance: With a Focus on Vitamin E and C Supplementation. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2020; 17:E8452. [PMID: 33203106 PMCID: PMC7697466 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph17228452] [Citation(s) in RCA: 84] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2020] [Revised: 11/05/2020] [Accepted: 11/06/2020] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Antioxidant supplementation, including vitamin E and C supplementation, has recently received recognition among athletes as a possible method for enhancing athletic performance. Increased oxidative stress during exercise results in the production of free radicals, which leads to muscle damage, fatigue, and impaired performance. Despite their negative effects on performance, free radicals may act as signaling molecules enhancing protection against greater physical stress. Current evidence suggests that antioxidant supplementation may impair these adaptations. Apart from athletes training at altitude and those looking for an immediate, short-term performance enhancement, supplementation with vitamin E does not appear to be beneficial. Moreover, the effectiveness of vitamin E and C alone and/or combined on muscle mass and strength have been inconsistent. Given that antioxidant supplements (e.g., vitamin E and C) tend to block anabolic signaling pathways, and thus, impair adaptations to resistance training, special caution should be taken with these supplements. It is recommended that athletes consume a diet rich in fruits and vegetables, which provides vitamins, minerals phytochemicals, and other bioactive compounds to meet the recommended intakes of vitamin E and C.
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Affiliation(s)
- Madalyn Riley Higgins
- Faculty of Pure and Applied Science, School of Nutrition and Dietetics, Acadia University, Wolfville, NS B4P 2R6, Canada;
| | - Azimeh Izadi
- Department of Biochemistry and Diet Therapy, Faculty of Nutrition and Food Sciences, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz 5166/15731, Iran;
| | - Mojtaba Kaviani
- Faculty of Pure and Applied Science, School of Nutrition and Dietetics, Acadia University, Wolfville, NS B4P 2R6, Canada;
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N-Acetylcysteine Reduces Skeletal Muscles Oxidative Stress and Improves Grip Strength in Dysferlin-Deficient Bla/J Mice. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:ijms21124293. [PMID: 32560255 PMCID: PMC7352960 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21124293] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2020] [Revised: 06/13/2020] [Accepted: 06/14/2020] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Dysferlinopathy is an autosomal recessive muscular dystrophy resulting from mutations in the dysferlin gene. Absence of dysferlin in the sarcolemma and progressive muscle wasting are hallmarks of this disease. Signs of oxidative stress have been observed in skeletal muscles of dysferlinopathy patients, as well as in dysferlin-deficient mice. However, the contribution of the redox imbalance to this pathology and the efficacy of antioxidant therapy remain unclear. Here, we evaluated the effect of 10 weeks diet supplementation with the antioxidant agent N-acetylcysteine (NAC, 1%) on measurements of oxidative damage, antioxidant enzymes, grip strength and body mass in 6 months-old dysferlin-deficient Bla/J mice and wild-type (WT) C57 BL/6 mice. We found that quadriceps and gastrocnemius muscles of Bla/J mice exhibit high levels of lipid peroxidation, protein carbonyls and superoxide dismutase and catalase activities, which were significantly reduced by NAC supplementation. By using the Kondziela’s inverted screen test, we further demonstrated that NAC improved grip strength in dysferlin deficient animals, as compared with non-treated Bla/J mice, without affecting body mass. Together, these results indicate that this antioxidant agent improves skeletal muscle oxidative balance, as well as muscle strength and/or resistance to fatigue in dysferlin-deficient animals.
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Welch AA, Jennings A, Kelaiditi E, Skinner J, Steves CJ. Cross-Sectional Associations Between Dietary Antioxidant Vitamins C, E and Carotenoid Intakes and Sarcopenic Indices in Women Aged 18-79 Years. Calcif Tissue Int 2020; 106:331-342. [PMID: 31813016 PMCID: PMC7072069 DOI: 10.1007/s00223-019-00641-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2019] [Accepted: 11/22/2019] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
The prevalence of sarcopenia is increasing in aging populations, so prevention is critical. Vitamins (A, C, E and carotenoids) modify skeletal muscle via protein and collagen synthesis and anti-inflammatory activities. Previous studies have not investigated intake of these vitamins in relation to sarcopenic indices in both younger and older-aged women. Indices of skeletal muscle mass (as fat-free mass (FFM) relative to body size) were measured using DXA and leg explosive power (LEP) using the Nottingham Power Rig in 2570 women aged 18-79 years. Adjusted measures of skeletal muscle were calculated according to quintiles of vitamin C, E, retinol and carotenoid intake, derived from Food Frequency Questionnaires, after stratification by age. Higher vitamin C intake was associated with significantly higher indices of FFM and LEP, (Q5-Q1 = 2.0-12.8%, P < 0.01-0.02). Intakes of total and individual carotenoids were significantly associated with indices of FFM and LEP (Q5-Q1 = 1.0-7.5%). Vitamin E was significantly associated with FFM% and FFMBMI only. In mutually adjusted analysis with vitamin C, total carotene, vitamin E and protein in the model, the strongest associations were with vitamin C. These associations were stronger in younger women (< 65 years). For the first time, our research shows higher dietary intakes of antioxidant vitamins, particularly vitamin C, is associated with higher skeletal muscle mass and power in free-living women. These findings have relevance for the treatment and prevention of frailty and sarcopenia throughout adulthood.
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Affiliation(s)
- A A Welch
- Department of Epidemiology & Public Health, Norwich Medical School, University of East Anglia, Norwich Research Park, Norwich, Norfolk, NR4 7TJ, UK.
| | - A Jennings
- Department of Epidemiology & Public Health, Norwich Medical School, University of East Anglia, Norwich Research Park, Norwich, Norfolk, NR4 7TJ, UK
| | - E Kelaiditi
- Department of Epidemiology & Public Health, Norwich Medical School, University of East Anglia, Norwich Research Park, Norwich, Norfolk, NR4 7TJ, UK
- Faculty of Sport, Health and Applied Science, St Mary's University, Waldegrave Road, Twickenham, London, TW1 4SX, UK
| | - J Skinner
- Department of Epidemiology & Public Health, Norwich Medical School, University of East Anglia, Norwich Research Park, Norwich, Norfolk, NR4 7TJ, UK
| | - C J Steves
- Department of Twin Research and Genetic Epidemiology, King's College, London, UK
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Abstract
Redox reactions control fundamental processes of human biology. Therefore, it is safe to assume that the responses and adaptations to exercise are, at least in part, mediated by redox reactions. In this review, we are trying to show that redox reactions are the basis of exercise physiology by outlining the redox signaling pathways that regulate four characteristic acute exercise-induced responses (muscle contractile function, glucose uptake, blood flow and bioenergetics) and four chronic exercise-induced adaptations (mitochondrial biogenesis, muscle hypertrophy, angiogenesis and redox homeostasis). Based on our analysis, we argue that redox regulation should be acknowledged as central to exercise physiology.
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Polyphenols and their potential role in preventing skeletal muscle atrophy. Nutr Res 2020; 74:10-22. [DOI: 10.1016/j.nutres.2019.11.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2019] [Revised: 10/18/2019] [Accepted: 11/18/2019] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
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Resistance Training, Antioxidant Status, and Antioxidant Supplementation. Int J Sport Nutr Exerc Metab 2019; 29:539-547. [PMID: 30859847 DOI: 10.1123/ijsnem.2018-0339] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2018] [Revised: 02/08/2019] [Accepted: 02/21/2019] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Resistance training is known to promote the generation of reactive oxygen species. Although this can likely upregulate the natural, endogenous antioxidant defense systems, high amounts of reactive oxygen species can cause skeletal muscle damage, fatigue, and impair recovery. To prevent these, antioxidant supplements are commonly consumed along with exercise. Recently, it has been shown that these reactive oxygen species are important for the cellular adaptation process, acting as redox signaling molecules. However, most of the research regarding antioxidant status and antioxidant supplementation with exercise has focused on endurance training. In this review, the authors discuss the evidence for resistance training modulating the antioxidant status. They also highlight the effects of combining antioxidant supplementation with resistance training on training-induced skeletal muscle adaptations.
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Damiano S, Muscariello E, La Rosa G, Di Maro M, Mondola P, Santillo M. Dual Role of Reactive Oxygen Species in Muscle Function: Can Antioxidant Dietary Supplements Counteract Age-Related Sarcopenia? Int J Mol Sci 2019; 20:ijms20153815. [PMID: 31387214 PMCID: PMC6696113 DOI: 10.3390/ijms20153815] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2019] [Revised: 07/30/2019] [Accepted: 08/01/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Sarcopenia is characterized by the progressive loss of skeletal muscle mass and strength. In older people, malnutrition and physical inactivity are often associated with sarcopenia, and, therefore, dietary interventions and exercise must be considered to prevent, delay, or treat it. Among the pathophysiological mechanisms leading to sarcopenia, a key role is played by an increase in reactive oxygen and nitrogen species (ROS/RNS) levels and a decrease in enzymatic antioxidant protection leading to oxidative stress. Many studies have evaluated, in addition to the effects of exercise, the effects of antioxidant dietary supplements in limiting age-related muscle mass and performance, but the data which have been reported are conflicting. In skeletal muscle, ROS/RNS have a dual function: at low levels they increase muscle force and adaptation to exercise, while at high levels they lead to a decline of muscle performance. Controversial results obtained with antioxidant supplementation in older persons could in part reflect the lack of univocal effects of ROS on muscle mass and function. The purpose of this review is to examine the molecular mechanisms underlying the dual effects of ROS in skeletal muscle function and the analysis of literature data on dietary antioxidant supplementation associated with exercise in normal and sarcopenic subjects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simona Damiano
- Dipartimento di Medicina Clinica e Chirurgia, Università di Napoli "Federico II", Via S. Pansini, 5, 80131 Naples, Italy
| | - Espedita Muscariello
- Dipartimento di Medicina Clinica e Chirurgia, Università di Napoli "Federico II", Via S. Pansini, 5, 80131 Naples, Italy
| | - Giuliana La Rosa
- Dipartimento di Medicina Clinica e Chirurgia, Università di Napoli "Federico II", Via S. Pansini, 5, 80131 Naples, Italy
| | - Martina Di Maro
- Dipartimento di Medicina Clinica e Chirurgia, Università di Napoli "Federico II", Via S. Pansini, 5, 80131 Naples, Italy
| | - Paolo Mondola
- Dipartimento di Medicina Clinica e Chirurgia, Università di Napoli "Federico II", Via S. Pansini, 5, 80131 Naples, Italy
| | - Mariarosaria Santillo
- Dipartimento di Medicina Clinica e Chirurgia, Università di Napoli "Federico II", Via S. Pansini, 5, 80131 Naples, Italy.
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Guanine-rich RNA binding protein GRSF1 inhibits myoblast differentiation through repressing mitochondrial ROS production. Exp Cell Res 2019; 381:139-149. [DOI: 10.1016/j.yexcr.2019.05.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2019] [Revised: 05/02/2019] [Accepted: 05/03/2019] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
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Franzke B, Schober-Halper B, Hofmann M, Oesen S, Tosevska A, Strasser EM, Marculescu R, Wessner B, Wagner KH. Fat Soluble Vitamins in Institutionalized Elderly and the Effect of Exercise, Nutrition and Cognitive Training on Their Status-The Vienna Active Aging Study (VAAS): A Randomized Controlled Trial. Nutrients 2019; 11:nu11061333. [PMID: 31197107 PMCID: PMC6627161 DOI: 10.3390/nu11061333] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2019] [Revised: 06/06/2019] [Accepted: 06/08/2019] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Institutionalized elderly are at higher risk for micronutrient deficiency. In particular, fat soluble micronutrients, which additionally have antioxidative function, are of interest. The purpose of this secondary investigation of the Vienna Active Ageing Study was to assess and evaluate the plasma status of retinol, alpha- and gamma-tocopherol, alpha- and beta-carotene, lutein, zeaxanthin, beta-cryptoxanthin, and lycopene, as well as vitamin D (25(OH)D) in a cohort of institutionalized elderly. We further determined the effect of six months strength training with or without supplementing (antioxidant) vitamins and protein on the plasma status of these ten micronutrients. METHODS Three groups (n = 117, age = 83.1 ± 6.1 years)-resistance training (RT), RT combined with protein and vitamin supplementation (RTS), or cognitive training (CT)-performed two guided training sessions per week for six months. Micronutrients were measured with High Performance Liquid Chromatography (HPLC) at baseline and after 6 months of intervention. Physical fitness was assessed by the 6-min-walking, the 30-s chair rise, isokinetic dynamometry, and the handgrip strength tests. RESULTS At baseline, the plasma status of retinol was satisfactory, for alpha-tocopherol, beta-carotene, and 25(OH)D, the percentage of individuals with an insufficient status was 33%, 73% and 61%/81% (when using 50 nmol/L or 75 nmol/L as threshold levels for 25(OH)D), respectively. Plasma analyses were supported by intake data. Six months of elastic band resistance training with or without protein-vitamin supplementation had no biological impact on the status of fat soluble micronutrients. Even for vitamin D, which was part of the nutritional supplement (additional 20 µg/d), the plasma status did not increase significantly, however it contributed to a lower percentage of elderly below the threshold levels of 50/75 nmol/L (49%/74%). CONCLUSIONS The findings of the study lead to the strong recommendation for regular physical activity and increased consumption of plant-based foods in institutionalized elderly. When supported by blood analysis, supplementing micronutrients in a moderate range should also be considered.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bernhard Franzke
- Research Platform Active Ageing, University of Vienna, Althanstraße 14, 1090 Vienna, Austria.
| | - Barbara Schober-Halper
- Research Platform Active Ageing, University of Vienna, Althanstraße 14, 1090 Vienna, Austria.
- Centre for Sport Science and University Sports, Department of Sports Medicine, Exercise Physiology and Prevention, University of Vienna, Auf der Schmelz 6, 1150 Vienna, Austria.
| | - Marlene Hofmann
- Research Platform Active Ageing, University of Vienna, Althanstraße 14, 1090 Vienna, Austria.
- Centre for Sport Science and University Sports, Department of Sports Medicine, Exercise Physiology and Prevention, University of Vienna, Auf der Schmelz 6, 1150 Vienna, Austria.
| | - Stefan Oesen
- Research Platform Active Ageing, University of Vienna, Althanstraße 14, 1090 Vienna, Austria.
- Centre for Sport Science and University Sports, Department of Sports Medicine, Exercise Physiology and Prevention, University of Vienna, Auf der Schmelz 6, 1150 Vienna, Austria.
| | - Anela Tosevska
- Research Platform Active Ageing, University of Vienna, Althanstraße 14, 1090 Vienna, Austria.
- Department of Molecular, Cell and Developmental Biology, UCLA, 610 Charles E. Young Drive East, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA.
| | - Eva-Maria Strasser
- Karl Landsteiner Institute for Remobilization and Functional Health/Institute for Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, Kaiser Franz Joseph Spital, SMZ-Süd, Kundratstraße 3, 1100 Vienna, Austria.
| | - Rodrig Marculescu
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Division of Medical-Chemical Laboratory Diagnostics, Medical University of Vienna, Spitalgasse 23, 1090 Vienna, Austria.
| | - Barbara Wessner
- Research Platform Active Ageing, University of Vienna, Althanstraße 14, 1090 Vienna, Austria.
- Centre for Sport Science and University Sports, Department of Sports Medicine, Exercise Physiology and Prevention, University of Vienna, Auf der Schmelz 6, 1150 Vienna, Austria.
| | - Karl-Heinz Wagner
- Research Platform Active Ageing, University of Vienna, Althanstraße 14, 1090 Vienna, Austria.
- Department of Nutritional Sciences, Faculty of Life Sciences, University of Vienna, Althanstraße 14, 1090 Vienna, Austria.
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High-Dose Astaxanthin Supplementation Suppresses Antioxidant Enzyme Activity during Moderate-Intensity Swimming Training in Mice. Nutrients 2019; 11:nu11061244. [PMID: 31159211 PMCID: PMC6627865 DOI: 10.3390/nu11061244] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2019] [Revised: 05/28/2019] [Accepted: 05/29/2019] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Exercise-induced reactive oxygen and nitrogen species are increasingly considered as beneficial health promotion. Astaxanthin (ASX) has been recognized as a potent antioxidant suitable for human ingestion. We investigated whether ASX administration suppressed antioxidant enzyme activity in moderate-intensity exercise. Seven-week-old male C57BL/6 mice (n = 8/group) were treated with ASX (5, 15, and 30 mg/kg BW) combined with 45 min/day moderate-intensity swimming training for four weeks. Results showed that the mice administrated with 15 and 30 mg/kg of ASX decreased glutathione peroxidase, catalase, malondialdehyde, and creatine kinase levels in plasma or muscle, compared with the swimming control group. Beyond that, these two (15 and 30 mg/kg BW) dosages of ASX downregulated gastrocnemius muscle erythroid 2p45 (NF-E2)-related factor 2 (Nrf2). Meanwhile, mRNA of Nrf2 and Nrf2-dependent enzymes in mice heart were also downregulated in the ASX-treated groups. However, the mice treated with 15 or 30 mg/kg ASX had increased constitutive nitric oxidase synthase and superoxide dismutase activity, compared with the swimming and sedentary control groups. Our findings indicate that high-dose administration of astaxanthin can blunt antioxidant enzyme activity and downregulate transcription of Nrf2 and Nrf2-dependent enzymes along with attenuating plasma and muscle MDA.
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Scott GR, Guo KH, Dawson NJ. The Mitochondrial Basis for Adaptive Variation in Aerobic Performance in High-Altitude Deer Mice. Integr Comp Biol 2019; 58:506-518. [PMID: 29873740 DOI: 10.1093/icb/icy056] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Mitochondria play a central role in aerobic performance. Studies aimed at elucidating how evolved variation in mitochondrial physiology contributes to adaptive variation in aerobic performance can therefore provide a unique and powerful lens to understanding the evolution of complex physiological traits. Here, we review our ongoing work on the importance of changes in mitochondrial quantity and quality to adaptive variation in aerobic performance in high-altitude deer mice. Whole-organism aerobic capacity in hypoxia (VO2max) increases in response to hypoxia acclimation in this species, but high-altitude populations have evolved consistently greater VO2max than populations from low altitude. The evolved increase in VO2max in highlanders is associated with an evolved increase in the respiratory capacity of the gastrocnemius muscle. This appears to result from highlanders having more mitochondria in this tissue, attributed to a higher proportional abundance of oxidative fiber-types and a greater mitochondrial volume density within oxidative fibers. The latter is primarily caused by an over-abundance of subsarcolemmal mitochondria in high-altitude mice, which is likely advantageous for mitochondrial O2 supply because more mitochondria are situated adjacent to the cell membrane and close to capillaries. Evolved changes in gastrocnemius phenotype appear to be underpinned by population differences in the expression of genes involved in energy metabolism, muscle development, and vascular development. Hypoxia acclimation has relatively little effect on respiratory capacity of the gastrocnemius, but it increases respiratory capacity of the diaphragm. However, the mechanisms responsible for this increase differ between populations: lowlanders appear to adjust mitochondrial quantity and quality (i.e., increases in citrate synthase [CS] activity, and mitochondrial respiration relative to CS activity) and they exhibit higher rates of mitochondrial release of reactive oxygen species, whereas highlanders only increase mitochondrial quantity in response to hypoxia acclimation. In contrast to the variation in skeletal muscles, the respiratory capacity of cardiac muscle does not appear to be affected by hypoxia acclimation and varies little between populations. Therefore, evolved changes in mitochondrial quantity and quality make important tissue-specific contributions to adaptive variation in aerobic performance in high-altitude deer mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Graham R Scott
- Department of Biology, McMaster University, 1280 Main Street West, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada L8S 4K1
| | - Kevin H Guo
- Department of Biology, McMaster University, 1280 Main Street West, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada L8S 4K1
| | - Neal J Dawson
- Department of Biology, McMaster University, 1280 Main Street West, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada L8S 4K1
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Guimera AM, Shanley DP, Proctor CJ. Modelling the role of redox-related mechanisms in musculoskeletal ageing. Free Radic Biol Med 2019; 132:11-18. [PMID: 30219703 DOI: 10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2018.09.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2018] [Revised: 09/07/2018] [Accepted: 09/12/2018] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
The decline in the musculoskeletal system with age is driven at the cellular level by random molecular damage. Cells possess mechanisms to repair or remove damage and many of the pathways involved in this response are regulated by redox signals. However, with ageing there is an increase in oxidative stress which can lead to chronic inflammation and disruption of redox signalling pathways. The complexity of the processes involved has led to the use of computational modelling to help increase our understanding of the system, test hypotheses and make testable predictions. This paper will give a brief background of the biological systems that have been modelled, an introduction to computational modelling, a review of models that involve redox-related mechanisms that are applicable to musculoskeletal ageing, and finally a discussion of the future potential for modelling in this field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alvaro Martinez Guimera
- Institute for Cell and Molecular Biosciences, Newcastle University, Campus for Ageing and Vitality, Newcastle upon Tyne NE4 5PL, UK
| | - Daryl P Shanley
- Institute for Cell and Molecular Biosciences, Newcastle University, Campus for Ageing and Vitality, Newcastle upon Tyne NE4 5PL, UK
| | - Carole J Proctor
- Institute of Cellular Medicine, Newcastle University, Campus for Ageing and Vitality, Newcastle upon Tyne NE4 5PL, UK.
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Enhancement of Exercise Performance by 48 Hours, and 15-Day Supplementation with Mangiferin and Luteolin in Men. Nutrients 2019; 11:nu11020344. [PMID: 30736383 PMCID: PMC6412949 DOI: 10.3390/nu11020344] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2019] [Revised: 01/26/2019] [Accepted: 01/29/2019] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
The natural polyphenols mangiferin and luteolin have free radical-scavenging properties, induce the antioxidant gene program and down-regulate the expression of superoxide-producing enzymes. However, the effects of these two polyphenols on exercise capacity remains mostly unknown. To determine whether a combination of luteolin (peanut husk extract containing 95% luteolin, PHE) and mangiferin (mango leave extract (MLE), Zynamite®) at low (PHE: 50 mg/day; and 140 mg/day of MLE containing 100 mg of mangiferin; L) and high doses (PHE: 100 mg/day; MLE: 420 mg/day; H) may enhance exercise performance, twelve physically active men performed incremental exercise to exhaustion, followed by sprint and endurance exercise after 48 h (acute effects) and 15 days of supplementation (prolonged effects) with polyphenols or placebo, following a double-blind crossover design. During sprint exercise, mangiferin + luteolin supplementation enhanced exercise performance, facilitated muscle oxygen extraction, and improved brain oxygenation, without increasing the VO₂. Compared to placebo, mangiferin + luteolin increased muscle O₂ extraction during post-exercise ischemia, and improved sprint performance after ischemia-reperfusion likely by increasing glycolytic energy production, as reflected by higher blood lactate concentrations after the sprints. Similar responses were elicited by the two doses tested. In conclusion, acute and prolonged supplementation with mangiferin combined with luteolin enhances performance, muscle O₂ extraction, and brain oxygenation during sprint exercise, at high and low doses.
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Gorini G, Gamberi T, Fiaschi T, Mannelli M, Modesti A, Magherini F. Irreversible plasma and muscle protein oxidation and physical exercise. Free Radic Res 2018; 53:126-138. [PMID: 30513020 DOI: 10.1080/10715762.2018.1542141] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
The imbalance between the reactive oxygen (ROS) and nitrogen (RNS) species production and their handling by the antioxidant machinery (low molecular weight antioxidant molecules and antioxidant enzymes), also known as oxidative stress, is a condition caused by physiological and pathological processes. Moreover, oxidative stress may be due to an overproduction of free radicals during physical exercise. Excess of radical species leads to the modification of molecules, such as proteins - the most susceptible to oxidative modification - lipids and DNA. With regard to the oxidation of proteins, carbonylation is an oxidative modification that has been widely described. Several studies have detected changes in the total amount of protein carbonyls following different types of physical exercise, but only few of these identified the specific amino acidic residues targets of such oxidation. In this respect, proteomic approaches allow to identify the proteins susceptible to carbonylation and in many cases, it is also possible to identify the specific protein carbonylation sites. This review focuses on the role of protein oxidation, and specifically carbonyl formation, for plasma and skeletal muscle proteins, following different types of physical exercise performed at different intensities. Furthermore, we focused on the proteomic strategies used to identify the specific protein targets of carbonylation. Overall, our analysis suggests that regular physical activity promotes a protection against protein carbonylation, due to the activation of the antioxidant defence or of the turnover of protein carbonyls. However, we can conclude that from the comprehensive bibliography analysed, there is no clearly defined specific physiological role about this post-translational modification of proteins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giulia Gorini
- a Department of Biomedical, Experimental and Clinical Sciences "Mario Serio" , University of Florence , Florence , Italy
| | - Tania Gamberi
- a Department of Biomedical, Experimental and Clinical Sciences "Mario Serio" , University of Florence , Florence , Italy
| | - Tania Fiaschi
- a Department of Biomedical, Experimental and Clinical Sciences "Mario Serio" , University of Florence , Florence , Italy
| | - Michele Mannelli
- a Department of Biomedical, Experimental and Clinical Sciences "Mario Serio" , University of Florence , Florence , Italy
| | - Alessandra Modesti
- a Department of Biomedical, Experimental and Clinical Sciences "Mario Serio" , University of Florence , Florence , Italy
| | - Francesca Magherini
- a Department of Biomedical, Experimental and Clinical Sciences "Mario Serio" , University of Florence , Florence , Italy
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Peluso I, Reggi R, Yarla NS, Longhitano Y, Palmery M. Relationship between the peroxidation of leukocytes index ratio and a functional mathematical index including uric acid levels and health-related habits: a pilot study. Eat Weight Disord 2018; 23:893-896. [PMID: 28914432 DOI: 10.1007/s40519-017-0441-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2017] [Accepted: 09/07/2017] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Ilaria Peluso
- Research Centre for Food and Nutrition, Council for Agricultural Research and Economics (CREA-AN), Via Ardeatina 546, 00178, Rome, Italy
| | - Raffaella Reggi
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology "V. Erspamer", "Sapienza" University of Rome, P.le Aldo Moro 5, 00185, Rome, Italy
| | | | - Yaroslava Longhitano
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology "V. Erspamer", "Sapienza" University of Rome, P.le Aldo Moro 5, 00185, Rome, Italy
| | - Maura Palmery
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology "V. Erspamer", "Sapienza" University of Rome, P.le Aldo Moro 5, 00185, Rome, Italy.
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Margaritelis NV, Paschalis V, Theodorou AA, Kyparos A, Nikolaidis MG. Antioxidants in Personalized Nutrition and Exercise. Adv Nutr 2018; 9:813-823. [PMID: 30256898 PMCID: PMC6247356 DOI: 10.1093/advances/nmy052] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
The present review highlights the idea that antioxidant supplementation can be optimized when tailored to the precise antioxidant status of each individual. A novel methodologic approach involving personalized nutrition, the mechanisms by which antioxidant status regulates human metabolism and performance, and similarities between antioxidants and other nutritional supplements are described. The usefulness of higher-level phenotypes for data-driven personalized treatments is also explained. We conclude that personally tailored antioxidant interventions based on specific antioxidant inadequacies or deficiencies could result in improved exercise performance accompanied by consistent alterations in redox profile.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nikos V Margaritelis
- Department of Physical Education and Sports Science at Serres, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Serres, Greece,Intensive Care Unit, 424 General Military Hospital of Thessaloniki, Thessaloniki, Greece,Address correspondence to NVM (e-mail: )
| | - Vassilis Paschalis
- School of Physical Education and Sport Science, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Athens, Greece
| | - Anastasios A Theodorou
- Department of Health Sciences, School of Sciences, European University Cyprus, Nicosia, Cyprus
| | - Antonios Kyparos
- Department of Physical Education and Sports Science at Serres, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Serres, Greece
| | - Michalis G Nikolaidis
- Department of Physical Education and Sports Science at Serres, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Serres, Greece
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Chakouri N, Reboul C, Boulghobra D, Kleindienst A, Nottin S, Gayrard S, Roubille F, Matecki S, Lacampagne A, Cazorla O. Stress-induced protein S-glutathionylation and phosphorylation crosstalk in cardiac sarcomeric proteins - Impact on heart function. Int J Cardiol 2018; 258:207-216. [PMID: 29544934 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijcard.2017.12.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2017] [Revised: 11/16/2017] [Accepted: 12/01/2017] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The interplay between oxidative stress and other signaling pathways in the contractile machinery regulation during cardiac stress and its consequences on cardiac function remains poorly understood. We evaluated the effect of the crosstalk between β-adrenergic and redox signaling on post-translational modifications of sarcomeric regulatory proteins, Myosin Binding Protein-C (MyBP-C) and Troponin I (TnI). METHODS AND RESULTS We mimicked in vitro high level of physiological cardiac stress by forcing rat hearts to produce high levels of oxidized glutathione. This led to MyBP-C S-glutathionylation associated with lower protein kinase A (PKA) dependent phosphorylations of MyBP-C and TnI, increased myofilament Ca2+ sensitivity, and decreased systolic and diastolic properties of the isolated perfused heart. Moderate physiological cardiac stress achieved in vivo with a single 35 min exercise (Low stress induced by exercise, LSE) increased TnI and cMyBP-C phosphorylations and improved cardiac function in vivo (echocardiography) and ex-vivo (isolated perfused heart). High stress induced by exercise (HSE) altered strongly oxidative stress markers and phosphorylations were unchanged despite increased PKA activity. HSE led to in vivo intrinsic cardiac dysfunction associated with myofilament Ca2+ sensitivity defects. To limit protein S-glutathionylation after HSE, we treated rats with N-acetylcysteine (NAC). NAC restored the ability of PKA to modulate myofilament Ca2+ sensitivity and prevented cardiac dysfunction observed in HSE animals. CONCLUSION Under cardiac stress, adrenergic and oxidative signaling pathways work in concert to alter myofilament properties and are key regulators of cardiac function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nourdine Chakouri
- PHYMEDEXP, INSERM U1046, CNRS UMR9214, Université de Montpellier, CHRU Montpellier, Montpellier, France
| | - Cyril Reboul
- EA 4278, Laboratoire de Pharm-Ecologie Cardiovasculaire, Avignon University, Avignon, France
| | - Doria Boulghobra
- EA 4278, Laboratoire de Pharm-Ecologie Cardiovasculaire, Avignon University, Avignon, France
| | - Adrien Kleindienst
- EA 4278, Laboratoire de Pharm-Ecologie Cardiovasculaire, Avignon University, Avignon, France
| | - Stéphane Nottin
- EA 4278, Laboratoire de Pharm-Ecologie Cardiovasculaire, Avignon University, Avignon, France
| | - Sandrine Gayrard
- EA 4278, Laboratoire de Pharm-Ecologie Cardiovasculaire, Avignon University, Avignon, France
| | - François Roubille
- PHYMEDEXP, INSERM U1046, CNRS UMR9214, Université de Montpellier, CHRU Montpellier, Montpellier, France
| | - Stefan Matecki
- PHYMEDEXP, INSERM U1046, CNRS UMR9214, Université de Montpellier, CHRU Montpellier, Montpellier, France
| | - Alain Lacampagne
- PHYMEDEXP, INSERM U1046, CNRS UMR9214, Université de Montpellier, CHRU Montpellier, Montpellier, France
| | - Olivier Cazorla
- PHYMEDEXP, INSERM U1046, CNRS UMR9214, Université de Montpellier, CHRU Montpellier, Montpellier, France.
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Kabasakalis A, Nikolaidis S, Tsalis G, Christoulas K, Mougios V. Effects of sprint interval exercise dose and sex on circulating irisin and redox status markers in adolescent swimmers. J Sports Sci 2018; 37:827-832. [DOI: 10.1080/02640414.2018.1530056] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Athanasios Kabasakalis
- School of Physical Education and Sport Science, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Thermi, Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - Stefanos Nikolaidis
- School of Physical Education and Sport Science, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Thermi, Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - George Tsalis
- School of Physical Education and Sport Science, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Thermi, Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - Kosmas Christoulas
- School of Physical Education and Sport Science, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Thermi, Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - Vassilis Mougios
- School of Physical Education and Sport Science, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Thermi, Thessaloniki, Greece
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Haenel GJ, Del Gaizo Moore V. Functional Divergence of Mitochondria and Coevolution of Genomes: Cool Mitochondria in Hot Lizards. Physiol Biochem Zool 2018; 91:1068-1081. [DOI: 10.1086/699918] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
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Dutra MT, Alex S, Mota MR, Sales NB, Brown LE, Bottaro M. Effect of strength training combined with antioxidant supplementation on muscular performance. Appl Physiol Nutr Metab 2018; 43:775-781. [DOI: 10.1139/apnm-2017-0866] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
This was a placebo-controlled randomized study that aimed to investigate the effects of strength training (ST) combined with antioxidant supplementation on muscle performance and thickness. Forty-two women (age, 23.8 ± 2.7 years; body mass, 58.7 ± 11.0 kg; height, 1.63 ± 0.1 m) were allocated into 3 groups: vitamins (n = 15), placebo (n = 12), or control (n = 15). The vitamins and placebo groups underwent an ST program, twice a week, for 10 weeks. The vitamins group was supplemented with vitamins C (1 g/day) and E (400 IU/day) during the ST period. Before and after training, peak torque (PT) and total work (TW) were measured on an isokinetic dynamometer, and quadriceps muscle thickness (MT) was assessed by ultrasound. Mixed-factor ANOVA was used to analyze data and showed a significant group × time interaction for PT and TW. Both the vitamins (37.2 ± 5.4 to 40.3 ± 5.6 mm) and placebo (39.7 ± 5.2 to 42.5 ± 5.6 mm) groups increased MT after the intervention (P < 0.05) with no difference between them. The vitamins (146.0 ± 29.1 to 170.1 ± 30.3 N·m) and placebo (158.9 ± 22.4 to 182.7 ± 23.2 N·m) groups increased PT after training (P < 0.05) and PT was higher in the placebo compared with the control group (P = 0.01). The vitamins (2068.3 ± 401.2 to 2295.5 ± 426.8 J) and placebo (2165.1 ± 369.5 to 2480.8 ± 241.3 J) groups increased TW after training (P < 0.05) and TW was higher in the placebo compared with the control group (P = 0.01). Thus, chronic antioxidant supplementation may attenuate peak torque and total work improvement in young women after 10 weeks of ST.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maurilio T. Dutra
- Strength Training Research Laboratory, College of Physical Education, Campus Universitário Darcy Ribeiro, University of Brasília, Asa Norte, Brasília, DF 70910900, Brazil
- State Department of Education of the Federal District, Entre Avenidas Contorno e Independência, Setor de Saúde, Planaltina, Brasília, DF 73300-000, Brazil
| | - Sávio Alex
- Strength Training Research Laboratory, College of Physical Education, Campus Universitário Darcy Ribeiro, University of Brasília, Asa Norte, Brasília, DF 70910900, Brazil
| | - Marcio Rabelo Mota
- College of Education and Health Sciences, SEPN 707/907, Campus Universitário, University Center of Brasília, Asa Norte, Brasília, DF 70790075, Brazil
| | - Nathalia B. Sales
- Strength Training Research Laboratory, College of Physical Education, Campus Universitário Darcy Ribeiro, University of Brasília, Asa Norte, Brasília, DF 70910900, Brazil
| | - Lee E. Brown
- Department of Kinesiology, California State University, Fullerton, 800 North State College Blvd., Fullerton, CA 92834, USA
| | - Martim Bottaro
- Strength Training Research Laboratory, College of Physical Education, Campus Universitário Darcy Ribeiro, University of Brasília, Asa Norte, Brasília, DF 70910900, Brazil
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Franzke B, Schober-Halper B, Hofmann M, Oesen S, Tosevska A, Henriksen T, Poulsen HE, Strasser EM, Wessner B, Wagner KH. Age and the effect of exercise, nutrition and cognitive training on oxidative stress - The Vienna Active Aging Study (VAAS), a randomized controlled trial. Free Radic Biol Med 2018; 121:69-77. [PMID: 29698742 DOI: 10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2018.04.565] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2017] [Revised: 04/18/2018] [Accepted: 04/21/2018] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
The purpose of this study was to investigated the effect of age - over or under life-expectancy (LE) - on six months resistance training alone or combined with a nutritional supplement, and cognitive training by analyzing markers for oxidative stress and antioxidant defense in institutionalized elderly, living in Vienna. Three groups (n = 117, age = 83.1 ± 6.1 years) - resistance training (RT), RT combined with protein and vitamin supplementation (RTS) or cognitive training (CT) - performed two guided training sessions per week for six months. Oxidative stress, antioxidant defense and DNA strand breaks were analyzed and transformed into an "antioxidant factor" to compare the total effect of the intervention. Physical fitness was assessed by the 6-min-walking, the chair-rise and the handgrip strength tests. We observed significant negative baseline correlations between 8-oxo-7.8-dihydroguanosine and handgrip strength (r = -0.350, p = 0.001), and between high sensitive troponin-T and the 6-min-walking test (r = -0.210, p = 0.035). RT and RTS groups, showed significant improvements in physical performance. Over LE, subjects of the RT group demonstrated a significant greater response in the "antioxidant factor" compared to RTS and CT (RT vs. RTS p = 0.033, RT vs. CT p = 0.028), whereas no difference was observed between the intervention groups under LE. Six months of elastic band resistance training lead to improvements in antioxidant defense, DNA stability and oxidative damage, summarized in the "antioxidant factor", however mainly in subjects over their statistical LE. Consuming a supplement containing antioxidants might inhibit optimal cellular response to exercise. The study was approved by the ethics committee of the City of Vienna (EK-11-151-0811) and registered at ClinicalTrials.gov, NCT01775111.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bernhard Franzke
- University of Vienna, Research Platform Active Ageing, Althanstraße 14, 1090 Vienna, Austria.
| | - Barbara Schober-Halper
- University of Vienna, Research Platform Active Ageing, Althanstraße 14, 1090 Vienna, Austria
| | - Marlene Hofmann
- University of Vienna, Research Platform Active Ageing, Althanstraße 14, 1090 Vienna, Austria
| | - Stefan Oesen
- University of Vienna, Research Platform Active Ageing, Althanstraße 14, 1090 Vienna, Austria
| | - Anela Tosevska
- University of Vienna, Research Platform Active Ageing, Althanstraße 14, 1090 Vienna, Austria
| | - Trine Henriksen
- Laboratory of Clinical Pharmacology Q7642, Rigshospitalet, Blegdamsvej 9, DK-2200 Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Henrik E Poulsen
- Laboratory of Clinical Pharmacology Q7642, Rigshospitalet, Blegdamsvej 9, DK-2200 Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Eva-Maria Strasser
- Karl Landsteiner Institute for Remobilization and functional health/ Institute for Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, Kaiser Franz Joseph Spital, SMZ-Süd, Kundratstraße 3, 1100 Vienna, Austria
| | - Barbara Wessner
- University of Vienna, Research Platform Active Ageing, Althanstraße 14, 1090 Vienna, Austria; University of Vienna, Centre for Sport Science and University Sports, Department of Sport and Exercise Physiology, Auf der Schmelz 6, 1150 Vienna, Austria
| | - Karl-Heinz Wagner
- University of Vienna, Research Platform Active Ageing, Althanstraße 14, 1090 Vienna, Austria; University of Vienna, Faculty of Life Sciences, Department of Nutritional Sciences, Althanstraße 14, 1090 Vienna, Austria
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Thirupathi A, Pinho RA. Effects of reactive oxygen species and interplay of antioxidants during physical exercise in skeletal muscles. J Physiol Biochem 2018; 74:359-367. [PMID: 29713940 DOI: 10.1007/s13105-018-0633-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2017] [Accepted: 04/23/2018] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
A large number of researches have led to a substantial growth of knowledge about exercise and oxidative stress. Initial investigations reported that physical exercise generates free radical-mediated damages to cells; however, in recent years, studies have shown that regular exercise can upregulate endogenous antioxidants and reduce oxidative damage. Yet, strenuous exercise perturbs the antioxidant system by increasing the reactive oxygen species (ROS) content. These alterations in the cellular environment seem to occur in an exercise type-dependent manner. The source of ROS generation during exercise is debatable, but now it is well established that both contracting and relaxing skeletal muscles generate reactive oxygen species and reactive nitrogen species. In particular, exercises of higher intensity and longer duration can cause oxidative damage to lipids, proteins, and nucleotides in myocytes. In this review, we summarize the ROS effects and interplay of antioxidants in skeletal muscle during physical exercise. Additionally, we discuss how ROS-mediated signaling influences physical exercise in antioxidant system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anand Thirupathi
- Laboratory of Exercise Biochemistry and Physiology, Graduate Program in Health Sciences, Health Sciences Unit, Universidade do Extremo Sul Catarinense, Av. Universitária, 1105 Bairro Universitário, Criciúma, Santa Catarina, 88806-000, Brazil.
| | - Ricardo A Pinho
- Laboratory of Exercise Biochemistry and Physiology, Graduate Program in Health Sciences, Health Sciences Unit, Universidade do Extremo Sul Catarinense, Av. Universitária, 1105 Bairro Universitário, Criciúma, Santa Catarina, 88806-000, Brazil
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47
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Rosado-Pérez J, Mendoza-Núñez VM. Relationship Between Aerobic Capacity With Oxidative Stress and Inflammation Biomarkers in the Blood of Older Mexican Urban-Dwelling Population. Dose Response 2018; 16:1559325818773000. [PMID: 29760603 PMCID: PMC5944145 DOI: 10.1177/1559325818773000] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2017] [Revised: 03/26/2018] [Accepted: 03/27/2018] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
The maximal oxygen uptake (VO2max) constitutes an indicator of an organism’s capacity to integrate oxygen into the metabolism to obtaining energy. The aim of this study was to determine the relationship between VO2max and oxidative stress (OxS) and chronic inflammation in the elderly individuals. A cross-sectional and exploratory study was conducted in a sample of 52 older persons. We measured plasma lipid peroxides (LPO), red blood cell glutathione peroxidase, red blood cell superoxide dismutase, and total antioxidant status. The interleukin 10 and tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α) were measured in serum by ELISA. The VO2max was determined by the Rockport aerobic test, and the energy expenditure (caloric expenditure and metabolic equivalence unit (MET) per day) was measured by a 3-day activity record. We observed a positive correlation between VO2 max with IL-10, MET/day•day-1 and kcal•day-1 (r = 0.31, P < .05, r = 0.44, P < .01, and r = 0.29, P < .05, respectively), and a negative correlation with the body mass index, TNF-α, and LPO (r = −0.27, P < .05, r = −0.29, P < .05, and r = −0.40, P < .01 respectively). Our findings suggest that there is an inverse relationship between the aerobic capacity and the OxS and chronic inflammation biomarkers in the blood in older Mexican adults.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juana Rosado-Pérez
- Unidad de Investigación en Gerontología, Facultad de Estudios Superiores Zaragoza, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México (UNAM), Ciudad de México, México
| | - Víctor Manuel Mendoza-Núñez
- Unidad de Investigación en Gerontología, Facultad de Estudios Superiores Zaragoza, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México (UNAM), Ciudad de México, México
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48
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Zacarías-Flores M, Sánchez-Rodríguez MA, García-Anaya OD, Correa-Muñoz E, Mendoza-Núñez VM. Relationship between oxidative stress and muscle mass loss in early postmenopause: an exploratory study. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2018; 65:328-334. [PMID: 29650435 DOI: 10.1016/j.endinu.2018.01.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2017] [Revised: 01/17/2018] [Accepted: 01/23/2018] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Endocrine changes due to menopause have been associated to oxidative stress and muscle mass loss. The study objective was to determine the relationship between both variables in early postmenopause. MATERIAL AND METHODS An exploratory, cross-sectional study was conducted in 107 pre- and postmenopausal women (aged 40-57 years). Levels of serum lipid peroxides and uric acid and enzymes superoxide dismutase and glutathione peroxidase, as well as total plasma antioxidant capacity were measured as oxidative stress markers. Muscle mass using bioelectrical impedance and muscle strength using dynamometry were also measured. Muscle mass, skeletal muscle index, fat-free mass, and body mass index were calculated. RESULTS More than 90% of participants were diagnosed with overweight or obesity. Postmenopausal women had lower values of muscle mass and strength markers, with a negative correlation between lipid peroxide level and skeletal muscle index (r= -0.326, p<.05), and a positive correlation between uric acid and skeletal muscle index (r=0.295, p<.05). A multivariate model including oxidative stress markers, age, and waist circumference showed lipid peroxide level to be the main contributor to explain the decrease in skeletal muscle mass in postmenopause, since for every 0.1μmol/l increase in lipid peroxide level, skeletal muscle index decreases by 3.03 units. CONCLUSION Our findings suggest an association between increased oxidative stress and muscle mass loss in early postmenopause.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mariano Zacarías-Flores
- División de Ginecología y Obstetricia, Hospital Gustavo Baz Prada, Instituto de Salud del Estado de México, Nezahualcóyotl, Estado de México, México
| | - Martha A Sánchez-Rodríguez
- Unidad de Investigación en Gerontología, Facultad de Estudios Superiores Zaragoza, UNAM, Ciudad de México, México.
| | - Oswaldo Daniel García-Anaya
- Unidad de Investigación en Gerontología, Facultad de Estudios Superiores Zaragoza, UNAM, Ciudad de México, México
| | - Elsa Correa-Muñoz
- Unidad de Investigación en Gerontología, Facultad de Estudios Superiores Zaragoza, UNAM, Ciudad de México, México
| | - Víctor Manuel Mendoza-Núñez
- Unidad de Investigación en Gerontología, Facultad de Estudios Superiores Zaragoza, UNAM, Ciudad de México, México
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Qiu J, Fang Q, Xu T, Wu C, Xu L, Wang L, Yang X, Yu S, Zhang Q, Ding F, Sun H. Mechanistic Role of Reactive Oxygen Species and Therapeutic Potential of Antioxidants in Denervation- or Fasting-Induced Skeletal Muscle Atrophy. Front Physiol 2018; 9:215. [PMID: 29593571 PMCID: PMC5861206 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2018.00215] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2017] [Accepted: 02/26/2018] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Skeletal muscle atrophy occurs under various conditions, such as disuse, denervation, fasting, aging, and various diseases. Although the underlying molecular mechanisms are still not fully understood, skeletal muscle atrophy is closely associated with reactive oxygen species (ROS) overproduction. In this study, we aimed to investigate the involvement of ROS in skeletal muscle atrophy from the perspective of gene regulation, and further examine therapeutic effects of antioxidants on skeletal muscle atrophy. Microarray data showed that the gene expression of many positive regulators for ROS production were up-regulated and the gene expression of many negative regulators for ROS production were down-regulated in mouse soleus muscle atrophied by denervation (sciatic nerve injury). The ROS level was significantly increased in denervated mouse soleus muscle or fasted C2C12 myotubes that had suffered from fasting (nutrient deprivation). These two muscle samples were then treated with N-acetyl-L-cysteine (NAC, a clinically used antioxidant) or pyrroloquinoline quinone (PQQ, a naturally occurring antioxidant), respectively. As compared to non-treatment, both NAC and PQQ treatment (1) reversed the increase in the ROS level in two muscle samples; (2) attenuated the reduction in the cross-sectional area (CSA) of denervated mouse muscle or in the diameter of fasted C2C12 myotube; (3) increased the myosin heavy chain (MHC) level and decreased the muscle atrophy F-box (MAFbx) and muscle-specific RING finger-1 (MuRF-1) levels in two muscle samples. Collectively, these results suggested that an increased ROS level was, at least partly, responsible for denervation- or fasting-induced skeletal muscle atrophy, and antioxidants might resist the atrophic effect via ROS-related mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiaying Qiu
- Laboratory of Neuroregeneration, Jiangsu Clinical Medicine Center of Tissue Engineering and Nerve Injury Repair, Co-Innovation Center of Neuroregeneration, Nantong University, Nantong, China
| | - Qingqing Fang
- Laboratory of Neuroregeneration, Jiangsu Clinical Medicine Center of Tissue Engineering and Nerve Injury Repair, Co-Innovation Center of Neuroregeneration, Nantong University, Nantong, China
| | - Tongtong Xu
- School of Medicine, Nantong University, Nantong, China
| | - Changyue Wu
- School of Medicine, Nantong University, Nantong, China
| | - Lai Xu
- Laboratory of Neuroregeneration, Jiangsu Clinical Medicine Center of Tissue Engineering and Nerve Injury Repair, Co-Innovation Center of Neuroregeneration, Nantong University, Nantong, China
| | - Lingbin Wang
- Laboratory of Neuroregeneration, Jiangsu Clinical Medicine Center of Tissue Engineering and Nerve Injury Repair, Co-Innovation Center of Neuroregeneration, Nantong University, Nantong, China
| | - Xiaoming Yang
- Laboratory of Neuroregeneration, Jiangsu Clinical Medicine Center of Tissue Engineering and Nerve Injury Repair, Co-Innovation Center of Neuroregeneration, Nantong University, Nantong, China
| | - Shu Yu
- Laboratory of Neuroregeneration, Jiangsu Clinical Medicine Center of Tissue Engineering and Nerve Injury Repair, Co-Innovation Center of Neuroregeneration, Nantong University, Nantong, China
| | - Qi Zhang
- Laboratory of Neuroregeneration, Jiangsu Clinical Medicine Center of Tissue Engineering and Nerve Injury Repair, Co-Innovation Center of Neuroregeneration, Nantong University, Nantong, China
| | - Fei Ding
- Laboratory of Neuroregeneration, Jiangsu Clinical Medicine Center of Tissue Engineering and Nerve Injury Repair, Co-Innovation Center of Neuroregeneration, Nantong University, Nantong, China
| | - Hualin Sun
- Laboratory of Neuroregeneration, Jiangsu Clinical Medicine Center of Tissue Engineering and Nerve Injury Repair, Co-Innovation Center of Neuroregeneration, Nantong University, Nantong, China
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50
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Margaritelis NV, Theodorou AA, Paschalis V, Veskoukis AS, Dipla K, Zafeiridis A, Panayiotou G, Vrabas IS, Kyparos A, Nikolaidis MG. Adaptations to endurance training depend on exercise-induced oxidative stress: exploiting redox interindividual variability. Acta Physiol (Oxf) 2018; 222. [PMID: 28544643 DOI: 10.1111/apha.12898] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2017] [Revised: 03/29/2017] [Accepted: 05/17/2017] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
AIM The aim of this study was to reveal the role of reactive oxygen and nitrogen species (RONS) in exercise adaptations under physiological in vivo conditions and without the interference from other exogenous redox agents (e.g. a pro-oxidant or antioxidant). METHODS We invented a novel methodological set-up that exploited the large redox interindividual variability in exercise responses. More specifically, we used exercise-induced oxidative stress as the 'classifier' measure (i.e. low, moderate and high) and investigated the physiological and redox adaptations after a 6-week endurance training protocol. RESULTS We demonstrated that the group with the low exercise-induced oxidative stress exhibited the lowest improvements in a battery of classic adaptations to endurance training (VO2 max, time trial and Wingate test) as well as in a set of redox biomarkers (oxidative stress biomarkers and antioxidants), compared to the high and moderate oxidative stress groups. CONCLUSION The findings of this study substantiate, for the first time in a human in vivo physiological context, and in the absence of any exogenous redox manipulation, the vital role of RONS produced during exercise in adaptations. The stratification approach, based on a redox phenotype, implemented in this study could be a useful experimental strategy to reveal the role of RONS and antioxidants in other biological manifestations as well.
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Affiliation(s)
- N. V. Margaritelis
- Department of Physical Education and Sports Science at Serres; Aristotle University of Thessaloniki; Serres Greece
- Intensive Care Unit; 424 General Military Hospital of Thessaloniki; Thessaloniki Greece
| | - A. A. Theodorou
- Department of Health Sciences; School of Sciences; European University Cyprus; Nicosia Cyprus
| | - V. Paschalis
- School of Physical Education and Sport Science; National and Kapodistrian University of Athens; Athens Greece
| | - A. S. Veskoukis
- Department of Physical Education and Sports Science at Serres; Aristotle University of Thessaloniki; Serres Greece
| | - K. Dipla
- Department of Physical Education and Sports Science at Serres; Aristotle University of Thessaloniki; Serres Greece
| | - A. Zafeiridis
- Department of Physical Education and Sports Science at Serres; Aristotle University of Thessaloniki; Serres Greece
| | - G. Panayiotou
- Department of Health Sciences; School of Sciences; European University Cyprus; Nicosia Cyprus
| | - I. S. Vrabas
- Department of Physical Education and Sports Science at Serres; Aristotle University of Thessaloniki; Serres Greece
| | - A. Kyparos
- Department of Physical Education and Sports Science at Serres; Aristotle University of Thessaloniki; Serres Greece
| | - M. G. Nikolaidis
- Department of Physical Education and Sports Science at Serres; Aristotle University of Thessaloniki; Serres Greece
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