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Zhang H, Lin S, Xie R, Zhong W, Wang H, Farag MA, Hussain H, Arroo RRJ, Chen X, Xiao J. Thermal degradation of (2R, 3R)-dihydromyricetin in neutral aqueous solution at 100 ℃. Food Chem 2024; 435:137560. [PMID: 37793280 DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2023.137560] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2023] [Revised: 09/19/2023] [Accepted: 09/20/2023] [Indexed: 10/06/2023]
Abstract
In the field of thermal degradation of flavonoids, current studies mainly focused on flavonols. However, the thermal degradation of dihydroflavonols in aqueous solution has received limited attention compared to flavonols. The single C2-C3 bonds of dihydroflavonols, which differs from the C2-C3 double bond in flavonols, may cause different degradation mechanisms. Dihydromyricetin (DMY) is a typical dihydroflavonol with six hydroxyl groups, and possesses various health effects. We explored the thermal degradation of DMY in neutral aqueous solution (pH 7) at 100 ℃. Ultra-performance liquid chromatography combined with photodiode array and electrospray ionization quadrupole-time-of-flight tandem mass spectrometric detection (UPLC-PDA-ESI-QTOF-MS/MS) provided suitable platform for exploring DMY degradation pathways, and negative ion mode was applied. Thermal treatment led to a decline in DMY level with time, accompanied by the appearance of various degradation products of DMY. Degradation mechanisms of DMY included isomerization, oxidation, hydroxylation, dimerization and ring cleavage. The pyrogallol-type ring B of DMY might be initially oxidized into ortho-quinone, which could further attack another DMY to form dimers. In addition, hydroxylation is likely to occur at C-2, C-3 of DMY or DMY dimers, which then further yields ring-cleavage products via breakage of the O1-C2 bond, C2-C3 bond, or C3-C4 bond. The 3-hydroxy-5-(3,3,5,7-tetrahydroxy-4-oxochroman-2-yl) cyclohexa-3,5-diene-1, 2-dione (m/z 333.0244) and unknown compound m/z 435.0925 were annotated as key intermediates in DMY degradation. Four phenolic acids, including 3,4,5-trihydroxybenzoic acid (m/z 169.0136, RT 1.4 min), 2,4,6-trihydroxyphenylglyoxylic acid (m/z 197.0084, RT 1.7 min), 2-oxo-2-(2,4,6-trihydroxyphenyl) acetaldehyde (m/z 181.0132, RT 2.4 min), and 2,4,6-trihydroxybenzoic acid (m/z 169.0139, RT 2.5 min) were identified as the major end products of DMY degradation. In addition, 5-((3,5dihydroxyphenoxy) methyl)-3-hydroxycyclohexa-3,5-diene-1,2-dione (m/z 261.0399, RT 11.7 min) and unidentified compound with m/z 329.0507 (RT 1.0 min) were also suggested to be end products of DMY degradation. These results provide novel insights on DMY stability and degradation products. Moreover, the heat treatment of DMY aqueous solution was found to gradually reduce the antioxidant activities of DMY, and even destroy the beneficial effect of DMY on the gut microbiota composition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haolin Zhang
- Institute of Chinese Medical Sciences, University of Macau, Macau.
| | - Shiye Lin
- Universidade de Vigo, Department of Analytical and Food Chemistry, Faculty of Sciences, 32004 Ourense, Spain.
| | - Ruiwei Xie
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Aquatic Product Processing and Safety, College of Food Science and Technology, Guangdong Ocean University, Zhanjiang 524088, China.
| | - Weizhi Zhong
- Institute of Food Safety and Nutrition, Jinan University, Guangzhou, China.
| | - Hui Wang
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Aquatic Product Processing and Safety, College of Food Science and Technology, Guangdong Ocean University, Zhanjiang 524088, China.
| | - Mohamed A Farag
- Pharmacognosy Department, College of Pharmacy, Cairo University, Cairo, Egypt.
| | - Hidayat Hussain
- Department of Bioorganic Chemistry, Leibniz Institute of Plant Biochemistry, Weinberg 3, D-06120 Halle (Saale), Germany.
| | - Randolph R J Arroo
- Leicester School of Pharmacy, De Montfort University, The Gateway, Leicester LE1 9BH, United Kingdom.
| | - Xiaojia Chen
- Institute of Chinese Medical Sciences, University of Macau, Macau.
| | - Jianbo Xiao
- Universidade de Vigo, Department of Analytical and Food Chemistry, Faculty of Sciences, 32004 Ourense, Spain.
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Rademakers T, Sthijns MMJPE, Paulino da Silva Filho O, Joris V, Oosterveer J, Lam TW, van Doornmalen E, van Helden S, LaPointe VLS. Identification of Compounds Protecting Pancreatic Islets against Oxidative Stress using a 3D Pseudoislet Screening Platform. Adv Biol (Weinh) 2023; 7:e2300264. [PMID: 37566766 DOI: 10.1002/adbi.202300264] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2023] [Revised: 07/20/2023] [Indexed: 08/13/2023]
Abstract
Oxidative stress leads to a lower success rate of clinical islet transplantation. Here, FDA-approved compounds are screened for their potential to decrease oxidative stress and to protect or enhance pancreatic islet viability and function. Studies are performed on in vitro "pseudoislet" spheroids, which are pre-incubated with 1280 different compounds and subjected to oxidative stress. Cell viability and oxidative stress levels are determined using a high-throughput fluorescence microscopy pipeline. Initial screening on cell viability results in 59 candidates. The top ten candidates are subsequently screened for their potential to decrease induced oxidative stress, and eight compounds efficient reduction of induced oxidative stress in both alpha and beta cells by 25-50%. After further characterization, the compound sulfisoxazole is found to be the most capable of reducing oxidative stress, also at short pre-incubation times, which is validated in primary human islets, where low oxidative stress levels and islet function are maintained. This study shows an effective screening strategy with 3D cell aggregates based on cell viability and oxidative stress, which leads to the discovery of several compounds with antioxidant capacity. The top candidate, sulfisoxazole is effective after a 30 min pre-incubation, maintains baseline islet function, and may help alleviate oxidative stress in pancreatic islets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Timo Rademakers
- Department of Cell Biology-Inspired Tissue Engineering, MERLN Institute for Technology-Inspired Regenerative Medicine, Maastricht University, Maastricht, 6229 ER, the Netherlands
| | - Mireille M J P E Sthijns
- Department of Cell Biology-Inspired Tissue Engineering, MERLN Institute for Technology-Inspired Regenerative Medicine, Maastricht University, Maastricht, 6229 ER, the Netherlands
- Food Innovation and Health, Department of Human Biology, Maastricht University, Venlo, 5911 BV, the Netherlands
| | - Omar Paulino da Silva Filho
- Department of Cell Biology-Inspired Tissue Engineering, MERLN Institute for Technology-Inspired Regenerative Medicine, Maastricht University, Maastricht, 6229 ER, the Netherlands
| | - Virginie Joris
- Department of Cell Biology-Inspired Tissue Engineering, MERLN Institute for Technology-Inspired Regenerative Medicine, Maastricht University, Maastricht, 6229 ER, the Netherlands
| | - Jolien Oosterveer
- Department of Cell Biology-Inspired Tissue Engineering, MERLN Institute for Technology-Inspired Regenerative Medicine, Maastricht University, Maastricht, 6229 ER, the Netherlands
| | - Tsang Wai Lam
- Pivot Park Screening Centre (PPSC), Oss, 5349 AB, the Netherlands
| | | | | | - Vanessa L S LaPointe
- Department of Cell Biology-Inspired Tissue Engineering, MERLN Institute for Technology-Inspired Regenerative Medicine, Maastricht University, Maastricht, 6229 ER, the Netherlands
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Feng Y, Wu Z, Zhao X, Chen M, Li S, Lu C, Shi D, Lu F. Epicatechin promotes oocyte quality in mice during repeated superovulation. Theriogenology 2023; 209:40-49. [PMID: 37354759 DOI: 10.1016/j.theriogenology.2023.06.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2023] [Revised: 06/15/2023] [Accepted: 06/15/2023] [Indexed: 06/26/2023]
Abstract
The negative impacts of repeated superovulation on mitochondrial function and oocyte quality remain unresolved. Epicatechin (EC), a polyphenolic compound found in the human diet with strong antioxidant activity, was investigated for its effects and underlying mechanism on embryonic development after repeated superovulation. The results showed that as the number of superovulation cycles increased, the number of 2-cell embryos decreased, the development of embryos in subsequent in vitro culture was delayed, the apoptosis rate of blastocyst cells increased and the number of blastocyst cells decreased. However, intraperitoneal injection of EC (10 mg/kg body-weight) for two consecutive days during repeated superovulation increased mitochondrial DNA copies in 2-cell embryos of mice. It also promoted the expression of antioxidant enzyme genes in ovaries, increased the content of glutathione (GSH) content and improved the antioxidant capacity of ovaries. Altogether, these results revealed that intraperitoneal injection of EC could increase the embryonic mitochondrial DNA copy number (mtDNA-CN) and enhance the ovary's antioxidant capacity and GSH content, ultimately promoting the quality of mouse embryos in the process of repeated superovulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yun Feng
- State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Subtropical Agro-bioresources, Guangxi Key Laboratory of Animal Breeding, Disease Control and Prevention, Guangxi University, Nanning, 530005, China
| | - Zhulian Wu
- State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Subtropical Agro-bioresources, Guangxi Key Laboratory of Animal Breeding, Disease Control and Prevention, Guangxi University, Nanning, 530005, China; Reproductive Medicine Center, Maternal and Child Health Hospital of Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region, Nanning, 530003, China
| | - Xin Zhao
- State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Subtropical Agro-bioresources, Guangxi Key Laboratory of Animal Breeding, Disease Control and Prevention, Guangxi University, Nanning, 530005, China; Reproductive Medicine Center, Maternal and Child Health Hospital of Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region, Nanning, 530003, China
| | - Mosinan Chen
- State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Subtropical Agro-bioresources, Guangxi Key Laboratory of Animal Breeding, Disease Control and Prevention, Guangxi University, Nanning, 530005, China
| | - Sijia Li
- State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Subtropical Agro-bioresources, Guangxi Key Laboratory of Animal Breeding, Disease Control and Prevention, Guangxi University, Nanning, 530005, China
| | - Canqiang Lu
- State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Subtropical Agro-bioresources, Guangxi Key Laboratory of Animal Breeding, Disease Control and Prevention, Guangxi University, Nanning, 530005, China
| | - Deshun Shi
- State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Subtropical Agro-bioresources, Guangxi Key Laboratory of Animal Breeding, Disease Control and Prevention, Guangxi University, Nanning, 530005, China.
| | - Fenghua Lu
- State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Subtropical Agro-bioresources, Guangxi Key Laboratory of Animal Breeding, Disease Control and Prevention, Guangxi University, Nanning, 530005, China.
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Xu Y, Li Z, Wang Y, Li C, Zhang M, Chen H, Chen W, Zhong Q, Pei J, Chen W, Haenen GRMM, Moalin M. Unraveling the Antioxidant Activity of 2R, 3R-dihydroquercetin. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:14220. [PMID: 37762525 PMCID: PMC10532074 DOI: 10.3390/ijms241814220] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2023] [Revised: 09/07/2023] [Accepted: 09/15/2023] [Indexed: 09/29/2023] Open
Abstract
It has been reported that in an oxidative environment, the flavonoid 2R,3R-dihydroquercetin (2R,3R-DHQ) oxidizes into a product that rearranges to form quercetin. As quercetin is a very potent antioxidant, much better than 2R,3R-DHQ, this would be an intriguing form of targeting the antioxidant quercetin. The aim of the present study is to further elaborate on this targeting. We can confirm the previous observation that 2R,3R-DHQ is oxidized by horseradish peroxidase (HRP), with H2O2 as the oxidant. However, HPLC analysis revealed that no quercetin was formed, but instead an unstable oxidation product. The inclusion of glutathione (GSH) during the oxidation process resulted in the formation of a 2R,3R-DHQ-GSH adduct, as was identified using HPLC with IT-TOF/MS detection. GSH adducts appeared on the B-ring of the 2R,3R-DHQ quinone, indicating that during oxidation, the B-ring is oxidized from a catechol to form a quinone group. Ascorbate could reduce the quinone back to 2R,3R-DHQ. No 2S,3R-DHQ was detected after the reduction by ascorbate, indicating that a possible epimerization of 2R,3R-DHQ quinone to 2S,3R-DHQ quinone does not occur. The fact that no epimerization of the oxidized product of 2R,3R-DHQ is observed, and that GSH adducts the oxidized product of 2R,3R-DHQ on the B-ring, led us to conclude that the redox-modulating activity of 2R,3R-DHQ quinone resides in its B-ring. This could be confirmed by chemical calculation. Apparently, the administration of 2R,3R-DHQ in an oxidative environment does not result in 'biotargeting' quercetin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yaping Xu
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Hainan University, 58 Renmin Road, Haikou 570228, China; (Y.X.); (H.C.); (W.C.); (Q.Z.); (J.P.)
| | - Zhengwen Li
- School of Pharmacy, Chengdu University, 2025 Chengluo Avenue, Chengdu 610106, China;
| | - Yue Wang
- Department of Pharmacology and Personalized Medicine, School of Nutrition and Translational Research in Metabolism (NUTRIM), Cardiovascular Research Institute Maastricht (CARIM), Faculty of Health, Medicine and Life Sciences, Maastricht University, 6200 MD Maastricht, The Netherlands; (Y.W.); (C.L.); (G.R.M.M.H.)
| | - Chujie Li
- Department of Pharmacology and Personalized Medicine, School of Nutrition and Translational Research in Metabolism (NUTRIM), Cardiovascular Research Institute Maastricht (CARIM), Faculty of Health, Medicine and Life Sciences, Maastricht University, 6200 MD Maastricht, The Netherlands; (Y.W.); (C.L.); (G.R.M.M.H.)
| | - Ming Zhang
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Hainan University, 58 Renmin Road, Haikou 570228, China; (Y.X.); (H.C.); (W.C.); (Q.Z.); (J.P.)
| | - Haiming Chen
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Hainan University, 58 Renmin Road, Haikou 570228, China; (Y.X.); (H.C.); (W.C.); (Q.Z.); (J.P.)
| | - Wenxue Chen
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Hainan University, 58 Renmin Road, Haikou 570228, China; (Y.X.); (H.C.); (W.C.); (Q.Z.); (J.P.)
| | - Qiuping Zhong
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Hainan University, 58 Renmin Road, Haikou 570228, China; (Y.X.); (H.C.); (W.C.); (Q.Z.); (J.P.)
| | - Jianfei Pei
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Hainan University, 58 Renmin Road, Haikou 570228, China; (Y.X.); (H.C.); (W.C.); (Q.Z.); (J.P.)
| | - Weijun Chen
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Hainan University, 58 Renmin Road, Haikou 570228, China; (Y.X.); (H.C.); (W.C.); (Q.Z.); (J.P.)
| | - Guido R. M. M. Haenen
- Department of Pharmacology and Personalized Medicine, School of Nutrition and Translational Research in Metabolism (NUTRIM), Cardiovascular Research Institute Maastricht (CARIM), Faculty of Health, Medicine and Life Sciences, Maastricht University, 6200 MD Maastricht, The Netherlands; (Y.W.); (C.L.); (G.R.M.M.H.)
| | - Mohamed Moalin
- Research Centre Material Sciences, Zuyd University of Applied Science, 6400 AN Heerlen, The Netherlands;
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Geng Y, Liu X, Yu Y, Li W, Mou Y, Chen F, Hu X, Ji J, Ma L. From polyphenol to o-quinone: Occurrence, significance, and intervention strategies in foods and health implications. Compr Rev Food Sci Food Saf 2023; 22:3254-3291. [PMID: 37219415 DOI: 10.1111/1541-4337.13182] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2022] [Revised: 05/07/2023] [Accepted: 05/08/2023] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
Polyphenol oxidation is a chemical process impairing food freshness and other desirable qualities, which has become a serious problem in fruit and vegetable processing industry. It is crucial to understand the mechanisms involved in these detrimental alterations. o-Quinones are primarily generated by polyphenols with di/tri-phenolic groups through enzymatic oxidation and/or auto-oxidation. They are highly reactive species, which not only readily suffer the attack by nucleophiles but also powerfully oxidize other molecules presenting lower redox potentials via electron transfer reactions. These reactions and subsequent complicated reactions are capable of initiating quality losses in foods, such as browning, aroma loss, and nutritional decline. To attenuate these adverse influences, a variety of technologies have emerged to restrain polyphenol oxidation via governing different factors, especially polyphenol oxidases and oxygen. Despite tremendous efforts devoted, to date, the loss of food quality caused by quinones has remained a great challenge in the food processing industry. Furthermore, o-quinones are responsible for the chemopreventive effects and/or toxicity of the parent catechols on human health, the mechanisms by which are quite complex. Herein, this review focuses on the generation and reactivity of o-quinones, attempting to clarify mechanisms involved in the quality deterioration of foods and health implications for humans. Potential innovative inhibitors and technologies are also presented to intervene in o-quinone formation and subsequent reactions. In future, the feasibility of these inhibitory strategies should be evaluated, and further exploration on biological targets of o-quinones is of great necessity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yaqian Geng
- College of Food Science and Nutritional Engineering, National Engineering Research Centre for Fruits and Vegetables Processing, Key Laboratory of Fruits and Vegetables Processing, Ministry of Agriculture, Engineering Research Centre for Fruits and Vegetables Processing, Ministry of Education, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Xinyu Liu
- College of Food Science and Nutritional Engineering, National Engineering Research Centre for Fruits and Vegetables Processing, Key Laboratory of Fruits and Vegetables Processing, Ministry of Agriculture, Engineering Research Centre for Fruits and Vegetables Processing, Ministry of Education, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Yiran Yu
- College of Food Science and Nutritional Engineering, National Engineering Research Centre for Fruits and Vegetables Processing, Key Laboratory of Fruits and Vegetables Processing, Ministry of Agriculture, Engineering Research Centre for Fruits and Vegetables Processing, Ministry of Education, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Wei Li
- College of Food Science and Nutritional Engineering, National Engineering Research Centre for Fruits and Vegetables Processing, Key Laboratory of Fruits and Vegetables Processing, Ministry of Agriculture, Engineering Research Centre for Fruits and Vegetables Processing, Ministry of Education, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Yao Mou
- College of Food Science and Nutritional Engineering, National Engineering Research Centre for Fruits and Vegetables Processing, Key Laboratory of Fruits and Vegetables Processing, Ministry of Agriculture, Engineering Research Centre for Fruits and Vegetables Processing, Ministry of Education, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Fang Chen
- College of Food Science and Nutritional Engineering, National Engineering Research Centre for Fruits and Vegetables Processing, Key Laboratory of Fruits and Vegetables Processing, Ministry of Agriculture, Engineering Research Centre for Fruits and Vegetables Processing, Ministry of Education, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Xiaosong Hu
- College of Food Science and Nutritional Engineering, National Engineering Research Centre for Fruits and Vegetables Processing, Key Laboratory of Fruits and Vegetables Processing, Ministry of Agriculture, Engineering Research Centre for Fruits and Vegetables Processing, Ministry of Education, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Junfu Ji
- College of Food Science and Nutritional Engineering, National Engineering Research Centre for Fruits and Vegetables Processing, Key Laboratory of Fruits and Vegetables Processing, Ministry of Agriculture, Engineering Research Centre for Fruits and Vegetables Processing, Ministry of Education, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Lingjun Ma
- College of Food Science and Nutritional Engineering, National Engineering Research Centre for Fruits and Vegetables Processing, Key Laboratory of Fruits and Vegetables Processing, Ministry of Agriculture, Engineering Research Centre for Fruits and Vegetables Processing, Ministry of Education, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
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Wu J, Lv S, Zhao L, Gao T, Yu C, Hu J, Ma F. Advances in the study of the function and mechanism of the action of flavonoids in plants under environmental stresses. PLANTA 2023; 257:108. [PMID: 37133783 DOI: 10.1007/s00425-023-04136-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2022] [Accepted: 04/11/2023] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
MAIN CONCLUSION This review summarizes the anti-stress effects of flavonoids in plants and highlights its role in the regulation of polar auxin transport and free radical scavenging mechanism. As secondary metabolites widely present in plants, flavonoids play a vital function in plant growth, but also in resistance to stresses. This review introduces the classification, structure and synthetic pathways of flavonoids. The effects of flavonoids in plant stress resistance were enumerated, and the mechanism of flavonoids in plant stress resistance was discussed in detail. It is clarified that plants under stress accumulate flavonoids by regulating the expression of flavonoid synthase genes. It was also determined that the synthesized flavonoids are transported in plants through three pathways: membrane transport proteins, vesicles, and bound to glutathione S-transferase (GST). At the same time, the paper explores that flavonoids regulate polar auxin transport (PAT) by acting on the auxin export carrier PIN-FORMED (PIN) in the form of ATP-binding cassette subfamily B/P-glycoprotein (ABCB/PGP) transporter, which can help plants to respond in a more dominant form to stress. We have demonstrated that the number and location of hydroxyl groups in the structure of flavonoids can determine their free radical scavenging ability and also elucidated the mechanism by which flavonoids exert free radical removal in cells. We also identified flavonoids as signaling molecules to promote rhizobial nodulation and colonization of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) to enhance plant-microbial symbiosis in defense to stresses. Given all this knowledge, we can foresee that the in-depth study of flavonoids will be an essential way to reveal plant tolerance and enhance plant stress resistance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jieting Wu
- School of Environmental Science, Liaoning University, Shenyang, 110036, China.
| | - Sidi Lv
- School of Environmental Science, Liaoning University, Shenyang, 110036, China
| | - Lei Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Urban Water Resource and Environment, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin, 150090, China
| | - Tian Gao
- School of Environmental Science, Liaoning University, Shenyang, 110036, China
| | - Chang Yu
- Kerchin District Branch Office, Tongliao City Ecological Environment Bureau, Tongliao, 028006, China
| | - Jianing Hu
- Dalian Neusoft University of Information, Dalian, 116032, China
| | - Fang Ma
- State Key Laboratory of Urban Water Resource and Environment, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin, 150090, China
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Qing Y, Xiang X, Li S, Wang M, Liang Z, Ren J. Integrated evaluation the antioxidant activity of epicatechin from cell dynamics. Biotechnol Prog 2023; 39:e3328. [PMID: 36700726 DOI: 10.1002/btpr.3328] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2022] [Revised: 01/17/2023] [Accepted: 01/23/2023] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
Oxidative damage has been implicated in the pathogenesis of numerous disorders by affecting the normal functions of several tissues. Further, oxidative stress acts within cells to influence cell morphology and the behavior of cell migration. The movement and migration of cells are crucial during the development of organisms as they transition from embryo to adult, and for the homeostasis of adult tissues. Epicatechin (EC) is a natural flavonoid derived mostly from tea, chocolate, and red wine. We investigated the protective impact of EC on D-galactose(D-gal)/rotenone-injured NIH3T3 cells and found alterations in cell dynamics throughout the procedure. The results reveal that D-gal/rotenone stimulation can cause the cell area to expand and the number of cellular protrusions to increase. EC intervention can considerably minimize the oxidative damage of rotenone on NIH3T3 cells (p < 0.05) but showed little influence on cell damage induced by D-gal. Furthermore, the corrective ability of EC as an antioxidant is reflected in a dose-dependent effect on cell movement, including variations in movement speed and distance. Overall, from the perspective of cell morphology and cell motility, EC has a good protective impact on cells harmed by rotenone induced oxidative damage, as well as corrective properties as an antioxidant to balance intracellular oxidative stress, which allowing for a more comprehensive evaluation of antioxidant performance of EC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yinglu Qing
- School of Food Science and Engineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, China
| | - Xiong Xiang
- School of Food Science and Engineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, China
| | - Shan Li
- School of Food Science and Engineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, China
| | - Min Wang
- School of Food Science and Engineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, China
| | - Zhengyang Liang
- School of Food Science and Engineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, China
| | - Jiaoyan Ren
- School of Food Science and Engineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, China
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Zhang R, Wang J, Xia R, Li D, Wang F. Antioxidant processes involving epicatechin decreased symptoms of pine wilt disease. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2022; 13:1015970. [PMID: 36570913 PMCID: PMC9780601 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2022.1015970] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2022] [Accepted: 11/23/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
Since the pine wood nematode (PWN, Bursaphelenchus xylophilus) invasion of Northeast China, both symptomatic and asymptomatic PWN carriers have been found. Asymptomatic PWN carriers, which are more dangerous than symptomatic carriers, constitute a source of infection in the following spring. The simultaneous presence of symptomatic and asymptomatic PWN carriers indicates that Pinus koraiensis has different tolerance levels to PWN. In this study, validity of susceptibility testing discovered differential types of P. koraiensis including Latent Reservoirs, Low Susceptibles, High Susceptibles and Bell Ringers. Among those types, the Low Susceptibles and Latent Reservoirs were asymptomatic PWN carriers, and Latent Reservoirs were the most dangerous. Transcriptome and metabolomic data showed that 5 genes (3 ans and 2 anr gene) involved in the epicatechin (EC) synthesis pathway were significantly upregulated, which increased the content of EC antioxidants in Latent Reservoirs. Hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) staining and content determination showed that the hypersensitive response (HR) and H2O2, which functions as a signaling molecule in systemic acquired resistance, decreased in Latent Reservoirs. However, low contents of EC and high contents of H2O2 were found in the High Susceptibles of P. koraiensis. RT-PCR results showed that the expression of ans and anr was upregulated together only in Latent Reservoirs. These results show that the susceptibility of P. koraiensis to PWN differed among different individuals, although no resistant individuals were found. Latent Reservoirs, in which more PWNs resided without visible symptoms via prolonged incubation period, inhibited the symptoms caused by H2O2 because of increased contents of the EC antioxidants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruizhi Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Alien Forest Pest Detection and Control-Heilongjiang Province, School of Forestry, Northeast Forestry University, Harbin, China
| | - Jianan Wang
- Key Laboratory of Alien Forest Pest Detection and Control-Heilongjiang Province, School of Forestry, Northeast Forestry University, Harbin, China
| | - Rui Xia
- Key Laboratory of Alien Forest Pest Detection and Control-Heilongjiang Province, School of Forestry, Northeast Forestry University, Harbin, China
| | - Danlei Li
- Key Laboratory of Alien Forest Pest Detection and Control-Heilongjiang Province, School of Forestry, Northeast Forestry University, Harbin, China
| | - Feng Wang
- Key Laboratory of Alien Forest Pest Detection and Control-Heilongjiang Province, School of Forestry, Northeast Forestry University, Harbin, China
- Liaoning Provincial Key Laboratory of Dangerous Forest Pest Management and Control, Liaoning forestry and grassland Bureau, Fushun, China
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Rotimi DE, Olaolu TD, Adeyemi OS. Pharmacological action of quercetin against testicular dysfunction: A mini review. JOURNAL OF INTEGRATIVE MEDICINE 2022; 20:396-401. [PMID: 35850969 DOI: 10.1016/j.joim.2022.07.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2022] [Accepted: 05/10/2022] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
The testis is an immune-privileged organ susceptible to oxidative stress and inflammation, two major factors implicated in male infertility. A reduction in the concentration and activities of testicular function biomarkers has been shown to correlate with impaired hypothalamic-pituitary-testicular axis and oxidative stress. However, the use of natural products to ameliorate these oxidative stress-induced changes may be essential to improving male reproductive function. Quercetin possesses several pharmacological activities that may help to combat cellular reproduction-related assaults, such as altered sperm function and reproductive hormone dysfunction, and dysregulated testicular apoptosis, oxidative stress, and inflammation. Studies have shown that quercetin ameliorates testicular toxicity, largely by inhibiting the generation of reactive oxygen species, with the aid of the two antioxidant pharmacophores present in its ring structure. The radical-scavenging property of quercetin may alter signal transduction of oxidative stress-induced apoptosis, prevent inflammation, and increase sperm quality in relation to the hormonal concentration. In this review, the therapeutic potential of quercetin in mediating male reproductive health is discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Damilare E Rotimi
- SDG 03 Group-Good Health & Well-being, Landmark University, Omu-Aran 251101, Kwara State, Nigeria; Department of Biochemistry, Medicinal Biochemistry, Nanomedicine & Toxicology Laboratory, Landmark University, Omu-Aran 251101, Kwara State, Nigeria.
| | - Tomilola D Olaolu
- SDG 03 Group-Good Health & Well-being, Landmark University, Omu-Aran 251101, Kwara State, Nigeria; Department of Biochemistry, Medicinal Biochemistry, Nanomedicine & Toxicology Laboratory, Landmark University, Omu-Aran 251101, Kwara State, Nigeria
| | - Oluyomi S Adeyemi
- SDG 03 Group-Good Health & Well-being, Landmark University, Omu-Aran 251101, Kwara State, Nigeria; Department of Biochemistry, Medicinal Biochemistry, Nanomedicine & Toxicology Laboratory, Landmark University, Omu-Aran 251101, Kwara State, Nigeria
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10
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Farag MA, Shakour ZTA, Elmassry MM, Donia MS. Metabolites profiling reveals gut microbiome-mediated biotransformation of green tea polyphenols in the presence of N-nitrosamine as pro-oxidant. Food Chem 2022; 371:131147. [PMID: 34808759 DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2021.131147] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2021] [Revised: 09/11/2021] [Accepted: 09/13/2021] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Abstract
The gut microbiome contributes to host physiology and nutrition metabolism. The interaction between nutrition components and the gut microbiota results in thousands of metabolites that can contribute to various health and disease outcomes. In parallel, the interactions between foods and their toxicants have captured increasing interest due to their impact on human health. Taken together, investigating dietary interactions with endogenous and exogenous factors and detecting interaction biomarkers in a specific and sensitive manner is an important task. The present study sought to identify for the first time the metabolites produced during the interaction of diet-derived toxicants e.g., N-nitrosamines with green tea polyphenols, using liquid chromatography electrospray ionization tandem mass spectrometry (LC/ESI-MS/MS). In addition, the metabolic products resulting from the incubation of green tea with a complex gut microbiome in the presence of N-nitrosamine were assessed in the same manner. The quinone products of (epi)catechin, quercetin, and kaempferol were identified when green tea was incubated with N-nitrosamine only; whereas, incubation of green tea with N-nitrosamine and a complex gut microbiome prevented the formation of these metabolites. This study provides a new perspective on the role of gut microbiome in protecting against potential negative interactions between food-derived toxicants and dietary polyphenols.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohamed A Farag
- Pharmacognosy Department, College of Pharmacy, Cairo University, Cairo, Egypt; Department of Chemistry, School of Sciences & Engineering, American University in Cairo, New Cairo, Egypt.
| | - Zeinab T Abdel Shakour
- Laboratory of Phytochemistry, Egyptian Drug Authority (Former; National Organization for Drug Control and Research), Cairo, Egypt
| | - Moamen M Elmassry
- Department of Molecular Biology, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ, USA
| | - Mohamed S Donia
- Department of Molecular Biology, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ, USA.
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11
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Li Z, Zhang M, Haenen GRMM, Vervoort L, Moalin M. Flavonoids Seen through the Energy Perspective. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 23:187. [PMID: 35008613 PMCID: PMC8745170 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23010187] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2021] [Revised: 11/09/2021] [Accepted: 12/20/2021] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
In all life forms, opposing forces provide the energy that flows through networks in an organism, which fuels life. In this concept, health is the ability of an organism to maintain the balance between these opposing forces, which creates resilience, and a deranged flow of energy is the basis for diseases. Treatment should focus on adjusting the deranged flow of energy, e.g., by the redox modulating activity of antioxidants. A major group of antioxidants is formed by flavonoids, a group of polyphenolic compounds abundantly present in our diet. The objective here is to review how the redox modulation by flavonoids fits in the various concepts on the mode of action of bioactive compounds, so we can 'see' where there is overlap and where the missing links are. Based on this fundament, we should choose our research path aiming to 'understand' the redox modulating profile of specific flavonoids, so we can ultimately rationally apply the redox modulating power of flavonoids to improve our health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhengwen Li
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, School of Nutrition and Translational Research in Metabolism (NUTRIM), Faculty of Health, Medicine and Life Sciences, Maastricht University, 6200 MD Maastricht, The Netherlands; (Z.L.); (L.V.); (M.M.)
| | - Ming Zhang
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Hainan University, 58 Renmin Road, Haikou 570228, China
| | - Guido R. M. M. Haenen
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, School of Nutrition and Translational Research in Metabolism (NUTRIM), Faculty of Health, Medicine and Life Sciences, Maastricht University, 6200 MD Maastricht, The Netherlands; (Z.L.); (L.V.); (M.M.)
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Cardiovascular Research Institute Maastricht (CARIM), Faculty of Health, Medicine and Life Sciences, Maastricht University, P.O. Box 616, 6200 MD Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Lily Vervoort
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, School of Nutrition and Translational Research in Metabolism (NUTRIM), Faculty of Health, Medicine and Life Sciences, Maastricht University, 6200 MD Maastricht, The Netherlands; (Z.L.); (L.V.); (M.M.)
| | - Mohamed Moalin
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, School of Nutrition and Translational Research in Metabolism (NUTRIM), Faculty of Health, Medicine and Life Sciences, Maastricht University, 6200 MD Maastricht, The Netherlands; (Z.L.); (L.V.); (M.M.)
- Research Centre Material Sciences, Zuyd University of Applied Science, 6400 AN Heerlen, The Netherlands
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12
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Liu X, Le Bourvellec C, Guyot S, Renard CMGC. Reactivity of flavanols: Their fate in physical food processing and recent advances in their analysis by depolymerization. Compr Rev Food Sci Food Saf 2021; 20:4841-4880. [PMID: 34288366 DOI: 10.1111/1541-4337.12797] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2021] [Revised: 05/22/2021] [Accepted: 06/10/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Flavanols, a subgroup of polyphenols, are secondary metabolites with antioxidant properties naturally produced in various plants (e.g., green tea, cocoa, grapes, and apples); they are a major polyphenol class in human foods and beverages, and have recognized effect on maintaining human health. Therefore, it is necessary to evaluate their changes (i.e., oxidation, polymerization, degradation, and epimerization) during various physical processing (i.e., heating, drying, mechanical shearing, high-pressure, ultrasound, and radiation) to improve the nutritional value of food products. However, the roles of flavanols, in particular for their polymerized forms, are often underestimated, for a large part because of analytical challenges: they are difficult to extract quantitatively, and their quantification demands chemical reactions. This review examines the existing data on the effects of different physical processing techniques on the content of flavanols and highlights the changes in epimerization and degree of polymerization, as well as some of the latest acidolysis methods for proanthocyanidin characterization and quantification. More and more evidence show that physical processing can affect content but also modify the structure of flavanols by promoting a series of internal reactions. The most important reactivity of flavanols in processing includes oxidative coupling and rearrangements, chain cleavage, structural rearrangements (e.g., polymerization, degradation, and epimerization), and addition to other macromolecules, that is, proteins and polysaccharides. Some acidolysis methods for the analysis of polymeric proanthocyanidins have been updated, which has contributed to complete analysis of proanthocyanidin structures in particular regarding their proportion of A-type proanthocyanidins and their degree of polymerization in various plants. However, future research is also needed to better extract and characterize high-polymer proanthocyanidins, whether in their native or modified forms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xuwei Liu
- INRAE, Avignon University, UMR408 SQPOV, Avignon, France
| | | | - Sylvain Guyot
- INRAE, UR1268 BIA, Team Polyphenol, Reactivity & Processing (PRP), Le Rheu, France
| | - Catherine M G C Renard
- INRAE, Avignon University, UMR408 SQPOV, Avignon, France.,INRAE, TRANSFORM, Nantes, France
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Slavova-Kazakova A, Janiak MA, Sulewska K, Kancheva VD, Karamać M. Synergistic, additive, and antagonistic antioxidant effects in the mixtures of curcumin with (-)-epicatechin and with a green tea fraction containing (-)-epicatechin. Food Chem 2021; 360:129994. [PMID: 33989877 DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2021.129994] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2021] [Revised: 04/16/2021] [Accepted: 04/28/2021] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
The combinations of curcumin with green tea flavan-3-ols produce various synergistic biological effects. This study aimed to verify the antioxidant effects in mixtures of curcumin with (-)-epicatechin (EC) or with EC fraction from green tea in a non-polar lipid system (triacylglycerol autoxidation) and in a polar conditions (ABTS assay). Curcumin was 2.5-2.6 and 2.9-3.6 times weaker antioxidant than EC and EC fraction, respectively. The synergism was found in mixtures using the isobologram analysis of ABTS•+ scavenging activity results. The strongest effect with a combination index of 0.751 was in the equimolar mixture of pure compounds. In the lipid system, antagonism occurred for curcumin and EC fraction combination. However, an additive effect was found between curcumin and EC. In conclusion, the antioxidant effects in the curcumin and EC mixtures depended on the polarity of the assay media, the ratio of antioxidants, and presence other phenolics in the system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adriana Slavova-Kazakova
- Institute of Organic Chemistry with Centre of Phytochemistry, Bulgarian Academy of Sciences, 1113 Sofia, Bulgaria.
| | - Michał A Janiak
- Institute of Animal Reproduction and Food Research, Polish Academy of Sciences, Tuwima 10, 10-748 Olsztyn, Poland.
| | - Katarzyna Sulewska
- Institute of Animal Reproduction and Food Research, Polish Academy of Sciences, Tuwima 10, 10-748 Olsztyn, Poland.
| | - Vessela D Kancheva
- Institute of Organic Chemistry with Centre of Phytochemistry, Bulgarian Academy of Sciences, 1113 Sofia, Bulgaria.
| | - Magdalena Karamać
- Institute of Animal Reproduction and Food Research, Polish Academy of Sciences, Tuwima 10, 10-748 Olsztyn, Poland.
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Zhang W, Sun C, Zhou S, Zhao W, Wang L, Sheng L, Yi J, Liu T, Yan J, Ma X, Fang B. Recent advances in chemistry and bioactivity of Sargentodoxa cuneata. JOURNAL OF ETHNOPHARMACOLOGY 2021; 270:113840. [PMID: 33460761 DOI: 10.1016/j.jep.2021.113840] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2020] [Revised: 12/28/2020] [Accepted: 01/12/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE The genus Sargentodoxa comprises only one species, Sargentodoxa cuneata (Oliv.) Rehd et al., widely distributed in the subtropical zone of China. The plant is extensively used in traditional medicine for treating arthritis, joint pains, amenorrhea, acute appendicitis and inflammatory intestinal obstruction. Pharmacological studies show anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, antitumor, antimicrobial, and anti-sepsis activities. AIM OF THE REVIEW This review aims to summarize the information about distribution, traditional uses, chemical constituents and pharmacological activities of S. cuneata, as an attempt to provide a scientific basis for its traditional uses and to support its application and development for new drug development. METHODOLOGY Scientific information of S. cuneata was retrieved from the online bibliographic databases, including Web of Science, Google Scholar, PubMed, Springer Link, the Wiley online library, SciFinder, Baidu Scholar, China national knowledge infrastructure (CNKI) and WANFANG DATA (up to March 2020). We also search doctoral dissertations, master dissertations conference papers and published books. The keywords were used: "Sargentodoxa", "Da Xue Teng", "Hong Teng", "Xue Teng", "secondary metabolites", "chemical components", "biological activity", "pharmacology", "traditional uses". OBSERVATIONS AND RESULTS S. cuneata is utilized as valuable herbal medicines to treat various diseases in China. Over 110 chemical constituents have been isolated and identified from the stem of S. cuneata, including phenolic acids, phenolic glycosides, lignans, flavones, triterpenoids and other compounds. The extract and compounds of S. cuneata have a wide spectrum of pharmacological activities, including antitumor, anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, antimicrobial, anti-sepsis and anti-arthritis effects, as well as protective activity against cerebrovascular diseases. CONCLUSION S. cuneata has a rich legacy for the treatment of many diseases, especially arthritis and sepsis, which is reinforced by current investigations. However, the present studies about bioactive chemical constituents and detail pharmacological mechanisms of S. cuneata were insufficient. Further studies should focus on these aspects in relation to its clinical applications. This review has systematically summarized the traditional uses, phytochemical constituents and pharmacological effects of S. cuneata, providing references for the therapeutic potential of new drug development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wen Zhang
- Department of Emergency, LongHua Hospital, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - Chengpeng Sun
- Dalian Key Laboratory of Metabolic Target Characterization and Traditional Chinese Medicine Intervention, College of Pharmacy, College of Integrative Medicine, Dalian Medical University, Dalian, 116044, China
| | - Shuang Zhou
- Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, 201203, China
| | - Wenyu Zhao
- Dalian Key Laboratory of Metabolic Target Characterization and Traditional Chinese Medicine Intervention, College of Pharmacy, College of Integrative Medicine, Dalian Medical University, Dalian, 116044, China
| | - Lin Wang
- Department of Traditional Chinese Medicine Shanghai Pudong New Area People's Hospital Pudong, Shanghai, 201200, China
| | - Lingli Sheng
- Nephrology, Pudong Branch of Longhua Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - Jing Yi
- Dalian Key Laboratory of Metabolic Target Characterization and Traditional Chinese Medicine Intervention, College of Pharmacy, College of Integrative Medicine, Dalian Medical University, Dalian, 116044, China
| | - Tiantian Liu
- Dalian Key Laboratory of Metabolic Target Characterization and Traditional Chinese Medicine Intervention, College of Pharmacy, College of Integrative Medicine, Dalian Medical University, Dalian, 116044, China
| | - Juanjuan Yan
- Dalian Key Laboratory of Metabolic Target Characterization and Traditional Chinese Medicine Intervention, College of Pharmacy, College of Integrative Medicine, Dalian Medical University, Dalian, 116044, China
| | - Xiaochi Ma
- Dalian Key Laboratory of Metabolic Target Characterization and Traditional Chinese Medicine Intervention, College of Pharmacy, College of Integrative Medicine, Dalian Medical University, Dalian, 116044, China.
| | - Bangjiang Fang
- Department of Emergency, LongHua Hospital, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai 200032, China.
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15
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Si H, Lai CQ, Liu D. Dietary Epicatechin, A Novel Anti-aging Bioactive Small Molecule. Curr Med Chem 2021; 28:3-18. [PMID: 31886745 DOI: 10.2174/0929867327666191230104958] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2019] [Revised: 09/13/2019] [Accepted: 09/26/2019] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Epicatechin (EC), a flavonoid present in various foods including cocoa, dark chocolate, berries, and tea, has recently been reported to promote general health and survival of old mice fed a standard chow diet. This is considered a novel discovery in the field of identifying natural compounds to extend lifespan, given that presumably popular anti-aging natural agents including resveratrol, green tea extract, and curcumin had failed in extending the lifespan of standard chow-diet-fed mice. However, the anti-aging mechanism of EC is not fully understood, thus impeding the potential application of this natural compound in improving a healthy lifespan in humans. In this review, we first summarized the main dietary sources that contain a significant amount of EC and recent research regarding the absorption, metabolism and distribution of EC in humans and rodents. The review is then focused on the anti-aging effects of EC in cultured cells, animals and humans with the possible physiological, cellular and molecular mechanisms underlying its lifespan-extending effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hongwei Si
- Department of Human Sciences, Tennessee State University, Nashville, TN, United States
| | - Chao-Qiang Lai
- USDA Agricultural Research Service, Jean Mayer USDA Human Nutrition Research Center on Aging at Tufts University, Boston, MA, United States
| | - Dongmin Liu
- Department of Human Nutrition, Foods and Exercise, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA, United States
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Yan F, Chen L, Chen W, Zhao L, Lu Q, Liu R. Protective effect of procyanidin A-type dimers against H 2O 2-induced oxidative stress in prostate DU145 cells through the MAPKs signaling pathway. Life Sci 2020; 266:118908. [PMID: 33333048 DOI: 10.1016/j.lfs.2020.118908] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2020] [Revised: 12/09/2020] [Accepted: 12/11/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
It has been reported that B-type procyanidins can alleviate oxidative damage of prostatic cells, but there has been limited information on the similar role of A-type procyanidins. This study investigated the protective effect of procyanidin A-type dimers from peanut skin against H2O2-induced oxidative stress damage in prostate cancer DU145 cells. According to the UPLC-Q-TOF-MS/MS analysis and comparison with standards, the fourth fraction of peanut skin procyanidin (PSP-4) was identified as procyanidin A-type dimers, namely, procyanidin A1 and A2. Results revealed that PSP-4 treatment prior H2O2 exposure increased cell activity and attenuated the cell cycle arrest and apoptosis rate. The H2O2-induced increase in intracellular reactive oxygen species (ROS) was remarkably inhibited by PSP-4. PSP-4 treatment enhanced the activity of catalase (CAT) and total super oxide dismutase (T-SOD) and restored glutathione (GSH) content, compared with the H2O2 treatment. Furthermore, the results indicated that PSP-4 protected DU145 cells by attenuating phosphorylation of the mitogen-activated protein kinases (MAPKs), by increasing the Bcl-2/Bax ratio, and by reducing the activation of caspase-3 and caspase-9 by cascade reactions. This study reveals that procyanidin A-type dimers from peanut skin have the potential function in preventing oxidative stress damage of prostatic cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fangfang Yan
- College of Food Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
| | - Liang Chen
- College of Food Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
| | - Wanbing Chen
- College of Food Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
| | - Li Zhao
- College of Food Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
| | - Qun Lu
- College of Food Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China; Key Laboratory of Environment Correlative Dietology (Huazhong Agricultural University), Ministry of Education, Wuhan, China; Key Laboratory of Urban Agriculture in Central China, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, China.
| | - Rui Liu
- College of Food Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China; Key Laboratory of Environment Correlative Dietology (Huazhong Agricultural University), Ministry of Education, Wuhan, China; Key Laboratory of Urban Agriculture in Central China, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, China.
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Cocoa Shell as a Step Forward to Functional Chocolates-Bioactive Components in Chocolates with Different Composition. Molecules 2020; 25:molecules25225470. [PMID: 33238393 PMCID: PMC7700659 DOI: 10.3390/molecules25225470] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2020] [Revised: 11/17/2020] [Accepted: 11/17/2020] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Chocolate is considered as both caloric and functional food. Its nutritional properties may be improved by addition of fiber; however, this may reduce polyphenols content. The aim of this research was to determine the influence of cocoa shell addition (as a source of fiber) and its combination with different ingredients (cocoa butter equivalents (CBE), emulsifiers, dairy ingredients) on polyphenols of dark and milk chocolates. Total polyphenol (TPC) and total flavonoid (TFC) contents were determined spectrophotometrically, identification and quantification of individual compounds by high pressure liquid chromatography and antioxidant capacity by ferric reducing antioxidant power (FRAP) assay. Results showed that even though addition of cocoa shell to chocolate results in reduced contents of TPC, TFC, and individual compounds, it is not significant compared to ones reported by other authors for commercial chocolates. Other ingredients influence determined values for all investigated parameters; however, additional research is needed to reveal exact mechanisms and implications.
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Li Z, Moalin M, Zhang M, Vervoort L, Mommers A, Haenen GR. Delocalization of the Unpaired Electron in the Quercetin Radical: Comparison of Experimental ESR Data with DFT Calculations. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:E2033. [PMID: 32188142 PMCID: PMC7139295 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21062033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2020] [Revised: 03/05/2020] [Accepted: 03/11/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
In the antioxidant activity of quercetin (Q), stabilization of the energy in the quercetin radical (Q•) by delocalization of the unpaired electron (UE) in Q• is pivotal. The aim of this study is to further examine the delocalization of the UE in Q•, and to elucidate the importance of the functional groups of Q for the stabilization of the UE by combining experimentally obtained spin resonance spectroscopy (ESR) measurements with theoretical density functional theory (DFT) calculations. The ESR spectrum and DFT calculation of Q• and structurally related radicals both suggest that the UE of Q• is mostly delocalized in the B ring and partly on the AC ring. The negatively charged oxygen groups in the B ring (3' and 4') of Q• have an electron-donating effect that attract and stabilize the UE in the B ring. Radicals structurally related to Q• indicate that the negatively charged oxygen at 4' has more of an effect on concentrating the UE in ring B than the negatively charged oxygen at 3'. The DFT calculation showed that an OH group at the 3-position of the AC ring is essential for concentrating the radical on the C2-C3 double bond. All these effects help to explain how the high energy of the UE is captured and a stable Q• is generated, which is pivotal in the antioxidant activity of Q.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhengwen Li
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Health, Medicine and Life Sciences, Maastricht University, P.O. Box 616, 6200 MD Maastricht, The Netherlands; (M.M.); (M.Z.); (L.V.); (A.M.)
| | - Mohamed Moalin
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Health, Medicine and Life Sciences, Maastricht University, P.O. Box 616, 6200 MD Maastricht, The Netherlands; (M.M.); (M.Z.); (L.V.); (A.M.)
- Research Centre Material Sciences, Zuyd University of Applied Sciences, 6419 DJ Heerlen, The Netherlands
| | - Ming Zhang
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Health, Medicine and Life Sciences, Maastricht University, P.O. Box 616, 6200 MD Maastricht, The Netherlands; (M.M.); (M.Z.); (L.V.); (A.M.)
| | - Lily Vervoort
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Health, Medicine and Life Sciences, Maastricht University, P.O. Box 616, 6200 MD Maastricht, The Netherlands; (M.M.); (M.Z.); (L.V.); (A.M.)
| | - Alex Mommers
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Health, Medicine and Life Sciences, Maastricht University, P.O. Box 616, 6200 MD Maastricht, The Netherlands; (M.M.); (M.Z.); (L.V.); (A.M.)
| | - Guido R.M.M. Haenen
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Health, Medicine and Life Sciences, Maastricht University, P.O. Box 616, 6200 MD Maastricht, The Netherlands; (M.M.); (M.Z.); (L.V.); (A.M.)
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Inhibitory Effect and Mechanism of Action of Quercetin and Quercetin Diels-Alder anti-Dimer on Erastin-Induced Ferroptosis in Bone Marrow-Derived Mesenchymal Stem Cells. Antioxidants (Basel) 2020; 9:antiox9030205. [PMID: 32131401 PMCID: PMC7139729 DOI: 10.3390/antiox9030205] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2020] [Revised: 02/18/2020] [Accepted: 02/27/2020] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
In this study, the anti-ferroptosis effects of catecholic flavonol quercetin and its metabolite quercetin Diels-Alder anti-dimer (QDAD) were studied using an erastin-treated bone marrow-derived mesenchymal stem cell (bmMSCs) model. Quercetin exhibited higher anti-ferroptosis levels than QDAD, as indicated by 4,4-difluoro-5-(4-phenyl-1,3-butadienyl)-4-bora-3a,4a-diaza-s-indacene-3-undecanoic acid (C11-BODIPY), 2',7'-dichlorodihydrofluoroscein diacetate (H2DCFDA), lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) release, cell counting kit-8 (CCK-8), and flow cytometric assays. To understand the possible pathways involved, the reaction product of quercetin with the 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl radical (DPPH●) was measured using ultra-performance liquid-chromatography coupled with electrospray-ionization quadrupole time-of-flight tandem mass spectrometry (UHPLC-ESI-Q-TOF-MS). Quercetin was found to produce the same clusters of molecular ion peaks and fragments as standard QDAD. Furthermore, the antioxidant effects of quercetin and QDAD were compared by determining their 2-phenyl-4,4,5,5-tetramethylimidazoline-1-oxyl-3-oxide radical-scavenging, Cu2+-reducing, Fe3+-reducing, lipid peroxidation-scavenging, and DPPH●-scavenging activities. Quercetin consistently showed lower IC50 values than QDAD. These findings indicate that quercetin and QDAD can protect bmMSCs from erastin-induced ferroptosis, possibly through the antioxidant pathway. The antioxidant pathway can convert quercetin into QDAD-an inferior ferroptosis-inhibitor and antioxidant. The weakening has highlighted a rule for predicting the relative anti-ferroptosis and antioxidant effects of catecholic flavonols and their Diels-Alder dimer metabolites.
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Ilyasov IR, Beloborodov VL, Selivanova IA, Terekhov RP. ABTS/PP Decolorization Assay of Antioxidant Capacity Reaction Pathways. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:ijms21031131. [PMID: 32046308 PMCID: PMC7037303 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21031131] [Citation(s) in RCA: 159] [Impact Index Per Article: 39.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2019] [Revised: 02/04/2020] [Accepted: 02/05/2020] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
The 2,2′-azino-bis(3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulfonic acid) (ABTS•+) radical cation-based assays are among the most abundant antioxidant capacity assays, together with the 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) radical-based assays according to the Scopus citation rates. The main objective of this review was to elucidate the reaction pathways that underlie the ABTS/potassium persulfate decolorization assay of antioxidant capacity. Comparative analysis of the literature data showed that there are two principal reaction pathways. Some antioxidants, at least of phenolic nature, can form coupling adducts with ABTS•+, whereas others can undergo oxidation without coupling, thus the coupling is a specific reaction for certain antioxidants. These coupling adducts can undergo further oxidative degradation, leading to hydrazindyilidene-like and/or imine-like adducts with 3-ethyl-2-oxo-1,3-benzothiazoline-6-sulfonate and 3-ethyl-2-imino-1,3-benzothiazoline-6-sulfonate as marker compounds, respectively. The extent to which the coupling reaction contributes to the total antioxidant capacity, as well as the specificity and relevance of oxidation products, requires further in-depth elucidation. Undoubtedly, there are questions as to the overall application of this assay and this review adds to them, as specific reactions such as coupling might bias a comparison between antioxidants. Nevertheless, ABTS-based assays can still be recommended with certain reservations, particularly for tracking changes in the same antioxidant system during storage and processing.
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Nauser T, Gebicki JM. Fast reaction of carbon free radicals with flavonoids and other aromatic compounds. Arch Biochem Biophys 2019; 674:108107. [DOI: 10.1016/j.abb.2019.108107] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2019] [Revised: 08/27/2019] [Accepted: 09/13/2019] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
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Complexes of damirone A/C, batzelline A/D, makaluvamine O and makaluvone with guanidinium and magnesium cations: a theoretical study. Struct Chem 2019. [DOI: 10.1007/s11224-019-01325-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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Zhang M, Moalin M, Vervoort L, Li ZW, Wu WB, Haenen G. Connecting Western and Eastern Medicine from an Energy Perspective. Int J Mol Sci 2019; 20:E1512. [PMID: 30917563 PMCID: PMC6470590 DOI: 10.3390/ijms20061512] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2019] [Revised: 03/19/2019] [Accepted: 03/22/2019] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Although Western medicine and Eastern medicine are worlds apart, there is a striking overlap in the basic principle of these types of medicine when we look at them from the perspective of energy. In both worlds, opposing forces provide the energy that flows through networks in an organism, which fuels life. In this concept, health is the ability of an organism to maintain the balance between these opposing forces, i.e., homeostasis (West) and harmony (East), which creates resilience. Moreover, strategies used to treat diseases are strikingly alike, namely adjusting the flow of energy by changing the connections in the network. The energy perspective provides a basis to integrate Eastern and Western medicine, and opens new directions for research to get the best of both worlds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ming Zhang
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Maastricht University, 6200 MD Maastricht, The Netherlands.
| | - Mohamed Moalin
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Maastricht University, 6200 MD Maastricht, The Netherlands.
- Research Centre Material Sciences, Zuyd University of Applied Science, 6400 AN Heerlen, The Netherlands.
| | - Lily Vervoort
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Maastricht University, 6200 MD Maastricht, The Netherlands.
| | - Zheng Wen Li
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Maastricht University, 6200 MD Maastricht, The Netherlands.
| | - Wen Bo Wu
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Maastricht University, 6200 MD Maastricht, The Netherlands.
| | - Guido Haenen
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Maastricht University, 6200 MD Maastricht, The Netherlands.
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Huang ST, Hung YA, Yang MJ, Chen IZ, Yuann JMP, Liang JY. Effects of Epigallocatechin Gallate on the Stability of Epicatechin in a Photolytic Process. Molecules 2019; 24:molecules24040787. [PMID: 30813243 PMCID: PMC6413119 DOI: 10.3390/molecules24040787] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2019] [Revised: 02/11/2019] [Accepted: 02/19/2019] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Catechins belonging to polyhydroxylated polyphenols are the primary compounds found in green tea. They are associated with many physiological properties. Epicatechin (EC) is a non-gallate-type catechin with four phenolic hydroxyl groups attached. The changes in EC treated with color light illumination in an alkaline condition were investigated by chromatographic and mass analyses in this study. In particular, the superoxide anion radical (O₂•-) was investigated during the EC photolytic process. EC is unstable under blue light illumination in an alkaline solution. When EC was treated with blue light illumination in an alkaline solution, O₂•- was found to occur via a photosensitive redox reaction. In addition, the generation of monomeric, dimeric, and trimeric compounds is investigated. On the other hand, epigallocatechin gallate (EGCG), which is a gallate-type catechin, is stable under blue light illumination in an alkaline solution. Adding EGCG, during the blue light illumination treatment of EC decreased photolytic formation, suggesting that gallate-type catechins can suppress the photosensitive oxidation of EC. Gallate-type catechins are formed via the esterification of non-gallate-type catechins and gallic acid (GA). The carbonyl group on the gallate moiety of gallate-type catechins appears to exhibit its effect on the stability against the photosensitive oxidation caused by blue light illumination.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shiuh-Tsuen Huang
- Department of Science Education and Application, National Taichung University of Education, Taichung 40306, Taiwan.
| | - Yi-An Hung
- Department of Biotechnology, Ming-Chuan University, Gui-Shan 33343, Taiwan.
| | - Meei-Ju Yang
- Tea Research and Extension Station, Taoyuan 32654, Taiwan.
| | - Iou-Zen Chen
- Department of Horticulture and Landscape Architecture, National Taiwan University, Taipei 10617, Taiwan.
| | - Jeu-Ming P Yuann
- Department of Biotechnology, Ming-Chuan University, Gui-Shan 33343, Taiwan.
| | - Ji-Yuan Liang
- Department of Biotechnology, Ming-Chuan University, Gui-Shan 33343, Taiwan.
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