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Mertes V, Saragliadis A, Mascherin E, Tysvær EB, Roos N, Linke D, Winther-Larsen HC. Recombinant expression of Yersinia ruckeri outer membrane proteins in Escherichia coli extracellular vesicles. Protein Expr Purif 2024; 215:106409. [PMID: 38040272 DOI: 10.1016/j.pep.2023.106409] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2023] [Revised: 11/11/2023] [Accepted: 11/25/2023] [Indexed: 12/03/2023]
Abstract
The secretion of extracellular vesicles (EVs) is a common process in Gram-negative bacteria and can be exploited for biotechnological applications. EVs pose a self-adjuvanting, non-replicative vaccine platform, where membrane and antigens are presented to the host immune system in a non-infectious fashion. The secreted quantity of EVs varies between Gram-negative bacterial species and is comparatively high in the model bacterium E. coli. The outer membrane proteins OmpA and OmpF of the fish pathogen Y. ruckeri have been proposed as vaccine candidates to prevent enteric redmouth disease in aquaculture. In this work, Y.ruckeri OmpA or OmpF were expressed in E. coli and recombinant EVs were isolated. To avoid competition between endogenous E. coli OmpA or OmpF, Y. ruckeri OmpA and OmpF were expressed in E. coli strains lacking ompA, ompF, and in a quadruple knockout strain where the four major outer membrane protein genes ompA, ompC, ompF and lamB were removed. Y.ruckeri OmpA and OmpF were successfully expressed in EVs derived from the E. coli mutants as verified by SDS-PAGE, heat modifiability and proteomic analysis using mass-spectrometry. Transmission electron microscopy revealed the presence of EVs in all E. coli strains, and increased EV concentrations were detected when expressing Y. ruckeri OmpA or OmpF in recombinant EVs compared to empty vector controls as verified by nanoparticle tracking analysis. These results show that E. coli can be utilized as a vector for production of EVs expressing outer membrane antigens from Y. ruckeri.
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Affiliation(s)
- Verena Mertes
- Section for Pharmacology and Pharmaceutical Biosciences, Department of Pharmacy, University of Oslo, Norway
| | - Athanasios Saragliadis
- Section for Genetics and Evolutionary Biology, Department of Biosciences, University of Oslo, Norway
| | - Elisa Mascherin
- Department of Chemical and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Trieste, Italy
| | - Ellen-Beate Tysvær
- Section for Physiology and Cell Biology, Department of Biosciences, University of Oslo, Norway
| | - Norbert Roos
- Section for Physiology and Cell Biology, Department of Biosciences, University of Oslo, Norway
| | - Dirk Linke
- Section for Genetics and Evolutionary Biology, Department of Biosciences, University of Oslo, Norway
| | - Hanne C Winther-Larsen
- Section for Pharmacology and Pharmaceutical Biosciences, Department of Pharmacy, University of Oslo, Norway.
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2
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Ghasemieshkaftaki M, Cao T, Hossain A, Vasquez I, Santander J. Haemato-Immunological Response of Immunized Atlantic Salmon ( Salmo salar) to Moritella viscosa Challenge and Antigens. Vaccines (Basel) 2024; 12:70. [PMID: 38250883 PMCID: PMC10818610 DOI: 10.3390/vaccines12010070] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2023] [Revised: 12/26/2023] [Accepted: 01/06/2024] [Indexed: 01/23/2024] Open
Abstract
Winter ulcer disease is a health issue in the Atlantic salmonid aquaculture industry, mainly caused by Moritella viscosa. Although vaccination is one of the effective ways to prevent bacterial outbreaks in the salmon farming industry, ulcer disease related to bacterial infections is being reported on Canada's Atlantic coast. Here, we studied the immune response of farmed immunized Atlantic salmon to bath and intraperitoneal (ip) M. viscosa challenges and evaluated the immunogenicity of M. viscosa cell components. IgM titers were determined after infection, post boost immunization, and post challenge with M. viscosa. IgM+ (B cell) in the spleen and blood cell populations were also identified and quantified by 3,3 dihexyloxacarbocyanine (DiOC6) and IgM-Texas red using confocal microscopy and flow cytometry. At 14 days post challenge, IgM was detected in the serum and spleen. There was a significant increase in circulating neutrophils 3 days after ip and bath challenges in the M. viscosa outer membrane vesicles (OMVs) boosted group compared to non-boosted. Lymphocytes increased in the blood at 7 and 14 days after the ip and bath challenges, respectively, in OMVs boosted group. Furthermore, a rise in IgM titers was detected in the OMVs boosted group. We determined that a commercial vaccine is effective against M. viscosa strain, and OMVs are the most immunogenic component of M. viscosa cells.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Javier Santander
- Marine Microbial Pathogenesis and Vaccinology Laboratory, Department of Ocean Sciences, Memorial University of Newfoundland, St. John’s, NL A1C 5S7, Canada; (M.G.); (T.C.); (A.H.); (I.V.)
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3
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Oliver C, Coronado JL, Martínez D, Kashulin-Bekkelund A, Lagos LX, Ciani E, Sanhueza-Oyarzún C, Mancilla-Nova A, Enríquez R, Winther-Larsen HC, Romero A. Outer membrane vesicles from Piscirickettsia salmonis induce the expression of inflammatory genes and production of IgM in Atlantic salmon Salmo salar. FISH & SHELLFISH IMMUNOLOGY 2023:108887. [PMID: 37290611 DOI: 10.1016/j.fsi.2023.108887] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2022] [Revised: 05/17/2023] [Accepted: 06/05/2023] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Piscirickettsiosis outbreaks due to Piscirickettsia salmonis occur globally in the Chilean salmon aquaculture generating significant monetary losses in the industry. P. salmonis secretes outer membrane vesicles (OMVs) which are naturally non-replicating and highly immunogenic spherical nanoparticles. P. salmonis OMVs has been shown to induce immune response in zebrafish; however, the immune response induced by these vesicles in salmonids has not been evaluated. In this study, we inoculated Atlantic salmon with 10 and 30 μg doses of P. salmonis OMVs and took samples for 12 days. qPCR analysis indicated an inflammatory response. Thus, the inflammatory genes evaluated were up- or down-regulated at several times in liver, head kidney and spleen. In addition, the liver was the organ most immune-induced, mainly in the 30 μg-dose. Interestingly, co-expression of pro- and anti-inflammatory cytokines was evidenced by the prominent expression of il-10 at day 1 in spleen and also in head kidney on days 3, 6 and 12, while il-10 and tgf-β were up-regulated on days 3, 6 and 12 in liver. Importantly, we detected the production of IgM against proteins of P. salmonis in the serum collected from immunized fish after 14 days. Thus, 40 and 400 μg OMVs induced the production of highest IgM levels; however, no statistical difference in the immunoglobulin levels produced by these OMVs doses were detected. The current study provides evidence that OMVs released by P. salmonis induced a pro-inflammatory responses and IgM production in S. salar, while regulatory genes were induced in order to regulate their effects and achieve the balance of the inflammatory response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cristian Oliver
- Laboratorio de Inmunología y Estrés de Organismos Acuáticos, Instituto de Patología Animal, Universidad Austral de Chile, Valdivia, Chile.
| | - José Leonardo Coronado
- Laboratorio de Inmunología y Estrés de Organismos Acuáticos, Instituto de Patología Animal, Universidad Austral de Chile, Valdivia, Chile
| | - Danixa Martínez
- Laboratorio Institucional de Investigación, Facultad de Ciencias de la Naturaleza, Universidad San Sebastián, Puerto Montt, Chile
| | | | - Leidy X Lagos
- Section of Pharmacology and Pharmaceutical Biosciences, Department of Pharmacy, University of Oslo, 0315, Oslo, Norway
| | - Elia Ciani
- Section of Pharmacology and Pharmaceutical Biosciences, Department of Pharmacy, University of Oslo, 0315, Oslo, Norway
| | - Constanza Sanhueza-Oyarzún
- Laboratorio de Inmunología y Estrés de Organismos Acuáticos, Instituto de Patología Animal, Universidad Austral de Chile, Valdivia, Chile
| | - Alejandra Mancilla-Nova
- Laboratorio de Inmunología y Estrés de Organismos Acuáticos, Instituto de Patología Animal, Universidad Austral de Chile, Valdivia, Chile
| | - Ricardo Enríquez
- Laboratorio de Inmunología y Estrés de Organismos Acuáticos, Instituto de Patología Animal, Universidad Austral de Chile, Valdivia, Chile
| | - Hanne C Winther-Larsen
- Section of Pharmacology and Pharmaceutical Biosciences, Department of Pharmacy, University of Oslo, 0315, Oslo, Norway.
| | - Alex Romero
- Laboratorio de Inmunología y Estrés de Organismos Acuáticos, Instituto de Patología Animal, Universidad Austral de Chile, Valdivia, Chile; Interdisciplinary Center for Aquaculture Research (INCAR), Concepción, Chile.
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4
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Martínez DP, Oliver C, Santibañez N, Coronado JL, Oyarzún-Salazar R, Enriquez R, Vargas-Chacoff L, Romero A. PAMPs of Piscirickettsia salmonis Trigger the Transcription of Genes Involved in Nutritional Immunity in a Salmon Macrophage-Like Cell Line. Front Immunol 2022; 13:849752. [PMID: 35493529 PMCID: PMC9046600 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.849752] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2022] [Accepted: 03/22/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The innate immune system can limit the growth of invading pathogens by depleting micronutrients at a cellular and tissue level. However, it is not known whether nutrient depletion mechanisms discriminate between living pathogens (which require nutrients) and pathogen-associated molecular patterns (PAMPs) (which do not). We stimulated SHK-1 cells with different PAMPs (outer membrane vesicles of Piscirickettsia salmonis “OMVs”, protein extract of P. salmonis “TP” and lipopolysaccharides of P. salmonis “LPS”) isolated from P. salmonis and evaluated transcriptional changes in nutritional immunity associated genes. Our experimental treatments were: Control (SHK-1 stimulated with bacterial culture medium), OMVs (SHK-1 stimulated with 1μg of outer membrane vesicles), TP (SHK-1 stimulated with 1μg of total protein extract) and LPS (SHK-1 stimulated with 1μg of lipopolysaccharides). Cells were sampled at 15-, 30-, 60- and 120-minutes post-stimulation. We detected increased transcription of zip8, zip14, irp1, irp2 and tfr1 in all three experimental conditions and increased transcription of dmt1 in cells stimulated with OMVs and TP, but not LPS. Additionally, we observed generally increased transcription of ireg-1, il-6, hamp, irp1, ft-h and ft-m in all three experimental conditions, but we also detected decreased transcription of these markers in cells stimulated with TP and LPS at specific time points. Our results demonstrate that SHK-1 cells stimulated with P. salmonis PAMPs increase transcription of markers involved in the transport, uptake, storage and regulation of micronutrients such as iron, manganese and zinc.
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Affiliation(s)
- Danixa Pamela Martínez
- Laboratorio de Inmunología y estrés de Organismos Acuáticos, Instituto de Patología Animal, Facultad de Ciencias Veterinarias, Universidad Austral de Chile, Valdivia, Chile
- Laboratorio de Fisiología de peces, Instituto de Ciencias Marinas y Limnológicas, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad Austral de Chile, Valdivia, Chile
- *Correspondence: Danixa Pamela Martínez, ; Luis Vargas-Chacoff, ; Alex Romero,
| | - Cristian Oliver
- Laboratorio de Inmunología y estrés de Organismos Acuáticos, Instituto de Patología Animal, Facultad de Ciencias Veterinarias, Universidad Austral de Chile, Valdivia, Chile
| | - Natacha Santibañez
- Laboratorio de Inmunología y estrés de Organismos Acuáticos, Instituto de Patología Animal, Facultad de Ciencias Veterinarias, Universidad Austral de Chile, Valdivia, Chile
| | - José Leonardo Coronado
- Laboratorio de Inmunología y estrés de Organismos Acuáticos, Instituto de Patología Animal, Facultad de Ciencias Veterinarias, Universidad Austral de Chile, Valdivia, Chile
| | - Ricardo Oyarzún-Salazar
- Laboratorio de Fisiología de peces, Instituto de Ciencias Marinas y Limnológicas, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad Austral de Chile, Valdivia, Chile
| | - Ricardo Enriquez
- Laboratorio de Inmunología y estrés de Organismos Acuáticos, Instituto de Patología Animal, Facultad de Ciencias Veterinarias, Universidad Austral de Chile, Valdivia, Chile
| | - Luis Vargas-Chacoff
- Laboratorio de Fisiología de peces, Instituto de Ciencias Marinas y Limnológicas, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad Austral de Chile, Valdivia, Chile
- Centro Fondap de Investigación de Altas Latitudes (IDEAL), Universidad Austral de Chile, Valdivia, Chile
- Millennium Institute Biodiversity of Antarctic and Subantarctic Ecosystems, BASE, University Austral of Chile, Valdivia, Chile
- *Correspondence: Danixa Pamela Martínez, ; Luis Vargas-Chacoff, ; Alex Romero,
| | - Alex Romero
- Laboratorio de Inmunología y estrés de Organismos Acuáticos, Instituto de Patología Animal, Facultad de Ciencias Veterinarias, Universidad Austral de Chile, Valdivia, Chile
- Centro Fondap Interdisciplinary Center for Aquaculture Research (INCAR), Universidad Austral de Chile, Valdivia, Chile
- *Correspondence: Danixa Pamela Martínez, ; Luis Vargas-Chacoff, ; Alex Romero,
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Rozas-Serri M. Why Does Piscirickettsia salmonis Break the Immunological Paradigm in Farmed Salmon? Biological Context to Understand the Relative Control of Piscirickettsiosis. Front Immunol 2022; 13:856896. [PMID: 35386699 PMCID: PMC8979166 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.856896] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2022] [Accepted: 02/22/2022] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Piscirickettsiosis (SRS) has been the most important infectious disease in Chilean salmon farming since the 1980s. It was one of the first to be described, and to date, it continues to be the main infectious cause of mortality. How can we better understand the epidemiological situation of SRS? The catch-all answer is that the Chilean salmon farming industry must fight year after year against a multifactorial disease, and apparently only the environment in Chile seems to favor the presence and persistence of Piscirickettsia salmonis. This is a fastidious, facultative intracellular bacterium that replicates in the host’s own immune cells and antigen-presenting cells and evades the adaptive cell-mediated immune response, which is why the existing vaccines are not effective in controlling it. Therefore, the Chilean salmon farming industry uses a lot of antibiotics—to control SRS—because otherwise, fish health and welfare would be significantly impaired, and a significantly higher volume of biomass would be lost per year. How can the ever-present risk of negative consequences of antibiotic use in salmon farming be balanced with the productive and economic viability of an animal production industry, as well as with the care of the aquatic environment and public health and with the sustainability of the industry? The answer that is easy, but no less true, is that we must know the enemy and how it interacts with its host. Much knowledge has been generated using this line of inquiry, however it remains insufficient. Considering the state-of-the-art summarized in this review, it can be stated that, from the point of view of fish immunology and vaccinology, we are quite far from reaching an effective and long-term solution for the control of SRS. For this reason, the aim of this critical review is to comprehensively discuss the current knowledge on the interaction between the bacteria and the host to promote the generation of more and better measures for the prevention and control of SRS.
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6
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Kroniger T, Flender D, Schlüter R, Köllner B, Trautwein-Schult A, Becher D. Proteome analysis of the Gram-positive fish pathogen Renibacterium salmoninarum reveals putative role of membrane vesicles in virulence. Sci Rep 2022; 12:3003. [PMID: 35194033 PMCID: PMC8863785 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-022-06130-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2021] [Accepted: 01/04/2022] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Bacterial kidney disease (BKD) is a chronic bacterial disease affecting both wild and farmed salmonids. The causative agent for BKD is the Gram-positive fish pathogen Renibacterium salmoninarum. As treatment and prevention of BKD have proven to be difficult, it is important to know and identify the key bacterial proteins that interact with the host. We used subcellular fractionation to report semi-quantitative data for the cytosolic, membrane, extracellular, and membrane vesicle (MV) proteome of R. salmoninarum. These data can aid as a backbone for more targeted experiments regarding the development of new drugs for the treatment of BKD. Further analysis was focused on the MV proteome, where both major immunosuppressive proteins P57/Msa and P22 and proteins involved in bacterial adhesion were found in high abundance. Interestingly, the P22 protein was relatively enriched only in the extracellular and MV fraction, implicating that MVs may play a role in host–pathogen interaction. Compared to the other subcellular fractions, the MVs were also relatively enriched in lipoproteins and all four cell wall hydrolases belonging to the New Lipoprotein C/Protein of 60 kDa (NlpC/P60) family were detected, suggesting an involvement in the formation of the MVs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tobias Kroniger
- Institute of Microbiology, Department of Microbial Proteomics, Center for Functional Genomics of Microbes, University of Greifswald, 17489, Greifswald, Germany
| | - Daniel Flender
- Institute of Microbiology, Department of Microbial Proteomics, Center for Functional Genomics of Microbes, University of Greifswald, 17489, Greifswald, Germany
| | - Rabea Schlüter
- Imaging Center of the Department of Biology, University of Greifswald, 17489, Greifswald, Germany
| | - Bernd Köllner
- Institute of Immunology, Friedrich-Loeffler-Institute, Federal Research Institute for Animal Health, 17493, Greifswald - Isle of Riems, Germany
| | - Anke Trautwein-Schult
- Institute of Microbiology, Department of Microbial Proteomics, Center for Functional Genomics of Microbes, University of Greifswald, 17489, Greifswald, Germany
| | - Dörte Becher
- Institute of Microbiology, Department of Microbial Proteomics, Center for Functional Genomics of Microbes, University of Greifswald, 17489, Greifswald, Germany.
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7
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Ortiz-Severín J, Tandberg JI, Winther-Larsen HC, Chávez FP, Cambiazo V. Comparative Analysis of Salmon Cell Lines and Zebrafish Primary Cell Cultures Infection with the Fish Pathogen Piscirickettsia salmonis. Microorganisms 2021; 9:microorganisms9122516. [PMID: 34946119 PMCID: PMC8706985 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms9122516] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2021] [Revised: 11/20/2021] [Accepted: 11/30/2021] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Piscirickettsia salmonis is the etiologic agent of piscirickettsiosis, a disease that causes significant losses in the salmon farming industry. In order to unveil the pathogenic mechanisms of P. salmonis, appropriate molecular and cellular studies in multiple cell lines with different origins need to be conducted. Toward that end, we established a cell viability assay that is suitable for high-throughput analysis using the alamarBlue reagent to follow the distinct stages of the bacterial infection cycle. Changes in host cell viability can be easily detected using either an absorbance- or fluorescence-based plate reader. Our method accurately tracked the infection cycle across two different Atlantic salmon-derived cell lines, with macrophage and epithelial cell properties, and zebrafish primary cell cultures. Analyses were also carried out to quantify intracellular bacterial replication in combination with fluorescence microscopy to visualize P. salmonis and cellular structures in fixed cells. In addition, dual gene expression analysis showed that the pro-inflammatory cytokines IL-6, IL-12, and TNFα were upregulated, while the cytokines IL1b and IFNγ were downregulated in the three cell culture types. The expression of the P. salmonis metal uptake and heme acquisition genes, together with the toxin and effector genes ospD3, ymt, pipB2 and pepO, were upregulated at the early and late stages of infection regardless of the cell culture type. On the other hand, Dot/Icm secretion system genes as well as stationary state and nutrient scarcity-related genes were upregulated only at the late stage of P. salmonis intracellular infection. We propose that these genes encoding putative P. salmonis virulence factors and immune-related proteins could be suitable biomarkers of P. salmonis infection. The infection protocol and cell viability assay described here provide a reliable method to compare the molecular and cellular changes induced by P. salmonis in other cell lines and has the potential to be used for high-throughput screenings of novel antimicrobials targeting this important fish intracellular pathogen.
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Affiliation(s)
- Javiera Ortiz-Severín
- Laboratorio de Microbiología de Sistemas, Departamento de Biología, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de Chile, Santiago 7800003, Chile; (J.O.-S.); (F.P.C.)
- Laboratorio de Bioinformática y Expresión Génica, Instituto de Nutrición y Tecnología de los Alimentos, Universidad de Chile, Santiago 7830489, Chile
- Center of Integrative Microbiology and Evolution, University of Oslo, 0316 Oslo, Norway; (J.I.T.); (H.C.W.-L.)
| | - Julia I. Tandberg
- Center of Integrative Microbiology and Evolution, University of Oslo, 0316 Oslo, Norway; (J.I.T.); (H.C.W.-L.)
- Department of Pharmacology and Pharmaceutical Biosciences, School of Pharmacy, University of Oslo, 0316 Oslo, Norway
| | - Hanne C. Winther-Larsen
- Center of Integrative Microbiology and Evolution, University of Oslo, 0316 Oslo, Norway; (J.I.T.); (H.C.W.-L.)
- Department of Pharmacology and Pharmaceutical Biosciences, School of Pharmacy, University of Oslo, 0316 Oslo, Norway
| | - Francisco P. Chávez
- Laboratorio de Microbiología de Sistemas, Departamento de Biología, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de Chile, Santiago 7800003, Chile; (J.O.-S.); (F.P.C.)
| | - Verónica Cambiazo
- Laboratorio de Bioinformática y Expresión Génica, Instituto de Nutrición y Tecnología de los Alimentos, Universidad de Chile, Santiago 7830489, Chile
- Fondap Center for Genome Regulation, Universidad de Chile, Santiago 8370415, Chile
- Correspondence:
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Bailone RL, Fukushima HCS, Ventura Fernandes BH, De Aguiar LK, Corrêa T, Janke H, Grejo Setti P, Roça RDO, Borra RC. Zebrafish as an alternative animal model in human and animal vaccination research. Lab Anim Res 2020; 36:13. [PMID: 32382525 PMCID: PMC7203993 DOI: 10.1186/s42826-020-00042-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2020] [Accepted: 03/19/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Much of medical research relies on animal models to deepen knowledge of the causes of animal and human diseases, as well as to enable the development of innovative therapies. Despite rodents being the most widely used research model worldwide, in recent decades, the use of the zebrafish (Danio rerio) model has exponentially been adopted among the scientific community. This is because such a small tropical freshwater teleost fish has crucial genetic, anatomical and physiological homology with mammals. Therefore, zebrafish constitutes an excellent experimental model for behavioral, genetic and toxicological studies which unravels the mechanism of various human diseases. Furthermore, it serves well to test new therapeutic agents, such as the safety of new vaccines. The aim of this review was to provide a systematic literature review on the most recent studies carried out on the topic. It presents numerous advantages of this type of animal model in tests of efficacy and safety of both animal and human vaccines, thus highlighting gains in time and cost reduction of research and analyzes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ricardo Lacava Bailone
- Ministry of Agriculture, Livestock and Supply, Federal Inspection Service, São Carlos, SP Brazil
- São Paulo State University, Botucatu, SP Brazil
| | - Hirla Costa Silva Fukushima
- Health and Biological Sciences Center, Federal University, Federal University of São Carlos, São Carlos, SP Brazil
| | | | - Luís Kluwe De Aguiar
- Department of Food Technology and Innovation, Harper Adams University, Newport, UK
| | - Tatiana Corrêa
- Department of Genetic and Evolution, Federal University of São Carlos, São Carlos, SP Brazil
| | - Helena Janke
- Department of Genetic and Evolution, Federal University of São Carlos, São Carlos, SP Brazil
| | - Princia Grejo Setti
- Department of Genetic and Evolution, Federal University of São Carlos, São Carlos, SP Brazil
| | | | - Ricardo Carneiro Borra
- Department of Genetic and Evolution, Federal University of São Carlos, São Carlos, SP Brazil
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9
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Avendaño-Herrera R, Benavides I, Espina JA, Soto-Comte D, Poblete-Morales M, Valdés JA, Feijóo CG, Reyes AE. Zebrafish (Danio rerio) as an animal model for bath infection by Flavobacterium psychrophilum. JOURNAL OF FISH DISEASES 2020; 43:561-570. [PMID: 32196708 DOI: 10.1111/jfd.13156] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2019] [Revised: 02/13/2020] [Accepted: 02/18/2020] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Flavobacterium psychrophilum is the causative agent of bacterial cold-water disease and rainbow trout syndrome in freshwater salmonid fish worldwide, generating injuries and high mortality rates. Despite several studies on this bacterium, the infection mechanism remains unknown due to limitations in the employed animal models. In this work, we propose using zebrafish (Danio rerio) as a model for studying bacterial pathogenicity. To substantiate this proposal, zebrafish infection by F. psychrophilum strain JIP 02/86 was characterized. Zebrafish larvae were infected using the bath method, and morphological changes and innate immune system activation were monitored using transgenic fish. Salmonid-like infection phenotypes were observed in 4.74% of treated larvae, as manifested by fin, muscle and caudal peduncle damage. Symptomatic and dead larvae accounted for 1.35% of all challenged larvae. Interestingly, infected larvae with no infection phenotypes showed stronger innate immune system activation than specimens with phenotypes. A failure of function assay for myeloid factor pu.1 resulted in more infected larvae (up to 43.5%), suggesting that low infection rates by F. psychrophilum would be due to the protective actions of the innate immune system against this bacterium in zebrafish larvae. Our results support the use of zebrafish as an infection model for studying F. psychrophilum. Furthermore, the percentage of infected fish can be modulated by disturbing, to varying extents, the differentiation of myeloid cells. Using this evidence as a starting point, different aspects of the infection mechanism of F. psychrophilum could be studied in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruben Avendaño-Herrera
- Laboratorio de Patología de Organismos Acuáticos y Biotecnología Acuícola, Facultad de Ciencias de la Vida, Universidad Andrés Bello, Viña del Mar, Chile
- Interdisciplinary Center for Aquaculture Research (INCAR), Viña del Mar, Chile
| | - Isabella Benavides
- Departamento de Ciencias Biológicas, Facultad de Ciencias de la Vida, Universidad Andrés Bello, Santiago, Chile
| | - Jaime A Espina
- Departamento de Ciencias Biológicas, Facultad de Ciencias de la Vida, Universidad Andrés Bello, Santiago, Chile
| | - Daniela Soto-Comte
- Departamento de Ciencias Biológicas, Facultad de Ciencias de la Vida, Universidad Andrés Bello, Santiago, Chile
| | - Matías Poblete-Morales
- Laboratorio de Patología de Organismos Acuáticos y Biotecnología Acuícola, Facultad de Ciencias de la Vida, Universidad Andrés Bello, Viña del Mar, Chile
| | - Juan A Valdés
- Interdisciplinary Center for Aquaculture Research (INCAR), Viña del Mar, Chile
- Departamento de Ciencias Biológicas, Facultad de Ciencias de la Vida, Universidad Andrés Bello, Santiago, Chile
| | - Carmen G Feijóo
- Departamento de Ciencias Biológicas, Facultad de Ciencias de la Vida, Universidad Andrés Bello, Santiago, Chile
| | - Ariel E Reyes
- Departamento de Ciencias Biológicas, Facultad de Ciencias de la Vida, Universidad Andrés Bello, Santiago, Chile
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10
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Flores-Kossack C, Montero R, Köllner B, Maisey K. Chilean aquaculture and the new challenges: Pathogens, immune response, vaccination and fish diversification. FISH & SHELLFISH IMMUNOLOGY 2020; 98:52-67. [PMID: 31899356 DOI: 10.1016/j.fsi.2019.12.093] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2019] [Revised: 11/29/2019] [Accepted: 12/30/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
In Chile, the salmon and trout farmed fishing industries have rapidly grown during the last years, becoming one of the most important economic sources for the country. However, infectious diseases caused by bacteria, virus, mycoses and parasites, result in losses of up to 700 million dollars per year for the Chilean aquaculture production with the consequent increase of antibiotic and antiparasitic usage. After 30 years of its first appearance, the main salmon health problem is still the salmonid rickettsial septicaemia (SRS), which together with other disease outbreaks, reveal that vaccines do not provide acceptable levels of long-lasting immune protection in the field. On the other hand, due to the large dependence of the industry on salmonids production, the Chilean government promoted the Aquaculture diversification program by 2009, which includes new species such as Merluccius australis, Cilus gilberti and Genypterus chilensis, however, specific research regarding the immune system and vaccine development are issues that still need to be addressed and must be considered as important as the farm production technologies for new fish species. Based on the experience acquired from the salmonid fish farming, should be mandatory an effort to study the immune system of the new species to develop knowledge for vaccination approaches, aiming to protect these aquaculture species before diseases outbreaks may occur. This review focuses on the current status of the Chilean aquaculture industry, the challenges related to emerging and re-emerging microbial pathogens on salmonid fish farming, and the resulting needs in the development of immune protection by rational designed vaccines. We also discussed about what we have learn from 25 years of salmonid researches and what can be applied to the new Chilean farmed species on immunology and vaccinology.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Flores-Kossack
- Laboratorio de Inmunología Comparativa, Centro de Biotecnología Acuícola (CBA), Universidad de Santiago de Chile, Alameda, 3363, Santiago, Chile
| | - R Montero
- Institute of Immunology, Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut, Federal Research Institute for Animal Health, Südufer 10, 17493, Greifswald-Insel Riems, Germany
| | - B Köllner
- Institute of Immunology, Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut, Federal Research Institute for Animal Health, Südufer 10, 17493, Greifswald-Insel Riems, Germany
| | - K Maisey
- Laboratorio de Inmunología Comparativa, Centro de Biotecnología Acuícola (CBA), Universidad de Santiago de Chile, Alameda, 3363, Santiago, Chile.
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11
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Meza K, Inami M, Dalum AS, Lund H, Bjelland AM, Sørum H, Løvoll M. Comparative evaluation of experimental challenge by intraperitoneal injection and cohabitation of Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar L) after vaccination against Piscirickettsia salmonis (EM90-like). JOURNAL OF FISH DISEASES 2019; 42:1713-1730. [PMID: 31625186 DOI: 10.1111/jfd.13091] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2019] [Revised: 08/30/2019] [Accepted: 09/03/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
The Chilean aquaculture has been challenged for years by piscirickettsiosis. A common prophylactic measurement to try to reduce the impact from this disease is vaccination, but the development of vaccines that induce satisfactory protection of the fish in the field has so far not been successful. Experimental challenge models are used to test vaccine efficacy. The aim of this study was to evaluate the performance of experimental vaccines after challenge by the two most widely used challenge routes, intraperitoneal injection and cohabitation. A total of 1,120 Atlantic salmon were vaccinated with non-commercial experimental vaccines with increasing amounts of an inactivated Piscirickettsia salmonis EM90-like isolate. Differences in mortality, macroscopic and microscopic pathological changes, bacterial load and immune gene expression were compared after challenge by different routes. The results revealed a similar progression of the diseases after challenge by both routes and no gross differences reflecting the efficacy of the vaccines could be identified. The analysis of the immune genes suggests a possible suppression of the cellular immunity by CD8 T cell and with this stimulation of bacterial survival and replication. Comparative studies of experimental challenge models are valuable with regard to identifying the best model to mimic real-life conditions and vaccines' performance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karla Meza
- VESO Vikan, Namsos, Norway
- Norwegian University of Life Sciences (NMBU), Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Oslo, Norway
| | | | | | - Hege Lund
- Norwegian University of Life Sciences (NMBU), Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Oslo, Norway
| | - Ane M Bjelland
- Norwegian University of Life Sciences (NMBU), Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Oslo, Norway
| | - Henning Sørum
- Norwegian University of Life Sciences (NMBU), Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Oslo, Norway
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12
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Higuera-Llantén S, Vásquez-Ponce F, Barrientos-Espinoza B, Mardones FO, Marshall SH, Olivares-Pacheco J. Extended antibiotic treatment in salmon farms select multiresistant gut bacteria with a high prevalence of antibiotic resistance genes. PLoS One 2018; 13:e0203641. [PMID: 30204782 PMCID: PMC6133359 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0203641] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2018] [Accepted: 08/26/2018] [Indexed: 01/31/2023] Open
Abstract
The high use of antibiotics for the treatment of bacterial diseases is one of the main problems in the mass production of animal protein. Salmon farming in Chile is a clear example of the above statement, where more than 5,500 tonnes of antibiotics have been used over the last 10 years. This has caused a great impact both at the production level and on the environment; however, there are still few works in relation to it. In order to demonstrate the impact of the high use of antibiotics on fish gut microbiota, we have selected four salmon farms presenting a similar amount of fish of the Atlantic salmon species (Salmo salar), ranging from 4,500 to 6,000 tonnes. All of these farms used treatments with high doses of antibiotics. Thus, 15 healthy fish were selected and euthanised in order to isolate the bacteria resistant to the antibiotics oxytetracycline and florfenicol from the gut microbiota. In total, 47 bacterial isolates resistant to florfenicol and 44 resistant to oxytetracycline were isolated, among which isolates with Minimum Inhibitory Concentrations (MIC) exceeding 2048 μg/mL for florfenicol and 1024 μg/mL for oxytetracycline were found. In addition, another six different antibiotics were tested in order to demonstrate the multiresistance phenomenon. In this regard, six isolates of 91 showed elevated resistance values for the eight tested antibiotics, including florfenicol and oxytetracycline, were found. These bacteria were called “super-resistant” bacteria. This phenotypic resistance was verified at a genotypic level since most isolates showed antibiotic resistance genes (ARGs) to florfenicol and oxytetracycline. Specifically, 77% of antibiotic resistant bacteria showed at least one gene resistant to florfenicol and 89% showed at least one gene resistant to oxytetracycline. In the present study, it was demonstrated that the high use of the antibiotics florfenicol and oxytetracycline has, as a consequence, the selection of multiresistant bacteria in the gut microbiota of farmed fish of the Salmo salar species at the seawater stage. Also, the phenotypic resistance of these bacteria can be correlated with the presence of antibiotic resistance genes.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Anti-Bacterial Agents/pharmacology
- Aquaculture
- Bacteria/drug effects
- Bacteria/genetics
- Bacteria/isolation & purification
- Drug Resistance, Multiple, Bacterial/drug effects
- Drug Resistance, Multiple, Bacterial/genetics
- Gastrointestinal Microbiome/drug effects
- Intestines/microbiology
- Microbial Sensitivity Tests
- Oxytetracycline/pharmacology
- RNA, Ribosomal, 16S/chemistry
- RNA, Ribosomal, 16S/genetics
- RNA, Ribosomal, 16S/metabolism
- Salmo salar
- Thiamphenicol/analogs & derivatives
- Thiamphenicol/pharmacology
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Affiliation(s)
- Sebastián Higuera-Llantén
- Laboratorio de Genética e Inmunología Molecular, Instituto de Biología, Facultad de Ciencias, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Valparaíso, Campus Curauma, Valparaíso, CP, Chile
| | - Felipe Vásquez-Ponce
- Laboratorio de Genética e Inmunología Molecular, Instituto de Biología, Facultad de Ciencias, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Valparaíso, Campus Curauma, Valparaíso, CP, Chile
| | - Beatriz Barrientos-Espinoza
- Laboratorio de Genética e Inmunología Molecular, Instituto de Biología, Facultad de Ciencias, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Valparaíso, Campus Curauma, Valparaíso, CP, Chile
| | - Fernando O. Mardones
- Escuela de Medicina Veterinaria, Facultad de Ecología y Recursos Naturales, Universidad Andrés Bello, Republica 252, CP, Santiago, Chile
| | - Sergio H. Marshall
- Laboratorio de Genética e Inmunología Molecular, Instituto de Biología, Facultad de Ciencias, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Valparaíso, Campus Curauma, Valparaíso, CP, Chile
| | - Jorge Olivares-Pacheco
- Laboratorio de Genética e Inmunología Molecular, Instituto de Biología, Facultad de Ciencias, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Valparaíso, Campus Curauma, Valparaíso, CP, Chile
- Millenium Nucleus on Interdisciplinary approach to Antimicrobial Resistance, Lo Barnechea, Santiago, CP, Chile
- * E-mail:
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13
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Tandberg J, Lagos L, Ropstad E, Smistad G, Hiorth M, Winther-Larsen HC. The Use of Chitosan-Coated Membrane Vesicles for Immunization Against Salmonid Rickettsial Septicemia in an Adult Zebrafish Model. Zebrafish 2018; 15:372-381. [PMID: 29957152 DOI: 10.1089/zeb.2017.1556] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
The introduction of fish vaccination has had a tremendous impact on the aquaculture industry by providing an important measurement in regard to disease control. Infectious diseases caused by intracellular pathogens do, however, remain an unsolved problem for the industry. This is in many cases directly connected to the inability of vaccines to evoke a cellular immunity needed for long-term protection. Thus, there is a need for new and improved vaccines and adjuvants able to induce a strong humoral and cellular immune response. We have previously shown that membrane vesicles (MVs) from the intracellular fish pathogen Piscirickettsia salmonis are able to induce a protective response in adult zebrafish, but the incorporation of an adjuvant has not been evaluated. In this study, we report the use of chitosan as an adjuvant in combination with the P. salmonis-derived MVs for improved immunization against P. salmonis. Both free chitosan and chitosan-coated MVs (cMVs) were injected into adult zebrafish and their efficacy evaluated. The cMVs provided a significant protection (p < 0.05), while a small but nonsignificant reduction in mortalities was registered for fish injected with free chitosan. Both free chitosan and the cMVs were shown to induce an increased immune gene expression of CD 4, CD 8, MHC I, Mpeg1.1, TNFα, IL-1β, IL-10, and IL-6, but to a higher degree in the cMV group. Taken together, the results indicate a potential use of chitosan-coated MVs for vaccination, and that zebrafish is a promising model for aquaculture-relevant studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julia Tandberg
- 1 Department of Pharmaceutical Biosciences, Faculty of Mathematics and Natural Science, School of Pharmacy, University of Oslo , Oslo, Norway
| | - Leidy Lagos
- 2 Department of Animal and Aquacultural Sciences, Norwegian University of Life Sciences , Ås, Norway
| | - Erik Ropstad
- 3 Department of Production Animal Clinical Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine and Biosciences, Norwegian University of Life Sciences , Oslo, Norway
| | - Gro Smistad
- 4 Department of Pharmacy, School of Pharmacy, University of Oslo , Oslo, Norway
| | - Marianne Hiorth
- 4 Department of Pharmacy, School of Pharmacy, University of Oslo , Oslo, Norway
| | - Hanne C Winther-Larsen
- 1 Department of Pharmaceutical Biosciences, Faculty of Mathematics and Natural Science, School of Pharmacy, University of Oslo , Oslo, Norway
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14
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Munang'andu HM. Intracellular Bacterial Infections: A Challenge for Developing Cellular Mediated Immunity Vaccines for Farmed Fish. Microorganisms 2018; 6:microorganisms6020033. [PMID: 29690563 PMCID: PMC6027125 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms6020033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2018] [Revised: 04/15/2018] [Accepted: 04/20/2018] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Aquaculture is one of the most rapidly expanding farming systems in the world. Its rapid expansion has brought with it several pathogens infecting different fish species. As a result, there has been a corresponding expansion in vaccine development to cope with the increasing number of infectious diseases in aquaculture. The success of vaccine development for bacterial diseases in aquaculture is largely attributed to empirical vaccine designs based on inactivation of whole cell (WCI) bacteria vaccines. However, an upcoming challenge in vaccine design is the increase of intracellular bacterial pathogens that are not responsive to WCI vaccines. Intracellular bacterial vaccines evoke cellular mediated immune (CMI) responses that “kill” and eliminate infected cells, unlike WCI vaccines that induce humoral immune responses whose protective mechanism is neutralization of extracellular replicating pathogens by antibodies. In this synopsis, I provide an overview of the intracellular bacterial pathogens infecting different fish species in aquaculture, outlining their mechanisms of invasion, replication, and survival intracellularly based on existing data. I also bring into perspective the current state of CMI understanding in fish together with its potential application in vaccine development. Further, I highlight the immunological pitfalls that have derailed our ability to produce protective vaccines against intracellular pathogens for finfish. Overall, the synopsis put forth herein advocates for a shift in vaccine design to include CMI-based vaccines against intracellular pathogens currently adversely affecting the aquaculture industry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hetron Mweemba Munang'andu
- Section of Aquatic Medicine and Nutrition, Department of Basic Sciences and Aquatic Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine and Biosciences, Norwegian University of Life Sciences, Ullevålsveien 72, P.O. Box 8146, Dep NO-0033, 046 Oslo, Norway.
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15
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Dauros-Singorenko P, Blenkiron C, Phillips A, Swift S. The functional RNA cargo of bacterial membrane vesicles. FEMS Microbiol Lett 2018; 365:4830096. [DOI: 10.1093/femsle/fny023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2017] [Accepted: 01/25/2018] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Priscila Dauros-Singorenko
- Department of Molecular Medicine and Pathology, The University of Auckland, Private Bag 92019, Auckland 1142, New Zealand
- School of Biological Sciences, The University of Auckland, Private Bag 92019, Auckland 1142, New Zealand
| | - Cherie Blenkiron
- Department of Molecular Medicine and Pathology, The University of Auckland, Private Bag 92019, Auckland 1142, New Zealand
- School of Biological Sciences, The University of Auckland, Private Bag 92019, Auckland 1142, New Zealand
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, The University of Auckland, Private Bag 92019, Auckland 1142, New Zealand
| | - Anthony Phillips
- School of Biological Sciences, The University of Auckland, Private Bag 92019, Auckland 1142, New Zealand
- Department of Surgery, The University of Auckland, Private Bag 92019, Auckland 1142, New Zealand
| | - Simon Swift
- Department of Molecular Medicine and Pathology, The University of Auckland, Private Bag 92019, Auckland 1142, New Zealand
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16
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Isolation and Characterization of Serum Extracellular Vesicles (EVs) from Atlantic Salmon Infected with Piscirickettsia Salmonis. Proteomes 2017; 5:proteomes5040034. [PMID: 29194379 PMCID: PMC5748569 DOI: 10.3390/proteomes5040034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2017] [Revised: 11/21/2017] [Accepted: 11/29/2017] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Secretion of extracellular vesicles (EVs) is a common feature of both eukaryotic and prokaryotic cells. Isolated EVs have been shown to contain different types of molecules, including proteins and nucleic acids, and are reported to be key players in intercellular communication. Little is known, however, of EV secretion in fish, or the effect of infection on EV release and content. In the present study, EVs were isolated from the serum of healthy and Piscirickettsia salmonis infected Atlantic salmon in order to evaluate the effect of infection on EV secretion. P. salmonis is facultative intracellular bacterium that causes a systemic infection disease in farmed salmonids. EVs isolated from both infected and non-infected fish had an average diameter of 230–300 nm, as confirmed by transmission electron microscopy, nanoparticle tracking, and flow cytometry. Mass spectrometry identified 180 proteins in serum EVs from both groups of fish. Interestingly, 35 unique proteins were identified in serum EVs isolated from the fish infected with P. salmonis. These unique proteins included proteasomes subunits, granulins, and major histocompatibility class I and II. Our results suggest that EV release could be part of a mechanism in which host stimulatory molecules are released from infected cells to promote an immune response.
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17
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Oliver C, Hernández MA, Tandberg JI, Valenzuela KN, Lagos LX, Haro RE, Sánchez P, Ruiz PA, Sanhueza-Oyarzún C, Cortés MA, Villar MT, Artigues A, Winther-Larsen HC, Avendaño-Herrera R, Yáñez AJ. The Proteome of Biologically Active Membrane Vesicles from Piscirickettsia salmonis LF-89 Type Strain Identifies Plasmid-Encoded Putative Toxins. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2017; 7:420. [PMID: 29034215 PMCID: PMC5625009 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2017.00420] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2017] [Accepted: 09/12/2017] [Indexed: 01/16/2023] Open
Abstract
Piscirickettsia salmonis is the predominant bacterial pathogen affecting the Chilean salmonid industry. This bacterium is the etiological agent of piscirickettsiosis, a significant fish disease. Membrane vesicles (MVs) released by P. salmonis deliver several virulence factors to host cells. To improve on existing knowledge for the pathogenicity-associated functions of P. salmonis MVs, we studied the proteome of purified MVs from the P. salmonis LF-89 type strain using multidimensional protein identification technology. Initially, the cytotoxicity of different MV concentration purified from P. salmonis LF-89 was confirmed in an in vivo adult zebrafish infection model. The cumulative mortality of zebrafish injected with MVs showed a dose-dependent pattern. Analyses identified 452 proteins of different subcellular origins; most of them were associated with the cytoplasmic compartment and were mainly related to key functions for pathogen survival. Interestingly, previously unidentified putative virulence-related proteins were identified in P. salmonis MVs, such as outer membrane porin F and hemolysin. Additionally, five amino acid sequences corresponding to the Bordetella pertussis toxin subunit 1 and two amino acid sequences corresponding to the heat-labile enterotoxin alpha chain of Escherichia coli were located in the P. salmonis MV proteome. Curiously, these putative toxins were located in a plasmid region of P. salmonis LF-89. Based on the identified proteins, we propose that the protein composition of P. salmonis LF-89 MVs could reflect total protein characteristics of this P. salmonis type strain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cristian Oliver
- Laboratorio de Patología de Organismos Acuáticos y Biotecnología Acuícola, Universidad Andrés Bello, Viña del Mar, Chile.,Facultad de Ciencias, Instituto de Bioquímica y Microbiología, Universidad Austral de Chile, Valdivia, Chile.,Interdisciplinary Center for Aquaculture Research, Concepción, Chile
| | - Mauricio A Hernández
- Austral-OMICS, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad Austral de Chile, Valdivia, Chile
| | - Julia I Tandberg
- Center of Integrative Microbiology and Evolution, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway.,Department of Pharmaceutical Biosciences, School of Pharmacy, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
| | - Karla N Valenzuela
- Microbiology and Immunology Department, Dalhousie University, Halifax, NS, Canada
| | - Leidy X Lagos
- Center of Integrative Microbiology and Evolution, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway.,Department of Pharmaceutical Biosciences, School of Pharmacy, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
| | - Ronie E Haro
- Facultad de Ciencias, Instituto de Bioquímica y Microbiología, Universidad Austral de Chile, Valdivia, Chile
| | - Patricio Sánchez
- Facultad de Ciencias, Instituto de Bioquímica y Microbiología, Universidad Austral de Chile, Valdivia, Chile.,Interdisciplinary Center for Aquaculture Research, Concepción, Chile
| | - Pamela A Ruiz
- Facultad de Ciencias, Instituto de Bioquímica y Microbiología, Universidad Austral de Chile, Valdivia, Chile.,Interdisciplinary Center for Aquaculture Research, Concepción, Chile
| | - Constanza Sanhueza-Oyarzún
- Facultad de Ciencias, Instituto de Bioquímica y Microbiología, Universidad Austral de Chile, Valdivia, Chile.,Interdisciplinary Center for Aquaculture Research, Concepción, Chile
| | - Marcos A Cortés
- Facultad de Ciencias, Instituto de Bioquímica y Microbiología, Universidad Austral de Chile, Valdivia, Chile.,Interdisciplinary Center for Aquaculture Research, Concepción, Chile
| | - María T Villar
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Medicine, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, KS, United States
| | - Antonio Artigues
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Medicine, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, KS, United States
| | - Hanne C Winther-Larsen
- Center of Integrative Microbiology and Evolution, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway.,Department of Pharmaceutical Biosciences, School of Pharmacy, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
| | - Ruben Avendaño-Herrera
- Laboratorio de Patología de Organismos Acuáticos y Biotecnología Acuícola, Universidad Andrés Bello, Viña del Mar, Chile.,Interdisciplinary Center for Aquaculture Research, Concepción, Chile
| | - Alejandro J Yáñez
- Facultad de Ciencias, Instituto de Bioquímica y Microbiología, Universidad Austral de Chile, Valdivia, Chile.,Interdisciplinary Center for Aquaculture Research, Concepción, Chile.,Austral-OMICS, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad Austral de Chile, Valdivia, Chile
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