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DeLorenzo L, DeBrock V, Carmona Baez A, Ciccotto PJ, Peterson EN, Stull C, Roberts NB, Roberts RB, Powder KE. Morphometric and Genetic Description of Trophic Adaptations in Cichlid Fishes. BIOLOGY 2022; 11:biology11081165. [PMID: 36009792 PMCID: PMC9405370 DOI: 10.3390/biology11081165] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2022] [Revised: 07/28/2022] [Accepted: 07/30/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Since Darwin, biologists have sought to understand the evolution and origins of phenotypic adaptations. The skull is particularly diverse due to intense natural selection on feeding biomechanics. We investigated the genetic and molecular origins of trophic adaptation using Lake Malawi cichlids, which have undergone an exemplary evolutionary radiation. We analyzed morphological differences in the lateral and ventral head shape among an insectivore that eats by suction feeding, an obligate biting herbivore, and their F2 hybrids. We identified variation in a series of morphological traits—including mandible width, mandible length, and buccal length—that directly affect feeding kinematics and function. Using quantitative trait loci (QTL) mapping, we found that many genes of small effects influence these craniofacial adaptations. Intervals for some traits were enriched in genes related to potassium transport and sensory systems, the latter suggesting co-evolution of feeding structures and sensory adaptations for foraging. Despite these indications of co-evolution of structures, morphological traits did not show covariation. Furthermore, phenotypes largely mapped to distinct genetic intervals, suggesting that a common genetic basis does not generate coordinated changes in shape. Together, these suggest that craniofacial traits are mostly inherited as separate modules, which confers a high potential for the evolution of morphological diversity. Though these traits are not restricted by genetic pleiotropy, functional demands of feeding and sensory structures likely introduce constraints on variation. In all, we provide insights into the quantitative genetic basis of trophic adaptation, identify mechanisms that influence the direction of morphological evolution, and provide molecular inroads to craniofacial variation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leah DeLorenzo
- Department of Biological Sciences, Clemson University, Clemson, SC 29634, USA
| | - Victoria DeBrock
- Department of Biological Sciences, Clemson University, Clemson, SC 29634, USA
| | - Aldo Carmona Baez
- Department of Biological Sciences and Genetics and Genomics Academy, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC 27695, USA
| | - Patrick J Ciccotto
- Department of Biological Sciences and Genetics and Genomics Academy, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC 27695, USA
- Department of Biology, Warren Wilson College, Swannanoa, NC 28778, USA
| | - Erin N Peterson
- Department of Biological Sciences and Genetics and Genomics Academy, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC 27695, USA
| | - Clare Stull
- Department of Biological Sciences and Genetics and Genomics Academy, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC 27695, USA
| | - Natalie B Roberts
- Department of Biological Sciences and Genetics and Genomics Academy, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC 27695, USA
| | - Reade B Roberts
- Department of Biological Sciences and Genetics and Genomics Academy, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC 27695, USA
| | - Kara E Powder
- Department of Biological Sciences, Clemson University, Clemson, SC 29634, USA
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Rosa-Fernandes L, Bedrat A, dos Santos MLB, Pinto A, Lucena E, Silva TP, Melo RC, Palmisano G, Cardoso CA, Barbosa RH. Global RNAseq of ocular cells reveals gene dysregulation in both asymptomatic and with Congenital Zika Syndrome infants exposed prenatally to Zika virus. Exp Cell Res 2022; 414:113086. [DOI: 10.1016/j.yexcr.2022.113086] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2021] [Revised: 02/26/2022] [Accepted: 02/28/2022] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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Gabriel E, Albanna W, Pasquini G, Ramani A, Josipovic N, Mariappan A, Schinzel F, Karch CM, Bao G, Gottardo M, Suren AA, Hescheler J, Nagel-Wolfrum K, Persico V, Rizzoli SO, Altmüller J, Riparbelli MG, Callaini G, Goureau O, Papantonis A, Busskamp V, Schneider T, Gopalakrishnan J. Human brain organoids assemble functionally integrated bilateral optic vesicles. Cell Stem Cell 2021; 28:1740-1757.e8. [PMID: 34407456 DOI: 10.1016/j.stem.2021.07.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2020] [Revised: 04/23/2021] [Accepted: 07/20/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
During embryogenesis, optic vesicles develop from the diencephalon via a multistep process of organogenesis. Using induced pluripotent stem cell (iPSC)-derived human brain organoids, we attempted to simplify the complexities and demonstrate formation of forebrain-associated bilateral optic vesicles, cellular diversity, and functionality. Around day 30, brain organoids attempt to assemble optic vesicles, which develop progressively as visible structures within 60 days. These optic vesicle-containing brain organoids (OVB-organoids) constitute a developing optic vesicle's cellular components, including primitive corneal epithelial and lens-like cells, retinal pigment epithelia, retinal progenitor cells, axon-like projections, and electrically active neuronal networks. OVB-organoids also display synapsin-1, CTIP-positive myelinated cortical neurons, and microglia. Interestingly, various light intensities could trigger photosensitive activity of OVB-organoids, and light sensitivities could be reset after transient photobleaching. Thus, brain organoids have the intrinsic ability to self-organize forebrain-associated primitive sensory structures in a topographically restricted manner and can allow interorgan interaction studies within a single organoid.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elke Gabriel
- Institute of Human Genetics, University Hospital, Heinrich-Heine-Universität, 40225 Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Walid Albanna
- Institute for Neurophysiology, University of Cologne, 50931 Cologne, Germany; Department of Neurosurgery, RWTH Aachen University, 52074 Aachen, Germany
| | - Giovanni Pasquini
- Department of Ophthalmology, Medical Faculty, University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany
| | - Anand Ramani
- Institute of Human Genetics, University Hospital, Heinrich-Heine-Universität, 40225 Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Natasa Josipovic
- Institute of Pathology, University Medicine Göttingen, Georg-August University Göttingen, 37075 Göttingen, Germany; Center for molecular medicine, Cologne, Universität zu Köln, 50931 Köln, Germany
| | - Aruljothi Mariappan
- Institute of Human Genetics, University Hospital, Heinrich-Heine-Universität, 40225 Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Friedrich Schinzel
- Institute of Human Genetics, University Hospital, Heinrich-Heine-Universität, 40225 Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Celeste M Karch
- Department of Psychiatry, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO 63116, USA
| | - Guobin Bao
- Institute of Neurophysiology and Cellular Biophysics, University Medicine Göttingen, Georg-August-Universität Göttingen, 37073 Göttingen, Germany
| | - Marco Gottardo
- Institute of Human Genetics, University Hospital, Heinrich-Heine-Universität, 40225 Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Ata Alp Suren
- Institute of Human Genetics, University Hospital, Heinrich-Heine-Universität, 40225 Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Jürgen Hescheler
- Institute for Neurophysiology, University of Cologne, 50931 Cologne, Germany
| | - Kerstin Nagel-Wolfrum
- Institute of Molecular Physiology, Johannes Gutenberg University, 55099 Mainz, Germany
| | - Veronica Persico
- Department of Life Sciences and Medical Biotechnology University of Siena, Siena 53100, Italy
| | - Silvio O Rizzoli
- Institute of Neurophysiology and Cellular Biophysics, University Medicine Göttingen, Georg-August-Universität Göttingen, 37073 Göttingen, Germany
| | - Janine Altmüller
- Cologne Center for Genomics (CCG), Universität zu Köln, Köln, Germany; Center for molecular medicine, Cologne, Universität zu Köln, 50931 Köln, Germany
| | | | - Giuliano Callaini
- Department of Life Sciences and Medical Biotechnology University of Siena, Siena 53100, Italy
| | - Olivier Goureau
- Institut de la Vision, Sorbonne Université, INSERM, CNRS, 75012 Paris, France
| | - Argyris Papantonis
- Institute of Pathology, University Medicine Göttingen, Georg-August University Göttingen, 37075 Göttingen, Germany
| | - Volker Busskamp
- Department of Ophthalmology, Medical Faculty, University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany
| | - Toni Schneider
- Institute for Neurophysiology, University of Cologne, 50931 Cologne, Germany
| | - Jay Gopalakrishnan
- Institute of Human Genetics, University Hospital, Heinrich-Heine-Universität, 40225 Düsseldorf, Germany.
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Barbosa RH, dos Santos MLB, Silva TP, Rosa-Fernandes L, Pinto AMV, Spínola PS, Bonvicino CR, Fernandes PV, Lucena E, Palmisano G, Melo RCN, Cardoso CAA, Lemos B. Impression Cytology Is a Non-invasive and Effective Method for Ocular Cell Retrieval of Zika Infected Babies: Perspectives in OMIC Studies. Front Mol Neurosci 2019; 12:279. [PMID: 31866819 PMCID: PMC6907025 DOI: 10.3389/fnmol.2019.00279] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2019] [Accepted: 11/01/2019] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
IMPORTANCE Non-invasive techniques for retrieving ocular surface cells from babies infected by zika virus (ZIKV) during the gestational period remain to be determined. OBJECTIVES The aim of this study was to describe an optimized impression cytology method for the isolation of viable cells from Zika infected babies with and without Congenital Zika Syndrome (CZS) in satisfactory amount and quality to enable easy adoption in the field and application in the context of genomic and molecular approaches. DESIGN SETTINGS AND PARTICIPANTS Ocular surface samples were obtained with a hydrophilic nitrocellulose membrane (through optimized impression cytology method) from twelve babies referred to the Pediatric Service of the Antonio Pedro Hospital, Universidade Federal Fluminense (UFF), Niteroi, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil. After an authorized written informed consent from the parents, samples were collected from both eyes of 12 babies (4 babies with maternal ZIKV exposure during gestation and presence of clinical signs which included ocular abnormalities and microcephaly; 4 babies with maternal ZIKV exposure during gestation but no clinical signs; and 4 unaffected control babies with negative PCR for Zika virus and without clinical signs). Cells were used for microscopy analyses and evaluated for their suitability for downstream molecular applications in transcriptomic and proteomic experiments. RESULTS Our optimized impression cytology protocol enabled the capture of a considerable number of viable cells. The microscopic features of the conjunctival epithelial cells were described by both direct analysis of the membrane-attached cells and analysis of cytospinned captured cells using several staining procedures. Epithelial basal, polyhedral and goblet cells were clearly identified in all groups. All cases of ZIKV infected babies showed potential morphological alterations (cell keratinization, pyknosis, karyolysis, anucleation, and vacuolization). Molecular approaches were also performed in parallel. Genomic DNA and RNA were successfully isolated from all samples to enable the establishment of transcriptomic and proteomic studies. CONCLUSIONS AND RELEVANCE Our method proved to be a suitable, fast, and non-invasive tool to obtain ocular cell preparations from babies with and without Zika infection. The method yielded sufficient cells for detailed morphological and molecular analyses of samples. We discuss perspectives for the application of impression cytology in the context of ZIKV studies in basic and clinical research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Raquel Hora Barbosa
- Molecular and Integrative Physiological Sciences Program, Department of Environmental Health, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA, United States
- Department of Maternal and Child, School of Medicine, Universidade Federal Fluminense, Niterói, Brazil
- Genetics Program, Instituto Nacional de Câncer, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Maria Luiza B. dos Santos
- Department of Maternal and Child, School of Medicine, Universidade Federal Fluminense, Niterói, Brazil
| | - Thiago P. Silva
- Laboratory of Cellular Biology, Department of Biology, Universidade Federal de Juiz de Fora, Juiz de Fora, Brazil
| | - Liva Rosa-Fernandes
- Glycoproteomics Laboratory, Department of Parasitology, ICB, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Ana M. V. Pinto
- Biomedical Institute, Universidade Federal Fluminense, Niterói, Brazil
| | - Pricila S. Spínola
- Genetics Department – Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | | | | | - Evandro Lucena
- Division of Clinical Research, Instituto Nacional de Câncer, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Giuseppe Palmisano
- Glycoproteomics Laboratory, Department of Parasitology, ICB, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Rossana C. N. Melo
- Laboratory of Cellular Biology, Department of Biology, Universidade Federal de Juiz de Fora, Juiz de Fora, Brazil
| | | | - Bernardo Lemos
- Molecular and Integrative Physiological Sciences Program, Department of Environmental Health, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA, United States
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Lahlou H, Lopez-Juarez A, Fontbonne A, Nivet E, Zine A. Modeling human early otic sensory cell development with induced pluripotent stem cells. PLoS One 2018; 13:e0198954. [PMID: 29902227 PMCID: PMC6002076 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0198954] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2017] [Accepted: 05/24/2018] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The inner ear represents a promising system to develop cell-based therapies from human induced pluripotent stem cells (hiPSCs). In the developing ear, Notch signaling plays multiple roles in otic region specification and for cell fate determination. Optimizing hiPSC induction for the generation of appropriate numbers of otic progenitors and derivatives, such as hair cells, may provide an unlimited supply of cells for research and cell-based therapy. In this study, we used monolayer cultures, otic-inducing agents, Notch modulation, and marker expression to track early and otic sensory lineages during hiPSC differentiation. Otic/placodal progenitors were derived from hiPSC cultures in medium supplemented with FGF3/FGF10 for 13 days. These progenitor cells were then treated for 7 days with retinoic acid (RA) and epidermal growth factor (EGF) or a Notch inhibitor. The differentiated cultures were analyzed in parallel by qPCR and immunocytochemistry. After the 13 day induction, hiPSC-derived cells displayed an upregulated expression of a panel of otic/placodal markers. Strikingly, a subset of these induced progenitor cells displayed key-otic sensory markers, the percentage of which was increased in cultures under Notch inhibition as compared to RA/EGF-treated cultures. Our results show that modulating Notch pathway during in vitro differentiation of hiPSC-derived otic/placodal progenitors is a valuable strategy to promote the expression of human otic sensory lineage genes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hanae Lahlou
- Aix Marseille Université, CNRS, LNIA UMR 7260, Marseille, France
| | | | - Arnaud Fontbonne
- Aix Marseille Université, CNRS, LNIA UMR 7260, Marseille, France
| | - Emmanuel Nivet
- Aix Marseille Université, CNRS, NICN UMR 7259, Marseille, France
| | - Azel Zine
- Aix Marseille Université, CNRS, LNIA UMR 7260, Marseille, France
- Université de Montpellier, Faculté de Pharmacie, Montpellier, France
- * E-mail: ,
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Dumoulin A, Ter-Avetisyan G, Schmidt H, Rathjen FG. Molecular Analysis of Sensory Axon Branching Unraveled a cGMP-Dependent Signaling Cascade. Int J Mol Sci 2018; 19:E1266. [PMID: 29695045 PMCID: PMC5983660 DOI: 10.3390/ijms19051266] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2018] [Revised: 04/15/2018] [Accepted: 04/20/2018] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Axonal branching is a key process in the establishment of circuit connectivity within the nervous system. Molecular-genetic studies have shown that a specific form of axonal branching—the bifurcation of sensory neurons at the transition zone between the peripheral and the central nervous system—is regulated by a cyclic guanosine monophosphate (cGMP)-dependent signaling cascade which is composed of C-type natriuretic peptide (CNP), the receptor guanylyl cyclase Npr2, and cGMP-dependent protein kinase Iα (cGKIα). In the absence of any one of these components, neurons in dorsal root ganglia (DRG) and cranial sensory ganglia no longer bifurcate, and instead turn in either an ascending or a descending direction. In contrast, collateral axonal branch formation which represents a second type of axonal branch formation is not affected by inactivation of CNP, Npr2, or cGKI. Whereas axon bifurcation was lost in mouse mutants deficient for components of CNP-induced cGMP formation; the absence of the cGMP-degrading enzyme phosphodiesterase 2A had no effect on axon bifurcation. Adult mice that lack sensory axon bifurcation due to the conditional inactivation of Npr2-mediated cGMP signaling in DRG neurons demonstrated an altered shape of sensory axon terminal fields in the spinal cord, indicating that elaborate compensatory mechanisms reorganize neuronal circuits in the absence of bifurcation. On a functional level, these mice showed impaired heat sensation and nociception induced by chemical irritants, whereas responses to cold sensation, mechanical stimulation, and motor coordination are normal. These data point to a critical role of axon bifurcation for the processing of acute pain perception.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Hannes Schmidt
- Interfaculty Institute of Biochemistry, University of Tübingen, Hoppe-Seyler-Str. 4, 72076 Tübingen, Germany.
| | - Fritz G Rathjen
- Max-Delbrück-Center, Robert-Rössle-Str. 10, 13092 Berlin, Germany.
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Boyle R, Ehsanian R, Mofrad A, Popova Y, Varelas J. Morphology of the utricular otolith organ in the toadfish, Opsanus tau. J Comp Neurol 2018. [PMID: 29524209 DOI: 10.1002/cne.24429] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
The utricle provides the vestibular reflex pathways with the sensory codes of inertial acceleration of self-motion and head orientation with respect to gravity to control balance and equilibrium. Here we present an anatomical description of this structure in the adult oyster toadfish and establish a morphological basis for interpretation of subsequent functional studies. Light, scanning, and transmission electron microscopy techniques were applied to visualize the sensory epithelium at varying levels of detail, its neural innervation and its synaptic organization. Scanning electron microscopy was used to visualize otolith mass and morphological polarization patterns of hair cells. Afferent nerve fibers were visualized following labeling with biocytin, and light microscope images were used to make three-dimensional (3-D) reconstructions of individual labeled afferents to identify dendritic morphology with respect to epithelial location. Transmission electron micrographs were compiled to create a serial 3-D reconstruction of a labeled afferent over a segment of its dendritic field and to examine the cell-afferent synaptic contacts. Major observations are: a well-defined striola, medial and lateral extra-striolar regions with a zonal organization of hair bundles; prominent lacinia projecting laterally; dependence of hair cell density on macular location; narrow afferent dendritic fields that follow the hair bundle polarization; synaptic specializations issued by afferents are typically directed towards a limited number of 7-13 hair cells, but larger dendritic fields in the medial extra-striola can be associated with > 20 hair cells also; and hair cell synaptic bodies can be confined to only an individual afferent or can synapse upon several afferents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Richard Boyle
- Vestibular Biophysics Laboratory, Ames Research Center, NASA, Moffett Field, California, 94035-1000
| | - Reza Ehsanian
- Vestibular Biophysics Laboratory, Ames Research Center, NASA, Moffett Field, California, 94035-1000
| | - Alireza Mofrad
- Vestibular Biophysics Laboratory, Ames Research Center, NASA, Moffett Field, California, 94035-1000
| | - Yekaterina Popova
- Vestibular Biophysics Laboratory, Ames Research Center, NASA, Moffett Field, California, 94035-1000
| | - Joseph Varelas
- Vestibular Biophysics Laboratory, Ames Research Center, NASA, Moffett Field, California, 94035-1000.,University of California, Santa Cruz, California, 95064
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Nasal and otic placode specific regulation of Sox2 involves both activation by Sox-Sall4 synergism and multiple repression mechanisms. Dev Biol 2018; 433:61-74. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ydbio.2017.11.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2016] [Revised: 11/02/2017] [Accepted: 11/10/2017] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
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Hinaux H, Devos L, Blin M, Elipot Y, Bibliowicz J, Alié A, Rétaux S. Sensory evolution in blind cavefish is driven by early embryonic events during gastrulation and neurulation. Development 2017; 143:4521-4532. [PMID: 27899509 DOI: 10.1242/dev.141291] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2016] [Accepted: 10/20/2016] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Natural variations in sensory systems constitute adaptive responses to the environment. Here, we compared sensory placode development in the blind cave-adapted morph and the eyed river-dwelling morph of Astyanax mexicanus Focusing on the lens and olfactory placodes, we found a trade-off between these two sensory components in the two morphs: from neural plate stage onwards, cavefish have larger olfactory placodes and smaller lens placodes. In a search for developmental mechanisms underlying cavefish sensory evolution, we analyzed the roles of Shh, Fgf8 and Bmp4 signaling, which are known to be fundamental in patterning the vertebrate head and are subtly modulated in space and time during cavefish embryogenesis. Modulating these signaling systems at the end of gastrulation shifted the balance toward a larger olfactory derivative. Olfactory tests to assess potential behavioral outcomes of such developmental evolution revealed that Astyanax cavefish are able to respond to a 105-fold lower concentration of amino acids than their surface-dwelling counterparts. We suggest that similar evolutionary developmental mechanisms may be used throughout vertebrates to drive adaptive sensory specializations according to lifestyle and habitat.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hélène Hinaux
- DECA group, Paris-Saclay Institute of Neuroscience, CNRS, Université Paris Sud, Université Paris-Saclay, Avenue de la terrasse, Gif-sur-Yvette 91198, France
| | - Lucie Devos
- DECA group, Paris-Saclay Institute of Neuroscience, CNRS, Université Paris Sud, Université Paris-Saclay, Avenue de la terrasse, Gif-sur-Yvette 91198, France
| | - Maryline Blin
- DECA group, Paris-Saclay Institute of Neuroscience, CNRS, Université Paris Sud, Université Paris-Saclay, Avenue de la terrasse, Gif-sur-Yvette 91198, France
| | - Yannick Elipot
- DECA group, Paris-Saclay Institute of Neuroscience, CNRS, Université Paris Sud, Université Paris-Saclay, Avenue de la terrasse, Gif-sur-Yvette 91198, France
| | - Jonathan Bibliowicz
- DECA group, Paris-Saclay Institute of Neuroscience, CNRS, Université Paris Sud, Université Paris-Saclay, Avenue de la terrasse, Gif-sur-Yvette 91198, France
| | - Alexandre Alié
- DECA group, Paris-Saclay Institute of Neuroscience, CNRS, Université Paris Sud, Université Paris-Saclay, Avenue de la terrasse, Gif-sur-Yvette 91198, France
| | - Sylvie Rétaux
- DECA group, Paris-Saclay Institute of Neuroscience, CNRS, Université Paris Sud, Université Paris-Saclay, Avenue de la terrasse, Gif-sur-Yvette 91198, France
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Matsuoka AJ, Morrissey ZD, Zhang C, Homma K, Belmadani A, Miller CA, Chadly DM, Kobayashi S, Edelbrock AN, Tanaka‐Matakatsu M, Whitlon DS, Lyass L, McGuire TL, Stupp SI, Kessler JA. Directed Differentiation of Human Embryonic Stem Cells Toward Placode-Derived Spiral Ganglion-Like Sensory Neurons. Stem Cells Transl Med 2017; 6:923-936. [PMID: 28186679 PMCID: PMC5442760 DOI: 10.1002/sctm.16-0032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2016] [Revised: 08/31/2016] [Accepted: 10/19/2016] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
The ability to generate spiral ganglion neurons (SGNs) from stem cells is a necessary prerequisite for development of cell-replacement therapies for sensorineural hearing loss. We present a protocol that directs human embryonic stem cells (hESCs) toward a purified population of otic neuronal progenitors (ONPs) and SGN-like cells. Between 82% and 95% of these cells express SGN molecular markers, they preferentially extend neurites to the cochlear nucleus rather than nonauditory nuclei, and they generate action potentials. The protocol follows an in vitro stepwise recapitulation of developmental events inherent to normal differentiation of hESCs into SGNs, resulting in efficient sequential generation of nonneuronal ectoderm, preplacodal ectoderm, early prosensory ONPs, late ONPs, and cells with cellular and molecular characteristics of human SGNs. We thus describe the sequential signaling pathways that generate the early and later lineage species in the human SGN lineage, thereby better describing key developmental processes. The results indicate that our protocol generates cells that closely replicate the phenotypic characteristics of human SGNs, advancing the process of guiding hESCs to states serving inner-ear cell-replacement therapies and possible next-generation hybrid auditory prostheses. © Stem Cells Translational Medicine 2017;6:923-936.
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Affiliation(s)
- Akihiro J. Matsuoka
- Department of Otolaryngology and Head and Neck SurgeryChicagoILUSA
- Department of Communication Sciences and DisordersChicagoILUSA
- Knowles Hearing CenterChicagoILUSA
| | | | - Chaoying Zhang
- Department of Otolaryngology and Head and Neck SurgeryChicagoILUSA
| | - Kazuaki Homma
- Department of Otolaryngology and Head and Neck SurgeryChicagoILUSA
- Knowles Hearing CenterChicagoILUSA
| | - Abdelhak Belmadani
- Department of Molecular Pharmacology and Biological ChemistryChicagoILUSA
| | | | - Duncan M. Chadly
- Department of Otolaryngology and Head and Neck SurgeryChicagoILUSA
| | - Shun Kobayashi
- Department of Otolaryngology and Head and Neck SurgeryChicagoILUSA
| | | | | | - Donna S. Whitlon
- Department of Otolaryngology and Head and Neck SurgeryChicagoILUSA
- Knowles Hearing CenterChicagoILUSA
| | - Ljuba Lyass
- Department of Biomedical EngineeringChicagoILUSA
| | | | - Samuel I. Stupp
- Department of MedicineChicagoILUSA
- Department of Biomedical EngineeringChicagoILUSA
- Simpson Querrey Institute for BioNanotechnologyChicagoILUSA
- Department of ChemistryNorthwestern University
- Department of Materials Science & EngineeringNorthwestern University
| | - John A. Kessler
- Department of NeurologyFeinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern UniversityChicagoILUSA
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11
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YIZHAR-BARNEA OFER, AVRAHAM KARENB. Single cell analysis of the inner ear sensory organs. THE INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF DEVELOPMENTAL BIOLOGY 2017; 61:205-213. [PMID: 28621418 PMCID: PMC5709810 DOI: 10.1387/ijdb.160453ka] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
The inner ear is composed of a complex mixture of cells, which together allow organisms to hear and maintain balance. The cells in the inner ear, which undergo an extraordinary process of development, have only recently begun to be studied on an individual level. As it has recently become clear that individual cells, previously considered to be of uniform character, may differ dramatically from each other, the need to study cell-to-cell variation, along with distinct transcriptional and regulatory signatures, has taken hold in the scientific community. In conjunction with high-throughput technologies, attempts are underway to dissect the inter- and intra-cellular variability of different cell types and developmental states of the inner ear from a novel perspective. Single cell analysis of the inner ear sensory organs holds the promise of providing a significant boost in building an omics network that translates into a comprehensive understanding of the mechanisms of hearing and balance. These networks may uncover critical elements for trans-differentiation, regeneration and/or reprogramming, providing entry points for therapeutics of deafness and vestibular pathologies.
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Affiliation(s)
- OFER YIZHAR-BARNEA
- Department of Human Molecular Genetics and Biochemistry, Sackler
Faculty of Medicine and Sagol School of Neuroscience, Tel Aviv University, Tel
Aviv, Israel
| | - KAREN B. AVRAHAM
- Department of Human Molecular Genetics and Biochemistry, Sackler
Faculty of Medicine and Sagol School of Neuroscience, Tel Aviv University, Tel
Aviv, Israel
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12
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Single-cell analysis delineates a trajectory toward the human early otic lineage. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2016; 113:8508-13. [PMID: 27402757 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1605537113] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Efficient pluripotent stem cell guidance protocols for the production of human posterior cranial placodes such as the otic placode that gives rise to the inner ear do not exist. Here we use a systematic approach including defined monolayer culture, signaling modulation, and single-cell gene expression analysis to delineate a developmental trajectory for human otic lineage specification in vitro. We found that modulation of bone morphogenetic protein (BMP) and WNT signaling combined with FGF and retinoic acid treatments over the course of 18 days generates cell populations that develop chronological expression of marker genes of non-neural ectoderm, preplacodal ectoderm, and early otic lineage. Gene expression along this differentiation path is distinct from other lineages such as endoderm, mesendoderm, and neural ectoderm. Single-cell analysis exposed the heterogeneity of differentiating cells and allowed discrimination of non-neural ectoderm and otic lineage cells from off-target populations. Pseudotemporal ordering of human embryonic stem cell and induced pluripotent stem cell-derived single-cell gene expression profiles revealed an initially synchronous guidance toward non-neural ectoderm, followed by comparatively asynchronous occurrences of preplacodal and otic marker genes. Positive correlation of marker gene expression between both cell lines and resemblance to mouse embryonic day 10.5 otocyst cells implied reasonable robustness of the guidance protocol. Single-cell trajectory analysis further revealed that otic progenitor cell types are induced in monolayer cultures, but further development appears impeded, likely because of lack of a lineage-stabilizing microenvironment. Our results provide a framework for future exploration of stabilizing microenvironments for efficient differentiation of stem cell-generated human otic cell types.
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13
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Aguillon R, Blader P, Batut J. Patterning, morphogenesis, and neurogenesis of zebrafish cranial sensory placodes. Methods Cell Biol 2016; 134:33-67. [PMID: 27312490 DOI: 10.1016/bs.mcb.2016.01.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
Peripheral sensory organs and ganglia found in the vertebrate head arise during embryonic development from distinct ectodermal thickenings, called cranial sensory placodes (adenohypophyseal, olfactory, lens, trigeminal, epibranchial, and otic). A series of patterning events leads to the establishment of these placodes. Subsequently, these placodes undergo specific morphogenetic movements and cell-type specification in order to shape the final placodal derivatives and to produce differentiated cell types necessary for their function. In this chapter, we will focus on recent studies in the zebrafish that have advanced our understanding of cranial sensory placode development. We will summarize the signaling events and their molecular effectors guiding the formation of the so-called preplacodal region, and the subsequent subdivision of this region along the anteroposterior axis that gives rise to specific placode identities as well as those controlling morphogenesis and neurogenesis. Finally, we will highlight the approaches used in zebrafish that have been established to precisely label cell populations, to follow their development, and/or to characterize cell fates within a specific placode.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Aguillon
- Centre de Biologie du Développement (CBD, UMR5547), Centre de Biologie Intégrative (CBI), Université de Toulouse, CNRS, UPS, Toulouse, France
| | - P Blader
- Centre de Biologie du Développement (CBD, UMR5547), Centre de Biologie Intégrative (CBI), Université de Toulouse, CNRS, UPS, Toulouse, France
| | - J Batut
- Centre de Biologie du Développement (CBD, UMR5547), Centre de Biologie Intégrative (CBI), Université de Toulouse, CNRS, UPS, Toulouse, France
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14
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Adameyko I, Fried K. The Nervous System Orchestrates and Integrates Craniofacial Development: A Review. Front Physiol 2016; 7:49. [PMID: 26924989 PMCID: PMC4759458 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2016.00049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2016] [Accepted: 02/02/2016] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
Development of a head is a dazzlingly complex process: a number of distinct cellular sources including cranial ecto- and endoderm, mesoderm and neural crest contribute to facial and other structures. In the head, an extremely fine-tuned developmental coordination of CNS, peripheral neural components, sensory organs and a musculo-skeletal apparatus occurs, which provides protection and functional integration. The face can to a large extent be considered as an assembly of sensory systems encased and functionally fused with appendages represented by jaws. Here we review how the developing brain, neurogenic placodes and peripheral nerves influence the morphogenesis of surrounding tissues as a part of various general integrative processes in the head. The mechanisms of this impact, as we understand it now, span from the targeted release of the morphogens necessary for shaping to providing a niche for cellular sources required in later development. In this review we also discuss the most recent findings and ideas related to how peripheral nerves and nerve-associated cells contribute to craniofacial development, including teeth, during the post- neural crest period and potentially in regeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Igor Adameyko
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Karolinska InstitutetStockholm, Sweden; Department of Molecular Neurosciences, Center of Brain Research, Medical University of ViennaVienna, Austria
| | - Kaj Fried
- Department of Neuroscience, Karolinska Institutet Stockholm, Sweden
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15
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Ohnishi H, Skerleva D, Kitajiri SI, Sakamoto T, Yamamoto N, Ito J, Nakagawa T. Limited hair cell induction from human induced pluripotent stem cells using a simple stepwise method. Neurosci Lett 2015; 599:49-54. [PMID: 26003451 DOI: 10.1016/j.neulet.2015.05.032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2015] [Revised: 05/16/2015] [Accepted: 05/18/2015] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Disease-specific induced pluripotent stem cells (iPS) cells are expected to contribute to exploring useful tools for studying the pathophysiology of inner ear diseases and to drug discovery for treating inner ear diseases. For this purpose, stable induction methods for the differentiation of human iPS cells into inner ear hair cells are required. In the present study, we examined the efficacy of a simple induction method for inducing the differentiation of human iPS cells into hair cells. The induction of inner ear hair cell-like cells was performed using a stepwise method mimicking inner ear development. Human iPS cells were sequentially transformed into the preplacodal ectoderm, otic placode, and hair cell-like cells. As a first step, preplacodal ectoderm induction, human iPS cells were seeded on a Matrigel-coated plate and cultured in a serum free N2/B27 medium for 8 days according to a previous study that demonstrated spontaneous differentiation of human ES cells into the preplacodal ectoderm. As the second step, the cells after preplacodal ectoderm induction were treated with basic fibroblast growth factor (bFGF) for induction of differentiation into otic-placode-like cells for 15 days. As the final step, cultured cells were incubated in a serum free medium containing Matrigel for 48 days. After preplacodal ectoderm induction, over 90% of cultured cells expressed the genes that express in preplacodal ectoderm. By culture with bFGF, otic placode marker-positive cells were obtained, although their number was limited. Further 48-day culture in serum free media resulted in the induction of hair cell-like cells, which expressed a hair cell marker and had stereocilia bundle-like constructions on their apical surface. Our results indicate that hair cell-like cells are induced from human iPS cells using a simple stepwise method with only bFGF, without the use of xenogeneic cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hiroe Ohnishi
- Department of Otolaryngology, Head and Neck Surgery, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Desislava Skerleva
- Department of Otolaryngology, Head and Neck Surgery, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Shin-ichiro Kitajiri
- Department of Otolaryngology, Head and Neck Surgery, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Tatsunori Sakamoto
- Department of Otolaryngology, Head and Neck Surgery, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Norio Yamamoto
- Department of Otolaryngology, Head and Neck Surgery, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Juichi Ito
- Department of Otolaryngology, Head and Neck Surgery, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Takayuki Nakagawa
- Department of Otolaryngology, Head and Neck Surgery, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan.
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16
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Stark MR. Vertebrate neurogenic placode development: historical highlights that have shaped our current understanding. Dev Dyn 2014; 243:1167-75. [PMID: 24899368 DOI: 10.1002/dvdy.24152] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2014] [Revised: 05/07/2014] [Accepted: 05/30/2014] [Indexed: 01/31/2023] Open
Abstract
With the flood of published research encountered today, it is important to occasionally reflect upon how we arrived at our current understanding in a particular scientific discipline, thereby positioning new discoveries into proper context with long-established models. This historical review highlights some of the important scientific contributions in the field of neurogenic placode development. By viewing cumulatively the rich historical data, we can more fully appreciate and apply what has been accomplished. Early descriptive work in fish and experimental approaches in amphibians and chick yielded important conceptual models of placode induction and cellular differentiation. Current efforts to discover genes and their molecular functions continue to expand our understanding of the placodes. Carefully considering the body of work may improve current models and help focus modern experimental design.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael R Stark
- Department of Physiology & Developmental Biology, Brigham Young University, Provo, UT, 84602
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17
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Ahtiainen L, Lefebvre S, Lindfors PH, Renvoisé E, Shirokova V, Vartiainen MK, Thesleff I, Mikkola ML. Directional cell migration, but not proliferation, drives hair placode morphogenesis. Dev Cell 2014; 28:588-602. [PMID: 24636260 DOI: 10.1016/j.devcel.2014.02.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 78] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2012] [Revised: 01/08/2014] [Accepted: 02/04/2014] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Epithelial reorganization involves coordinated changes in cell shapes and movements. This restructuring occurs during formation of placodes, ectodermal thickenings that initiate the morphogenesis of epithelial organs including hair, mammary gland, and tooth. Signaling pathways in ectodermal placode formation are well known, but the cellular mechanisms have remained ill defined. We established imaging methodology for live visualization of embryonic skin explants during the first wave of hair placode formation. We found that the vast majority of placodal cells were nonproliferative throughout morphogenesis. We show that cell compaction and centripetal migration are the main cellular mechanisms associated with hair placode morphogenesis and that inhibition of actin remodeling suppresses placode formation. Stimulation of both ectodysplasin/NF-κB and Wnt/β-catenin signaling increased cell motility and the number of cells committed to placodal fate. Thus, cell fate choices and morphogenetic events are controlled by the same molecular pathways, providing the framework for coordination of these two processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura Ahtiainen
- Developmental Biology Program, Institute of Biotechnology, 00014 University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland.
| | - Sylvie Lefebvre
- Developmental Biology Program, Institute of Biotechnology, 00014 University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Päivi H Lindfors
- Developmental Biology Program, Institute of Biotechnology, 00014 University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Elodie Renvoisé
- Developmental Biology Program, Institute of Biotechnology, 00014 University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Vera Shirokova
- Developmental Biology Program, Institute of Biotechnology, 00014 University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Maria K Vartiainen
- Cell and Molecular Biology Program, Institute of Biotechnology, 00014 University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Irma Thesleff
- Developmental Biology Program, Institute of Biotechnology, 00014 University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Marja L Mikkola
- Developmental Biology Program, Institute of Biotechnology, 00014 University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland.
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18
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Sánchez-Guardado LÓ, Puelles L, Hidalgo-Sánchez M. Fate map of the chicken otic placode. Development 2014; 141:2302-12. [PMID: 24821982 DOI: 10.1242/dev.101667] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
The inner ear is an intricate three-dimensional sensory organ that arises from a flat, thickened portion of the ectoderm termed the otic placode. There is evidence that the ontogenetic steps involved in the progressive specification of the highly specialized inner ear of vertebrates involve the concerted actions of diverse patterning signals that originate from nearby tissues, providing positional identity and instructive context. The topology of the prospective inner ear portions at placode stages when such patterning begins has remained largely unknown. The chick-quail model was used to perform a comprehensive fate mapping study of the chick otic placode, shedding light on the precise topological position of each presumptive inner ear component relative to the dorsoventral and anteroposterior axes of the otic placode and, implicitly, to the possible sources of inducing signals. The findings reveal the existence of three dorsoventrally arranged anteroposterior domains from which the endolymphatic system, the maculae and basilar papilla, and the cristae develop. This study provides new bases for the interpretation of earlier and future descriptive and experimental studies that aim to understand the molecular genetic mechanisms involved in otic placode patterning.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Luis Puelles
- Department of Human Anatomy and Psychobiology, School of Medicine, University of Murcia, 30003 Murcia, Spain
| | - Matías Hidalgo-Sánchez
- Department of Cell Biology, Faculty of Science, University of Extremadura, 06071 Badajoz, Spain
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19
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Bifurcation of axons from cranial sensory neurons is disabled in the absence of Npr2-induced cGMP signaling. J Neurosci 2014; 34:737-47. [PMID: 24431432 DOI: 10.1523/jneurosci.4183-13.2014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Axonal branching is a prerequisite for the establishment of complex neuronal circuits and their capacity for parallel information processing. Previously, we have identified a cGMP signaling pathway composed of the ligand C-type natriuretic peptide (CNP), its receptor, the guanylyl cyclase natriuretic peptide receptor 2 (Npr2), and the cGMP-dependent kinase Iα (cGKIα) that regulates axon bifurcation of dorsal root ganglion (DRG) neurons in the spinal cord. Now we asked whether this cascade also controls axon bifurcation elsewhere in the nervous system. An Npr2-lacZ reporter mouse line was generated to clarify the pattern of the CNP receptor expression. It was found that during the period of axonal outgrowth, Npr2 and cGKIα were strongly labeled in neurons of all cranial sensory ganglia (gV, gVII, gVIII, gIX, and gX). In addition, strong complementary expression of CNP was detected in the hindbrain at the entry zones of sensory afferents. To analyze axon branching in individual Npr2-positive neurons, we generated a mouse mutant expressing a tamoxifen-inducible variant of Cre recombinase expressed under control of the Npr2-promoter (Npr2-CreER(T2)). After crossing this strain with conditional reporter mouse lines, we revealed that the complete absence of Npr2 activity indeed prohibited the bifurcation of cranial sensory axons in their entrance region. Consequently, axons only turned in either an ascending or descending direction, while collateral formation and growth of the peripheral arm was not affected. These findings indicate that in neurons of the cranial sensory ganglia, as in DRG neurons, cGMP signals are necessary for the execution of an axonal bifurcation program.
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20
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Ronaghi M, Nasr M, Ealy M, Durruthy-Durruthy R, Waldhaus J, Diaz GH, Joubert LM, Oshima K, Heller S. Inner ear hair cell-like cells from human embryonic stem cells. Stem Cells Dev 2014; 23:1275-84. [PMID: 24512547 DOI: 10.1089/scd.2014.0033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
In mammals, the permanence of many forms of hearing loss is the result of the inner ear's inability to replace lost sensory hair cells. Here, we apply a differentiation strategy to guide human embryonic stem cells (hESCs) into cells of the otic lineage using chemically defined attached-substrate conditions. The generation of human otic progenitor cells was dependent on fibroblast growth factor (FGF) signaling, and protracted culture led to the upregulation of markers indicative of differentiated inner ear sensory epithelia. Using a transgenic ESC reporter line based on a murine Atoh1 enhancer, we show that differentiated hair cell-like cells express multiple hair cell markers simultaneously. Hair cell-like cells displayed protrusions reminiscent of stereociliary bundles, but failed to fully mature into cells with typical hair cell cytoarchitecture. We conclude that optimized defined conditions can be used in vitro to attain otic progenitor specification and sensory cell differentiation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohammad Ronaghi
- 1 Department of Otolaryngology-Head & Neck Surgery, Stanford University School of Medicine , Stanford, California
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21
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Conte I, Banfi S, Bovolenta P. Non-coding RNAs in the development of sensory organs and related diseases. Cell Mol Life Sci 2013; 70:4141-55. [PMID: 23588489 PMCID: PMC11113508 DOI: 10.1007/s00018-013-1335-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2013] [Revised: 03/25/2013] [Accepted: 03/27/2013] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Genomes are transcribed well beyond the conventionally annotated protein-encoding genes and produce many thousands of regulatory non-coding RNAs (ncRNAs). In the last few years, ncRNAs, especially microRNAs and long non-coding RNA, have received increasing attention because of their implication in the function of chromatin-modifying complexes and in the regulation of transcriptional and post-transcriptional events. The morphological events and the genetic networks responsible for the development of sensory organs have been well delineated and therefore sensory organs have provided a useful scenario to address the role of ncRNAs. In this review, we summarize the current information on the importance of microRNAs and long non-coding RNAs during the development of the eye, inner ear, and olfactory system in vertebrates. We will also discuss those cases in which alteration of ncRNA expression has been linked to pathological conditions affecting these organs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ivan Conte
- Telethon Institute of Genetics and Medicine, Via Pietro Castellino, 111, 80131 Naples, Italy
| | - Sandro Banfi
- Telethon Institute of Genetics and Medicine, Via Pietro Castellino, 111, 80131 Naples, Italy
- Department of Biochemistry, Biophysics and General Pathology, Second University of Naples, Naples, Italy
| | - Paola Bovolenta
- Centro de Biología Molecular ‘Severo Ochoa’, CSIC–UAM, c/Nicolas Cabrera 1, Cantoblanco, 28049 Madrid, Spain
- CIBER de Enfermedades Raras, ISCIII, Madrid, Spain
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22
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Rétaux S, Casane D. Evolution of eye development in the darkness of caves: adaptation, drift, or both? EvoDevo 2013; 4:26. [PMID: 24079393 PMCID: PMC3849642 DOI: 10.1186/2041-9139-4-26] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2013] [Accepted: 08/05/2013] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Animals inhabiting the darkness of caves are generally blind and de-pigmented, regardless of the phylum they belong to. Survival in this environment is an enormous challenge, the most obvious being to find food and mates without the help of vision, and the loss of eyes in cave animals is often accompanied by an enhancement of other sensory apparatuses. Here we review the recent literature describing developmental biology and molecular evolution studies in order to discuss the evolutionary mechanisms underlying adaptation to life in the dark. We conclude that both genetic drift (neutral hypothesis) and direct and indirect selection (selective hypothesis) occurred together during the loss of eyes in cave animals. We also identify some future directions of research to better understand adaptation to total darkness, for which integrative analyses relying on evo-devo approaches associated with thorough ecological and population genomic studies should shed some light.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sylvie Rétaux
- DECA group, Neurobiology & Development Laboratory, CNRS, Gif sur Yvette, France
| | - Didier Casane
- LEGS, CNRS, Gif sur Yvette and Université Paris Diderot, Sorbonne Paris Cité, France
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