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Menger MM, Emmerich M, Scheuer C, Hans S, Ehnert S, Nüssler AK, Herath SC, Steinestel K, Menger MD, Histing T, Laschke MW. Cilostazol Stimulates Angiogenesis and Accelerates Fracture Healing in Aged Male and Female Mice by Increasing the Expression of PI3K and RUNX2. Int J Mol Sci 2024; 25:755. [PMID: 38255829 PMCID: PMC10815626 DOI: 10.3390/ijms25020755] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2023] [Revised: 12/15/2023] [Accepted: 12/29/2023] [Indexed: 01/24/2024] Open
Abstract
Fracture healing in the aged is associated with a reduced healing capacity, which often results in delayed healing or non-union formation. Many factors may contribute to this deterioration of bone regeneration, including a reduced 'angiogenic trauma response'. The phosphodiesterase-3 (PDE-3) inhibitor cilostazol has been shown to exert pro-angiogenic and pro-osteogenic effects in preclinical studies. Therefore, we herein analyzed in a stable closed femoral fracture model whether this compound also promotes fracture healing in aged mice. Forty-two aged CD-1 mice (age: 16-18 months) were daily treated with 30 mg/kg body weight cilostazol (n = 21) or vehicle (control, n = 21) by oral gavage. At 2 and 5 weeks after fracture, the femora were analyzed by X-ray, biomechanics, micro-computed tomography (µCT), histology, immunohistochemistry, and Western blotting. These analyses revealed a significantly increased bending stiffness at 2 weeks (2.2 ± 0.4 vs. 4.3 ± 0.7 N/mm) and an enhanced bone formation at 5 weeks (4.4 ± 0.7 vs. 9.1 ± 0.7 mm3) in cilostazol-treated mice when compared to controls. This was associated with a higher number of newly formed CD31-positive microvessels (3.3 ± 0.9 vs. 5.5 ± 0.7 microvessels/HPF) as well as an elevated expression of phosphoinositide-3-kinase (PI3K) (3.6 ± 0.8 vs. 17.4 ± 5.5-pixel intensity × 104) and runt-related transcription factor (RUNX)2 (6.4 ± 1.2 vs. 18.2 ± 2.7-pixel intensity × 104) within the callus tissue. These findings indicate that cilostazol accelerates fracture healing in aged mice by stimulating angiogenesis and the expression of PI3K and RUNX2. Hence, cilostazol may represent a promising compound to promote bone regeneration in geriatric patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maximilian M. Menger
- Department of Trauma and Reconstructive Surgery, BG Trauma Center Tuebingen, Eberhard Karls University Tuebingen, 72076 Tuebingen, Germany
- Institute for Clinical and Experimental Surgery, Saarland University, 66421 Homburg, Germany
| | - Maximilian Emmerich
- Institute for Clinical and Experimental Surgery, Saarland University, 66421 Homburg, Germany
| | - Claudia Scheuer
- Institute for Clinical and Experimental Surgery, Saarland University, 66421 Homburg, Germany
| | - Sandra Hans
- Institute for Clinical and Experimental Surgery, Saarland University, 66421 Homburg, Germany
| | - Sabrina Ehnert
- Department of Trauma and Reconstructive Surgery, BG Trauma Center Tuebingen, Siegfried Weller Institute for Trauma Research, Eberhard Karls University Tuebingen, 72076 Tuebingen, Germany
| | - Andreas K. Nüssler
- Department of Trauma and Reconstructive Surgery, BG Trauma Center Tuebingen, Siegfried Weller Institute for Trauma Research, Eberhard Karls University Tuebingen, 72076 Tuebingen, Germany
| | - Steven C. Herath
- Department of Trauma and Reconstructive Surgery, BG Trauma Center Tuebingen, Eberhard Karls University Tuebingen, 72076 Tuebingen, Germany
| | - Konrad Steinestel
- Institute of Pathology and Molecular Pathology, Bundeswehrkrankenhaus Ulm, 89081 Ulm, Germany
| | - Michael D. Menger
- Institute for Clinical and Experimental Surgery, Saarland University, 66421 Homburg, Germany
| | - Tina Histing
- Department of Trauma and Reconstructive Surgery, BG Trauma Center Tuebingen, Eberhard Karls University Tuebingen, 72076 Tuebingen, Germany
| | - Matthias W. Laschke
- Institute for Clinical and Experimental Surgery, Saarland University, 66421 Homburg, Germany
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Xin H, Tomaskovic-Crook E, Al Maruf DSA, Cheng K, Wykes J, Manzie TGH, Wise SG, Crook JM, Clark JR. From Free Tissue Transfer to Hydrogels: A Brief Review of the Application of the Periosteum in Bone Regeneration. Gels 2023; 9:768. [PMID: 37754449 PMCID: PMC10530949 DOI: 10.3390/gels9090768] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2023] [Revised: 09/15/2023] [Accepted: 09/18/2023] [Indexed: 09/28/2023] Open
Abstract
The periosteum is a thin layer of connective tissue covering bone. It is an essential component for bone development and fracture healing. There has been considerable research exploring the application of the periosteum in bone regeneration since the 19th century. An increasing number of studies are focusing on periosteal progenitor cells found within the periosteum and the use of hydrogels as scaffold materials for periosteum engineering and guided bone development. Here, we provide an overview of the research investigating the use of the periosteum for bone repair, with consideration given to the anatomy and function of the periosteum, the importance of the cambium layer, the culture of periosteal progenitor cells, periosteum-induced ossification, periosteal perfusion, periosteum engineering, scaffold vascularization, and hydrogel-based synthetic periostea.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hai Xin
- Integrated Prosthetics and Reconstruction, Department of Head and Neck Surgery, Chris O’Brien Lifehouse, Camperdown, NSW 2050, Australia; (D.S.A.A.M.); (K.C.); (J.W.); (T.G.H.M.); (J.R.C.)
- Central Clinical School, Faculty of Medicine and Health, The University of Sydney, Camperdown, NSW 2050, Australia
| | - Eva Tomaskovic-Crook
- Arto Hardy Family Biomedical Innovation Hub, Chris O’Brien Lifehouse, Camperdown, NSW 2050, Australia; (E.T.-C.); (J.M.C.)
- School of Medical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine and Health, The University of Sydney, Camperdown, NSW 2006, Australia;
- Intelligent Polymer Research Institute, AIIM Facility, Innovation Campus, University of Wollongong, North Wollongong, NSW 2500, Australia
| | - D S Abdullah Al Maruf
- Integrated Prosthetics and Reconstruction, Department of Head and Neck Surgery, Chris O’Brien Lifehouse, Camperdown, NSW 2050, Australia; (D.S.A.A.M.); (K.C.); (J.W.); (T.G.H.M.); (J.R.C.)
- Central Clinical School, Faculty of Medicine and Health, The University of Sydney, Camperdown, NSW 2050, Australia
| | - Kai Cheng
- Integrated Prosthetics and Reconstruction, Department of Head and Neck Surgery, Chris O’Brien Lifehouse, Camperdown, NSW 2050, Australia; (D.S.A.A.M.); (K.C.); (J.W.); (T.G.H.M.); (J.R.C.)
- Royal Prince Alfred Institute of Academic Surgery, Royal Prince Alfred Hospital, Sydney Local Health District, Camperdown, NSW 2050, Australia
| | - James Wykes
- Integrated Prosthetics and Reconstruction, Department of Head and Neck Surgery, Chris O’Brien Lifehouse, Camperdown, NSW 2050, Australia; (D.S.A.A.M.); (K.C.); (J.W.); (T.G.H.M.); (J.R.C.)
- Central Clinical School, Faculty of Medicine and Health, The University of Sydney, Camperdown, NSW 2050, Australia
| | - Timothy G. H. Manzie
- Integrated Prosthetics and Reconstruction, Department of Head and Neck Surgery, Chris O’Brien Lifehouse, Camperdown, NSW 2050, Australia; (D.S.A.A.M.); (K.C.); (J.W.); (T.G.H.M.); (J.R.C.)
| | - Steven G. Wise
- School of Medical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine and Health, The University of Sydney, Camperdown, NSW 2006, Australia;
| | - Jeremy M. Crook
- Arto Hardy Family Biomedical Innovation Hub, Chris O’Brien Lifehouse, Camperdown, NSW 2050, Australia; (E.T.-C.); (J.M.C.)
- School of Medical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine and Health, The University of Sydney, Camperdown, NSW 2006, Australia;
- Intelligent Polymer Research Institute, AIIM Facility, Innovation Campus, University of Wollongong, North Wollongong, NSW 2500, Australia
| | - Jonathan R. Clark
- Integrated Prosthetics and Reconstruction, Department of Head and Neck Surgery, Chris O’Brien Lifehouse, Camperdown, NSW 2050, Australia; (D.S.A.A.M.); (K.C.); (J.W.); (T.G.H.M.); (J.R.C.)
- Central Clinical School, Faculty of Medicine and Health, The University of Sydney, Camperdown, NSW 2050, Australia
- Royal Prince Alfred Institute of Academic Surgery, Royal Prince Alfred Hospital, Sydney Local Health District, Camperdown, NSW 2050, Australia
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Menger MM, Stief M, Scheuer C, Rollmann MF, Herath SC, Braun BJ, Ehnert S, Nussler AK, Menger MD, Laschke MW, Histing T. Diclofenac, a NSAID, delays fracture healing in aged mice. Exp Gerontol 2023; 178:112201. [PMID: 37169100 DOI: 10.1016/j.exger.2023.112201] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/24/2022] [Revised: 05/06/2023] [Accepted: 05/08/2023] [Indexed: 05/13/2023]
Abstract
Nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs), such as diclofenac, belong to the most prescribed analgesic medication after traumatic injuries. However, there is accumulating evidence that NSAIDs impair fracture healing. Because bone regeneration in aged patients is subject to significant changes in cell differentiation and proliferation as well as a markedly altered pharmacological action of drugs, we herein analyzed the effects of diclofenac on bone healing in aged mice using a stable closed femoral facture model. Thirty-three mice (male n = 14, female n = 19) received a daily intraperitoneal injection of diclofenac (5 mg/kg body weight). Vehicle-treated mice (n = 29; male n = 13, female n = 16) served as controls. Fractured mice femora were analyzed by means of X-ray, biomechanics, micro computed tomography (μCT), histology and Western blotting. Biomechanical analyses revealed a significantly reduced bending stiffness in diclofenac-treated animals at 5 weeks after fracture when compared to vehicle-treated controls. Moreover, the callus tissue in diclofenac-treated aged animals exhibited a significantly reduced amount of bone tissue and higher amounts of fibrous tissue. Further histological analyses demonstrated less lamellar bone after diclofenac treatment, indicating a delay in callus remodeling. This was associated with a decreased number of osteoclasts and an increased expression of osteoprotegerin (OPG) during the early phase of fracture healing. These findings indicate that diclofenac delays fracture healing in aged mice by affecting osteogenic growth factor expression and bone formation as well as osteoclast activity and callus remodeling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maximilian M Menger
- Department of Trauma and Reconstructive Surgery, Eberhard Karls University Tuebingen, BG Trauma Center Tuebingen, 72076 Tuebingen, Germany; Institute for Clinical & Experimental Surgery, Saarland University, 66421 Homburg, Saar, Germany.
| | - Maximilian Stief
- Institute for Clinical & Experimental Surgery, Saarland University, 66421 Homburg, Saar, Germany
| | - Claudia Scheuer
- Institute for Clinical & Experimental Surgery, Saarland University, 66421 Homburg, Saar, Germany
| | - Mika F Rollmann
- Department of Trauma and Reconstructive Surgery, Eberhard Karls University Tuebingen, BG Trauma Center Tuebingen, 72076 Tuebingen, Germany
| | - Steven C Herath
- Department of Trauma and Reconstructive Surgery, Eberhard Karls University Tuebingen, BG Trauma Center Tuebingen, 72076 Tuebingen, Germany
| | - Benedikt J Braun
- Department of Trauma and Reconstructive Surgery, Eberhard Karls University Tuebingen, BG Trauma Center Tuebingen, 72076 Tuebingen, Germany
| | - Sabrina Ehnert
- Department of Trauma and Reconstructive Surgery, Eberhard Karls University Tuebingen, BG Trauma Center Tuebingen, 72076 Tuebingen, Germany; Department of Trauma and Reconstructive Surgery, BG Trauma Center Tuebingen, Siegfried Weller Institute for Trauma Research, Eberhard Karls University Tuebingen, 72076 Tuebingen, Germany
| | - Andreas K Nussler
- Department of Trauma and Reconstructive Surgery, Eberhard Karls University Tuebingen, BG Trauma Center Tuebingen, 72076 Tuebingen, Germany; Department of Trauma and Reconstructive Surgery, BG Trauma Center Tuebingen, Siegfried Weller Institute for Trauma Research, Eberhard Karls University Tuebingen, 72076 Tuebingen, Germany
| | - Michael D Menger
- Institute for Clinical & Experimental Surgery, Saarland University, 66421 Homburg, Saar, Germany
| | - Matthias W Laschke
- Institute for Clinical & Experimental Surgery, Saarland University, 66421 Homburg, Saar, Germany
| | - Tina Histing
- Department of Trauma and Reconstructive Surgery, Eberhard Karls University Tuebingen, BG Trauma Center Tuebingen, 72076 Tuebingen, Germany
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Sachse A, Hasenbein I, Hortschansky P, Schmuck KD, Maenz S, Illerhaus B, Kuehmstedt P, Ramm R, Huber R, Kunisch E, Horbert V, Gunnella F, Roth A, Schubert H, Kinne RW. BMP-2 (and partially GDF-5) coating significantly accelerates and augments bone formation close to hydroxyapatite/tricalcium-phosphate/brushite implant cylinders for tibial bone defects in senile, osteopenic sheep. JOURNAL OF MATERIALS SCIENCE. MATERIALS IN MEDICINE 2023; 34:31. [PMID: 37378714 PMCID: PMC10307740 DOI: 10.1007/s10856-023-06734-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2023] [Accepted: 05/30/2023] [Indexed: 06/29/2023]
Abstract
Bilateral defects (diameter 8 mm) in the medial tibial head of senile, osteopenic female sheep (n = 48; 9.63 ± 0.10 years; mean ± SEM) were treated with hydroxyapatite (HA)/beta-tricalcium phosphate (β-TCP)/dicalcium phosphate dihydrate (DCPD; brushite) cylinders coated with BMP-2 (25 or 250 micrograms) or growth differentiation factor (GDF)-5 (125 or 1250 micrograms; left side); cylinders without BMP served as controls (right side). Three, 6, and 9 months post-operation (n = 6 each group), bone structure and formation were analyzed in vivo by X-ray and ex vivo by osteodensitometry, histomorphometry, and micro-computed tomography (micro-CT) at 3 and 9 months. Semi-quantitative X-ray evaluation showed significantly increasing bone densities around all implant cylinders over time. High-dose BMP-2-coated cylinders (3 and 9 months) and low-dose GDF-5-coated cylinders (3 and 6 months) demonstrated significantly higher densities than controls (dose-dependent for BMP-2 at 3 months). This was confirmed by osteodensitometry at 9 months for high-dose BMP-2-coated cylinders (and selected GDF-5 groups), and was again dose-dependent for BMP-2. Osteoinduction by BMP-2 was most pronounced in the adjacent bone marrow (dynamic histomorphometry/micro-CT). BMP-2 (and partially GDF-5) significantly increased the bone formation in the vicinity of HA/TCP/DCPD cylinders used to fill tibial bone defects in senile osteopenic sheep and may be suitable for surgical therapy of critical size, non-load-bearing bone defects in cases of failed tibial head fracture or defect healing.
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Affiliation(s)
- André Sachse
- Experimental Rheumatology Unit, Orthopedic Professorship, Jena University Hospital, Waldkliniken Eisenberg GmbH, Eisenberg, Germany
- Orthopedic Professorship, Jena University Hospital, Waldkliniken Eisenberg GmbH, Eisenberg, Germany
| | - Ines Hasenbein
- Experimental Rheumatology Unit, Orthopedic Professorship, Jena University Hospital, Waldkliniken Eisenberg GmbH, Eisenberg, Germany
- Orthopedic Professorship, Jena University Hospital, Waldkliniken Eisenberg GmbH, Eisenberg, Germany
| | - Peter Hortschansky
- Leibniz-Institute for Natural Products Research and Infection Biology-Hans-Knoell-Institute, Jena, Germany
| | - Klaus D Schmuck
- Johnson & Johnson Medical GmbH, DePuy Synthes, Norderstedt, Germany
| | - Stefan Maenz
- Chair of Materials Science, Otto Schott Institute of Materials Research, Friedrich Schiller University Jena, Jena, Germany
| | - Bernhard Illerhaus
- Federal Institute for Materials Research and Testing (BAM), Berlin, Germany
| | - Peter Kuehmstedt
- Fraunhofer Institute for Applied Optics and Precision Engineering IOF, Jena, Germany
| | - Roland Ramm
- Fraunhofer Institute for Applied Optics and Precision Engineering IOF, Jena, Germany
| | - René Huber
- Institute of Clinical Chemistry, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
| | - Elke Kunisch
- Experimental Rheumatology Unit, Orthopedic Professorship, Jena University Hospital, Waldkliniken Eisenberg GmbH, Eisenberg, Germany
| | - Victoria Horbert
- Experimental Rheumatology Unit, Orthopedic Professorship, Jena University Hospital, Waldkliniken Eisenberg GmbH, Eisenberg, Germany
| | - Francesca Gunnella
- Experimental Rheumatology Unit, Orthopedic Professorship, Jena University Hospital, Waldkliniken Eisenberg GmbH, Eisenberg, Germany
| | - Andreas Roth
- Bereich Endoprothetik/Orthopädie, Klinik für Orthopädie, Unfallchirurgie und Plastische Chirurgie, Uniklinik Leipzig AöR, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Harald Schubert
- Institute of Laboratory Animal Sciences and Welfare, Jena University Hospital, Jena, Germany
| | - Raimund W Kinne
- Experimental Rheumatology Unit, Orthopedic Professorship, Jena University Hospital, Waldkliniken Eisenberg GmbH, Eisenberg, Germany.
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Oranger A, Zerlotin R, Buccoliero C, Sanesi L, Storlino G, Schipani E, Kozloff KM, Mori G, Colaianni G, Colucci S, Grano M. Irisin Modulates Inflammatory, Angiogenic, and Osteogenic Factors during Fracture Healing. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:ijms24031809. [PMID: 36768133 PMCID: PMC9915346 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24031809] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2022] [Revised: 01/10/2023] [Accepted: 01/14/2023] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Bone fractures are a widespread clinical event due to accidental falls and trauma or bone fragility; they also occur in association with various diseases and are common with aging. In the search for new therapeutic strategies, a crucial link between irisin and bone fractures has recently emerged. To explore this issue, we subjected 8-week-old C57BL/6 male mice to tibial fracture, and then we treated them with intra-peritoneal injection of r-Irisin (100 µg/kg/weekly) or vehicle as control. At day 10 post fracture, histological analysis showed a significant reduced expression of inflammatory cytokines as tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNFα) (p = 0.004) and macrophage inflammatory protein-alpha (MIP-1α) (p = 0.015) in the cartilaginous callus of irisin-treated mice compared to controls, supporting irisin's anti-inflammatory role. We also found increased expressions of the pro-angiogenic molecule vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) (p = 0.002) and the metalloproteinase MMP-13 (p = 0.0006) in the irisin-treated mice compared to the vehicle ones, suggesting a myokine involvement in angiogenesis and cartilage matrix degradation processes. Moreover, the bone morphogenetic protein (BMP2) expression was also upregulated (p = 0.002). Taken together, our findings suggest that irisin can contribute to fracture repair by reducing inflammation and promoting vessel invasion, matrix degradation, and bone formation, supporting its possible role as a novel molecule for fracture treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Angela Oranger
- Department of Precision and Regenerative Medicine and Ionian Area, University of Bari, 70124 Bari, Italy
| | - Roberta Zerlotin
- Department of Precision and Regenerative Medicine and Ionian Area, University of Bari, 70124 Bari, Italy
| | - Cinzia Buccoliero
- Department of Biosciences, Biotechnology and Environment, University of Bari, 70124 Bari, Italy
| | - Lorenzo Sanesi
- Department of Translational Biomedicine and Neuroscience, University of Bari, 70124 Bari, Italy
| | - Giuseppina Storlino
- Department of Translational Biomedicine and Neuroscience, University of Bari, 70124 Bari, Italy
| | - Ernestina Schipani
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19107, USA
| | - Kenneth Michael Kozloff
- Departments of Orthopedic Surgery and Biomedical Engineering, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
| | - Giorgio Mori
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Foggia, 71122 Foggia, Italy
| | - Graziana Colaianni
- Department of Precision and Regenerative Medicine and Ionian Area, University of Bari, 70124 Bari, Italy
| | - Silvia Colucci
- Department of Translational Biomedicine and Neuroscience, University of Bari, 70124 Bari, Italy
| | - Maria Grano
- Department of Precision and Regenerative Medicine and Ionian Area, University of Bari, 70124 Bari, Italy
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +39-0805478311
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Carmon I, Kalmus S, Zobrab A, Alterman M, Emram R, Gussarsky M, Kandel L, Reich E, Casap N, Dvir-Ginzberg M. Repairing a critical cranial defect using WISP1-pretreated chondrocyte scaffolds. J Tissue Eng 2023; 14:20417314231159740. [PMID: 36949842 PMCID: PMC10026108 DOI: 10.1177/20417314231159740] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2022] [Accepted: 02/09/2023] [Indexed: 03/19/2023] Open
Abstract
In cranial flat bone fractures, spontaneous bone repair will occur only when the fracture ends are in close contact. However, in cases wherein bone discontinuity is extensive, surgical interventions are often required. To this end, autologous bone is harvested and surgically integrated into the site of fracture. Here we propose to use cartilage, as an alternative autologous source, to promote cranial fracture repair. The advantage of this approach is the potential reduction in donor site morbidity, likely due to the avascular and aneural nature of cartilage. As a first step we attempted to induce cartilage mineralization in vitro, using micromass primary chondrocyte cultures, incubated with BMP2 and/or WISP1, which were examined histologically following a 3-week culture period. Next, chondrocyte seeded collagen scaffolds were evaluated in vitro for expression profiles and ALP activity. Finally, chondrocyte-seeded collagen scaffolds were implanted in a Lewis rats 8 mm critical calvaria defect model, which was imaged via live CT for 12 weeks until sacrifice. End points were analyzed for microCT, histology, and serum levels of bone related markers. Micromass cultures exhibited an osseous inducing trend following WISP1 administration, which was maintained in chondrocyte seeded scaffolds. Accordingly, in vivo analysis was carried out to assess the impact of WISP1-pretreated chondrocytes (WCS) versus untreated chondrocytes (UCS) in calvaria defect model and compared to untreated control comprised of a defect-associated blood clot (BC) or empty collagen scaffold (CS) implant. Live CT and microCT exhibited higher mineralization volumes in critical defect implanted with UCS, with some structural improvements in WCS. Histological analysis exhibited higher anabolic bone formation in WCS and trabecular bone was detected in WCS and UCS groups. Chondrocytes implanted into critical cranial defect expedite the formation of native-like osseous tissue, especially after WISP1 priming in culture. Ultimately, these data support the use of autologous chondrocytes to repair critical maxillofacial defects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Idan Carmon
- Laboratory of Cartilage Biology,
Institute of Bio-Medical and Oral Research, Faculty of Dental Medicine, Hebrew
University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Shira Kalmus
- Laboratory of Cartilage Biology,
Institute of Bio-Medical and Oral Research, Faculty of Dental Medicine, Hebrew
University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Anna Zobrab
- Laboratory of Cartilage Biology,
Institute of Bio-Medical and Oral Research, Faculty of Dental Medicine, Hebrew
University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Michael Alterman
- Deptatement. of Maxillofacial Surgery,
Faculty of Dental Medicine, Hadassah-Hebrew University, Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Raphaelle Emram
- Laboratory of Cartilage Biology,
Institute of Bio-Medical and Oral Research, Faculty of Dental Medicine, Hebrew
University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem, Israel
| | - May Gussarsky
- Laboratory of Cartilage Biology,
Institute of Bio-Medical and Oral Research, Faculty of Dental Medicine, Hebrew
University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Leonid Kandel
- Orthopedic Research Unit,
Hadassah-Hebrew University, Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Eli Reich
- Laboratory of Cartilage Biology,
Institute of Bio-Medical and Oral Research, Faculty of Dental Medicine, Hebrew
University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Nardi Casap
- Deptatement. of Maxillofacial Surgery,
Faculty of Dental Medicine, Hadassah-Hebrew University, Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Mona Dvir-Ginzberg
- Laboratory of Cartilage Biology,
Institute of Bio-Medical and Oral Research, Faculty of Dental Medicine, Hebrew
University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem, Israel
- Mona Dvir-Ginzberg, Laboratory of Cartilage
Biology, Institute of Bio-Medical and Oral Research, Faculty of Dental Medicine,
Hebrew University of Jerusalem, P. O. Box 12272, Jerusalem 9112102, Israel.
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7
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The role of hypertrophic chondrocytes in regulation of the cartilage-to-bone transition in fracture healing. Bone Rep 2022; 17:101616. [PMID: 36105852 PMCID: PMC9465425 DOI: 10.1016/j.bonr.2022.101616] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2022] [Revised: 05/05/2022] [Accepted: 06/07/2022] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Endochondral bone formation is an important pathway in fracture healing, involving the formation of a cartilaginous soft callus and the process of cartilage-to-bone transition. Failure or delay in the cartilage-to-bone transition causes an impaired bony union such as nonunion or delayed union. During the healing process, multiple types of cells including chondrocytes, osteoprogenitors, osteoblasts, and endothelial cells coexist in the callus, and inevitably crosstalk with each other. Hypertrophic chondrocytes located between soft cartilaginous callus and bony hard callus mediate the crosstalk regulating cell-matrix degradation, vascularization, osteoclast recruitment, and osteoblast differentiation in autocrine and paracrine manners. Furthermore, hypertrophic chondrocytes can become osteoprogenitors and osteoblasts, and directly contribute to woven bone formation. In this review, we focus on the roles of hypertrophic chondrocytes in fracture healing and dissect the intermingled crosstalk in fracture callus during the cartilage-to-bone transition.
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8
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Kikuchi K, Haneda M, Hayashi S, Maeda T, Nakano N, Kuroda Y, Tsubosaka M, Kamenaga T, Fujita M, Ikuta K, Anjiki K, Tachibana S, Onoi Y, Matsumoto T, Kuroda R. P21 deficiency exhibits delayed endochondral ossification during fracture healing. Bone 2022; 165:116572. [PMID: 36180020 DOI: 10.1016/j.bone.2022.116572] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2022] [Revised: 09/21/2022] [Accepted: 09/22/2022] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Endochondral ossification is a complex biological phenomenon involving a variety of factors and cells. Cyclin-dependent kinase inhibitor 1 (p21) inhibits cell cycle progression and is affected by external stress. We recently reported that embryonic endochondral ossification is unaffected by endogenous p21 deficiency. In this study, we evaluated whether p21 expression affects endochondral ossification during fracture healing. METHODS Tibial fractures were introduced into p21 knockout (p21-/-) (n = 24) and wild-type C57BL/6 (p21+/+) (n = 24) mice at age 10 weeks. Fracture healing was evaluated using radiological, histological, and immunohistochemical (IHC) analyses. The effect of p21 small interfering RNA (siRNA) on ATDC5 cells was assessed in vitro. RESULTS The Allen score for fracture healing was lower in p21-/- mice than in p21+/+ mice. In addition, p21-/- mice exhibited larger calluses and lower bone mineral density. IHC analyses showed that p21-/- mice exhibited delayed endochondral ossification via the Ihh-Runx2-Osterix pathway in vivo. Down-regulation of p21 expression in ATDC5 cells delayed endochondral ossification in vitro. CONCLUSIONS p21 deficiency leads to delayed endochondral ossification by attenuating the Ihh-Runx2-Osterix pathway in vivo, and p21 deficiency in hypertrophic chondrocytes causes delayed differentiation of hypertrophic chondrocytes in vitro. p21 plays a role in endochondral ossification during fracture healing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kenichi Kikuchi
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Kobe University Graduate School of Medicine, Kobe, Japan
| | - Masahiko Haneda
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Kobe University Graduate School of Medicine, Kobe, Japan
| | - Shinya Hayashi
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Kobe University Graduate School of Medicine, Kobe, Japan.
| | - Toshihisa Maeda
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Kobe University Graduate School of Medicine, Kobe, Japan
| | - Naoki Nakano
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Kobe University Graduate School of Medicine, Kobe, Japan
| | - Yuichi Kuroda
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Kobe University Graduate School of Medicine, Kobe, Japan
| | - Masanori Tsubosaka
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Kobe University Graduate School of Medicine, Kobe, Japan
| | - Tomoyuki Kamenaga
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Kobe University Graduate School of Medicine, Kobe, Japan
| | - Masahiro Fujita
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Kobe University Graduate School of Medicine, Kobe, Japan
| | - Kenmei Ikuta
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Kobe University Graduate School of Medicine, Kobe, Japan
| | - Kensuke Anjiki
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Kobe University Graduate School of Medicine, Kobe, Japan
| | - Shotaro Tachibana
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Kobe University Graduate School of Medicine, Kobe, Japan
| | - Yuma Onoi
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Kobe University Graduate School of Medicine, Kobe, Japan
| | - Tomoyuki Matsumoto
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Kobe University Graduate School of Medicine, Kobe, Japan
| | - Ryosuke Kuroda
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Kobe University Graduate School of Medicine, Kobe, Japan
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9
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Wang D, Cao H, Hua W, Gao L, Yuan Y, Zhou X, Zeng Z. Mesenchymal Stem Cell-Derived Extracellular Vesicles for Bone Defect Repair. MEMBRANES 2022; 12:membranes12070716. [PMID: 35877919 PMCID: PMC9315966 DOI: 10.3390/membranes12070716] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2022] [Revised: 07/17/2022] [Accepted: 07/18/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
The repair of critical bone defects is a hotspot of orthopedic research. With the development of bone tissue engineering (BTE), there is increasing evidence showing that the combined application of extracellular vesicles (EVs) derived from mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) (MSC-EVs), especially exosomes, with hydrogels, scaffolds, and other bioactive materials has made great progress, exhibiting a good potential for bone regeneration. Recent studies have found that miRNAs, proteins, and other cargo loaded in EVs are key factors in promoting osteogenesis and angiogenesis. In BTE, the expression profile of the intrinsic cargo of EVs can be changed by modifying the gene expression of MSCs to obtain EVs with enhanced osteogenic activity and ultimately enhance the osteoinductive ability of bone graft materials. However, the current research on MSC-EVs for repairing bone defects is still in its infancy, and the underlying mechanism remains unclear. Therefore, in this review, the effect of bioactive materials such as hydrogels and scaffolds combined with MSC-EVs in repairing bone defects is summarized, and the mechanism of MSC-EVs promoting bone defect repair by delivering active molecules such as internal miRNAs is further elucidated, which provides a theoretical basis and reference for the clinical application of MSC-EVs in repairing bone defects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dongxue Wang
- School of Sport Medicine and Rehabilitation, Beijing Sport University, Beijing 100084, China; (D.W.); (W.H.); (L.G.)
| | - Hong Cao
- School of Kinesiology, Shanghai University of Sport, Shanghai 200438, China; (H.C.); (Y.Y.)
| | - Weizhong Hua
- School of Sport Medicine and Rehabilitation, Beijing Sport University, Beijing 100084, China; (D.W.); (W.H.); (L.G.)
| | - Lu Gao
- School of Sport Medicine and Rehabilitation, Beijing Sport University, Beijing 100084, China; (D.W.); (W.H.); (L.G.)
| | - Yu Yuan
- School of Kinesiology, Shanghai University of Sport, Shanghai 200438, China; (H.C.); (Y.Y.)
| | - Xuchang Zhou
- School of Sport Medicine and Rehabilitation, Beijing Sport University, Beijing 100084, China; (D.W.); (W.H.); (L.G.)
- School of Kinesiology, Shanghai University of Sport, Shanghai 200438, China; (H.C.); (Y.Y.)
- Correspondence: (X.Z.); (Z.Z.)
| | - Zhipeng Zeng
- School of Sport Medicine and Rehabilitation, Beijing Sport University, Beijing 100084, China; (D.W.); (W.H.); (L.G.)
- Correspondence: (X.Z.); (Z.Z.)
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10
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Yang Z, Feng L, Wang M, Li Y, Bai S, Lu X, Wang H, Zhang X, Wang Y, Lin S, Tortorella MD, Li G. Sesamin Promotes Osteoporotic Fracture Healing by Activating Chondrogenesis and Angiogenesis Pathways. Nutrients 2022; 14:nu14102106. [PMID: 35631249 PMCID: PMC9147588 DOI: 10.3390/nu14102106] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2022] [Revised: 05/16/2022] [Accepted: 05/17/2022] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Osteoporotic fracture has been regarded as one of the most common bone disorders in the aging society. The natural herb-derived small molecules were revealed as potential treatment approaches for osteoporotic fracture healing. Sesamin is a member of lignan family, which possesses estrogenic activity and plays a significant role in modulating bone homeostasis. Our previous study reported the promoting effect of sesamin on postmenopausal osteoporosis treatment. However, the role of sesamin in osteoporotic fracture healing has not been well studied yet. In this study, we further investigated the putative treatment effect of sesamin on osteoporotic fracture healing. Our study indicated that sesamin could activate bone morphogenetic protein 2 (BMP2) signaling pathway and further promotes in vitro chondrogenesis and angiogenesis activities. This promoting effect was abolished by the treatment of ERα inhibitor. In the osteoporotic bone fracture model, we demonstrated that sesamin markedly improves the callus formation and increases the cartilaginous area at the early-stage, as well as narrowing the fracture gap, and expands callus volume at the late-stage fracture healing site of the OVX mice femur. Furthermore, the angiogenesis at the osteoporotic fracture site was also significantly improved by sesamin treatment. In conclusion, our research illustrated the therapeutic potential and underlying regulation mechanisms of sesamin on osteoporotic fracture healing. Our studies shed light on developing herb-derived bioactive compounds as novel drugs for the treatment of osteoporotic fracture healing, especially for postmenopausal women with low estrogen level.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhengmeng Yang
- Stem Cells and Regenerative Medicine Laboratory, Department of Orthopaedics & Traumatology, Li Ka Shing Institute of Health Sciences, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, Hong Kong SAR, China; (Z.Y.); (M.W.); (Y.L.); (S.B.); (X.L.); (H.W.); (X.Z.); (S.L.)
| | - Lu Feng
- Centre for Regenerative Medicine and Health, Hong Kong Institute of Science & Innovation, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hong Kong SAR, China; (L.F.); (Y.W.)
| | - Ming Wang
- Stem Cells and Regenerative Medicine Laboratory, Department of Orthopaedics & Traumatology, Li Ka Shing Institute of Health Sciences, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, Hong Kong SAR, China; (Z.Y.); (M.W.); (Y.L.); (S.B.); (X.L.); (H.W.); (X.Z.); (S.L.)
| | - Yucong Li
- Stem Cells and Regenerative Medicine Laboratory, Department of Orthopaedics & Traumatology, Li Ka Shing Institute of Health Sciences, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, Hong Kong SAR, China; (Z.Y.); (M.W.); (Y.L.); (S.B.); (X.L.); (H.W.); (X.Z.); (S.L.)
| | - Shanshan Bai
- Stem Cells and Regenerative Medicine Laboratory, Department of Orthopaedics & Traumatology, Li Ka Shing Institute of Health Sciences, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, Hong Kong SAR, China; (Z.Y.); (M.W.); (Y.L.); (S.B.); (X.L.); (H.W.); (X.Z.); (S.L.)
| | - Xuan Lu
- Stem Cells and Regenerative Medicine Laboratory, Department of Orthopaedics & Traumatology, Li Ka Shing Institute of Health Sciences, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, Hong Kong SAR, China; (Z.Y.); (M.W.); (Y.L.); (S.B.); (X.L.); (H.W.); (X.Z.); (S.L.)
| | - Haixing Wang
- Stem Cells and Regenerative Medicine Laboratory, Department of Orthopaedics & Traumatology, Li Ka Shing Institute of Health Sciences, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, Hong Kong SAR, China; (Z.Y.); (M.W.); (Y.L.); (S.B.); (X.L.); (H.W.); (X.Z.); (S.L.)
| | - Xiaoting Zhang
- Stem Cells and Regenerative Medicine Laboratory, Department of Orthopaedics & Traumatology, Li Ka Shing Institute of Health Sciences, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, Hong Kong SAR, China; (Z.Y.); (M.W.); (Y.L.); (S.B.); (X.L.); (H.W.); (X.Z.); (S.L.)
| | - Yaofeng Wang
- Centre for Regenerative Medicine and Health, Hong Kong Institute of Science & Innovation, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hong Kong SAR, China; (L.F.); (Y.W.)
| | - Sien Lin
- Stem Cells and Regenerative Medicine Laboratory, Department of Orthopaedics & Traumatology, Li Ka Shing Institute of Health Sciences, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, Hong Kong SAR, China; (Z.Y.); (M.W.); (Y.L.); (S.B.); (X.L.); (H.W.); (X.Z.); (S.L.)
| | - Micky D. Tortorella
- Centre for Regenerative Medicine and Health, Hong Kong Institute of Science & Innovation, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hong Kong SAR, China; (L.F.); (Y.W.)
- Correspondence: (M.D.T.); (G.L.)
| | - Gang Li
- Stem Cells and Regenerative Medicine Laboratory, Department of Orthopaedics & Traumatology, Li Ka Shing Institute of Health Sciences, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, Hong Kong SAR, China; (Z.Y.); (M.W.); (Y.L.); (S.B.); (X.L.); (H.W.); (X.Z.); (S.L.)
- Correspondence: (M.D.T.); (G.L.)
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11
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Liu KF, Chen RF, Li YT, Lin YN, Hsieh DJ, Periasamy S, Lin SD, Kuo YR. Supercritical Carbon Dioxide Decellularized Bone Matrix Seeded with Adipose-Derived Mesenchymal Stem Cells Accelerated Bone Regeneration. Biomedicines 2021; 9:1825. [PMID: 34944642 PMCID: PMC8698294 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines9121825] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2021] [Revised: 11/27/2021] [Accepted: 11/30/2021] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Large bone fractures with segmental defects are a vital phase to accelerate bone integration. The present study examined the role of supercritical carbon dioxide (scCO2) decellularized bone matrix (scDBM) seeded with allogeneic adipose-derived mesenchymal stem cells (ADSC) as bio-scaffold for bone regeneration. Bio-scaffold produced by seeding ADSC to scDBM was evaluated by scanning electron microscopy (SEM). Rat segmental femoral defect model was used as a non-union model to investigate the callus formation in vivo. Histological analysis and osteotomy gap closure in the defect area were analyzed at 12 and 24 weeks post-surgery. Immunohistochemical expression of Ki-67, BMP-2 and osteocalcin was evaluated to assess the ability of new bone formation scDBM. ADSC was found to attach firmly to scDBM bioscaffold as evidenced from SEM images in a dose-dependent manner. Callus formation was observed using X-ray bone imaging in the group with scDBM seeded with 2 × 106 and 5 × 106 ASCs group at the same time-periods. H&E staining revealed ASCs accelerated bone formation. IHC staining depicted the expression of Ki-67, BMP-2, and osteocalcin was elevated in scDBM seeded with 5 × 106 ASCs group at 12 weeks after surgery, relative to other experimental groups. To conclude, scDBM is an excellent scaffold that enhanced the attachment and recruitment of mesenchymal stem cells. scDBM seeded with ASCs accelerated new bone formation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Keng-Fan Liu
- Division of Plastic Surgery, Department of Surgery, Kaohsiung Medical University Hospital, Kaohsiung 80756, Taiwan; (K.-F.L.); (R.-F.C.); (Y.-T.L.); (Y.-N.L.); (S.-D.L.)
| | - Rong-Fu Chen
- Division of Plastic Surgery, Department of Surgery, Kaohsiung Medical University Hospital, Kaohsiung 80756, Taiwan; (K.-F.L.); (R.-F.C.); (Y.-T.L.); (Y.-N.L.); (S.-D.L.)
| | - Yun-Ting Li
- Division of Plastic Surgery, Department of Surgery, Kaohsiung Medical University Hospital, Kaohsiung 80756, Taiwan; (K.-F.L.); (R.-F.C.); (Y.-T.L.); (Y.-N.L.); (S.-D.L.)
| | - Yun-Nan Lin
- Division of Plastic Surgery, Department of Surgery, Kaohsiung Medical University Hospital, Kaohsiung 80756, Taiwan; (K.-F.L.); (R.-F.C.); (Y.-T.L.); (Y.-N.L.); (S.-D.L.)
| | - Dar-Jen Hsieh
- R&D Center, ACRO Biomedical Co., Ltd., Kaohsiung 82151, Taiwan; (D.-J.H.); (S.P.)
| | - Srinivasan Periasamy
- R&D Center, ACRO Biomedical Co., Ltd., Kaohsiung 82151, Taiwan; (D.-J.H.); (S.P.)
| | - Sin-Daw Lin
- Division of Plastic Surgery, Department of Surgery, Kaohsiung Medical University Hospital, Kaohsiung 80756, Taiwan; (K.-F.L.); (R.-F.C.); (Y.-T.L.); (Y.-N.L.); (S.-D.L.)
- Department of Surgery, Kaohsiung Municipal Hsiaokang Hospital, Kaohsiung 80756, Taiwan
| | - Yur-Ren Kuo
- Division of Plastic Surgery, Department of Surgery, Kaohsiung Medical University Hospital, Kaohsiung 80756, Taiwan; (K.-F.L.); (R.-F.C.); (Y.-T.L.); (Y.-N.L.); (S.-D.L.)
- Regenerative Medicine and Cell Therapy Research Center, Faculty of Medicine, College of Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung 80756, Taiwan
- Department of Biological Sciences, National Sun Yat-sen University, Kaohsiung 80424, Taiwan
- Academic Clinical Programme for Musculoskeletal Sciences, Duke-NUS Graduate Medical School, Singapore 169857, Singapore
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12
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Fan Q, Bai J, Shan H, Fei Z, Chen H, Xu J, Ma Q, Zhou X, Wang C. Implantable blood clot loaded with BMP-2 for regulation of osteoimmunology and enhancement of bone repair. Bioact Mater 2021; 6:4014-4026. [PMID: 33997490 PMCID: PMC8085758 DOI: 10.1016/j.bioactmat.2021.04.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2021] [Revised: 04/05/2021] [Accepted: 04/05/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The treatment of large-area bone defects still faces many difficulties and challenges. Here, we developed a blood clot delivery platform loaded with BMP-2 protein (BMP-2@BC) for enhanced bone regeneration. Blood clot gel platform as natural biomaterials can be engineered from autologous blood. Once implanted into the large bone defect site, it can be used for BMP-2 local delivery, as well as modulating osteoimmunology by recruiting a great number of macrophages and regulating their polarization at different stages. Moreover, due to the deep-red color of blood clot gel, mild localized hyperthermia under laser irradiation further accelerated bone repair and regeneration. We find that the immune niche within the bone defect microenvironment can be modulated in a controllable manner by the blood clots implantation and laser treatment. We further demonstrate that the newly formed bone covered almost 95% of the skull defect area by our strategy in both mice and rat disease models. Due to the great biocompatibility, photothermal potential, and osteoimmunomodulation capacity, such technology shows great promise to be used in further clinical translation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qin Fan
- Institute of Functional Nano & Soft Materials (FUNSOM), Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Carbon-based Functional Materials and Devices, Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu, 215123, China
- Key Laboratory for Organic Electronics & Information Displays (KLOEID), Institute of Advanced Materials (IAM) and School of Materials Science and Engineering, Nanjing University of Posts & Telecommunications, Nanjing, 210000, China
| | - Jinyu Bai
- Department of Orthopedics, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu, 215004, China
| | - Huajian Shan
- Department of Orthopedics, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu, 215004, China
| | - Ziying Fei
- Institute of Functional Nano & Soft Materials (FUNSOM), Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Carbon-based Functional Materials and Devices, Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu, 215123, China
| | - Hao Chen
- Department of Orthopedics, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu, 215004, China
| | - Jialu Xu
- Institute of Functional Nano & Soft Materials (FUNSOM), Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Carbon-based Functional Materials and Devices, Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu, 215123, China
| | - Qingle Ma
- Institute of Functional Nano & Soft Materials (FUNSOM), Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Carbon-based Functional Materials and Devices, Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu, 215123, China
| | - Xiaozhong Zhou
- Department of Orthopedics, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu, 215004, China
| | - Chao Wang
- Institute of Functional Nano & Soft Materials (FUNSOM), Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Carbon-based Functional Materials and Devices, Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu, 215123, China
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13
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Henssler L, Kerschbaum M, Mukashevich MZ, Rupp M, Alt V. Molecular enhancement of fracture healing - Is there a role for Bone Morphogenetic Protein-2, parathyroid hormone, statins, or sclerostin-antibodies? Injury 2021; 52 Suppl 2:S49-S57. [PMID: 34001374 DOI: 10.1016/j.injury.2021.04.068] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2020] [Revised: 04/14/2021] [Accepted: 04/24/2021] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
Enhancement of fracture healing has been a hot topic over the last two decades. This narrative review article is aimed to provide an update on current clinical use and evidence on four clinically available agents in the treatment of fracture healing: bone morphogenetic proteins-2 (BMP-2), parathyroid hormone, statins and sclerostin-antibodies. After first promising results from animal and clinical studies in the early 2000s, BMP-2 was studied mainly in open tibia shaft fractures treated with intramedullary nailing. There are conflicting results from different randomized clinical trials (RCTs) regarding fracture healing time and complications compared to BMP-2 free control treatment in open tibia fractures, as BMP-2 could not show significant differences in patients treated with reamed nails compared to BMP-2 free control treatment with reamed nailing only. Given that fact, its official use was limited in Europe to open tibia shaft fractures treated with unreamed tibial nailing by the European Medical Agency (EMA). Another more recent RCT failed to show equivalence of BMP- 2 together with allograft versus autograft for the treatment of tibia fractures with critical size defects. Recombinant human parathyroid hormone has proven anabolic effects on bone metabolism and is commonly used in treatment of severe osteoporosis. Different animal trials suggested an enhancement effect in fracture healing by PTH. In several clinical trials, PTH seems to have a stimulative effect for lower limb fractures. Statins, commonly used in treatment of dyslipidemia, could also enhance fracture healing in animal trials, especially when they were applied locally at the fracture site. For statins, there is only one RCT that failed to show significant effects for the oral administration of statins in undisplaced distal radius fractures. The role of sclerostin in fracture healing has more and more been understood. Application of sclerostin antibodies has been shown to be beneficial for fracture healing in animal trials. However, no RCTs on the effect of sclerostin antibodies on fracture healing have been performed yet. In conclusion, the "magic bullet" for molecular enhancement of fracture healing has not been identified yet, at least not with its optimal dosage and delivery method.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leopold Henssler
- Department of Trauma Surgery, University Medical Center Regensburg, Franz-Josef-Strauss-Allee 11, 93053 Regensburg, Germany
| | - Maximilian Kerschbaum
- Department of Trauma Surgery, University Medical Center Regensburg, Franz-Josef-Strauss-Allee 11, 93053 Regensburg, Germany
| | - Moldakulov Z Mukashevich
- Taldykorgan Muliprofile City Hospital/Taldykorgan Urban Hospital, Taldykorgan, Republic of Kazakhstan
| | - Markus Rupp
- Department of Trauma Surgery, University Medical Center Regensburg, Franz-Josef-Strauss-Allee 11, 93053 Regensburg, Germany
| | - Volker Alt
- Department of Trauma Surgery, University Medical Center Regensburg, Franz-Josef-Strauss-Allee 11, 93053 Regensburg, Germany.
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Su YW, Wong DSK, Fan J, Chung R, Wang L, Chen Y, Xian CH, Yao L, Wang L, Foster BK, Xu J, Xian CJ. Enhanced BMP signalling causes growth plate cartilage dysrepair in rats. Bone 2021; 145:115874. [PMID: 33548573 DOI: 10.1016/j.bone.2021.115874] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2020] [Revised: 12/25/2020] [Accepted: 01/29/2021] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Growth plate cartilage injuries often result in bony repair at the injury site and premature mineralisation at the uninjured region causing bone growth defects, for which underlying mechanisms are unclear. With the prior microarray study showing upregulated bone morphogenetic protein (BMP) signalling during the injury site bony repair and with the known roles of BMP signalling in bone healing and growth plate endochondral ossification, this study used a rat tibial growth plate drill-hole injury model with or without systemic infusion of BMP antagonist noggin to investigate roles of BMP signalling in injury repair responses within the injury site and in the adjacent "uninjured" cartilage. At days 8, 14 and 35 post-injury, increased expression of BMP members and receptors and enhanced BMP signalling (increased levels of phosphorylated (p)-Smad1/5/8) were found during injury site bony repair. After noggin treatment, injury site bony repair at days 8 and 14 was reduced as shown by micro-CT and histological analyses and lower mRNA expression of osteogenesis-related genes Runx2 and osteocalcin (by RT-PCR). At the adjacent uninjured cartilage, the injury caused increases in the hypertrophic zone/proliferative zone height ratio and in mRNA expression of hypertrophy marker collagen-10, but a decrease in chondrogenesis marker Sox9 at days 14 and/or 35, which were accompanied by increased BMP signalling (increased levels of pSmad1/5/8 protein and BMP7, BMPR1a and target gene Dlx5 mRNA). Noggin treatment reduced the hypertrophic zone/proliferative zone height ratio and collagen-10 mRNA expression, but increased collagen-2 mRNA levels at the adjacent growth plate. This study has identified critical roles of BMP signalling in the injury site bony repair and in the hypertrophic degeneration of the adjacent growth plate in a growth plate drill-hole repair model. Moreover, suppressing BMP signalling can potentially attenuate the undesirable bony repair at injury site and suppress the premature hypertrophy but potentially rescue chondrogenesis at the adjacent growth plate.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu-Wen Su
- University of South Australia, UniSA Clinical and Health Sciences, Adelaide, SA 5001, Australia
| | - Derick S K Wong
- University of South Australia, UniSA Clinical and Health Sciences, Adelaide, SA 5001, Australia
| | - Jian Fan
- Department of Orthopedics, Tongji Hospital, Tongji University, Shanghai 200065, China
| | - Rosa Chung
- University of South Australia, UniSA Clinical and Health Sciences, Adelaide, SA 5001, Australia
| | - Liping Wang
- University of South Australia, UniSA Clinical and Health Sciences, Adelaide, SA 5001, Australia; Ningbo No. 6 Hospital, Ningbo University, Ningbo 315040, China
| | - Yuhui Chen
- Department of Orthopedics, Orthopaedic Hospital of Guangdong Province, the Third Affiliated Hospital of Southern Medical University, Academy of Orthopaedics of Guangdong Province, Guangzhou 510630, Guangdong, China
| | - Claire H Xian
- Discipline of Physiology, Adelaide Medical School, The University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA 5005, Australia
| | - Lufeng Yao
- Ningbo No. 6 Hospital, Ningbo University, Ningbo 315040, China
| | - Liang Wang
- Department of Orthopedics, Orthopaedic Hospital of Guangdong Province, the Third Affiliated Hospital of Southern Medical University, Academy of Orthopaedics of Guangdong Province, Guangzhou 510630, Guangdong, China
| | - Bruce K Foster
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Flinders Medical Centre, Bedford Park, SA 5042, Australia
| | - Jiake Xu
- School of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Western Australia, Nedlands, WA 6009, Australia
| | - Cory J Xian
- University of South Australia, UniSA Clinical and Health Sciences, Adelaide, SA 5001, Australia; Department of Orthopedics, Tongji Hospital, Tongji University, Shanghai 200065, China; Ningbo No. 6 Hospital, Ningbo University, Ningbo 315040, China.
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15
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Gumus E, Temiz E, Sarikaya B, Yuksekdag O, Sipahioglu S, Gonel A. The Association Between BMP- 2, UQCC1 and CX3CR1 Polymorphisms and the Risk of Developmental Dysplasia of the Hip. Indian J Orthop 2021; 55:169-175. [PMID: 33569111 PMCID: PMC7851229 DOI: 10.1007/s43465-020-00235-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2020] [Accepted: 08/13/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Developmental dysplasia of the hip (DDH) is a complicated skeletal disease ranging from subluxation to complete dislocation of the hip as a result of insufficient development of the acetabulum and femur. To date, numerous genes such as C-X3-C motif chemokine receptor 1 (CX3CR1), ubiquinol-cytochrome c reductase complex assembly factor 1 (UQCC1) and growth/differentiation factor 5 (GDF5), have been investigated to elucidate the underlying genetic etiology. Turkish population is one of the communities where DDH patients frequently observed, but almost no study has been conducted to elucidate the genetic etiology. In our study, we aimed to investigate the polymorphism of CX3CR1 rs3732378 and UQCC1 rs6060373, which have been shown to be associated with DDH in different populations. In addition, we aimed to investigate the BMP-2 rs235768 polymorphism which has not been investigated in the etiology of DDH. METHODS Overall, 168 subjects (68 participants in the patient group, 100 participants in the control group) were investigated. The participants with following evidence and symptoms were excluded from the two groups: any systemic syndrome, another congenital anomaly, hereditary diseases, breech presentation, history of oligohydramnios, swaddling and high birth weight (> 4000 g). 3 single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNP) were examined by qRT-PCR method. RESULTS For CX3CR1 rs3732378 polymorphism, significant differences were observed in genotypes and allele frequencies (p < 0.0001). This condition was associated with a 12-fold increased risk in recessive modeling and 75-fold increased risk in dominant modeling. There was no significant relationship between DDH and the other two polymorphisms. CONCLUSIONS Our work is the first study to investigate DDH and genetic polymorphisms in Turkish population where DDH is observed quite frequently. It is also the first study to investigate the relationship between BMP-2 rs235768 polymorphism and DDH. Our study revealed a clear relationship between CX3CR1 rs3732378 polymorphism and DDH in Turkish population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Evren Gumus
- Department of Medical Genetics, Faculty of Medicine, University of Harran, Sanliurfa, Turkey
- Department of Medical Genetics, Faculty of Medicine, University of Mugla Sitki Kocman, Mugla, 48000 Turkey
| | - Ebru Temiz
- Department of Medical Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, University of Harran, Sanliurfa, Turkey
| | - Baran Sarikaya
- Department of Orthopedics and Traumatology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Harran, Sanliurfa, Turkey
| | - Ozgur Yuksekdag
- Department of Medical Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, University of Harran, Sanliurfa, Turkey
| | - Serkan Sipahioglu
- Department of Orthopedics and Traumatology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Harran, Sanliurfa, Turkey
| | - Ataman Gonel
- Department of Medical Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, University of Harran, Sanliurfa, Turkey
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16
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Radix Rehmanniae Praeparata promotes bone fracture healing through activation of TGF-β signaling in mesenchymal progenitors. Biomed Pharmacother 2020; 130:110581. [DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2020.110581] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2020] [Revised: 07/21/2020] [Accepted: 07/26/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
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Esposito A, Wang L, Li T, Miranda M, Spagnoli A. Role of Prx1-expressing skeletal cells and Prx1-expression in fracture repair. Bone 2020; 139:115521. [PMID: 32629173 PMCID: PMC7484205 DOI: 10.1016/j.bone.2020.115521] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2020] [Revised: 06/25/2020] [Accepted: 06/29/2020] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
The healing capacity of bones after fracture implies the existence of adult regenerative cells. However, information on identification and functional role of fracture-induced progenitors is still lacking. Paired-related homeobox 1 (Prx1) is expressed during skeletogenesis. We hypothesize that fracture recapitulates Prx1's expression, and Prx1 expressing cells are critical to induce repair. To address our hypothesis, we used a combination of in vivo and in vitro approaches, short and long-term cell tracking analyses of progenies and actively expressing cells, cell ablation studies, and rodent animal models for normal and defective fracture healing. We found that fracture elicits a periosteal and endosteal response of perivascular Prx1+ cells that participate in fracture healing and showed that Prx1-expressing cells have a functional role in the repair process. While Prx1-derived cells contribute to the callus, Prx1's expression decreases concurrently with differentiation into cartilaginous and bone cells, similarly to when Prx1+ cells are cultured in differentiating conditions. We determined that bone morphogenic protein 2 (BMP2), through C-X-C motif-ligand-12 (CXCL12) signaling, modulates the downregulation of Prx1. We demonstrated that fracture elicits an early increase in BMP2 expression, followed by a decrease in CXCL12 that in turn down-regulates Prx1, allowing cells to commit to osteochondrogenesis. In vivo and in vitro treatment with CXCR4 antagonist AMD3100 restored Prx1 expression by modulating the BMP2-CXCL12 axis. Our studies represent a shift in the current research that has primarily focused on the identification of markers for postnatal skeletal progenitors, and instead we characterized the function of a specific population (Prx1+ cells) and their expression marker (Prx1) as a crossroad in fracture repair. The identification of fracture-induced perivascular Prx1+ cells and regulation of Prx1's expression by BMP2 and in turn by CXCL12 in the orchestration of fracture repair, highlights a pathway in which to investigate defective mechanisms and therapeutic targets for fracture non-union.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alessandra Esposito
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Section of Molecular Medicine, Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Lai Wang
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Rheumatology, Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Tieshi Li
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Children's Hospital & Medical Center, Omaha, NE, USA
| | - Mariana Miranda
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Section of Molecular Medicine, Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Anna Spagnoli
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Section of Molecular Medicine, Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, IL, USA; Department of Pediatrics, Division of Pediatric Endocrinology, Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, IL, USA.
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18
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Gao H, Wang X. Serum miRNA-142 and BMP-2 are markers of recovery following hip replacement surgery for femoral neck fracture. Exp Ther Med 2020; 20:105. [PMID: 32989384 PMCID: PMC7517447 DOI: 10.3892/etm.2020.9235] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2019] [Accepted: 06/17/2020] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
Abstract
The present study aimed to investigate the changes in miRNA-142 and bone morphogenetic protein-2 (BMP-2) expression before and after hip replacement surgery, and to determine their association with receptor activator of NF-κB ligand (RANKL) and osteoprotegerin (OPG). For this purpose, 142 cases of hip arthroplasty in patients with femoral neck fracture were selected as the research group, and 50 cases of healthy individuals who underwent a physical examination during the same time period were selected the control group. Serum miR-142 and BMP-2 levels were measured by RT-qPCR before and after surgery in the research group and the control group. Serum RANKL and OPG levels were detected before and after surgery by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). The levels of serum miR-142 and BMP-2 in the research group were significantly lower than those in the control group. At 1 month after surgery, the levels of serum miR-142 and BMP-2 in the research group were significantly higher than those before surgery, and at 6 months after surgery, and they were higher than those in the control group. Pearson's correlation analysis revealed that the serum levels of miR-142 positively correlated with the BMP-2 levels before surgery, at 1 month after surgery, and at 6 months after surgery in the research group. The results of ROC curve analysis revealed that the AUC values of serum miR-142 and BMP-2 were 0.911 and 0.861, respectively. At 1 month after surgery, the levels of serum miR-142 and BMP-2 in group A (patients with a good or excellent recovery) were significantly higher than those in group B (patients with a fair or poor recovery). The levels of serum RANKL and OPG in the research group significantly increased at 1 month after surgery. The serum levels of miR-142 and BMP-2 positively correlated with those of RANKL and OPG before surgery and at 1 month after surgery. On the whole, the findings of the present study indicate that pre-operative serum miR-142 and BMP-2 levels are valuable for evaluating the post-operative recovery of patients with femoral neck fracture undergoing hip replacement surgery. In addition, in the present study, at 1 month after surgery, the levels of both miR-142 and BMP-2 were related to the recovery of the patients, and positively correlated with the RANKL and OPG levels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haoyuan Gao
- Department of Orthopedics, The Fourth Hospital of Jinan, Jinan, Shandong 250021, P.R. China
| | - Xuyou Wang
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Wulian People's Hospital, Shandong 262300, P.R. China
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19
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Amygdalin Promotes Fracture Healing through TGF- β/Smad Signaling in Mesenchymal Stem Cells. Stem Cells Int 2020; 2020:8811963. [PMID: 32963548 PMCID: PMC7492948 DOI: 10.1155/2020/8811963] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2020] [Revised: 08/13/2020] [Accepted: 08/21/2020] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Chondrogenesis and subsequent osteogenesis of mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) and angiogenesis at injured sites are crucial for bone fracture healing. Amygdalin, a cyanogenic glycoside compound derived from bitter apricot kernel, has been reported to inhibit IL-1β-induced chondrocyte degeneration and to stimulate blood circulation, suggesting a promising role of amygdalin in fracture healing. In this study, tibial fractures in C57BL/6 mice were treated with amygdalin. Fracture calluses were then harvested and subjected to radiographic, histological, and biomechanical testing, as well as angiography and gene expression analyses to evaluate fracture healing. The results showed that amygdalin treatment promoted bone fracture healing. Further experiments using MSC-specific transforming growth factor- (TGF-) β receptor 2 conditional knockout (KO) mice (Tgfbr2Gli1-Cre) and C3H10 T1/2 murine mesenchymal progenitor cells showed that this effect was mediated through TGF-β/Smad signaling. We conclude that amygdalin could be used as an alternative treatment for bone fractures.
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20
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Mang T, Kleinschmidt-Doerr K, Ploeger F, Schoenemann A, Lindemann S, Gigout A. BMPR1A is necessary for chondrogenesis and osteogenesis, whereas BMPR1B prevents hypertrophic differentiation. J Cell Sci 2020; 133:jcs246934. [PMID: 32764110 DOI: 10.1242/jcs.246934] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2020] [Accepted: 07/21/2020] [Indexed: 08/31/2023] Open
Abstract
BMP2 stimulates bone formation and signals preferably through BMP receptor (BMPR) 1A, whereas GDF5 is a cartilage inducer and signals preferably through BMPR1B. Consequently, BMPR1A and BMPR1B are believed to be involved in bone and cartilage formation, respectively. However, their function is not yet fully clarified. In this study, GDF5 mutants with a decreased affinity for BMPR1A were generated. These mutants, and wild-type GDF5 and BMP2, were tested for their ability to induce dimerization of BMPR1A or BMPR1B with BMPR2, and for their chondrogenic, hypertrophic and osteogenic properties in chondrocytes, in the multipotent mesenchymal precursor cell line C3H10T1/2 and the human osteosarcoma cell line Saos-2. Mutants with the lowest potency for inducing BMPR1A-BMPR2 dimerization exhibited minimal chondrogenic and osteogenic activities, indicating that BMPR1A is necessary for chondrogenic and osteogenic differentiation. BMP2, GDF5 and the GDF5 R399E mutant stimulated expression of chondrogenic and hypertrophy markers in C3H10T1/2 cells and chondrocytes. However, GDF5 R399E, which induces the dimerization of BMPR1B and BMPR2 more potently than GDF5 or BMP2, displayed reduced hypertrophic activity. Therefore, we postulate that stronger BMPR1B signaling, compared to BMPR1A signaling, prevents chondrocyte hypertrophy and acts as a cartilage stabilizer during joint morphogenesis.This article has an associated First Person interview with the first author of the paper.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tanja Mang
- Osteoarthritis Research, Merck KGaA, 64293 Darmstadt, Germany
- Institute for Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry, Technische Universität, 64289 Darmstadt, Germany
| | | | | | | | - Sven Lindemann
- Osteoarthritis Research, Merck KGaA, 64293 Darmstadt, Germany
| | - Anne Gigout
- Osteoarthritis Research, Merck KGaA, 64293 Darmstadt, Germany
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21
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Xiao D, Zhou Q, Bai Y, Cao B, Zhang Q, Zeng G, Zong S. Deficiency of PDK1 in osteoclasts delays fracture healing and repair. Mol Med Rep 2020; 22:1536-1546. [PMID: 32626968 PMCID: PMC7339621 DOI: 10.3892/mmr.2020.11209] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2019] [Accepted: 05/12/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Bone fractures are common traumatic injuries of the musculoskeletal system. However, delayed union and non‑union fractures are a major clinical problem that present significant socioeconomic burden to patients and the public health sector. The bone‑resorbing osteoclasts and bone‑forming osteoblasts serve important roles in the fracture repair/healing process. Osteoclast deficiency or decreased osteoblast activity negatively impacts fracture healing. We previously demonstrated that the specific deletion of the serine/threonine kinase 3‑phosphoinositide‑dependent protein kinase 1 (PDK1) in osteoclasts leads to abrogated osteoclast formation and bone resorption in response to receptor activator of nuclear factor‑κB in vitro and protected mice against ovariectomized‑induced bone loss and lipopolysaccharide‑induced osteolysis in vivo. Given the importance of osteoclasts in fracture repair, we hypothesized that the specific loss of PDK1 in osteoclasts will alter the fracture healing process. Mice of tibial fracture were constructed, and tibial specimens were sampled at 7‑, 14‑, 21‑ and 28‑days post‑fracture to observe the effect of PDK1 gene regulated osteoclasts on fracture healing process by X‑ray radiography, microcomputed tomography scanning, histomorphological staining and biomechanical testing. The present study revealed, using the tibial fracture model, that the specific deletion of the PDK1 gene in osteoclasts impeded the fracture healing process by delaying the resorption of the cartilaginous callus and subsequent remodeling of immature woven bone to structurally and mechanically ensure lamellar bone is stronger. No effect on osteoblast bone formation and osteogenesis was observed, thus indicating that delayed fracture healing is primarily due to defective osteoclast activity. These results provide important clinical implications for the use of anti‑resorptive agents, such as bisphosphonates, for the treatment of osteolytic conditions. Such anti‑resorptive therapies may detrimentally delay fracture healing and repair.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dongliang Xiao
- Department of Spine Osteopathia, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, Guangxi 530021, P.R. China
| | - Quan Zhou
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Guangxi Biological Medicine, Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, Guangxi 530021, P.R. China
- Department of Emergency, The Hongqi Hospital Affiliated to Mudanjiang Medical University, Mudanjiang, Heilongjiang 157001, P.R. China
| | - Yiguang Bai
- Department of Spine Osteopathia, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, Guangxi 530021, P.R. China
| | - Baichuan Cao
- Department of Spine Osteopathia, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, Guangxi 530021, P.R. China
| | - Qiong Zhang
- College of Public Hygiene, Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, Guangxi 530021, P.R. China
| | - Gaofeng Zeng
- College of Public Hygiene, Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, Guangxi 530021, P.R. China
| | - Shaohui Zong
- Department of Spine Osteopathia, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, Guangxi 530021, P.R. China
- Research Centre for Regenerative Medicine and Guangxi Key Laboratory of Regenerative Medicine, Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, Guangxi 530021, P.R. China
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22
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Lukač N, Katavić V, Novak S, Šućur A, Filipović M, Kalajzić I, Grčević D, Kovačić N. What do we know about bone morphogenetic proteins and osteochondroprogenitors in inflammatory conditions? Bone 2020; 137:115403. [PMID: 32371019 DOI: 10.1016/j.bone.2020.115403] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2020] [Revised: 04/10/2020] [Accepted: 04/28/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Osteochondroprogenitors are crucial for embryonic bone development and postnatal processes such as bone repair in response to fracture injury, and their dysfunction may contribute to insufficient repair of structural damage in inflammatory arthritides. In the fracture healing, the early inflammatory phase is crucial for normal callus development and new bone formation. This process involves a complex interplay of many molecules and cell types, responsible for recruitment, expansion and differentiation of osteochondroprogenitor populations. In inflammatory arthritides, inflammation induces bone resorption and causes insufficient bone formation, which leads to local and systemic bone loss. While bone loss is a predominant feature in rheumatoid arthritis, inflammation also induces pathologic bone formation at enthesial sites in seronegative spondyloarthropathies. Bone morphogenetic proteins (BMP) are involved in cell proliferation, differentiation and apoptosis, and have fundamental roles in maintenance of postnatal bone homeostasis. They are crucial regulators of the osteochondroprogenitor pool and drive their proliferation, differentiation, and lifespan during bone regeneration. In this review, we summarize the effects of inflammation on osteochondroprogenitor populations during fracture repair and in inflammatory arthritides, with special focus on inflammation-mediated modulation of BMP signaling. We also present data in which we describe a population of murine synovial osteochondroprogenitor cells, which are reduced in arthritis, and characterize their expression of genes involved in regulation of bone homeostasis, emphasizing the up-regulation of BMP pathways in early progenitor subset. Based on the presented data, it may be concluded that during an inflammatory response, innate immune cells induce osteochondroprogenitors by providing signals for their recruitment, by producing BMPs and other osteogenic factors for paracrine effects, and by secreting inflammatory cytokines that may positively regulate osteogenic pathways. On the other hand, inflammatory cells may secrete cytokines that interfere with osteogenic pathways, proapoptotic factors that reduce the pool of osteochondroprogenitor cells, as well as BMP and Wnt antagonists. The net effect is strongly context-dependent and influenced by the local milieu of cells, cytokines, and growth factors. Further elucidation of the interplay between inflammatory signals and BMP-mediated bone formation may provide valuable tools for therapeutic targeting.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nina Lukač
- Laboratory for Molecular Immunology, University of Zagreb School of Medicine, Zagreb, Croatia; Department of Anatomy, University of Zagreb School of Medicine, Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Vedran Katavić
- Laboratory for Molecular Immunology, University of Zagreb School of Medicine, Zagreb, Croatia; Department of Anatomy, University of Zagreb School of Medicine, Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Sanja Novak
- Department of Reconstructive Sciences, University of Connecticut Health Center, Farmington, CT, USA
| | - Alan Šućur
- Laboratory for Molecular Immunology, University of Zagreb School of Medicine, Zagreb, Croatia; Department of Physiology and Immunology, University of Zagreb School of Medicine, Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Maša Filipović
- Laboratory for Molecular Immunology, University of Zagreb School of Medicine, Zagreb, Croatia; Department of Physiology and Immunology, University of Zagreb School of Medicine, Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Ivo Kalajzić
- Department of Reconstructive Sciences, University of Connecticut Health Center, Farmington, CT, USA
| | - Danka Grčević
- Laboratory for Molecular Immunology, University of Zagreb School of Medicine, Zagreb, Croatia; Department of Physiology and Immunology, University of Zagreb School of Medicine, Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Nataša Kovačić
- Laboratory for Molecular Immunology, University of Zagreb School of Medicine, Zagreb, Croatia; Department of Anatomy, University of Zagreb School of Medicine, Zagreb, Croatia.
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23
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A Synthetic Peptide, CK2.3, Inhibits RANKL-Induced Osteoclastogenesis through BMPRIa and ERK Signaling Pathway. J Dev Biol 2020; 8:jdb8030012. [PMID: 32660129 PMCID: PMC7557985 DOI: 10.3390/jdb8030012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2020] [Revised: 07/07/2020] [Accepted: 07/07/2020] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
The skeletal system plays an important role in the development and maturation process. Through the bone remodeling process, 10% of the skeletal system is renewed every year. Osteoblasts and osteoclasts are two major bone cells that are involved in the development of the skeletal system, and their activity is kept in balance. An imbalance between their activities can lead to diseases such as osteoporosis that are characterized by significant bone loss due to the overactivity of bone-resorbing osteoclasts. Our laboratory has developed a novel peptide, CK2.3, which works as both an anabolic and anti-resorptive agent to induce bone formation and prevent bone loss. We previously reported that CK2.3 mediated mineralization and osteoblast development through the SMAD, ERK, and AKT signaling pathways. In this study, we demonstrated the mechanism by which CK2.3 inhibits osteoclast development. We showed that the inhibition of MEK by the U0126 inhibitor rescued the osteoclast development of RAW264.7 induced by RANKL in a co-culture system with CK2.3. We observed that CK2.3 induced ERK activation and BMPRIa expression on Day 1 after stimulation with CK2.3. While CK2.3 was previously reported to induce the SMAD signaling pathway in osteoblast development, we did not observe any changes in SMAD activation in osteoclast development with CK2.3 stimulation. Understanding the mechanism by which CK2.3 inhibits osteoclast development will allow CK2.3 to be developed as a new treatment for osteoporosis.
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24
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Peres-Ueno MJ, Fernandes F, Brito VGB, Nicola ÂC, Stringhetta-Garcia CT, Castoldi RC, Menezes AP, Ciarlini PC, Louzada MJQ, Oliveira SHP, Ervolino E, Chaves-Neto AH, Dornelles RCM. Effect of pre-treatment of strength training and raloxifene in periestropause on bone healing. Bone 2020; 134:115285. [PMID: 32097761 DOI: 10.1016/j.bone.2020.115285] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2019] [Revised: 01/31/2020] [Accepted: 02/14/2020] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND There is evidence that strength training (ST) and raloxifene (Ral) treatment during periestropause promotes better bone quality. We wanted to determine whether the skeletal benefits of ST or Ral treatment, performed during periestropause, would persist after fracture. Therefore, the present study aimed to analyze the influence of pre-treatment with ST and administration of Ral during periestropause on bone healing after total unilateral osteotomy. METHODS Senescent female Wistar rats between 18 and 21 months of age, performed ST on a ladder three times per week, were administered Ral by gavage (2.3 mg/kg/day), or an association of both. After 120 days, the treatments were interrupted, and a total osteotomy was performed on the left tibia in all animals. They were euthanized 1 and 8 weeks post-osteotomy. RESULTS The administration of Ral during periestropause worsened the biochemical and oxidative profile, decreased gene expression of markers related to bone resorption and remodeling, which negatively affected the physicochemical properties; this lead to changes in the bone callus microarchitecture and mass, as well as a decrease in callus resistance to torsional deformation, resulting in lower tissue quality during bone healing. In contrast, ST performed prior to the osteotomy resulted in better bone healing, improvement of the biochemical and oxidative profile, alteration of the genetic profile in favor of bone formation and resorption, as well as the physic-ochemical properties of the callus. These changes led to better microarchitecture and bone mass and increased callus resistance to torsional deformation, confirming its beneficial effect on the quality of bone tissue, providing acceleration of bone consolidation. The combination of therapies at this exercise intensity and drug dosage showed a negative interaction, where the negative effect of Ral overcame the positive effect of ST, leading to decreased tissue quality in the bone healing process. CONCLUSIONS This study indicates that in addition to excellent non-pharmacological therapy and action in the prevention of osteoporosis, ST performed during the aging period may increase bone quality at the onset of healing and provide improved bone consolidation. Furthermore, the anti-osteoclastogenic effect of Ral shown in this model delayed the bone repair process, resulting in considerable clinical concern.
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Affiliation(s)
- Melise Jacon Peres-Ueno
- Programa de Pós-Graduação Multicêntrico em Ciências Fisiológicas, SBFis, São Paulo State University (UNESP), Araçatuba, São Paulo, Brazil.
| | - Fernanda Fernandes
- Programa de Pós-Graduação Multicêntrico em Ciências Fisiológicas, SBFis, São Paulo State University (UNESP), Araçatuba, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Victor Gustavo Balera Brito
- Programa de Pós-Graduação Multicêntrico em Ciências Fisiológicas, SBFis, São Paulo State University (UNESP), Araçatuba, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Ângela Cristina Nicola
- Programa de Pós-Graduação Multicêntrico em Ciências Fisiológicas, SBFis, São Paulo State University (UNESP), Araçatuba, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Camila Tami Stringhetta-Garcia
- Programa de Pós-Graduação Multicêntrico em Ciências Fisiológicas, SBFis, São Paulo State University (UNESP), Araçatuba, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Robson Chacon Castoldi
- Faculty of Science and Technology, São Paulo State University (UNESP), Presidente Prudente, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Amanda Pinatti Menezes
- Department of Support, Production and Animal Health, School of Veterinary Medicine, São Paulo State University (UNESP), Araçatuba, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Paulo Cézar Ciarlini
- Department of Support, Production and Animal Health, School of Veterinary Medicine, São Paulo State University (UNESP), Araçatuba, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Mário Jeferson Quirino Louzada
- Programa de Pós-Graduação Multicêntrico em Ciências Fisiológicas, SBFis, São Paulo State University (UNESP), Araçatuba, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Sandra Helena Penha Oliveira
- Programa de Pós-Graduação Multicêntrico em Ciências Fisiológicas, SBFis, São Paulo State University (UNESP), Araçatuba, São Paulo, Brazil; Department of Basic Sciences, School of Dentistry, São Paulo State University (UNESP), Araçatuba, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Edilson Ervolino
- Department of Basic Sciences, School of Dentistry, São Paulo State University (UNESP), Araçatuba, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Antonio Hernandes Chaves-Neto
- Programa de Pós-Graduação Multicêntrico em Ciências Fisiológicas, SBFis, São Paulo State University (UNESP), Araçatuba, São Paulo, Brazil; Department of Basic Sciences, School of Dentistry, São Paulo State University (UNESP), Araçatuba, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Rita Cassia Menegati Dornelles
- Programa de Pós-Graduação Multicêntrico em Ciências Fisiológicas, SBFis, São Paulo State University (UNESP), Araçatuba, São Paulo, Brazil; Department of Basic Sciences, School of Dentistry, São Paulo State University (UNESP), Araçatuba, São Paulo, Brazil.
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25
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Zhang T, Wei Q, Fan D, Liu X, Li W, Song C, Tian Y, Cai H, Zheng Y, Liu Z. Improved osseointegration with rhBMP-2 intraoperatively loaded in a specifically designed 3D-printed porous Ti6Al4V vertebral implant. Biomater Sci 2019; 8:1279-1289. [PMID: 31867583 DOI: 10.1039/c9bm01655d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Three-dimensional (3D)-printed porous Ti6Al4V implants are commonly used for reconstructing bone defects in the treatment of orthopaedic diseases owing to their excellent osteoconduction. However, to achieve improved therapeutic outcomes, the osteoinduction of these implants requires further improvement. The aim of this study was to investigate the combined use of recombinant human BMP-2 (rhBMP-2) with a 3D-printed artificial vertebral implant (3D-AVI) to improve the osteoinduction. Eight male Small Tail Han sheep underwent cervical corpectomy, and 3D-AVIs with or without loaded rhBMP-2 in cavities designed at the center were implanted to treat the cervical defect. Radiographic, micro-computed tomography, fluorescence labelling, and histological examination revealed that the osseointegration efficiency of the rhBMP-2 group was significantly higher than that of the blank control group. The biomechanical test results suggested that rhBMP-2 reduced the range of motion of the cervical spine and provided a more stable implant. Fluorescence observations revealed that the bone tissue grew from the periphery to the center of the 3D-AVIs, first growing into the pore space and then interlocking with the Ti6Al4V implant surface. Therefore, we successfully improved osseointegration of the 3D-AVI by loading rhBMP-2 into the cavity designed at the center of the Ti6Al4V implant, realizing earlier and more stable fixation of implants postoperatively in a simple manner. These benefits of rhBMP-2 are expected to expand the application range and reliability of 3D-printed porous Ti6Al4V implants and improve their therapeutic efficacy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Teng Zhang
- Department of Orthopedics, Peking University Third Hospital, Beijing 100191, People's Republic of China.
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26
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Lahr CA, Wagner F, Shafiee A, Rudert M, Hutmacher DW, Holzapfel BM. Recombinant Human Bone Morphogenetic Protein 7 Exerts Osteo-Catabolic Effects on Bone Grafts That Outweigh Its Osteo-Anabolic Capacity. Calcif Tissue Int 2019; 105:331-340. [PMID: 31214730 DOI: 10.1007/s00223-019-00574-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2019] [Accepted: 06/07/2019] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
This study aimed to investigate the effects of recombinant human bone morphogenetic protein (rhBMP-7) on human cancellous bone grafts (BGs) while differentiating between anabolic and catabolic events. Human BGs alone or supplemented with rhBMP-7 were harvested 14 weeks after subcutaneous implantation into NOD/Scid mice, and studied via micro-CT, histomorphometry, immunohistochemistry and flow cytometry. Immunohistochemical staining for human-specific proteins made it possible to differentiate between grafted human bone and newly formed murine bone. Only BGs implanted with rhBMP-7 formed an ossicle containing a functional hematopoietic compartment. The total ossicle volume in the BMP+ group was higher than in the BMP- group (835 mm3 vs. 365 mm3, respectively, p < 0.001). The BMP+ group showed larger BM spaces (0.47 mm vs. 0.28 mm, p = 0.002) and lower bone volume-to-total volume ratio (31% vs. 47%, p = 0.002). Immunohistochemical staining for human-specific proteins confirmed a higher ratio of newly formed bone area (murine) to total area (0.12 vs. 0.001, p < 0.001) in the BMP+ group, while the ratio of grafted bone (human) area to total area was smaller (0.14 vs. 0.34, p = 0.004). The results demonstrate that rhBMP-7 induces BG resorption at a higher rate than new bone formation while creating a haematopoietic niche. Clinicians therefore need to consider the net catabolic effect when rhBMP-7 is used with BGs. Overall, this model indicates its promising application to further decipher BMPs action on BGs and its potential in complex bone tissue regeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christoph A Lahr
- Regenerative Medicine, Institute of Health and Biomedical Innovation, Queensland University of Technology (QUT), 60 Musk Avenue, Kelvin Grove, Brisbane, QLD, 4059, Australia
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, University of Wuerzburg, Koenig-Ludwig-Haus, Brettreichstrasse 11, 97074, Wuerzburg, Germany
| | - Ferdinand Wagner
- Regenerative Medicine, Institute of Health and Biomedical Innovation, Queensland University of Technology (QUT), 60 Musk Avenue, Kelvin Grove, Brisbane, QLD, 4059, Australia
- Department of Pediatric Surgery, Dr. von Hauner Children's Hospital, Ludwig-Maximilians-University Munich, Lindwurmstrasse 4, 80337, Munich, Germany
| | - Abbas Shafiee
- Regenerative Medicine, Institute of Health and Biomedical Innovation, Queensland University of Technology (QUT), 60 Musk Avenue, Kelvin Grove, Brisbane, QLD, 4059, Australia
| | - Maximilian Rudert
- Department of Pediatric Surgery, Dr. von Hauner Children's Hospital, Ludwig-Maximilians-University Munich, Lindwurmstrasse 4, 80337, Munich, Germany
| | - Dietmar W Hutmacher
- Regenerative Medicine, Institute of Health and Biomedical Innovation, Queensland University of Technology (QUT), 60 Musk Avenue, Kelvin Grove, Brisbane, QLD, 4059, Australia
| | - Boris Michael Holzapfel
- Regenerative Medicine, Institute of Health and Biomedical Innovation, Queensland University of Technology (QUT), 60 Musk Avenue, Kelvin Grove, Brisbane, QLD, 4059, Australia.
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, University of Wuerzburg, Koenig-Ludwig-Haus, Brettreichstrasse 11, 97074, Wuerzburg, Germany.
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Suresh S, de Castro LF, Dey S, Robey PG, Noguchi CT. Erythropoietin modulates bone marrow stromal cell differentiation. Bone Res 2019; 7:21. [PMID: 31666996 PMCID: PMC6804931 DOI: 10.1038/s41413-019-0060-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2018] [Revised: 04/01/2019] [Accepted: 05/17/2019] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Erythropoietin is essential for bone marrow erythropoiesis and erythropoietin receptor on non-erythroid cells including bone marrow stromal cells suggests systemic effects of erythropoietin. Tg6 mice with chronic erythropoietin overexpression have a high hematocrit, reduced trabecular and cortical bone and bone marrow adipocytes, and decreased bone morphogenic protein 2 driven ectopic bone and adipocyte formation. Erythropoietin treatment (1 200 IU·kg–1) for 10 days similarly exhibit increased hematocrit, reduced bone and bone marrow adipocytes without increased osteoclasts, and reduced bone morphogenic protein signaling in the bone marrow. Interestingly, endogenous erythropoietin is required for normal differentiation of bone marrow stromal cells to osteoblasts and bone marrow adipocytes. ΔEpoRE mice with erythroid restricted erythropoietin receptor exhibit reduced trabecular bone, increased bone marrow adipocytes, and decreased bone morphogenic protein 2 ectopic bone formation. Erythropoietin treated ΔEpoRE mice achieved hematocrit similar to wild-type mice without reduced bone, suggesting that bone reduction with erythropoietin treatment is associated with non-erythropoietic erythropoietin response. Bone marrow stromal cells from wild-type, Tg6, and ΔEpoRE-mice were transplanted into immunodeficient mice to assess development into a bone/marrow organ. Like endogenous bone formation, Tg6 bone marrow cells exhibited reduced differentiation to bone and adipocytes indicating that high erythropoietin inhibits osteogenesis and adipogenesis, while ΔEpoRE bone marrow cells formed ectopic bones with reduced trabecular regions and increased adipocytes, indicating that loss of erythropoietin signaling favors adipogenesis at the expense of osteogenesis. In summary, endogenous erythropoietin signaling regulates bone marrow stromal cell fate and aberrant erythropoietin levels result in their impaired differentiation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sukanya Suresh
- 1Molecular Medicine Branch, National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892 USA
| | - Luis Fernandez de Castro
- 2Skeletal Biology Section, National Institute of Dental and Craniofacial Research, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892 USA
| | - Soumyadeep Dey
- 1Molecular Medicine Branch, National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892 USA
| | - Pamela G Robey
- 2Skeletal Biology Section, National Institute of Dental and Craniofacial Research, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892 USA
| | - Constance Tom Noguchi
- 1Molecular Medicine Branch, National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892 USA
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Abstract
The influence of polymer blend coatings on the differentiation of mouse mesenchymal stem cells was investigated. Polymer blending is a common means of producing new coating materials with variable properties. Stem cell differentiation is known to be influenced by both chemical and mechanical properties of the underlying scaffold. We therefore selected to probe the response of stem cells cultured separately on two very different polymers, and then cultured on a 1:1 blend. The response to mechanical properties was probed by culturing the cells on polybutadiene (PB) films, where the film moduli was varied by adjusting film thickness. Cells adjusted their internal structure such that their moduli scaled with the PB films. These cells expressed chondrocyte markers (osterix (OSX), alkaline phosphatase (ALP), collagen X (COL-X), and aggrecan (ACAN)) without mineralizing. In contrast, cells on partially sulfonated polystyrene (PSS28) deposited large amounts of hydroxyapatite and expressed differentiation markers consistent with chondrocyte hypertrophy (OSX, ALP, COL-X, but not ACAN). Cells on phase-segregated PB and PSS28 films differentiated identically to those on PSS28, underscoring the challenges of using polymer templates for cell patterning in tissue engineering.
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Abstract
Bone morphogenetic proteins (BMPs) constitute the largest subdivision of the transforming growth factor-β family of ligands. BMPs exhibit widespread utility and pleiotropic, context-dependent effects, and the strength and duration of BMP pathway signaling is tightly regulated at numerous levels via mechanisms operating both inside and outside the cell. Defects in the BMP pathway or its regulation underlie multiple human diseases of different organ systems. Yet much remains to be discovered about the BMP pathway in its original context, i.e., the skeleton. In this review, we provide a comprehensive overview of the intricacies of the BMP pathway and its inhibitors in bone development, homeostasis, and disease. We frame the content of the review around major unanswered questions for which incomplete evidence is available. First, we consider the gene regulatory network downstream of BMP signaling in osteoblastogenesis. Next, we examine why some BMP ligands are more osteogenic than others and what factors limit BMP signaling during osteoblastogenesis. Then we consider whether specific BMP pathway components are required for normal skeletal development, and if the pathway exerts endogenous effects in the aging skeleton. Finally, we propose two major areas of need of future study by the field: greater resolution of the gene regulatory network downstream of BMP signaling in the skeleton, and an expanded repertoire of reagents to reliably and specifically inhibit individual BMP pathway components.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jonathan W Lowery
- Division of Biomedical Science, Marian University College of Osteopathic Medicine , Indianapolis, Indiana ; and Department of Developmental Biology, Harvard School of Dental Medicine , Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Vicki Rosen
- Division of Biomedical Science, Marian University College of Osteopathic Medicine , Indianapolis, Indiana ; and Department of Developmental Biology, Harvard School of Dental Medicine , Boston, Massachusetts
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30
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Ye C, Chen M, Chen E, Li W, Wang S, Ding Q, Wang C, Zhou C, Tang L, Hou W, Hang K, He R, Pan Z, Zhang W. Knockdown of FOXA2 enhances the osteogenic differentiation of bone marrow-derived mesenchymal stem cells partly via activation of the ERK signalling pathway. Cell Death Dis 2018; 9:836. [PMID: 30082727 PMCID: PMC6079048 DOI: 10.1038/s41419-018-0857-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2018] [Revised: 06/26/2018] [Accepted: 07/05/2018] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Forkhead box protein A2 (FOXA2) is a core transcription factor that controls cell differentiation and may have an important role in bone metabolism. However, the role of FOXA2 during osteogenic differentiation of bone marrow-derived mesenchymal stem cells (BMSCs) remains largely unknown. In this study, decreased expression of FOXA2 was observed during osteogenic differentiation of rat BMSCs (rBMSCs). FOXA2 knockdown significantly increased osteoblast-specific gene expression, the number of mineral deposits and alkaline phosphatase activity, whereas FOXA2 overexpression inhibited osteogenesis-specific activities. Moreover, extracellular signal-regulated protein kinase (ERK) signalling was upregulated following knockdown of FOXA2. The enhanced osteogenesis due to FOXA2 knockdown was partially rescued by an ERK inhibitor. Using a rat tibial defect model, a rBMSC sheet containing knocked down FOXA2 significantly improved bone healing. Collectively, these findings indicated that FOXA2 had an essential role in osteogenic differentiation of BMSCs, partly by activation of the ERK signalling pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chenyi Ye
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, No. 88, Jiefang Road, Hangzhou, 310009, China.,Orthopedics Research Institute of Zhejiang University, No. 88, Jiefang Road, Hangzhou, 310009, China
| | - Mo Chen
- Department of Rheumatology, The Second Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Erman Chen
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, No. 88, Jiefang Road, Hangzhou, 310009, China.,Orthopedics Research Institute of Zhejiang University, No. 88, Jiefang Road, Hangzhou, 310009, China
| | - Weixu Li
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, No. 88, Jiefang Road, Hangzhou, 310009, China.,Orthopedics Research Institute of Zhejiang University, No. 88, Jiefang Road, Hangzhou, 310009, China
| | - Shengdong Wang
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, No. 88, Jiefang Road, Hangzhou, 310009, China.,Orthopedics Research Institute of Zhejiang University, No. 88, Jiefang Road, Hangzhou, 310009, China
| | - Qianhai Ding
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, No. 88, Jiefang Road, Hangzhou, 310009, China.,Orthopedics Research Institute of Zhejiang University, No. 88, Jiefang Road, Hangzhou, 310009, China
| | - Cong Wang
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, No. 88, Jiefang Road, Hangzhou, 310009, China.,Orthopedics Research Institute of Zhejiang University, No. 88, Jiefang Road, Hangzhou, 310009, China
| | - Chenhe Zhou
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, No. 88, Jiefang Road, Hangzhou, 310009, China.,Orthopedics Research Institute of Zhejiang University, No. 88, Jiefang Road, Hangzhou, 310009, China
| | - Lan Tang
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, No. 88, Jiefang Road, Hangzhou, 310009, China.,Orthopedics Research Institute of Zhejiang University, No. 88, Jiefang Road, Hangzhou, 310009, China
| | - Weiduo Hou
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, No. 88, Jiefang Road, Hangzhou, 310009, China.,Orthopedics Research Institute of Zhejiang University, No. 88, Jiefang Road, Hangzhou, 310009, China
| | - Kai Hang
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, No. 88, Jiefang Road, Hangzhou, 310009, China.,Orthopedics Research Institute of Zhejiang University, No. 88, Jiefang Road, Hangzhou, 310009, China
| | - Rongxin He
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, No. 88, Jiefang Road, Hangzhou, 310009, China. .,Orthopedics Research Institute of Zhejiang University, No. 88, Jiefang Road, Hangzhou, 310009, China.
| | - Zhijun Pan
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, No. 88, Jiefang Road, Hangzhou, 310009, China. .,Orthopedics Research Institute of Zhejiang University, No. 88, Jiefang Road, Hangzhou, 310009, China.
| | - Wei Zhang
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, No. 88, Jiefang Road, Hangzhou, 310009, China. .,Orthopedics Research Institute of Zhejiang University, No. 88, Jiefang Road, Hangzhou, 310009, China.
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31
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Gunnella F, Kunisch E, Bungartz M, Maenz S, Horbert V, Xin L, Mika J, Borowski J, Bischoff S, Schubert H, Hortschansky P, Sachse A, Illerhaus B, Günster J, Bossert J, Jandt KD, Plöger F, Kinne RW, Brinkmann O. Low-dose BMP-2 is sufficient to enhance the bone formation induced by an injectable, PLGA fiber-reinforced, brushite-forming cement in a sheep defect model of lumbar osteopenia. Spine J 2017; 17:1699-1711. [PMID: 28619686 DOI: 10.1016/j.spinee.2017.06.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2017] [Revised: 05/23/2017] [Accepted: 06/08/2017] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND CONTEXT Bioresorbable calcium phosphate cement (CPC) may be suitable for vertebroplasty/kyphoplasty of osteoporotic vertebral fractures. However, additional targeted delivery of osteoinductive bone morphogenetic proteins (BMPs) in the CPC may be required to counteract the augmented local bone catabolism and support complete bone regeneration. PURPOSE This study aimed at testing an injectable, poly (l-lactide-co-glycolide) acid (PLGA) fiber-reinforced, brushite-forming cement (CPC) containing low-dose bone morphogenetic protein BMP-2 in a sheep lumbar osteopenia model. STUDY DESIGN/ SETTING This is a prospective experimental animal study. METHODS Bone defects (diameter 5 mm) were generated in aged, osteopenic female sheep and filled with fiber-reinforced CPC alone (L4; CPC+fibers) or with CPC containing different dosages of BMP-2 (L5; CPC+fibers+BMP-2; 1, 5, 100, and 500 µg BMP-2; n=5 or 6 each). The results were compared with those of untouched controls (L1). Three and 9 months after the operation, structural and functional effects of the CPC (±BMP-2) were analyzed ex vivo by measuring (1) bone mineral density (BMD); (2) bone structure, that is, bone volume/total volume (assessed by micro-computed tomography [micro-CT] and histomorphometry), trabecular thickness, and trabecular number; (3) bone formation, that is, osteoid volume/bone volume, osteoid surface/bone surface, osteoid thickness, mineralizing surface/bone surface, mineral apposition rate, and bone formation rate/bone surface; (4) bone resorption, that is, eroded surface/bone surface; and (5) compressive strength. RESULTS Compared with untouched controls (L1), CPC+fibers (L4) and/or CPC+fibers+BMP-2 (L5) significantly improved all parameters of bone formation, bone resorption, and bone structure. These effects were observed at 3 and 9 months, but were less pronounced for some parameters at 9 months. Compared with CPC without BMP-2, additional significant effects of BMP-2 were demonstrated for bone structure (bone volume/total volume, trabecular thickness, trabecular number) and formation (osteoid surface/bone surface and mineralizing surface/bone surface), as well as for the compressive strength. The BMP-2 effects on bone formation at 3 and 9 months were dose-dependent, with 5-100 µg as the optimal dosage. CONCLUSIONS BMP-2 significantly enhanced the bone formation induced by a PLGA fiber-reinforced CPC in sheep lumbar osteopenia. A single local dose as low as ≤100 µg BMP-2 was sufficient to augment middle to long-term bone formation. The novel CPC+BMP-2 may thus represent an alternative to the bioinert, supraphysiologically stiff polymethylmethacrylate cement presently used to treat osteoporotic vertebral fractures by vertebroplasty/kyphoplasty.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francesca Gunnella
- Experimental Rheumatology Unit, Department of Orthopedics, Jena University Hospital, Waldkrankenhaus "Rudolf Elle", Klosterlausnitzer Str. 81, 07607 Eisenberg, Germany
| | - Elke Kunisch
- Experimental Rheumatology Unit, Department of Orthopedics, Jena University Hospital, Waldkrankenhaus "Rudolf Elle", Klosterlausnitzer Str. 81, 07607 Eisenberg, Germany
| | - Matthias Bungartz
- Experimental Rheumatology Unit, Department of Orthopedics, Jena University Hospital, Waldkrankenhaus "Rudolf Elle", Klosterlausnitzer Str. 81, 07607 Eisenberg, Germany; Chair of Orthopedics, Department of Orthopedics, Jena University Hospital, Waldkrankenhaus "Rudolf Elle", Klosterlausnitzer Str. 81, 07607 Eisenberg, Germany
| | - Stefan Maenz
- Chair of Materials Science, Otto Schott Institute of Materials Research, Friedrich Schiller University Jena, Löbdergraben 32, 07743 Jena, Germany; Jena Center for Soft Matter (JCSM), Friedrich Schiller University Jena, Humboldtstr. 10, 07743 Jena, Germany
| | - Victoria Horbert
- Experimental Rheumatology Unit, Department of Orthopedics, Jena University Hospital, Waldkrankenhaus "Rudolf Elle", Klosterlausnitzer Str. 81, 07607 Eisenberg, Germany
| | - Long Xin
- Experimental Rheumatology Unit, Department of Orthopedics, Jena University Hospital, Waldkrankenhaus "Rudolf Elle", Klosterlausnitzer Str. 81, 07607 Eisenberg, Germany
| | - Joerg Mika
- Experimental Rheumatology Unit, Department of Orthopedics, Jena University Hospital, Waldkrankenhaus "Rudolf Elle", Klosterlausnitzer Str. 81, 07607 Eisenberg, Germany
| | - Juliane Borowski
- Experimental Rheumatology Unit, Department of Orthopedics, Jena University Hospital, Waldkrankenhaus "Rudolf Elle", Klosterlausnitzer Str. 81, 07607 Eisenberg, Germany
| | - Sabine Bischoff
- Institute of Laboratory Animal Sciences and Welfare, Jena University Hospital, Dornburger Straße 23, 07743 Jena, Germany
| | - Harald Schubert
- Institute of Laboratory Animal Sciences and Welfare, Jena University Hospital, Dornburger Straße 23, 07743 Jena, Germany
| | - Peter Hortschansky
- Leibniz-Institute for Natural Products Research and Infection Biology - Hans-Knoell-Institute, Beutenbergstr. 11a, 07745 Jena, Germany
| | - Andre Sachse
- Chair of Orthopedics, Department of Orthopedics, Jena University Hospital, Waldkrankenhaus "Rudolf Elle", Klosterlausnitzer Str. 81, 07607 Eisenberg, Germany
| | - Bernhard Illerhaus
- Institute of Laboratory Animal Sciences and Welfare, Jena University Hospital, Dornburger Straße 23, 07743 Jena, Germany
| | - Jens Günster
- BAM Bundesanstalt für Materialforschung und -prüfung (BAM), Unter den Eichen 44-46, 12203 Berlin; Germany
| | - Jörg Bossert
- Chair of Materials Science, Otto Schott Institute of Materials Research, Friedrich Schiller University Jena, Löbdergraben 32, 07743 Jena, Germany
| | - Klaus D Jandt
- Chair of Materials Science, Otto Schott Institute of Materials Research, Friedrich Schiller University Jena, Löbdergraben 32, 07743 Jena, Germany; Jena Center for Soft Matter (JCSM), Friedrich Schiller University Jena, Humboldtstr. 10, 07743 Jena, Germany; Jena School for Microbial Communication (JSMC), Friedrich Schiller University Jena, Neugasse 23, 07743 Jena, Germany
| | - Frank Plöger
- BIOPHARM GmbH, Handelsstrasse 15, 69214 Eppelheim, Germany
| | - Raimund W Kinne
- Experimental Rheumatology Unit, Department of Orthopedics, Jena University Hospital, Waldkrankenhaus "Rudolf Elle", Klosterlausnitzer Str. 81, 07607 Eisenberg, Germany.
| | - Olaf Brinkmann
- Experimental Rheumatology Unit, Department of Orthopedics, Jena University Hospital, Waldkrankenhaus "Rudolf Elle", Klosterlausnitzer Str. 81, 07607 Eisenberg, Germany; Chair of Orthopedics, Department of Orthopedics, Jena University Hospital, Waldkrankenhaus "Rudolf Elle", Klosterlausnitzer Str. 81, 07607 Eisenberg, Germany
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32
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Huang L, Liu S, Song T, Zhang W, Fan J, Liu Y. Blockade of interleukin 6 by rat anti-mouse interleukin 6 receptor antibody promotes fracture healing. BIOCHEMISTRY (MOSCOW) 2017; 82:1193-1199. [DOI: 10.1134/s0006297917100121] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
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33
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Yu X, Kawakami H, Tahara N, Olmer M, Hayashi S, Akiyama R, Bagchi A, Lotz M, Kawakami Y. Expression of Noggin and Gremlin1 and its implications in fine-tuning BMP activities in mouse cartilage tissues. J Orthop Res 2017; 35:1671-1682. [PMID: 27769098 PMCID: PMC5933441 DOI: 10.1002/jor.23463] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2016] [Accepted: 10/17/2016] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
Increasing evidence supports the idea that bone morphogenetic proteins (BMPs) regulate cartilage maintenance in the adult skeleton. The aim of this study is to obtain insight into the regulation of BMP activities in the adult skeletal system. We analyzed expression of Noggin and Gremlin1, BMP antagonists that are known to regulate embryonic skeletal development, in the adult skeletal system by Noggin-LacZ and Gremlin1-LacZ knockin reporter mouse lines. Both reporters are expressed in the adult skeleton in a largely overlapping manner with some distinct patterns. Both are detected in the articular cartilage, pubic symphysis, facet joint in the vertebrae, and intervertebral disk, suggesting that they regulate BMP activities in these tissues. In a surgically induced knee osteoarthritis model in mice, expression of Noggin mRNA was lost from the articular cartilage, which correlated with loss of BMP2/4 and pSMAD1/5/8, an indicator of active BMP signaling. Both reporters are also expressed in the sterna and rib cartilage, suggesting an extensive role of BMP antagonism in adult cartilage tissue. Moreover, Noggin-LacZ was detected in sutures in the skull and broadly in the nasal cartilage, while Gremlin1-LacZ exhibits a weaker and more restricted expression domain in the nasal cartilage. These results suggest broad regulation of BMP activities by Noggin and Gremlin1 in cartilage tissues in the adult skeleton, and that BMP signaling and its antagonism by NOGGIN play a role in osteoarthritis development. © 2016 Orthopaedic Research Society. Published by Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Orthop Res 35:1671-1682, 2017.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaodan Yu
- Department of Genetics, Cell Biology and Development, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN
| | - Hiroko Kawakami
- Department of Genetics, Cell Biology and Development, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN,Stem Cell Institute, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN
| | - Naoyuki Tahara
- Department of Genetics, Cell Biology and Development, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN,Stem Cell Institute, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN
| | - Merissa Olmer
- Department of Molecular and Experimental Medicine, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA
| | - Shinichi Hayashi
- Department of Genetics, Cell Biology and Development, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN,Stem Cell Institute, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN
| | - Ryutaro Akiyama
- Department of Genetics, Cell Biology and Development, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN,Stem Cell Institute, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN
| | - Anindya Bagchi
- Department of Genetics, Cell Biology and Development, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN,Masonic Cancer Center, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN
| | - Martin Lotz
- Department of Molecular and Experimental Medicine, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA
| | - Yasuhiko Kawakami
- Department of Genetics, Cell Biology and Development, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN,Stem Cell Institute, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN
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Wang P, Ying J, Luo C, Jin X, Zhang S, Xu T, Zhang L, Mi M, Chen D, Tong P, Jin H. Osthole Promotes Bone Fracture Healing through Activation of BMP Signaling in Chondrocytes. Int J Biol Sci 2017; 13:996-1007. [PMID: 28924381 PMCID: PMC5599905 DOI: 10.7150/ijbs.19986] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2017] [Accepted: 04/18/2017] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Osthole is a bioactive coumarin derivative and has been reported to be able to enhance bone formation and improve fracture healing. However, the molecular mechanism of Osthole in bone fracture healing has not been fully defined. In this study we determined if Osthole enhances bone fracture healing through activation of BMP2 signaling in mice. We performed unilateral open transverse tibial fracture procedure in 10-week-old C57BL/6 mice which were treated with or without Osthole. Our previous studies demonstrated that chondrocyte BMP signaling is required for bone fracture healing, in this study we also performed tibial fracture procedure in Cre-negative and Col2-Cre;Bmp2flox/flox conditional knockout (KO) mice (Bmp2Col2Cre) to determine if Osthole enhances fracture healing in a BMP2-dependent manner. Fracture callus tissues were collected and analyzed by X-ray, micro-CT (μCT), histology, histomorphometry, immunohistochemistry (IHC), biomechanical testing and quantitative gene expression analysis. In addition, mouse chondrogenic ATDC5 cells were cultured with or without Osthole and the expression levels of chondrogenic marker genes were examined. The results demonstrated that Osthole promotes bone fracture healing in wild-type (WT) or Cre- control mice. In contrast, Osthole failed to promote bone fracture healing in Bmp2Col2Creconditional KO mice. In the mice receiving Osthole treatment, expression of cartilage marker genes was significantly increased. We conclude that Osthole could promote bone strength and enhance fracture healing by activation of BMP2 signaling. Osthole may be used as an alternative approach in the orthopaedic clinic for the treatment of fracture healing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pinger Wang
- Institute of Orthopaedics and Traumatology, the First Affiliated Hospital of Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou 310053, Zhejiang Province, China
| | - Jun Ying
- Institute of Orthopaedics and Traumatology, the First Affiliated Hospital of Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou 310053, Zhejiang Province, China.,First Clinical College of Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou 310053, Zhejiang Province, China
| | - Cheng Luo
- Institute of Orthopaedics and Traumatology, the First Affiliated Hospital of Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou 310053, Zhejiang Province, China.,First Clinical College of Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou 310053, Zhejiang Province, China
| | - Xing Jin
- Institute of Orthopaedics and Traumatology, the First Affiliated Hospital of Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou 310053, Zhejiang Province, China.,Department of Orthopaedics and Traumatology, Wangjiang Sub-District Community Health Service Centre, Hangzhou 310016, Zhejiang Province, China
| | - Shanxing Zhang
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, the First Affiliated Hospital of Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou 310006, Zhejiang Province, China
| | - Taotao Xu
- Institute of Orthopaedics and Traumatology, the First Affiliated Hospital of Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou 310053, Zhejiang Province, China.,First Clinical College of Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou 310053, Zhejiang Province, China
| | - Lei Zhang
- Institute of Orthopaedics and Traumatology, the First Affiliated Hospital of Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou 310053, Zhejiang Province, China.,First Clinical College of Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou 310053, Zhejiang Province, China
| | - Meng Mi
- Department of Traumatology, Beijing Jishuitan Hospital, 100035, Beijing, China
| | - Di Chen
- Department of Biochemistry, Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, IL 60612, USA
| | - Peijian Tong
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, the First Affiliated Hospital of Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou 310006, Zhejiang Province, China
| | - Hongting Jin
- Institute of Orthopaedics and Traumatology, the First Affiliated Hospital of Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou 310053, Zhejiang Province, China.,Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, the First Affiliated Hospital of Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou 310006, Zhejiang Province, China
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35
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Pharmacological activation of aldehyde dehydrogenase 2 promotes osteoblast differentiation via bone morphogenetic protein-2 and induces bone anabolic effect. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol 2017; 316:63-73. [DOI: 10.1016/j.taap.2016.12.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2016] [Revised: 12/10/2016] [Accepted: 12/19/2016] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
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36
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Abstract
Bone, despite its relatively inert appearance, is a tissue that is capable of adapting to its environment. Wolff’s law, first described in the 19th century, describes the ability of bone to change structure depending on the mechanical forces applied to it. The mechanostat model extended this principle and suggested that the amount of strain a bone detects depends on bone strength and the amount of muscle force applied to the bone. Experimental studies have found that low-magnitude, high-frequency mechanical loading is considered to be the most effective at increasing bone formation. The osteocyte is considered to be the master regulator of the bone response to mechanical loading. Deformation of bone matrix by mechanical loading is thought to result in interstitial fluid flow within the lacunar–canalicular system, which may activate osteocyte mechanosensors, leading to changes in osteocyte gene expression and ultimately increased bone formation and decreased bone resorption. However, repetitive strain applied to bone can result in microcracks, which may propagate and coalesce, and if not repaired predispose to catastrophic fracture. Osteocytes are a key component in this process, whereby apoptotic osteocytes in an area of microdamage promote targeted remodeling of the damaged bone. If fractures do occur, fracture repair can be divided into 2 types: primary and secondary healing. Secondary fracture repair is the most common and is a multistage process consisting of hematoma formation and acute inflammation, callus formation, and finally remodeling, whereby bone may return to its original form.
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Muinos-López E, Ripalda-Cemboráin P, López-Martínez T, González-Gil AB, Lamo-Espinosa JM, Valentí A, Mortlock DP, Valentí JR, Prósper F, Granero-Moltó F. Hypoxia and Reactive Oxygen Species Homeostasis in Mesenchymal Progenitor Cells Define a Molecular Mechanism for Fracture Nonunion. Stem Cells 2016; 34:2342-53. [PMID: 27250101 DOI: 10.1002/stem.2399] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2015] [Accepted: 04/29/2016] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Fracture nonunion is a major complication of bone fracture regeneration and repair. The molecular mechanisms that result in fracture nonunion appearance are not fully determined. We hypothesized that fracture nonunion results from the failure of hypoxia and hematoma, the primary signals in response to bone injury, to trigger Bmp2 expression by mesenchymal progenitor cells (MSCs). Using a model of nonstabilized fracture healing in transgenic 5'Bmp2BAC mice we determined that Bmp2 expression appears in close association with hypoxic tissue and hematoma during the early phases of fracture healing. In addition, BMP2 expression is induced when human periosteum explants are exposed to hypoxia ex vivo. Transient interference of hypoxia signaling in vivo with PX-12, a thioredoxin inhibitor, results in reduced Bmp2 expression, impaired fracture callus formation and atrophic-like nonunion by a HIF-1α independent mechanism. In isolated human periosteum-derived MSCs, BMP2 expression could be induced with the addition of platelets concentrate lysate but not with hypoxia treatment, confirming HIF-1α-independent BMP2 expression. Interestingly, in isolated human periosteum-derived mesenchymal progenitor cells, inhibition of BMP2 expression by PX-12 is accomplished only under hypoxic conditions seemingly through dis-regulation of reactive oxygen species (ROS) levels. In conclusion, we provide evidence of a molecular mechanism of hypoxia-dependent BMP2 expression in MSCs where interference with ROS homeostasis specifies fracture nonunion-like appearance in vivo through inhibition of Bmp2 expression. Stem Cells 2016;34:2342-2353.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | - Douglas P Mortlock
- Department of Molecular Physiology and Biophysics, Center for Human Genetics Research, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, Tennessee, USA
| | | | - Felipe Prósper
- Cell Therapy Area.,Department of Hematology, Clínica Universidad De Navarra, Pamplona, Spain
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Abstract
Since the identification in 1988 of bone morphogenetic protein 2 (BMP2) as a potent inducer of bone and cartilage formation, BMP superfamily signalling has become one of the most heavily investigated topics in vertebrate skeletal biology. Whereas a large part of this research has focused on the roles of BMP2, BMP4 and BMP7 in the formation and repair of endochondral bone, a large number of BMP superfamily molecules have now been implicated in almost all aspects of bone, cartilage and joint biology. As modulating BMP signalling is currently a major therapeutic target, our rapidly expanding knowledge of how BMP superfamily signalling affects most tissue types of the skeletal system creates enormous potential to translate basic research findings into successful clinical therapies that improve bone mass or quality, ameliorate diseases of skeletal overgrowth, and repair damage to bone and joints. This Review examines the genetic evidence implicating BMP superfamily signalling in vertebrate bone and joint development, discusses a selection of human skeletal disorders associated with altered BMP signalling and summarizes the status of modulating the BMP pathway as a therapeutic target for skeletal trauma and disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Valerie S Salazar
- Department of Developmental Biology, Harvard School of Dental Medicine, 188 Longwood Avenue, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, USA
| | - Laura W Gamer
- Department of Developmental Biology, Harvard School of Dental Medicine, 188 Longwood Avenue, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, USA
| | - Vicki Rosen
- Department of Developmental Biology, Harvard School of Dental Medicine, 188 Longwood Avenue, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, USA
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The ameloblastin extracellular matrix molecule enhances bone fracture resistance and promotes rapid bone fracture healing. Matrix Biol 2016; 52-54:113-126. [PMID: 26899203 DOI: 10.1016/j.matbio.2016.02.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2015] [Revised: 02/15/2016] [Accepted: 02/16/2016] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
The extracellular matrix (ECM) provides structural support, cell migration anchorage, cell differentiation cues, and fine-tuned cell proliferation signals during all stages of bone fracture healing, including cartilaginous callus formation, callus remodeling, and bony bridging of the fracture gap. In the present study we have defined the role of the extracellular matrix protein ameloblastin (AMBN) in fracture resistance and fracture healing of mouse long bones. To this end, long bones from WT and AMBN(Δ5-6) truncation model mice were subjected to biomechanical analysis, fracture healing assays, and stem cell colony formation comparisons. The effect of exogenous AMBN addition to fracture sites was also determined. Our data indicate that lack of a functional AMBN in the bone matrix resulted in 31% decreased femur bone mass and 40% reduced energy to failure. On a cellular level, AMBN function inhibition diminished the proliferative capacity of fracture repair callus cells, as evidenced by a 58% reduction in PCNA and a 40% reduction in Cyclin D1 gene expression, as well as PCNA immunohistochemistry. In terms of fracture healing, AMBN truncation was associated with an enhanced and prolonged chondrogenic phase, resulting in delayed mineralized tissue gene expression and delayed ossification of the fracture repair callus. Underscoring a role of AMBN in fracture healing, there was a 6.9-fold increase in AMBN expression at the fracture site one week after fracture, and distinct AMBN immunolabeling in the fracture gap. Finally, application of exogenous AMBN protein to bone fracture sites accelerated callus formation and bone fracture healing (33% increase in bone volume and 19% increase in bone mineral density), validating the findings of our AMBN loss of function studies. Together, these data demonstrate the functional importance of the AMBN extracellular matrix protein in bone fracture prevention and rapid fracture healing.
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Wang M, Nasiri AR, Broadus AE, Tommasini SM. Periosteal PTHrP Regulates Cortical Bone Remodeling During Fracture Healing. Bone 2015; 81:104-111. [PMID: 26164475 PMCID: PMC4641003 DOI: 10.1016/j.bone.2015.07.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2015] [Revised: 06/15/2015] [Accepted: 07/06/2015] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Parathyroid hormone-related protein (PTHrP) is widely expressed in the fibrous outer layer of the periosteum (PO), and the PTH/PTHrP type I receptor (PTHR1) is expressed in the inner PO cambial layer. The cambial layer gives rise to the PO osteoblasts (OBs) and osteoclasts (OCs) that model/remodel the cortical bone surface during development as well as during fracture healing. PTHrP has been implicated in the regulation of PO modeling during development, but nothing is known as regards a role of PTHrP in this location during fracture healing. We propose that PTHrP in the fibrous layer of the PO may be a key regulatory factor in remodeling bone formation during fracture repair. We first assessed whether PTHrP expression in the fibrous PO is associated with PO osteoblast induction in the subjacent cambial PO using a tibial fracture model in PTHrP-lacZ mice. Our results revealed that both PTHrP expression and osteoblast induction in PO were induced 3 days post-fracture. We then investigated a potential functional role of PO PTHrP during fracture repair by performing tibial fracture surgery in 10-week-old CD1 control and PTHrP conditional knockout (PTHrP cKO) mice that lack PO PTHrP. We found that callus size and formation as well as woven bone mineralization in PTHrP cKO mice were impaired compared to that in CD1 mice. Concordant with these findings, functional enzyme staining revealed impaired OB formation and OC activity in the cKO mice. We conclude that deleting PO PTHrP impairs cartilaginous callus formation, maturation and ossification as well as remodeling during fracture healing. These data are the initial genetic evidence suggesting that PO PTHrP may induce osteoblastic activity and regulate fracture healing on the cortical bone surface.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meina Wang
- Department of Orthopaedics and Rehabilitation, Yale University, New Haven, CT 06520, USA; Department of Internal Medicine, Yale University, New Haven, CT 06520, USA.
| | - Ali R Nasiri
- Department of Internal Medicine, Yale University, New Haven, CT 06520, USA.
| | - Arthur E Broadus
- Department of Internal Medicine, Yale University, New Haven, CT 06520, USA.
| | - Steven M Tommasini
- Department of Orthopaedics and Rehabilitation, Yale University, New Haven, CT 06520, USA.
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Xu MT, Sun S, Zhang L, Xu F, Du SL, Zhang XD, Wang DW. Diabetes mellitus affects the biomechanical function of the callus and the expression of TGF-beta1 and BMP2 in an early stage of fracture healing. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2015; 49:e4736. [PMID: 26628397 PMCID: PMC4681414 DOI: 10.1590/1414-431x20154736] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2015] [Accepted: 08/13/2015] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Transforming growth factor beta 1 (TGF-β1) and bone morphogenetic protein-2 (BMP-2)
are important regulators of bone repair and regeneration. In this study, we examined
whether TGF-β1 and BMP-2 expressions were delayed during bone healing in type 1
diabetes mellitus. Tibial fractures were created in 95 diabetic and 95 control adult
male Wistar rats of 10 weeks of age. At 1, 2, 3, 4, and 5 weeks after fracture
induction, five rats were sacrificed from each group. The expressions of TGF-β1 and
BMP2 in the fractured tibias were measured by immunohistochemistry and quantitative
reverse-transcription polymerase chain reaction, weekly for the first 5 weeks
post-fracture. Mechanical parameters (bending rigidity, torsional rigidity,
destruction torque) of the healing bones were also assessed at 3, 4, and 5 weeks
post-fracture, after the rats were sacrificed. The bending rigidity, torsional
rigidity and destruction torque of the two groups increased continuously during the
healing process. The diabetes group had lower mean values for bending rigidity,
torsional rigidity and destruction torque compared with the control group
(P<0.05). TGF-β1 and BMP-2 expression were significantly lower (P<0.05) in the
control group than in the diabetes group at postoperative weeks 1, 2, and 3. Peak
levels of TGF-β1 and BMP-2 expression were delayed by 1 week in the diabetes group
compared with the control group. Our results demonstrate that there was a delayed
recovery in the biomechanical function of the fractured bones in diabetic rats. This
delay may be associated with a delayed expression of the growth factors TGF-β1 and
BMP-2.
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Affiliation(s)
- M T Xu
- Department of Joint Surgery, Shandong Provincial Hospital, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong Province, China
| | - S Sun
- Department of Joint Surgery, Shandong Provincial Hospital, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong Province, China
| | - L Zhang
- Department of Orthopaedics, Liaocheng People's Hospital, Liaocheng Clinical School, Taishan Medical University, Liaocheng, Shandong Province, China
| | - F Xu
- Central Laboratory, Liaocheng People's Hospital, Liaocheng Clinical School, Taishan Medical College, Liaocheng, Shandong Province, China
| | - S L Du
- Department of Orthopaedics, Liaocheng People's Hospital, Liaocheng Clinical School, Taishan Medical University, Liaocheng, Shandong Province, China
| | - X D Zhang
- Department of Pathology, Liaocheng People's Hospital, Liaocheng Clinical School, Taishan Medical University, Liaocheng, Shandong Province, China
| | - D W Wang
- Department of Orthopaedics, Liaocheng People's Hospital, Liaocheng Clinical School, Taishan Medical University, Liaocheng, Shandong Province, China
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Sánchez-Duffhues G, Hiepen C, Knaus P, Ten Dijke P. Bone morphogenetic protein signaling in bone homeostasis. Bone 2015; 80:43-59. [PMID: 26051467 DOI: 10.1016/j.bone.2015.05.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 122] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2014] [Revised: 04/11/2015] [Accepted: 05/20/2015] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
Bone morphogenetic proteins (BMPs) are cytokines belonging to the transforming growth factor-β (TGF-β) superfamily. They play multiple functions during development and tissue homeostasis, including regulation of the bone homeostasis. The BMP signaling pathway consists in a well-orchestrated manner of ligands, membrane receptors, co-receptors and intracellular mediators, that regulate the expression of genes controlling the normal functioning of the bone tissues. Interestingly, BMP signaling perturbation is associated to a variety of low and high bone mass diseases, including osteoporosis, bone fracture disorders and heterotopic ossification. Consistent with these findings, in vitro and in vivo studies have shown that BMPs have potent effects on the activity of cells regulating bone function, suggesting that manipulation of the BMP signaling pathway may be employed as a therapeutic approach to treat bone diseases. Here we review the recent advances on BMP signaling and bone homeostasis, and how this knowledge may be used towards improved diagnosis and development of novel treatment modalities. This article is part of a Special Issue entitled "Muscle Bone Interactions".
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Affiliation(s)
- Gonzalo Sánchez-Duffhues
- Department of Molecular Cell Biology and Cancer Genomics Centre Netherlands, Leiden University Medical Center, The Netherlands
| | - Christian Hiepen
- Institute for Chemistry and Biochemistry, Freie Universität Berlin, Berlin, Germany; Berlin Brandenburg School of Regenerative Therapies (BSRT), Charité Universitätsmedizin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Petra Knaus
- Institute for Chemistry and Biochemistry, Freie Universität Berlin, Berlin, Germany; Berlin Brandenburg School of Regenerative Therapies (BSRT), Charité Universitätsmedizin, Berlin, Germany.
| | - Peter Ten Dijke
- Department of Molecular Cell Biology and Cancer Genomics Centre Netherlands, Leiden University Medical Center, The Netherlands.
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In silico Mechano-Chemical Model of Bone Healing for the Regeneration of Critical Defects: The Effect of BMP-2. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0127722. [PMID: 26043112 PMCID: PMC4456173 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0127722] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2014] [Accepted: 04/18/2015] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
The healing of bone defects is a challenge for both tissue engineering and modern orthopaedics. This problem has been addressed through the study of scaffold constructs combined with mechanoregulatory theories, disregarding the influence of chemical factors and their respective delivery devices. Of the chemical factors involved in the bone healing process, bone morphogenetic protein-2 (BMP-2) has been identified as one of the most powerful osteoinductive proteins. The aim of this work is to develop and validate a mechano-chemical regulatory model to study the effect of BMP-2 on the healing of large bone defects in silico. We first collected a range of quantitative experimental data from the literature concerning the effects of BMP-2 on cellular activity, specifically proliferation, migration, differentiation, maturation and extracellular matrix production. These data were then used to define a model governed by mechano-chemical stimuli to simulate the healing of large bone defects under the following conditions: natural healing, an empty hydrogel implanted in the defect and a hydrogel soaked with BMP-2 implanted in the defect. For the latter condition, successful defect healing was predicted, in agreement with previous in vivo experiments. Further in vivo comparisons showed the potential of the model, which accurately predicted bone tissue formation during healing, bone tissue distribution across the defect and the quantity of bone inside the defect. The proposed mechano-chemical model also estimated the effect of BMP-2 on cells and the evolution of healing in large bone defects. This novel in silico tool provides valuable insight for bone tissue regeneration strategies.
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44
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Satellite Cells CD44 Positive Drive Muscle Regeneration in Osteoarthritis Patients. Stem Cells Int 2015; 2015:469459. [PMID: 26101529 PMCID: PMC4460235 DOI: 10.1155/2015/469459] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2015] [Revised: 04/23/2015] [Accepted: 05/17/2015] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Age-related bone diseases, such as osteoarthritis and osteoporosis, are strongly associated with sarcopenia and muscle fiber atrophy. In this study, we analyzed muscle biopsies in order to demonstrate that, in osteoarthritis patients, both osteophytes formation and regenerative properties of muscle stem cells are related to the same factors. In particular, thanks to immunohistochemistry, transmission electron microscopy, and immunogold labeling we investigated the role of BMP-2 in muscle stem cells activity. In patients with osteoarthritis both immunohistochemistry and transmission electron microscopy allowed us to note a higher number of CD44 positive satellite muscle cells forming syncytium. Moreover, the perinuclear and cytoplasmic expression of BMP-2 assessed by in situ molecular characterization of satellite cells syncytia suggest a very strict correlation between BMP-2 expression and muscle regeneration capability. Summing up, the higher BMP-2 expression in osteoarthritic patients could explain the increased bone mineral density as well as decreased muscle atrophy in osteoarthrosic patients. In conclusion, our results suggest that the control of physiological BMP-2 balance between bone and muscle tissues may be considered as a potential pharmacological target in bone-muscle related pathology.
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45
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Jin H, Wang B, Li J, Xie W, Mao Q, Li S, Dong F, Sun Y, Ke HZ, Babij P, Tong P, Chen D. Anti-DKK1 antibody promotes bone fracture healing through activation of β-catenin signaling. Bone 2015; 71:63-75. [PMID: 25263522 PMCID: PMC4376475 DOI: 10.1016/j.bone.2014.07.039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2013] [Revised: 07/11/2014] [Accepted: 07/12/2014] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
In this study we investigated if Wnt/β-catenin signaling in mesenchymal progenitor cells plays a role in bone fracture repair and if DKK1-Ab promotes fracture healing through activation of β-catenin signaling. Unilateral open transverse tibial fractures were created in CD1 mice and in β-catenin(Prx1ER) conditional knockout (KO) and Cre-negative control mice (C57BL/6 background). Bone fracture callus tissues were collected and analyzed by radiography, micro-CT (μCT), histology, biomechanical testing and gene expression analysis. The results demonstrated that treatment with DKK1-Ab promoted bone callus formation and increased mechanical strength during the fracture healing process in CD1 mice. DKK1-Ab enhanced fracture repair by activation of endochondral ossification. The normal rate of bone repair was delayed when the β-catenin gene was conditionally deleted in mesenchymal progenitor cells during the early stages of fracture healing. DKK1-Ab appeared to act through β-catenin signaling to enhance bone repair since the beneficial effect of DKK1-Ab was abrogated in β-catenin(Prx1ER) conditional KO mice. Further understanding of the signaling mechanism of DKK1-Ab in bone formation and bone regeneration may facilitate the clinical translation of this anabolic agent into therapeutic intervention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hongting Jin
- Institute of Orthopaedics and Traumatology, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Zhejiang, China
| | - Baoli Wang
- Key Laboratory of Hormones and Development (Ministry of Health), Metabolic Diseases Hospital & Institute of Endocrinology, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin 300070, China
| | - Jia Li
- Department of Biochemistry, Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, IL, USA; Liaoning University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Liaoning, China
| | - Wanqing Xie
- Department of Biochemistry, Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, IL, USA; Liaoning University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Liaoning, China
| | - Qiang Mao
- Institute of Orthopaedics and Traumatology, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Zhejiang, China
| | - Shan Li
- Department of Biochemistry, Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Fuqiang Dong
- Department of Biochemistry, Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Yan Sun
- Institute of Orthopaedics and Traumatology, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Zhejiang, China
| | | | | | - Peijian Tong
- Institute of Orthopaedics and Traumatology, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Zhejiang, China; Department of Orthopaedics, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Zhejiang, China.
| | - Di Chen
- Department of Biochemistry, Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, IL, USA.
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46
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Pregizer SK, Mortlock DP. Dynamics and cellular localization of Bmp2, Bmp4, and Noggin transcription in the postnatal mouse skeleton. J Bone Miner Res 2015; 30:64-70. [PMID: 25043193 PMCID: PMC4818007 DOI: 10.1002/jbmr.2313] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2013] [Revised: 06/20/2014] [Accepted: 07/07/2014] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Transcription of BMPs and their antagonists in precise spatiotemporal patterns is essential for proper skeletal development, maturation, maintenance, and repair. Nevertheless, transcriptional activity of these molecules in skeletal tissues beyond embryogenesis has not been well characterized. In this study, we used several transgenic reporter mouse lines to define the transcriptional activity of two potent BMP ligands, Bmp2 and Bmp4, and their antagonist, Noggin, in the postnatal skeleton. At 3 to 4 weeks of age, Bmp4 and Noggin reporter activity was readily apparent in most cells of the osteogenic or chondrogenic lineages, respectively, whereas Bmp2 reporter activity was strongest in terminally differentiated cells of both lineages. By 5 to 6 months, activity of the reporters had generally abated; however, the Noggin and Bmp2 reporters remained remarkably active in articular chondrocytes and persisted there indefinitely. We further found that endogenous Bmp2, Bmp4, and Noggin transcript levels in postnatal bone and cartilage mirrored the activity of their respective reporters in these tissues. Finally, we found that the activity of the Bmp2, Bmp4, and Noggin reporters in bone and cartilage at 3 to 4 weeks could be recapitulated in both osteogenic and chondrogenic culture models. These results reveal that Bmp2, Bmp4, and Noggin transcription persists to varying degrees in skeletal tissues postnatally, with each gene exhibiting its own cell type-specific pattern of activity. Illuminating these patterns and their dynamics will guide future studies aimed at elucidating both the causes and consequences of aberrant BMP signaling in the postnatal skeleton.
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Affiliation(s)
- Steven K Pregizer
- Center for Human Genetics Research, Department of Molecular Physiology & Biophysics, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, USA
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A novel therapeutic approach with Caviunin-based isoflavonoid that en routes bone marrow cells to bone formation via BMP2/Wnt-β-catenin signaling. Cell Death Dis 2014; 5:e1422. [PMID: 25232676 PMCID: PMC4540190 DOI: 10.1038/cddis.2014.350] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2014] [Revised: 06/19/2014] [Accepted: 06/26/2014] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Recently, we reported that extract of Dalbergia sissoo made from leaves and pods have antiresorptive and bone-forming effects. The positive skeletal effect attributed because of active molecules present in the extract of Dalbergia sissoo. Caviunin 7-O-[β-D-apiofuranosyl-(1-6)-β-D-glucopyranoside] (CAFG), a novel isoflavonoid show higher percentage present in the extract. Here, we show the osteogenic potential of CAFG as an alternative for anabolic therapy for the treatment of osteoporosis by stimulating bone morphogenetic protein 2 (BMP2) and Wnt/β-catenin mechanism. CAFG supplementation improved trabecular micro-architecture of the long bones, increased biomechanical strength parameters of the vertebra and femur and decreased bone turnover markers better than genistein. Oral administration of CAFG to osteopenic ovariectomized mice increased osteoprogenitor cells in the bone marrow and increased the expression of osteogenic genes in femur and show new bone formation without uterine hyperplasia. CAFG increased mRNA expression of osteoprotegerin in bone and inhibited osteoclast activation by inhibiting the expression of skeletal osteoclastogenic genes. CAFG is also an effective accelerant for chondrogenesis and has stimulatory effect on the repair of cortical bone after drill-hole injury at the tissue, cell and gene level in mouse femur. At cellular levels, CAFG stimulated osteoblast proliferation, survival and differentiation. Signal transduction inhibitors in osteoblast demonstrated involvement of p-38 mitogen-activated protein kinase pathway stimulated by BMP2 to initiate Wnt/β-catenin signaling to reduce phosphorylation of GSK3-β and subsequent nuclear accumulation of β-catenin. Osteogenic effects were abrogated by Dkk1, Wnt-receptor blocker and FH535, inhibitor of TCF-complex by reduction in β-catenin levels. CAFG modulated MSC responsiveness to BMP2, which promoted osteoblast differentiation via Wnt/β-catenin mechanism. CAFG at 1 mg/kg/day dose in ovariectomy mice (human dose ∼0.081 mg/kg) led to enhanced bone formation, reduced bone resorption and bone turnover better than well-known phytoestrogen genistein. Owing to CAFG's inherent properties for bone, it could be positioned as a potential drug, food supplement, for postmenopausal osteoporosis and fracture repair.
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48
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Beckmann R, Tohidnezhad M, Lichte P, Wruck C, Jahr H, Pape H, Pufe T. Aus alt mach neu. DER ORTHOPADE 2014; 43:298-305. [DOI: 10.1007/s00132-013-2160-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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49
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Blaney Davidson EN, Vitters EL, Bennink MB, van Lent PLEM, van Caam APM, Blom AB, van den Berg WB, van de Loo FAJ, van der Kraan PM. Inducible chondrocyte-specific overexpression of BMP2 in young mice results in severe aggravation of osteophyte formation in experimental OA without altering cartilage damage. Ann Rheum Dis 2014; 74:1257-64. [PMID: 24448347 DOI: 10.1136/annrheumdis-2013-204528] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2013] [Accepted: 12/21/2013] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES In osteoarthritis (OA) chondrocytes surrounding lesions express elevated bone morphogenetic protein 2 (BMP2) levels. To investigate the functional consequence of chondrocyte-specific BMP2 expression, we made a collagen type II dependent, doxycycline (dox)-inducible BMP2 transgenic mouse and studied the effect of elevated BMP2 expression on healthy joints and joints with experimental OA. METHODS We cloned a lentivirus with BMP2 controlled by a tet-responsive element and transfected embryos of mice containing a collagen type II driven cre-recombinase and floxed rtTA to gain a mouse expressing BMP2 solely in chondrocytes and only upon dox exposure (Col2-rtTA-TRE-BMP2). Mice were treated with dox to induce elevated BMP2 expression. In addition, experimental OA was induced (destabilisation of the medial meniscus model) with or without dox supplementation and knee joints were isolated for histology. RESULTS Dox treatment resulted in chondrocyte-specific upregulation of BMP2 and severely aggravated formation of osteophytes in experimental OA but not in control mice. Moreover, elevated BMP2 levels did not result in alterations in articular cartilage of young healthy mice, although BMP2-exposure did increase VDIPEN expression in the articular cartilage. Strikingly, despite apparent changes in knee joint morphology due to formation of large osteophytes there were no detectible differences in articular cartilage: none with regard to structural damage nor in Safranin O staining intensity when comparing destabilisation of the medial meniscus with or without dox exposure. CONCLUSIONS Our data show that chondrocyte-specific elevation of BMP2 levels does not alter the course of cartilage damage in an OA model in young mice but results in severe aggravation of osteophyte formation.
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Affiliation(s)
- E N Blaney Davidson
- Experimental Rheumatology, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - E L Vitters
- Experimental Rheumatology, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - M B Bennink
- Experimental Rheumatology, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - P L E M van Lent
- Experimental Rheumatology, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - A P M van Caam
- Experimental Rheumatology, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - A B Blom
- Experimental Rheumatology, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - W B van den Berg
- Experimental Rheumatology, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - F A J van de Loo
- Experimental Rheumatology, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - P M van der Kraan
- Experimental Rheumatology, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
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50
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Pacios S, Andriankaja O, Kang J, Alnammary M, Bae J, de Brito Bezerra B, Schreiner H, Fine DH, Graves DT. Bacterial infection increases periodontal bone loss in diabetic rats through enhanced apoptosis. THE AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PATHOLOGY 2013; 183:1928-1935. [PMID: 24113454 DOI: 10.1016/j.ajpath.2013.08.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2013] [Revised: 08/05/2013] [Accepted: 08/19/2013] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
Periodontal disease is the most common osteolytic disease in humans and is significantly increased by diabetes mellitus. We tested the hypothesis that bacterial infection induces bone loss in diabetic animals through a mechanism that involves enhanced apoptosis. Type II diabetic rats were inoculated with Aggregatibacter actinomycetemcomitans and treated with a caspase-3 inhibitor, ZDEVD-FMK, or vehicle alone. Apoptotic cells were measured with TUNEL; osteoblasts and bone area were measured in H&E sections. New bone formation was assessed by labeling with fluorescent dyes and by osteocalcin mRNA levels. Osteoclast number, eroded bone surface, and new bone formation were measured by tartrate-resistant acid phosphatase staining. Immunohistochemistry was performed with an antibody against tumor necrosis factor-α. Bacterial infection doubled the number of tumor necrosis factor-α-expressing cells and increased apoptotic cells adjacent to bone 10-fold (P < 0.05). Treatment with caspase inhibitor blocked apoptosis, increased the number of osteoclasts, and eroded bone surface (P < 0.05); yet, inhibition of apoptosis resulted in significantly greater net bone area because of an increase in new bone formation, osteoblast numbers, and an increase in bone coupling. Thus, bacterial infection in diabetic rats stimulates periodontitis, in part through enhanced apoptosis of osteoblastic cells that reduces osseous coupling through a caspase-3-dependent mechanism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sandra Pacios
- Department of Periodontics, School of Dental Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Oelisoa Andriankaja
- Department of Periodontics, School of Dental Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania; Center for Clinical Research and Health Promotion, School of Dental Medicine, University of Puerto Rico, San Juan, Puerto Rico
| | - Jun Kang
- Department of Periodontology, School and Hospital of Stomatology, Peking University, Beijing, China
| | - Maher Alnammary
- Department of Periodontics, School of Dental Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Jason Bae
- Department of Periodontics, School of Dental Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Beatriz de Brito Bezerra
- Prosthodontics and Periodontics Department, Piracicaba Dental School, University of Campinas, Piracicaba, Brazil
| | - Helen Schreiner
- Department of Oral Biology, New Jersey Dental School, University of Medicine and Dentistry of New Jersey, Newark, New Jersey
| | - Daniel H Fine
- Department of Oral Biology, New Jersey Dental School, University of Medicine and Dentistry of New Jersey, Newark, New Jersey
| | - Dana T Graves
- Department of Periodontics, School of Dental Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania.
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