Examining the state, quality and strength of the evidence in the research on built environments and physical activity among children and youth: An overview of reviews from high income countries

Objectively measured environmental factors in relation to school travel mode among adolescents: a decision tree analysis

BACKGROUND

Understanding the factors that influence school travel mode choice is essential for promoting active travel among adolescents. Currently, there is a lack of research that effectively investigates the interactions between demographic and environmental factors on travel behavior. We aimed to investigate the associations between various demographic and environmental characteristics and the choice of school travel modes-walking, cycling, or motorized transport-among adolescents, across the winter and summer seasons.

METHODS

Data from 1409 Norwegian adolescents, aged 14-15 years, who participated in the School In Motion project were analyzed. Self-reported travel modes and demographic characteristics were collected via questionnaires, while environmental characteristics were determined using Geographic Information Systems (GIS). A decision tree analysis was conducted utilizing the chi-squared automatic interaction detection algorithm to discern patterns in the data. The present study has a cross-sectional design.

RESULTS

During summer, the predominant travel modes were cycling (39%), walking (37%), and motorized transport (24%). Gender was associated with travel mode choices over short distances (< 1.6 km), with girls favoring walking and boys favoring cycling. For longer commutes, steep inclines were associated with reduced walking and cycling, while higher traffic exposure was associated with increased cycling. During winter, walking (50%) was the most common mode, followed by motorized travel (36%) and cycling (14%). Living near peers was associated with increased walking and cycling among girls. For commutes exceeding 2 km, factors such as available bus transit, more streetlights, the absence of steep hills, and higher urban centrality were linked to increased walking and cycling.

CONCLUSIONS

The findings indicated a complex pattern of demographic and environmental factors influencing active travel, with environmental factors becoming increasingly important as commuting distances increased. These findings highlight the importance of considering the interactions of various factors to effectively promote active travel, especially for adolescents undertaking longer commutes.

TRIAL REGISTRATION

Clinicaltrials.gov ID no: NCT03817047. Registered on: January 25, 2019 (retrospectively registered).

Independent and joint associations of neighbourhood greenness and walkability with transportational and recreational physical activity among youth and adults in Canada

Objectives

Greener neighbourhoods may support physical activity; however, it is also important to consider whether greener neighbourhoods are walkable. We assessed whether neighbourhood greenness and walkability were independently and jointly associated with transportational (PATRA) and recreational (PAREC) physical activity among a nationally representative sample of urban-dwelling youth and adults in Canada.

Methods

We analyzed repeated cross-sectional data from 132,927 urban-dwelling youth (12-17 years) and adults (≥18 years) who participated in the Canadian Community Health Survey (2015-2018). To derive an indicator of neighbourhood greenness, for each survey year, we aggregated mean Normalized Difference Vegetation Index (NDVI) values within 2016 dissemination areas. As a proxy for neighbourhood walkability, we used 2016 Canadian Active Living Environments (Can-ALE) metrics. We used weighted linear regressions to examine whether, and the extent to which, neighbourhood NDVI and the Can-ALE index were independently and jointly associated with self-reported and log-transformed PATRA and PAREC, while adjusting for individual and neighbourhood characteristics.

Results

Among adults, but not youth, higher NDVI was independently associated with higher PATRA (β = 0.2, 95 % CI 0.02, 0.36) and PAREC (β = 0.3, 95 % CI 0.14, 0.47). Among both youth (β = 0.4, 95 % CI 0.21, 0.66) and adults (β = 0.3, 95 % CI 0.22, 0.35), NDVI and Can-ALE were jointly associated with PATRA.

Conclusion

Living in a neighbourhood that is both greener and more walkable was more strongly associated with higher transportational, but not recreational, physical activity, than either feature alone. These novel findings highlight the importance of designing cities that are both greener and more walkable to promote active living.

Access to Healthy Built and Natural Environments and Physical Activity and Screen Time in New Zealand Adolescents: A Geospatial Cross-Sectional Study

The built and natural environment can facilitate (un)healthy behaviors in adolescence. However, most previous studies have focused on examining associations between singular aspects of the environment. This study examined the association between the mixture of health-promoting and health-constraining environmental features in a Healthy Location Index (HLI) and physical activity and screen time among adolescents. This cross-sectional study used data from the Built Environment and Active Transport to School (BEATS) Research Program based in Dunedin, New Zealand. Data from 1,162 adolescents with complete demographic, health behavior and spatial records were included in the analysis. The environment was defined using the HLI based on access to health-promoting (e.g., greenspace, blue space, physical activity facility) and health-constraining (e.g., fast-food outlets) features and their mixture. Quantile g-computation and multilevel mixed effects models, with adolescents nested within schools, examined associations between the environment and the two health behaviors. A positive association existed between meeting physical activity guidelines and access to health-promoting environments (OR = 1.23 [95% CI 1.03; 1.47]), particularly blue space. In addition, the mixture of health-promoting and health-constraining environments was also important (ψ = 1.18 [1.01; 1.37]). However, there was limited evidence of an association between the environment and screen time. We provide evidence of a relationship between health-promoting environments, the mix of health-promoting and health-constraining environments, and physical activity among adolescents. The findings support the hypothesis that the environment has the potential to positively influence healthy behaviors of youth, particularly when it comes to physical activity.

Does growing up in a physical activity-friendly neighborhood increase the likelihood of remaining active during adolescence and early adulthood?

BACKGROUND

The SOPHYA-cohort-study investigated whether the objectively characterized and perceived residential neighborhood of Swiss youth predict accelerometer-measured physical activity and activity in specific domains (participation in a sports club and cycling) five years later.

METHODS

At baseline in 2014, 1230 children and adolescents aged 6 to 16 years participated and wore accelerometers for 7 days. Of these children, 447 participated again in the follow-up study in 2019 and provided longitudinal accelerometer measurements. Sociodemographic factors and perceptions of the local neighbourhood were assessed by questionnaire. Specific objective environmental data (e.g. built environment or social environment) was modelled to the children's address at baseline. Multivariate linear and logistic regression models were applied to identify short- and long-term characteristics that are associated with accelerometer-based physical activity, cycling and participation in organised sport.

RESULTS

If the neighborhood-score as perceived by the parents in 2014 was in the middle or lowest tertile, children were significantly less active cross-sectionally in 2014 (-41.1 (-78.0;-4.2) and -52.4 (-88.6;-16.2) counts per minute, cpm), and five years later (-52.4 (-88.6;-16.2) and 48.1 (-86.6;-9.7) cpm). In addition, they were also less likely to accumulate active minutes above the median at both measuring points compared to peers of the same age and sex. Using objective environmental data modeled around the children's residential address, similar associations were found: In the tertile with the lowest proportion of green space children achieved less cpm in 2014, while a high main street density and a low socioeconomic environment, respectively, hindered physical activity tracking above the median longitudinally. Also for cycling and participation in a sport club, the associations with the perceived and objective environment were more pronounced in the longitudinal analyses.

CONCLUSION

The results suggest that growing up in a physical activity friendly neighborhood increases the likelihood of remaining active during adolescence and early adulthood. Interventions should be implemented to ensure that children growing up in an unfavorable neighborhood do not fall behind at an early stage.

Built for movement: Neighborhoods and adolescent physical activity behaviors, and the moderating role of socioeconomic position and gender

This study examined whether the built environment was associated with physical activity among adolescents in Oslo, Norway, and the role of socioeconomic position and gender as potential moderators of this association. We used data from 897 adolescents who participated in the TACKLE cross-sectional study conducted in 2020. Built environment features (recreational facilities, parks, forest, public transport, traffic calming devices, and schools) were assessed objectively using Geographical Information Systems. Physical activity data included device-measured moderate-to-vigorous physical activity, total physical activity, and self-reported active transportation to school. Using general linear models and logistic regression, we found that most built environment features were unrelated to the participants' device-measured physical activity. Longer distances to school and to traffic calming devices were associated with decreased likelihood of participants reporting active transportation to school. Our moderated regression analysis showed that adolescents with low socioeconomic backgrounds seemed less affected by longer distances to school compared with their high socioeconomic counterparts. Furthermore, boys appeared to be more sensitive to traffic safety relative to girls. Implementing traffic calming devices may enhance active transportation to school and improve traffic safety for Norwegian adolescents.

Tree-Based Machine Learning to Identify Predictors of Psoriasis Incidence at the Neighborhood Level: A Populational Study from Quebec, Canada

BACKGROUND

Psoriasis is a major global health burden affecting ~ 60 million people worldwide. Existing studies on psoriasis focused on individual-level health behaviors (e.g. diet, alcohol consumption, smoking, exercise) and characteristics as drivers of psoriasis risk. However, it is increasingly recognized that health behavior arises in the context of larger social, cultural, economic and environmental determinants of health. We aimed to identify the top risk factors that significantly impact the incidence of psoriasis at the neighborhood level using populational data from the province of Quebec (Canada) and advanced tree-based machine learning (ML) techniques.

METHODS

Adult psoriasis patients were identified using International Classification of Disease (ICD)-9/10 codes from Quebec (Canada) populational databases for years 1997-2015. Data on environmental and socioeconomic factors 1 year prior to psoriasis onset were obtained from the Canadian Urban Environment Health Consortium (CANUE) and Statistics Canada (StatCan) and were input as predictors into the gradient boosting ML. Model performance was evaluated using the area under the curve (AUC). Parsimonious models and partial dependence plots were determined to assess directionality of the relationship.

RESULTS

The incidence of psoriasis varied geographically from 1.6 to 325.6/100,000 person-years in Quebec. The parsimonious model (top 9 predictors) had an AUC of 0.77 to predict high psoriasis incidence. Amongst top predictors, ultraviolet (UV) radiation, maximum daily temperature, proportion of females, soil moisture, urbanization, and distance to expressways had a negative association with psoriasis incidence. Nighttime light brightness had a positive association, whereas social and material deprivation indices suggested a higher psoriasis incidence in the middle socioeconomic class neighborhoods.

CONCLUSION

This is the first study to highlight highly variable psoriasis incidence rates on a jurisdictional level and suggests that living environment, notably climate, vegetation, urbanization and neighborhood socioeconomic characteristics may have an association with psoriasis incidence.

Neighborhood physical environments and change in cardiometabolic risk factors over 14 years in the study of Women's health across the nation

BACKGROUND

Neighborhood physical environments may influence cardiometabolic health, but prior studies have been inconsistent, and few included long follow-up periods.

METHODS

Changes in cardiometabolic risk factors were measured for up to 14 years in 2830 midlife women in the Study of Women's Health Across the Nation, a multi-ethnic/racial cohort of women from seven U.S. sites. Data on neighborhood food retail environments (modified Retail Food Environment Index) and walkability (National Walkability Index) were obtained for each woman's residence at each follow-up. Data on neighborhood access to green space, parks, and supermarkets were available for subsets (32-42%) of women. Models tested whether rates of change in cardiometabolic outcomes differed based on neighborhood characteristics, independent of sociodemographic and health-related covariates.

RESULTS

Living in more (vs. less) walkable neighborhoods was associated with favorable changes in blood pressure outcomes (SBP: -0.27 mmHg/year, p = 0.002; DBP: -0.22 mmHg/year, p < 0.0001; hypertension status: ratio of ORs = 0.79, p < 0.0001), and small declines in waist circumference (-0.09 cm/year, p = 0.03). Small-magnitude associations were also observed between low park access and greater increases in blood pressure outcomes (SBP: 0.37 mmHg/year, p = 0.003; DBP: 0.15 mmHg/year, p = 0.04; hypertension status: ratio of ORs = 1.16, p = .04), though associations involving DBP and hypertension were only present after adjustment for sociodemographic variables. Other associations were statistically unreliable or contrary to hypotheses.

CONCLUSION

Neighborhood walkability may have a meaningful influence on trajectories of blood pressure outcomes in women from midlife to early older adulthood, suggesting the need to better understand how individuals interact with their neighborhood environments in pursuit of cardiometabolic health.

"It's what mothers do." A qualitative exploration of mothers' experiences of supporting their daughter to be physically active

OBJECTIVE

Girls are more at risk than boys of the non-communicable diseases associated with insufficient levels of physical activity (PA), therefore it is important to explore the reasons why girls maintain or cease to be physically active. Maternal support plays an important role in girl's PA, yet the factors influencing mothers' support of their PA have received limited exploration. In response, the aim of this study was to explore, mothers' experiences of supporting their daughters to be physically active and their perceptions of the factors that might influence these experiences.

METHOD

Semi-structured interviews were conducted with a purposive sample of mothers (n = 29) of girls (Mean age = 10.9 years; SD = 0.6). Reflexive Thematic Analysis was used to analyse the data, with themes mapped to the relevant domains of the Theoretical Domains Framework.

RESULTS

Themes highlighted how mothers described providing PA support as an inherent part of their parental role and how their role was influenced by their own PA identity. Mothers recognised that the type and amount of support they provided was impacted by the community setting in which they lived. Mothers acknowledged how the role of others (e.g., partners, grandparents, peers) added a layer of complexity to supporting their daughters to be active.

CONCLUSION

This study advances our understanding of maternal PA support behaviours recognising the complex interplay of individual, social and environmental factors. Additionally, the use of the Theoretical Domains Framework presents an in-depth behavioural diagnosis which can be used to inform future theory-based interventions to promote parent support of children's PA.

The cross-sectional and prospective associations of parental practices and environmental factors with 24-hour movement behaviours among school-aged Asian children

BACKGROUND

Parental practices and neighbourhood environmental factors may influence children's movement behaviours. We aimed to investigate the cross-sectional and prospective associations of parental practices and neighbourhood environmental factors with accelerometer-measured 24-hour movement behaviours (24 h-MBs) among school-aged children in Singapore.

METHODS

The Growing Up in Singapore Towards healthy Outcomes (GUSTO) study collected information on dimensions of parental practices and neighbourhood environment at age 5.5 years. Confirmatory factor analyses were performed to generate latent variables and used to compute overall parental practices [involvement in PA + support for PA + control of screen viewing context] and environmental scores [facilities for active play + active mobility facilitators + barriers*-1]. Children wore an accelerometer on their non-dominant wrist for seven consecutive days at ages 5.5 and 8 years. The R-package GGIR 2.6 was used to derive moderate-to-vigorous-intensity physical activity (MVPA), light-intensity physical activity (LPA), inactivity, and total-sleep (napping+night sleep) minutes per day. Associations were determined using compositional data analysis with multivariate linear regression models, taking into account potential confounders.

RESULTS

Among 425 children (48% girls, 59% Chinese), higher parental involvement in PA, parental support for PA and overall parental practices were associated with 24 h-MBs at ages 5.5 and 8 years, specifically with greater time spent in MVPA and less time being inactive relative to the remaining movement behaviours. The corresponding mean changes in the overall 24 h-MB for increasing parental practices from lowest to highest scores (- 2 to + 2 z-scores) indicated potential increases of up to 15-minutes in MVPA, 20-minutes in LPA, 5-minutes in sleep duration, and a reduction of 40-minutes in inactivity at age 5.5 years. At age 8 years, this could translate to approximately 15-minutes more of MVPA, 20-minutes more of LPA, a 20-minute reduction in sleep duration, and a 20-minute reduction in inactivity. Parental control of screen viewing contexts and neighbourhood environmental factors were not associated with 24 h-MBs.

CONCLUSIONS

Parental practices but not environmental factors were associated with higher MVPA and lower inactivity among Singaporean children, even at a later age. Further research may provide insights that support development of targeted public health strategies to promote healthier movement behaviours among children.

STUDY REGISTRATION

This study was registered on 4th August 2010 and is available online at ClinicalTrials.gov: NCT01174875.

Capabilities, opportunities, motivations, and practices of different sector professionals working on community environments to improve health

OBJECTIVE

With rising healthcare costs in Canada from chronic conditions, individual behaviour change interventions in the clinical settings need to be complemented by a determinants of health approach, where multi-sector professionals assist in the creation of healthier community environments. This study sought to gain insights into capabilities, opportunities, motivations, and behaviours (COM-B) of Canadian multi-sector professionals for working together to improve built environments (BE) for health.

METHODS

A cross-sectional study was conducted with 61 multi-sector professionals. A 49-item questionnaire measuring constructs of COM-B for healthy BE practices was administered.

RESULTS

Public health (PH) professionals were more motivated by personal interest/values in healthy BE and the presence of scientific evidence on BE design health impacts as compared with planning and policy/program development (PPD) professionals. Planning professionals were more likely to be motivated by healthy BE legislation/regulations/codes than PPD professionals. The practice of taking responsibility for the inclusion of healthy features into BE designs was reported more often by planning and other professionals compared to PH professionals. Results trended towards significance for opportunities as a predictor of healthy BE practices among all professionals.

CONCLUSION

Though motivators vary among different sector professionals, opportunities may be the most important driver of healthy BE practices and potentially a target to improve multi-sector professional practices in Canada. Future research should confirm findings of this first study of professional practice drivers guided by a theoretical behaviour change framework.

Prioritizing a research agenda on built environments and physical activity: a twin panel Delphi consensus process with researchers and knowledge users

BACKGROUND

The growth of urban dwelling populations globally has led to rapid increases of research and policy initiatives addressing associations between the built environment and physical activity (PA). Given this rapid proliferation, it is important to identify priority areas and research questions for moving the field forward. The objective of this study was to identify and compare research priorities on the built environment and PA among researchers and knowledge users (e.g., policy makers, practitioners).

METHODS

Between September 2022 and April 2023, a three-round, modified Delphi survey was conducted among two independent panels of international researchers (n = 38) and knowledge users (n = 23) to identify similarities and differences in perceived research priorities on the built environment and PA and generate twin 'top 10' lists of the most important research needs.

RESULTS

From a broad range of self-identified issues, both panels ranked in common the most pressing research priorities including stronger study designs such as natural experiments, research that examines inequalities and inequities, establishing the cost effectiveness of interventions, safety and injuries related to engagement in active transportation (AT), and considerations for climate change and climate adaptation. Additional priorities identified by researchers included: implementation science, research that incorporates Indigenous perspectives, land-use policies, built environments that support active aging, and participatory research. Additional priorities identified by knowledge users included: built environments and PA among people living with disabilities and a need for national data on trip chaining, multi-modal travel, and non-work or school-related AT.

CONCLUSIONS

Five common research priorities between the two groups emerged, including (1) to better understand causality, (2) interactions with the natural environment, (3) economic evaluations, (4) social disparities, and (5) preventable AT-related injuries. The findings may help set directions for future research, interdisciplinary and intersectoral collaborations, and funding opportunities.

Associations between school-level environment and individual-level factors of walking and cycling to school in Canadian youth

Identifying individual-level and school-level correlates of walking and cycling to school remains a public health priority as only one in four Canadian youth actively travels to school. This study aimed to estimate the prevalence of Canadian youth in grades 6 to 10 who walk, cycle, or use motorised transport to go to school, and to examine if school neighbourhood walkability, neighbourhood-level and individual-level correlates are associated with mode of transportation to school. Data come from the 2017/2018 Health Behaviour in School-aged Children study. The walkability of the schools' neighbourhood was measured using the Canadian Active Living Environments (Can-ALE) index. We observed that only 22.4% and 4.2% of youth walked and cycled to school, respectively. Most (73.4%) used motorised transport to school, including 53.2% of youth who lived less than 5 minutes from school. Schools located in neighbourhoods with higher Can-ALE classes (i.e., higher walkability) were positively associated with walking to school. No statistically significant association between school walkability and cycling to school was observed. Individual-level socioeconomic status (SES) was associated with walking, but not cycling, to school. Conversely, neighbourhood-level SES was associated with cycling, but not with walking, to school. Correlates of walking to school differed from those for cycling to school, suggesting that different approaches to promoting active transportation are needed.

Work, travel, or leisure: comparing domain-specific physical activity patterns based on rural-urban location in Canada

BACKGROUND

Physical activity occurs across various domains including leisure/recreation, for transportation, or for work or household reasons. Rural and urban active living environments are characterized by different opportunities for physical activity within each domain which may translate into different patterns of behavior. The aim of this study was to compare rural-urban differences in physical activity across different domains, and explore interactions between sociodemographic factors, physical activity domains, and rurality.

METHODS

We used self-reported data collected across three physical activity domains (active transportation, recreation, occupational/household) and relevant sociodemographic variables from the Canadian Community Health Survey. Adjusting for sociodemographic factors, we did two separate cross-sectional analyses: 1) binary logistic regression to determine the odds of reporting any activity in each domain, and 2) ordinary least squares regression using the sub-samples reporting > 0 min per week of activity to compare how much activity was reported in each domain.

RESULTS

Our final survey weighted sample of Canadian adults (mean age 47.4 years) was n = 25,669,018 (unweighted n = 47,266). Rural residents were less likely to report any active transportation (OR = 0.59, 95% CI [0.51, 0.67], p < .0001). For recreational physical activity, rural males had lower odds (OR = 0.75, 95% CI [0.67, 0.83], p < .0001) and rural females had higher odds (OR = 1.19, 95% CI [1.08, 1.30], p = .0002) of reporting any participation compared to urban residents. Rural males (OR = 1.90, 95% CI [1.74, 2.07], p < .0001) and females (OR = 1.33, 95% CI [1.21, 1.46], p < .0001) had higher odds of reporting any occupational or household physical activity.

CONCLUSIONS

Urban residents tend to participate in more active transportation, while rural residents participate in more occupational or household physical activity. Location-based differences in physical activity are best understood by examining multiple domains and must include appropriate sociodemographic interactions, such as income and sex/gender.

An Overview of How the Built Environment Relates to Children's Health

PURPOSE OF REVIEW

Explore the varied pathways between the built environment and children's health. The review begins by describing how the built environment and transport infrastructure relate to conditions that lead to health outcomes. The review examines emissions, noise, and traffic dangers in relation to children's physical, mental, and social health.

RECENT FINDINGS

Evidence is increasing for walkable neighborhoods and health-related behavior such as physical activity. However, diverse land uses (often supporting walkability) were also found to increase traffic injuries. Cognitive impacts of motorways on children at schools were found. Finally, the relationships between social activities and built environment are beginning. The built environment's influence on various physical health outcomes is increasingly clear and is often through a transport pathway. However, the links with mental and social health are less developed, though recent findings show significant results. Having accessible child-relevant destinations is an important consideration for children's health.

The effects of hypothetical behavioral interventions on the 13-year incidence of overweight/obesity in children and adolescents

BACKGROUND

In view of the high burden of childhood overweight/obesity (OW/OB), it is important to identify targets for interventions that may have the greatest effects on preventing OW/OB in early life. Using methods of causal inference, we studied the effects of sustained behavioral interventions on the long-term risk of developing OW/OB based on a large European cohort.

METHODS

Our sample comprised 10 877 children aged 2 to < 10 years at baseline who participated in the well-phenotyped IDEFICS/I.Family cohort. Children were followed from 2007/08 to 2020/21. Applying the parametric g-formula, the 13-year risk of developing OW/OB was estimated under various sustained hypothetical interventions on physical activity, screen time, dietary intake and sleep duration. Interventions imposing adherence to recommendations (e.g. maximum 2 h/day screen time) as well as interventions 'shifting' the behavior by a specified amount (e.g. decreasing screen time by 30 min/day) were compared to 'no intervention' (i.e. maintaining the usual or so-called natural behavior). Separately, the effectiveness of these interventions in vulnerable groups was assessed.

RESULTS

The 13-year risk of developing OW/OB was 30.7% under no intervention and 25.4% when multiple interventions were imposed jointly. Meeting screen time and moderate-to-vigorous physical activity (MVPA) recommendations were found to be most effective, reducing the incidence of OW/OB by -2.2 [-4.4;-0.7] and -2.1 [-3.7;-0.8] percentage points (risk difference [95% confidence interval]), respectively. Meeting sleep recommendations (-0.6 [-1.1;-0.3]) had a similar effect as increasing sleep duration by 30 min/day (-0.6 [-0.9;-0.3]). The most effective intervention in children of parents with low/medium educational level was being member in a sports club; for children of mothers with OW/OB, meeting screen time recommendations and membership in a sports club had the largest effects.

CONCLUSIONS

While the effects of single behavioral interventions sustained over 13 years were rather small, a joint intervention on multiple behaviors resulted in a relative reduction of the 13-year OW/OB risk by between 10 to 26%. Individually, meeting MVPA and screen time recommendations were most effective. Nevertheless, even under the joint intervention the absolute OW/OB risk remained at a high level of 25.4% suggesting that further strategies to better prevent OW/OB are required.

Development and reliability testing of an audit toolbox for the assessment of the physical activity friendliness of urban and rural environments in Germany

Background

According to socio-ecological theories, physical activity behaviors are linked to the physical and social neighborhood environment. Reliable and contextually adapted instruments are needed to assess environmental characteristics related to physical activity. This work aims to develop an audit toolbox adapted to the German context, to urban and rural settings, for different population groups, and different types of physical activity; and to evaluate its inter-rater reliability.

Methods

We conducted a systematic literature search to collect existing audit tools and to identify the latest evidence of environmental factors influencing physical activity in general, as well as in German populations. The results guided the construction of a category system for the toolbox. Items were assigned to the categories based on their relevance to physical activity and to the German context as well as their comprehensibility. We piloted the toolbox in different urban and rural areas (100 street segments, 15 parks, and 21 playgrounds) and calculated inter-rater reliability by Cohen's Kappa.

Results

The audit toolbox comprises a basic streetscape audit with seven categories (land use and destinations, traffic safety, pedestrian infrastructure, cycling infrastructure, attractiveness, social environment, and subjective assessment), as well as supplementary tools for children and adolescents, seniors and people with impaired mobility, parks and public open spaces, playgrounds, and rural areas. 76 % of all included items had moderate, substantial, or almost perfect inter-rater reliability (κ > 0.4).

Conclusions

The audit toolbox is an innovative and reliable instrument for the assessment of the physical activity friendliness of urban and rural environments in Germany.

Spatial machine learning for predicting physical inactivity prevalence from socioecological determinants in Chicago, Illinois, USA

The increase in physical inactivity prevalence in the USA has been associated with neighborhood characteristics. While several studies have found an association between neighborhood and health, the relative importance of each component related to physical inactivity or how this value varies geographically (i.e., across different neighborhoods) remains unexplored. This study ranks the contribution of seven socioecological neighborhood factors to physical inactivity prevalence in Chicago, Illinois, using machine learning models at the census tract level, and evaluates their predictive capabilities. First, we use geographical random forest (GRF), a recently proposed nonlinear machine learning regression method that assesses each predictive factor's spatial variation and contribution to physical inactivity prevalence. Then, we compare the predictive performance of GRF to geographically weighted artificial neural networks, another recently proposed spatial machine learning algorithm. Our results suggest that poverty is the most important determinant in the Chicago tracts, while on the other hand, green space is the least important determinant in the rise of physical inactivity prevalence. As a result, interventions can be designed and implemented based on specific local circumstances rather than broad concepts that apply to Chicago and other large cities.

Supplementary Information

The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1007/s10109-023-00415-y.

The moderating role of parent perceptions in relationships between objectively measured neighbourhood environment attributes and pre-schooler's physical activity: Findings from the PLAYCE study

We examined the moderating effects of parent perceptions of the neighbourhood environment on associations between objectively measured neighbourhood environment attributes and physical activity among pre-schoolers. The number of neighbourhood parks was positively associated with pre-schooler energetic play when parents had above average perceptions of access to services. Objectively measured street connectivity was associated with fewer minutes of energetic play when pedestrian and traffic safety was perceived to be below average by parents. Greater understanding of the role played by parents in pre-schooler's exposure to physically active supportive environments is needed to inform environmental interventions for specific age groups.

Investigating how researcher-defined buffers and self-drawn neighbourhoods capture adolescent availability to physical activity facilities and greenspaces: An exploratory study

BACKGROUND

Modifying the environment is considered an effective population-level approach for increasing healthy behaviours, but associations remain ambiguous. This exploratory study aims to compare researcher-defined buffers and self-drawn neighbourhoods (SDN) to objectively measured availability of physical activity (PA) facilities and greenspaces in adolescents.

METHODS

Seven consecutive days of GPS data were collected in an adolescent sample of 14-18 year olds (n = 69). Using Points of Interest and greenspace data, availability of PA opportunities within activity spaces were determined. We compared 30 different definitions of researcher-defined neighbourhoods and SDNs to objectively measured availability.

RESULTS

Findings showed low agreement for all researcher-defined buffers in measuring the availability of PA facilities in activity spaces. However, results were less clear for greenspace. SDNs also demonstrate low agreement for capturing availability to the PA environment.

CONCLUSION

This exploratory study highlights the inadequacy of researcher-defined buffers and SDNs to define availability to environmental features.

Results from the Philippines' 2022 report card on physical activity for children and adolescents

Background/Objective

The 2022 Philippine Report Card on Physical Activity for Children and Adolescents provides a comprehensive assessment of physical activity and other related behaviors, including the various factors and settings that influence these behaviors. It serves as an advocacy tool to increase awareness of the physical activity situation among children and young people in the country. This article describes the development and results of the first Philippine Report Card on Physical Activity for Children and Adolescents.

Methods

Following a systematic process provided by the Active Healthy Kids Global Alliance, a team consisting of 25 sports and physical activity specialists identified and reviewed the best available nationally representative data related to physical activity indicators. These data were then used to inform the grades of the ten (10) physical activity indicators.

Results

Sufficient data were identified to assign grades to five (5) indicators: Overall Physical Activity (F), Active Transportation (D), Sedentary Behavior (B), School (C-), and Government (B). Insufficient data existed to assign grades to the remaining five (5) indicators: Organized Sport and Physical Activity, Active Play, Physical Fitness, Family and Peers, and Community and Environment.

Conclusion

Despite government policies related to physical activity in the country, the majority of children and adolescents in the Philippines do not meet the recommended amount of physical activity for health. More work is needed to improve the translation of these policies into measurable programs, highlighting the need to create better physical activity opportunities and develop national surveillance mechanisms.

Examining the state, quality and strength of the evidence in the research on built environments and physical activity among children and youth: An overview of reviews from high income countries

BACKGROUND

Built environments have shown to be associated with health, with physical activity (PA) considered one of the critical pathways for achieving benefits. Navigating available evidence on the built environment and PA is challenging given the number of reviews.

OBJECTIVE

Examine the current state and quality of research looking at associations between built environments and total PA and domains of PA (i.e., leisure/recreation, transportation, school) among children and youth (1-18 years).

METHODS

We systematically searched the grey literature and six bibliographic databases from January 2000 to May 2020. Review quality was assessed using the AMSTAR2. Results by age group were synthesized using narrative syntheses and harvest plots, and certainty of the evidence was assessed using a modified GRADE approach.

RESULTS

This overview included 65 reviews. Most reviews were of very low-to-low quality. High certainty was found for positive associations between transportation PA and walking/cycling/active transportation (AT) infrastructure. There was high certainty for positive associations between streets/play streets and total PA, alongside lower certainty for transportation and leisure PA. Very low-to-moderate certainty supports schoolyards designed to promote PA were positively associated with total PA, but mixed for school PA (except children). Less consistent positive associations were found for forests/trees, greenspace/open space, recreation facilities, street lighting, traffic safety, population/residential density, proximity/access to destinations, neighbourhood characteristics, and home environments. There is very low-to-moderate certainty for negative associations between greater distance to school and traffic volume and domains of PA. Generally, null or mixed associations were observed for aesthetics, parks, AT comfort infrastructure, land-use mix, street connectivity, urban/rural status, and public transit.

DISCUSSION

There remains a need for high quality systematic reviews and studies to evaluate the effects of environmental changes across the pediatric age spectrum and using a PA domain approach. Given the global physical inactivity crisis the built environment remains and important means to promote PA among children/youth.