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Nie X, Mu G, Yang S, Ye Z, Wang M, Wang D, Ma J, Guo Y, Wang B, Dai W, Chen W. The methylation of the AMER3 gene mediates the negative association between urinary polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon metabolites and fasting plasma glucose in non-smokers: A new clue for the development of hypoglycemic agents. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2021; 419:126548. [PMID: 34328084 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2021.126548] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2021] [Revised: 06/08/2021] [Accepted: 06/28/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) have been reported to cause various health damages. However, some PAH derivatives are still used as agents, and some of them have hypoglycemic effects. Till now, few studies explored the relationship between urinary PAH metabolites and fasting plasma glucose (FPG). In this study, A total of 2682 non-smokers in the second follow-up of the Wuhan-Zhuhai cohort were included to explore the relationship between urinary PAH metabolites and FPG. FPG related epigenome-wide association study (EWAS) was conducted among 212 never smokers, and the mediation analysis was performed to find potential mediator cytosine-phosphoguanine (CpG) sites in the above relationship. The concentration of total urinary PAH metabolites was 3.60 (2.37, 5.85) μg/mmol Cr. The urinary PAH metabolites were negatively associated with FPG. Each 1-U increase in ln-transformed levels of 1-hydroxynaphthalene, 4-hydroxyphenanthrene, 9-hydroxyphenanthrene, or 2- hydroxyphenanthrene was associated with 0.008-, 0.007-, 0.010-, or 0.010- unit decreased in ln-transformed levels of FPG, respectively (all p < 0.05). We found 28 new CpG sites related to FPG (FDR <0.05) through EWAS. Mediation analysis found that cg11350141 on AMER3 mediated 41.91% of the negative association of total urinary PAH metabolites with FPG. These results provide a new clue for the development of hypoglycemic agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiuquan Nie
- Department of Occupational & Environmental Health, School of Public Health, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei 430030, China; Key Laboratory of Environment and Health, Ministry of Education & Ministry of Environmental Protection, and State Key Laboratory of Environmental Health (Incubating), School of Public Health, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei 430030, China
| | - Ge Mu
- Department of Occupational & Environmental Health, School of Public Health, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei 430030, China; Key Laboratory of Environment and Health, Ministry of Education & Ministry of Environmental Protection, and State Key Laboratory of Environmental Health (Incubating), School of Public Health, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei 430030, China
| | - Shijie Yang
- Department of Occupational & Environmental Health, School of Public Health, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei 430030, China; Key Laboratory of Environment and Health, Ministry of Education & Ministry of Environmental Protection, and State Key Laboratory of Environmental Health (Incubating), School of Public Health, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei 430030, China
| | - Zi Ye
- Department of Occupational & Environmental Health, School of Public Health, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei 430030, China; Key Laboratory of Environment and Health, Ministry of Education & Ministry of Environmental Protection, and State Key Laboratory of Environmental Health (Incubating), School of Public Health, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei 430030, China
| | - Mengyi Wang
- Department of Occupational & Environmental Health, School of Public Health, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei 430030, China; Key Laboratory of Environment and Health, Ministry of Education & Ministry of Environmental Protection, and State Key Laboratory of Environmental Health (Incubating), School of Public Health, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei 430030, China
| | - Dongming Wang
- Department of Occupational & Environmental Health, School of Public Health, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei 430030, China; Key Laboratory of Environment and Health, Ministry of Education & Ministry of Environmental Protection, and State Key Laboratory of Environmental Health (Incubating), School of Public Health, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei 430030, China
| | - Jixuan Ma
- Department of Occupational & Environmental Health, School of Public Health, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei 430030, China; Key Laboratory of Environment and Health, Ministry of Education & Ministry of Environmental Protection, and State Key Laboratory of Environmental Health (Incubating), School of Public Health, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei 430030, China
| | - Yanjun Guo
- Department of Occupational & Environmental Health, School of Public Health, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei 430030, China; Key Laboratory of Environment and Health, Ministry of Education & Ministry of Environmental Protection, and State Key Laboratory of Environmental Health (Incubating), School of Public Health, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei 430030, China
| | - Bin Wang
- Department of Occupational & Environmental Health, School of Public Health, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei 430030, China; Key Laboratory of Environment and Health, Ministry of Education & Ministry of Environmental Protection, and State Key Laboratory of Environmental Health (Incubating), School of Public Health, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei 430030, China
| | - Wencan Dai
- Zhuhai Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Zhuhai, Guangdong 519060, China
| | - Weihong Chen
- Department of Occupational & Environmental Health, School of Public Health, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei 430030, China; Key Laboratory of Environment and Health, Ministry of Education & Ministry of Environmental Protection, and State Key Laboratory of Environmental Health (Incubating), School of Public Health, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei 430030, China.
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4
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Lubberding AF, Zhang J, Lundh M, Nielsen TS, Søndergaard MS, Villadsen M, Skovhøj EZ, Boer GA, Hansen JB, Thomsen MB, Treebak JT, Holst JJ, Kanters JK, Mandrup-Poulsen T, Jespersen T, Emanuelli B, Torekov SS. Age-dependent transition from islet insulin hypersecretion to hyposecretion in mice with the long QT-syndrome loss-of-function mutation Kcnq1-A340V. Sci Rep 2021; 11:12253. [PMID: 34112814 PMCID: PMC8192901 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-90452-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2020] [Accepted: 05/05/2021] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Loss-of-function (LoF) mutations in KCNQ1, encoding the voltage-gated K+ channel Kv7.1, lead to long QT syndrome 1 (LQT1). LQT1 patients also present with post-prandial hyperinsulinemia and hypoglycaemia. In contrast, KCNQ1 polymorphisms are associated with diabetes, and LQTS patients have a higher prevalence of diabetes. We developed a mouse model with a LoF Kcnq1 mutation using CRISPR-Cas9 and hypothesized that this mouse model would display QT prolongation, increased glucose-stimulated insulin secretion and allow for interrogation of Kv7.1 function in islets. Mice were characterized by electrocardiography and oral glucose tolerance tests. Ex vivo, islet glucose-induced insulin release was measured, and beta-cell area quantified by immunohistochemistry. Homozygous mice had QT prolongation. Ex vivo, glucose-stimulated insulin release was increased in islets from homozygous mice at 12–14 weeks, while beta-cell area was reduced. Non-fasting blood glucose levels were decreased at this age. In follow-up studies 8–10 weeks later, beta-cell area was similar in all groups, while glucose-stimulated insulin secretion was now reduced in islets from hetero- and homozygous mice. Non-fasting blood glucose levels had normalized. These data suggest that Kv7.1 dysfunction is involved in a transition from hyper- to hyposecretion of insulin, potentially explaining the association with both hypoglycemia and hyperglycemia in LQT1 patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anniek F Lubberding
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Blegdamsvej 3B, 2200, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Jinyi Zhang
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Blegdamsvej 3B, 2200, Copenhagen, Denmark.,Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Basic Metabolic Research, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Morten Lundh
- Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Basic Metabolic Research, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Thomas Svava Nielsen
- Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Basic Metabolic Research, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Mathilde S Søndergaard
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Blegdamsvej 3B, 2200, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Maria Villadsen
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Blegdamsvej 3B, 2200, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Emil Z Skovhøj
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Blegdamsvej 3B, 2200, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Geke A Boer
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Blegdamsvej 3B, 2200, Copenhagen, Denmark.,Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Basic Metabolic Research, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Jakob B Hansen
- Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Basic Metabolic Research, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Morten B Thomsen
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Blegdamsvej 3B, 2200, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Jonas T Treebak
- Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Basic Metabolic Research, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Jens J Holst
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Blegdamsvej 3B, 2200, Copenhagen, Denmark.,Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Basic Metabolic Research, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Jørgen K Kanters
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Blegdamsvej 3B, 2200, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Thomas Mandrup-Poulsen
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Blegdamsvej 3B, 2200, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Thomas Jespersen
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Blegdamsvej 3B, 2200, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Brice Emanuelli
- Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Basic Metabolic Research, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Signe S Torekov
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Blegdamsvej 3B, 2200, Copenhagen, Denmark. .,Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Basic Metabolic Research, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark.
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17
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Hyltén-Cavallius L, Iepsen EW, Wewer Albrechtsen NJ, Svendstrup M, Lubberding AF, Hartmann B, Jespersen T, Linneberg A, Christiansen M, Vestergaard H, Pedersen O, Holst JJ, Kanters JK, Hansen T, Torekov SS. Patients With Long-QT Syndrome Caused by Impaired hERG-Encoded K v11.1 Potassium Channel Have Exaggerated Endocrine Pancreatic and Incretin Function Associated With Reactive Hypoglycemia. Circulation 2017; 135:1705-1719. [PMID: 28235848 PMCID: PMC5412733 DOI: 10.1161/circulationaha.116.024279] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2016] [Accepted: 02/14/2017] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Supplemental Digital Content is available in the text. Background: Loss-of-function mutations in hERG (encoding the Kv11.1 voltage-gated potassium channel) cause long-QT syndrome type 2 (LQT2) because of prolonged cardiac repolarization. However, Kv11.1 is also present in pancreatic α and β cells and intestinal L and K cells, secreting glucagon, insulin, and the incretins glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1) and GIP (glucose-dependent insulinotropic polypeptide), respectively. These hormones are crucial for glucose regulation, and long-QT syndrome may cause disturbed glucose regulation. We measured secretion of these hormones and cardiac repolarization in response to glucose ingestion in LQT2 patients with functional mutations in hERG and matched healthy participants, testing the hypothesis that LQT2 patients have increased incretin and β-cell function and decreased α-cell function, and thus lower glucose levels. Methods: Eleven patients with LQT2 and 22 sex-, age-, and body mass index–matched control participants underwent a 6-hour 75-g oral glucose tolerance test with ECG recording and blood sampling for measurements of glucose, insulin, C-peptide, glucagon, GLP-1, and GIP. Results: In comparison with matched control participants, LQT2 patients had 56% to 78% increased serum insulin, serum C-peptide, plasma GLP-1, and plasma GIP responses (P=0.03–0.001) and decreased plasma glucose levels after glucose ingestion (P=0.02) with more symptoms of hypoglycemia (P=0.04). Sixty-three percent of LQT2 patients developed hypoglycemic plasma glucose levels (<70 mg/dL) versus 36% control participants (P=0.16), and 18% patients developed serious hypoglycemia (<50 mg/dL) versus none of the controls. LQT2 patients had defective glucagon responses to low glucose, P=0.008. β-Cell function (Insulin Secretion Sensitivity Index-2) was 2-fold higher in LQT2 patients than in controls (4398 [95% confidence interval, 2259–8562] versus 2156 [1961–3201], P=0.03). Pharmacological Kv11.1 blockade (dofetilide) in rats had similar effect, and small interfering RNA inhibition of hERG in β and L cells increased insulin and GLP-1 secretion up to 50%. Glucose ingestion caused cardiac repolarization disturbances with increased QTc intervals in both patients and controls, but with a 122% greater increase in QTcF interval in LQT2 patients (P=0.004). Conclusions: Besides a prolonged cardiac repolarization phase, LQT2 patients display increased GLP-1, GIP, and insulin secretion and defective glucagon secretion, causing decreased plasma glucose and thus increased risk of hypoglycemia. Furthermore, glucose ingestion increased QT interval and aggravated the cardiac repolarization disturbances in LQT2 patients. Clinical Trial Registration: URL: http://clinicaltrials.gov. Unique identifier: NCT02775513.
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Affiliation(s)
- Louise Hyltén-Cavallius
- From Department of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Denmark (L.H.-C., E.W.I., N.J.W.A., A.F.L., B.H., T.J., M.C., J.J.H., J.K.K., S.S.T.); Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Basic Metabolic Research, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Denmark (L.H.-C., E.W.I., N.J.W.A., M.S., B.H., H.V., O.P., J.J.H., T.H., S.S.T.); Research Centre for Prevention and Health, the Capital Region of Denmark, Copenhagen (A.L.); Gentofte, Aalborg and Herlev University Hospitals, Denmark (J.K.K.); Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Southern Denmark, Odense (T.H.); Department of Clinical Experimental Research, Rigshospitalet, Denmark (A.L.); Department of Clinical Medicine, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Denmark (A.L.); Danish Diabetes Academy, Odense, Denmark (E.W.I., M.S.); Department of Clinical Biochemistry, Statens Serum Institut, Copenhagen, Denmark (M.C.); and Steno Diabetes Center Copenhagen, Gentofte, Denmark (H.V.)
| | - Eva W Iepsen
- From Department of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Denmark (L.H.-C., E.W.I., N.J.W.A., A.F.L., B.H., T.J., M.C., J.J.H., J.K.K., S.S.T.); Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Basic Metabolic Research, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Denmark (L.H.-C., E.W.I., N.J.W.A., M.S., B.H., H.V., O.P., J.J.H., T.H., S.S.T.); Research Centre for Prevention and Health, the Capital Region of Denmark, Copenhagen (A.L.); Gentofte, Aalborg and Herlev University Hospitals, Denmark (J.K.K.); Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Southern Denmark, Odense (T.H.); Department of Clinical Experimental Research, Rigshospitalet, Denmark (A.L.); Department of Clinical Medicine, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Denmark (A.L.); Danish Diabetes Academy, Odense, Denmark (E.W.I., M.S.); Department of Clinical Biochemistry, Statens Serum Institut, Copenhagen, Denmark (M.C.); and Steno Diabetes Center Copenhagen, Gentofte, Denmark (H.V.)
| | - Nicolai J Wewer Albrechtsen
- From Department of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Denmark (L.H.-C., E.W.I., N.J.W.A., A.F.L., B.H., T.J., M.C., J.J.H., J.K.K., S.S.T.); Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Basic Metabolic Research, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Denmark (L.H.-C., E.W.I., N.J.W.A., M.S., B.H., H.V., O.P., J.J.H., T.H., S.S.T.); Research Centre for Prevention and Health, the Capital Region of Denmark, Copenhagen (A.L.); Gentofte, Aalborg and Herlev University Hospitals, Denmark (J.K.K.); Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Southern Denmark, Odense (T.H.); Department of Clinical Experimental Research, Rigshospitalet, Denmark (A.L.); Department of Clinical Medicine, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Denmark (A.L.); Danish Diabetes Academy, Odense, Denmark (E.W.I., M.S.); Department of Clinical Biochemistry, Statens Serum Institut, Copenhagen, Denmark (M.C.); and Steno Diabetes Center Copenhagen, Gentofte, Denmark (H.V.)
| | - Mathilde Svendstrup
- From Department of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Denmark (L.H.-C., E.W.I., N.J.W.A., A.F.L., B.H., T.J., M.C., J.J.H., J.K.K., S.S.T.); Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Basic Metabolic Research, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Denmark (L.H.-C., E.W.I., N.J.W.A., M.S., B.H., H.V., O.P., J.J.H., T.H., S.S.T.); Research Centre for Prevention and Health, the Capital Region of Denmark, Copenhagen (A.L.); Gentofte, Aalborg and Herlev University Hospitals, Denmark (J.K.K.); Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Southern Denmark, Odense (T.H.); Department of Clinical Experimental Research, Rigshospitalet, Denmark (A.L.); Department of Clinical Medicine, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Denmark (A.L.); Danish Diabetes Academy, Odense, Denmark (E.W.I., M.S.); Department of Clinical Biochemistry, Statens Serum Institut, Copenhagen, Denmark (M.C.); and Steno Diabetes Center Copenhagen, Gentofte, Denmark (H.V.)
| | - Anniek F Lubberding
- From Department of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Denmark (L.H.-C., E.W.I., N.J.W.A., A.F.L., B.H., T.J., M.C., J.J.H., J.K.K., S.S.T.); Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Basic Metabolic Research, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Denmark (L.H.-C., E.W.I., N.J.W.A., M.S., B.H., H.V., O.P., J.J.H., T.H., S.S.T.); Research Centre for Prevention and Health, the Capital Region of Denmark, Copenhagen (A.L.); Gentofte, Aalborg and Herlev University Hospitals, Denmark (J.K.K.); Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Southern Denmark, Odense (T.H.); Department of Clinical Experimental Research, Rigshospitalet, Denmark (A.L.); Department of Clinical Medicine, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Denmark (A.L.); Danish Diabetes Academy, Odense, Denmark (E.W.I., M.S.); Department of Clinical Biochemistry, Statens Serum Institut, Copenhagen, Denmark (M.C.); and Steno Diabetes Center Copenhagen, Gentofte, Denmark (H.V.)
| | - Bolette Hartmann
- From Department of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Denmark (L.H.-C., E.W.I., N.J.W.A., A.F.L., B.H., T.J., M.C., J.J.H., J.K.K., S.S.T.); Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Basic Metabolic Research, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Denmark (L.H.-C., E.W.I., N.J.W.A., M.S., B.H., H.V., O.P., J.J.H., T.H., S.S.T.); Research Centre for Prevention and Health, the Capital Region of Denmark, Copenhagen (A.L.); Gentofte, Aalborg and Herlev University Hospitals, Denmark (J.K.K.); Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Southern Denmark, Odense (T.H.); Department of Clinical Experimental Research, Rigshospitalet, Denmark (A.L.); Department of Clinical Medicine, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Denmark (A.L.); Danish Diabetes Academy, Odense, Denmark (E.W.I., M.S.); Department of Clinical Biochemistry, Statens Serum Institut, Copenhagen, Denmark (M.C.); and Steno Diabetes Center Copenhagen, Gentofte, Denmark (H.V.)
| | - Thomas Jespersen
- From Department of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Denmark (L.H.-C., E.W.I., N.J.W.A., A.F.L., B.H., T.J., M.C., J.J.H., J.K.K., S.S.T.); Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Basic Metabolic Research, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Denmark (L.H.-C., E.W.I., N.J.W.A., M.S., B.H., H.V., O.P., J.J.H., T.H., S.S.T.); Research Centre for Prevention and Health, the Capital Region of Denmark, Copenhagen (A.L.); Gentofte, Aalborg and Herlev University Hospitals, Denmark (J.K.K.); Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Southern Denmark, Odense (T.H.); Department of Clinical Experimental Research, Rigshospitalet, Denmark (A.L.); Department of Clinical Medicine, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Denmark (A.L.); Danish Diabetes Academy, Odense, Denmark (E.W.I., M.S.); Department of Clinical Biochemistry, Statens Serum Institut, Copenhagen, Denmark (M.C.); and Steno Diabetes Center Copenhagen, Gentofte, Denmark (H.V.)
| | - Allan Linneberg
- From Department of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Denmark (L.H.-C., E.W.I., N.J.W.A., A.F.L., B.H., T.J., M.C., J.J.H., J.K.K., S.S.T.); Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Basic Metabolic Research, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Denmark (L.H.-C., E.W.I., N.J.W.A., M.S., B.H., H.V., O.P., J.J.H., T.H., S.S.T.); Research Centre for Prevention and Health, the Capital Region of Denmark, Copenhagen (A.L.); Gentofte, Aalborg and Herlev University Hospitals, Denmark (J.K.K.); Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Southern Denmark, Odense (T.H.); Department of Clinical Experimental Research, Rigshospitalet, Denmark (A.L.); Department of Clinical Medicine, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Denmark (A.L.); Danish Diabetes Academy, Odense, Denmark (E.W.I., M.S.); Department of Clinical Biochemistry, Statens Serum Institut, Copenhagen, Denmark (M.C.); and Steno Diabetes Center Copenhagen, Gentofte, Denmark (H.V.)
| | - Michael Christiansen
- From Department of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Denmark (L.H.-C., E.W.I., N.J.W.A., A.F.L., B.H., T.J., M.C., J.J.H., J.K.K., S.S.T.); Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Basic Metabolic Research, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Denmark (L.H.-C., E.W.I., N.J.W.A., M.S., B.H., H.V., O.P., J.J.H., T.H., S.S.T.); Research Centre for Prevention and Health, the Capital Region of Denmark, Copenhagen (A.L.); Gentofte, Aalborg and Herlev University Hospitals, Denmark (J.K.K.); Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Southern Denmark, Odense (T.H.); Department of Clinical Experimental Research, Rigshospitalet, Denmark (A.L.); Department of Clinical Medicine, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Denmark (A.L.); Danish Diabetes Academy, Odense, Denmark (E.W.I., M.S.); Department of Clinical Biochemistry, Statens Serum Institut, Copenhagen, Denmark (M.C.); and Steno Diabetes Center Copenhagen, Gentofte, Denmark (H.V.)
| | - Henrik Vestergaard
- From Department of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Denmark (L.H.-C., E.W.I., N.J.W.A., A.F.L., B.H., T.J., M.C., J.J.H., J.K.K., S.S.T.); Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Basic Metabolic Research, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Denmark (L.H.-C., E.W.I., N.J.W.A., M.S., B.H., H.V., O.P., J.J.H., T.H., S.S.T.); Research Centre for Prevention and Health, the Capital Region of Denmark, Copenhagen (A.L.); Gentofte, Aalborg and Herlev University Hospitals, Denmark (J.K.K.); Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Southern Denmark, Odense (T.H.); Department of Clinical Experimental Research, Rigshospitalet, Denmark (A.L.); Department of Clinical Medicine, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Denmark (A.L.); Danish Diabetes Academy, Odense, Denmark (E.W.I., M.S.); Department of Clinical Biochemistry, Statens Serum Institut, Copenhagen, Denmark (M.C.); and Steno Diabetes Center Copenhagen, Gentofte, Denmark (H.V.)
| | - Oluf Pedersen
- From Department of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Denmark (L.H.-C., E.W.I., N.J.W.A., A.F.L., B.H., T.J., M.C., J.J.H., J.K.K., S.S.T.); Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Basic Metabolic Research, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Denmark (L.H.-C., E.W.I., N.J.W.A., M.S., B.H., H.V., O.P., J.J.H., T.H., S.S.T.); Research Centre for Prevention and Health, the Capital Region of Denmark, Copenhagen (A.L.); Gentofte, Aalborg and Herlev University Hospitals, Denmark (J.K.K.); Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Southern Denmark, Odense (T.H.); Department of Clinical Experimental Research, Rigshospitalet, Denmark (A.L.); Department of Clinical Medicine, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Denmark (A.L.); Danish Diabetes Academy, Odense, Denmark (E.W.I., M.S.); Department of Clinical Biochemistry, Statens Serum Institut, Copenhagen, Denmark (M.C.); and Steno Diabetes Center Copenhagen, Gentofte, Denmark (H.V.)
| | - Jens J Holst
- From Department of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Denmark (L.H.-C., E.W.I., N.J.W.A., A.F.L., B.H., T.J., M.C., J.J.H., J.K.K., S.S.T.); Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Basic Metabolic Research, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Denmark (L.H.-C., E.W.I., N.J.W.A., M.S., B.H., H.V., O.P., J.J.H., T.H., S.S.T.); Research Centre for Prevention and Health, the Capital Region of Denmark, Copenhagen (A.L.); Gentofte, Aalborg and Herlev University Hospitals, Denmark (J.K.K.); Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Southern Denmark, Odense (T.H.); Department of Clinical Experimental Research, Rigshospitalet, Denmark (A.L.); Department of Clinical Medicine, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Denmark (A.L.); Danish Diabetes Academy, Odense, Denmark (E.W.I., M.S.); Department of Clinical Biochemistry, Statens Serum Institut, Copenhagen, Denmark (M.C.); and Steno Diabetes Center Copenhagen, Gentofte, Denmark (H.V.)
| | - Jørgen K Kanters
- From Department of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Denmark (L.H.-C., E.W.I., N.J.W.A., A.F.L., B.H., T.J., M.C., J.J.H., J.K.K., S.S.T.); Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Basic Metabolic Research, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Denmark (L.H.-C., E.W.I., N.J.W.A., M.S., B.H., H.V., O.P., J.J.H., T.H., S.S.T.); Research Centre for Prevention and Health, the Capital Region of Denmark, Copenhagen (A.L.); Gentofte, Aalborg and Herlev University Hospitals, Denmark (J.K.K.); Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Southern Denmark, Odense (T.H.); Department of Clinical Experimental Research, Rigshospitalet, Denmark (A.L.); Department of Clinical Medicine, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Denmark (A.L.); Danish Diabetes Academy, Odense, Denmark (E.W.I., M.S.); Department of Clinical Biochemistry, Statens Serum Institut, Copenhagen, Denmark (M.C.); and Steno Diabetes Center Copenhagen, Gentofte, Denmark (H.V.)
| | - Torben Hansen
- From Department of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Denmark (L.H.-C., E.W.I., N.J.W.A., A.F.L., B.H., T.J., M.C., J.J.H., J.K.K., S.S.T.); Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Basic Metabolic Research, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Denmark (L.H.-C., E.W.I., N.J.W.A., M.S., B.H., H.V., O.P., J.J.H., T.H., S.S.T.); Research Centre for Prevention and Health, the Capital Region of Denmark, Copenhagen (A.L.); Gentofte, Aalborg and Herlev University Hospitals, Denmark (J.K.K.); Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Southern Denmark, Odense (T.H.); Department of Clinical Experimental Research, Rigshospitalet, Denmark (A.L.); Department of Clinical Medicine, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Denmark (A.L.); Danish Diabetes Academy, Odense, Denmark (E.W.I., M.S.); Department of Clinical Biochemistry, Statens Serum Institut, Copenhagen, Denmark (M.C.); and Steno Diabetes Center Copenhagen, Gentofte, Denmark (H.V.).
| | - Signe S Torekov
- From Department of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Denmark (L.H.-C., E.W.I., N.J.W.A., A.F.L., B.H., T.J., M.C., J.J.H., J.K.K., S.S.T.); Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Basic Metabolic Research, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Denmark (L.H.-C., E.W.I., N.J.W.A., M.S., B.H., H.V., O.P., J.J.H., T.H., S.S.T.); Research Centre for Prevention and Health, the Capital Region of Denmark, Copenhagen (A.L.); Gentofte, Aalborg and Herlev University Hospitals, Denmark (J.K.K.); Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Southern Denmark, Odense (T.H.); Department of Clinical Experimental Research, Rigshospitalet, Denmark (A.L.); Department of Clinical Medicine, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Denmark (A.L.); Danish Diabetes Academy, Odense, Denmark (E.W.I., M.S.); Department of Clinical Biochemistry, Statens Serum Institut, Copenhagen, Denmark (M.C.); and Steno Diabetes Center Copenhagen, Gentofte, Denmark (H.V.).
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