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Qiu J, Cheng Z, Jiang Z, Gan L, Zhang Z, Xie Z. Immunomodulatory Precision: A Narrative Review Exploring the Critical Role of Immune Checkpoint Inhibitors in Cancer Treatment. Int J Mol Sci 2024; 25:5490. [PMID: 38791528 PMCID: PMC11122264 DOI: 10.3390/ijms25105490] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2024] [Revised: 05/11/2024] [Accepted: 05/14/2024] [Indexed: 05/26/2024] Open
Abstract
An immune checkpoint is a signaling pathway that regulates the recognition of antigens by T-cell receptors (TCRs) during an immune response. These checkpoints play a pivotal role in suppressing excessive immune responses and maintaining immune homeostasis against viral or microbial infections. There are several FDA-approved immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICIs), including ipilimumab, pembrolizumab, and avelumab. These ICIs target cytotoxic T-lymphocyte-associated protein 4 (CTLA-4), programmed cell death protein 1 (PD-1), and programmed death ligand 1 (PD-L1). Furthermore, ongoing efforts are focused on developing new ICIs with emerging potential. In comparison to conventional treatments, ICIs offer the advantages of reduced side effects and durable responses. There is growing interest in the potential of combining different ICIs with chemotherapy, radiation therapy, or targeted therapies. This article comprehensively reviews the classification, mechanism of action, application, and combination strategies of ICIs in various cancers and discusses their current limitations. Our objective is to contribute to the future development of more effective anticancer drugs targeting immune checkpoints.
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Affiliation(s)
- Junyu Qiu
- College of Basic Medical, Nanchang University, Nanchang 330006, China; (J.Q.); (Z.C.); (Z.J.); (L.G.); (Z.Z.)
- Queen Mary School, Medical Department, Nanchang University, Nanchang 330031, China
| | - Zilin Cheng
- College of Basic Medical, Nanchang University, Nanchang 330006, China; (J.Q.); (Z.C.); (Z.J.); (L.G.); (Z.Z.)
- Queen Mary School, Medical Department, Nanchang University, Nanchang 330031, China
| | - Zheng Jiang
- College of Basic Medical, Nanchang University, Nanchang 330006, China; (J.Q.); (Z.C.); (Z.J.); (L.G.); (Z.Z.)
- Queen Mary School, Medical Department, Nanchang University, Nanchang 330031, China
| | - Luhan Gan
- College of Basic Medical, Nanchang University, Nanchang 330006, China; (J.Q.); (Z.C.); (Z.J.); (L.G.); (Z.Z.)
- Huan Kui School, Medical Department, Nanchang University, Nanchang 330031, China
| | - Zixuan Zhang
- College of Basic Medical, Nanchang University, Nanchang 330006, China; (J.Q.); (Z.C.); (Z.J.); (L.G.); (Z.Z.)
- Queen Mary School, Medical Department, Nanchang University, Nanchang 330031, China
| | - Zhenzhen Xie
- College of Basic Medical, Nanchang University, Nanchang 330006, China; (J.Q.); (Z.C.); (Z.J.); (L.G.); (Z.Z.)
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Hazrati A, Malekpour K, Khorramdelazad H, Rajaei S, Hashemi SM. Therapeutic and immunomodulatory potentials of mesenchymal stromal/stem cells and immune checkpoints related molecules. Biomark Res 2024; 12:35. [PMID: 38515166 PMCID: PMC10958918 DOI: 10.1186/s40364-024-00580-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2024] [Accepted: 03/07/2024] [Indexed: 03/23/2024] Open
Abstract
Mesenchymal stromal/stem cells (MSCs) are used in many studies due to their therapeutic potential, including their differentiative ability and immunomodulatory properties. These cells perform their therapeutic functions by using various mechanisms, such as the production of anti-inflammatory cytokines, growth factors, direct cell-to-cell contact, extracellular vesicles (EVs) production, and mitochondrial transfer. However, mechanisms related to immune checkpoints (ICPs) and their effect on the immunomodulatory ability of MSCs are less discussed. The main function of ICPs is to prevent the initiation of unwanted responses and to regulate the immune system responses to maintain the homeostasis of these responses. ICPs are produced by various types of immune system regulatory cells, and defects in their expression and function may be associated with excessive responses that can ultimately lead to autoimmunity. Also, by expressing different types of ICPs and their ligands (ICPLs), tumor cells prevent the formation and durability of immune responses, which leads to tumors' immune escape. ICPs and ICPLs can be produced by MSCs and affect immune cell responses both through their secretion into the microenvironment or direct cell-to-cell interaction. Pre-treatment of MSCs in inflammatory conditions leads to an increase in their therapeutic potential. In addition to the effect that inflammatory environments have on the production of anti-inflammatory cytokines by MSCs, they can increase the expression of various types of ICPLs. In this review, we discuss different types of ICPLs and ICPs expressed by MSCs and their effect on their immunomodulatory and therapeutic potential.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ali Hazrati
- Department of Immunology, School of Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Kosar Malekpour
- Department of Immunology, School of Medicine, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Hossein Khorramdelazad
- Department of Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, Rafsanjan University of Medical Sciences, Rafsanjan, Iran
| | - Samira Rajaei
- Department of Immunology, School of Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.
| | - Seyed Mahmoud Hashemi
- Department of Immunology, School of Medicine, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.
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Kenoosh HA, Pallathadka H, Hjazi A, Al-Dhalimy AMB, Zearah SA, Ghildiyal P, Al-Mashhadani ZI, Mustafa YF, Hizam MM, Elawady A. Recent advances in mRNA-based vaccine for cancer therapy; bench to bedside. Cell Biochem Funct 2024; 42:e3954. [PMID: 38403905 DOI: 10.1002/cbf.3954] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/27/2023] [Revised: 02/01/2024] [Accepted: 02/08/2024] [Indexed: 02/27/2024]
Abstract
The messenger RNA (mRNA) vaccines have progressed from a theoretical concept to a clinical reality over the last few decades. Compared to conventional vaccination methods, these vaccines have a number of benefits, such as substantial potency, rapid growth, inexpensive production, and safe administration. Nevertheless, their usefulness was restricted up to now due to worries about the erratic and ineffective circulation of mRNA in vivo. Thankfully, these worries have largely been allayed by recent technological developments, which have led to the creation of multiple mRNA vaccination platforms for cancer and viral infections. The mRNA vaccines have been demonstrated as a powerful alternative to traditional conventional vaccines because of their high potency, safety and efficacy, capacity for rapid clinical development, and potential for rapid, low-cost manufacturing. The paper will examine the present status of mRNA vaccine technology and suggest future paths for the advancement and application of this exciting vaccine platform as a common therapeutic choice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hadeel Ahmed Kenoosh
- Department of Medical Laboratory Techniques, Al-Maarif University College, AL-Anbar, Iraq
| | | | - Ahmed Hjazi
- Department of Medical Laboratory, College of Applied Medical Sciences, Prince Sattam bin Abdulaziz University, Al-Kharj, Saudi Arabia
| | | | | | - Pallavi Ghildiyal
- Uttaranchal Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Uttaranchal University, Dehradun, India
| | | | - Yasser Fakri Mustafa
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, College of Pharmacy, University of Mosul, Mosul, Iraq
| | - Manar Mohammed Hizam
- College of Pharmacy, National University of Science and Technology, Dhi Qar, Iraq
| | - Ahmed Elawady
- College of Technical Engineering, The Islamic University, Najaf, Iraq
- College of Technical Engineering, The Islamic University of Al Diwaniyah, Al Diwaniyah, Iraq
- College of Technical Engineering, The Islamic University of Babylon, Babylon, Iraq
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4
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Park EJ, Lee CW. Soluble receptors in cancer: mechanisms, clinical significance, and therapeutic strategies. Exp Mol Med 2024; 56:100-109. [PMID: 38182653 PMCID: PMC10834419 DOI: 10.1038/s12276-023-01150-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2023] [Revised: 10/31/2023] [Accepted: 11/06/2023] [Indexed: 01/07/2024] Open
Abstract
Soluble receptors are soluble forms of receptors found in the extracellular space. They have emerged as pivotal regulators of cellular signaling and disease pathogenesis. This review emphasizes their significance in cancer as diagnostic/prognostic markers and potential therapeutic targets. We provide an overview of the mechanisms by which soluble receptors are generated along with their functions. By exploring their involvement in cancer progression, metastasis, and immune evasion, we highlight the importance of soluble receptors, particularly soluble cytokine receptors and immune checkpoints, in the tumor microenvironment. Although current research has illustrated the emerging clinical relevance of soluble receptors, their therapeutic applications remain underexplored. As the landscape of cancer treatment evolves, understanding and targeting soluble receptors might pave the way for novel strategies for cancer diagnosis, prognosis, and therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eun-Ji Park
- Department of Molecular Cell Biology, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Suwon, Republic of Korea
| | - Chang-Woo Lee
- Department of Molecular Cell Biology, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Suwon, Republic of Korea.
- SKKU Institute for Convergence, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon, Republic of Korea.
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Johnson WT, McBride D, Kerr M, Nguyen A, Zoccheddu M, Bollmann M, Wei X, Jones RM, Wang W, Svensson MND, Bottini N, Shah NJ. Immunomodulatory Nanoparticles for Modulating Arthritis Flares. ACS NANO 2024; 18:1892-1906. [PMID: 38016062 DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.3c05298] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2023]
Abstract
Disease-modifying drugs have improved the treatment for autoimmune joint disorders, such as rheumatoid arthritis, but inflammatory flares are a common experience. This work reports the development and application of flare-modulating poly(lactic-co-glycolic acid)-poly(ethylene glycol)-maleimide (PLGA-PEG-MAL)-based nanoparticles conjugated with joint-relevant peptide antigens, aggrecan70-84 and type 2 bovine collagen256-270. Peptide-conjugated PLGA-PEG-MAL nanoparticles encapsulated calcitriol, which acted as an immunoregulatory agent, and were termed calcitriol-loaded nanoparticles (CLNP). CLNP had a ∼200 nm hydrodynamic diameter with a low polydispersity index. In vitro, CLNP induced phenotypic changes in bone marrow derived dendritic cells (DC), reducing the expression of costimulatory and major histocompatibility complex class II molecules, and proinflammatory cytokines. Bulk RNA sequencing of DC showed that CLNP enhanced expression of Ctla4, a gene associated with downregulation of immune responses. In vivo, CLNP accumulated in the proximal lymph nodes after intramuscular injection. Administration of CLNP was not associated with changes in peripheral blood cell numbers or cytokine levels. In the collagen-induced arthritis and SKG mouse models of autoimmune joint disorders, CLNP reduced clinical scores, prevented bone erosion, and preserved cartilage proteoglycan, as assessed by high-resolution microcomputed tomography and histomorphometry analysis. The disease protective effects were associated with increased CTLA-4 expression in joint-localized DC and CD4+ T cells but without generalized suppression of T cell-dependent immune response. The results support the potential of CLNP as modulators of disease flares in autoimmune arthropathies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wade T Johnson
- Department of NanoEngineering and Chemical Engineering Program, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California 92093, United States
| | - David McBride
- Department of NanoEngineering and Chemical Engineering Program, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California 92093, United States
| | - Matthew Kerr
- Department of NanoEngineering and Chemical Engineering Program, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California 92093, United States
| | - Anders Nguyen
- Department of Rheumatology and Inflammation Research, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg 41346, Sweden
- SciLifeLab, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg 41346, Sweden
| | - Martina Zoccheddu
- Department of Medicine, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California 92093, United States
| | - Miriam Bollmann
- Department of Rheumatology and Inflammation Research, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg 41346, Sweden
- SciLifeLab, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg 41346, Sweden
| | - Xiaofu Wei
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California 92093, United States
| | - Ryan M Jones
- Department of NanoEngineering and Chemical Engineering Program, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California 92093, United States
| | - Wei Wang
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California 92093, United States
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California 92093, United States
| | - Mattias N D Svensson
- Department of Rheumatology and Inflammation Research, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg 41346, Sweden
- SciLifeLab, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg 41346, Sweden
| | - Nunzio Bottini
- Kao Autoimmunity Institute and Division of Rheumatology, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, California 90048, United States
| | - Nisarg J Shah
- Department of NanoEngineering and Chemical Engineering Program, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California 92093, United States
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Bai X, Verma D, Garcia C, Musheyev A, Kim K, Fornis L, Griffith DE, Li L, Whittel N, Gadwa J, Ohanjanyan T, Eggleston MJ, Galvan M, Freed BM, Ordway D, Chan ED. Ex vivo and in vivo evidence that cigarette smoke-exposed T regulatory cells impair host immunity against Mycobacterium tuberculosis. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2023; 13:1216492. [PMID: 37965256 PMCID: PMC10641287 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2023.1216492] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2023] [Accepted: 09/08/2023] [Indexed: 11/16/2023] Open
Abstract
Introduction A strong epidemiologic link exists between cigarette smoke (CS) exposure and susceptibility to tuberculosis (TB). Macrophage and murine studies showed that CS and nicotine impair host-protective immune cells against Mycobacterium tuberculosis (MTB) infection. While CS and nicotine may activate T regulatory cells (Tregs), little is known about how CS may affect these immunosuppressive cells with MTB infection. Methods We investigated whether CS-exposed Tregs could exacerbate MTB infection in co-culture with human macrophages and in recipient mice that underwent adoptive transfer of Tregs from donor CS-exposed mice. Results We found that exposure of primary human Tregs to CS extract impaired the ability of unexposed human macrophages to control an MTB infection by inhibiting phagosome-lysosome fusion and autophagosome formation. Neutralizing CTLA-4 on the CS extract-exposed Tregs abrogated the impaired control of MTB infection in the macrophage and Treg co-cultures. In Foxp3+GFP+DTR+ (Thy1.2) mice depleted of endogenous Tregs, adoptive transfer of Tregs from donor CS-exposed B6.PL(Thy1.1) mice with subsequent MTB infection of the Thy1.2 mice resulted in a greater burden of MTB in the lungs and spleens than those that received Tregs from air-exposed mice. Mice that received Tregs from donor CS-exposed mice and infected with MTB had modest but significantly reduced numbers of interleukin-12-positive dendritic cells and interferon-gamma-positive CD4+ T cells in the lungs, and an increased number of total programmed cell death protein-1 (PD-1) positive CD4+ T cells in both the lungs and spleens. Discussion Previous studies demonstrated that CS impairs macrophages and host-protective T effector cells in controlling MTB infection. We now show that CS-exposed Tregs can also impair control of MTB in co-culture with macrophages and in a murine model.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiyuan Bai
- Department of Academic Affairs, National Jewish Health, Denver, CO, United States
- Department of Medicine, National Jewish Health, Denver, CO, United States
- Division of Pulmonary Sciences and Critical Care Medicine, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO, United States
| | - Deepshikha Verma
- Mycobacteria Research Laboratories, Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Pathology, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO, United States
| | - Cindy Garcia
- Department of Academic Affairs, National Jewish Health, Denver, CO, United States
- Department of Medicine, National Jewish Health, Denver, CO, United States
| | - Ariel Musheyev
- Department of Academic Affairs, National Jewish Health, Denver, CO, United States
- Department of Medicine, National Jewish Health, Denver, CO, United States
| | - Kevin Kim
- Department of Academic Affairs, National Jewish Health, Denver, CO, United States
- Department of Medicine, National Jewish Health, Denver, CO, United States
| | - Lorelenn Fornis
- Department of Academic Affairs, National Jewish Health, Denver, CO, United States
- Department of Medicine, National Jewish Health, Denver, CO, United States
| | - David E. Griffith
- Department of Academic Affairs, National Jewish Health, Denver, CO, United States
- Department of Medicine, National Jewish Health, Denver, CO, United States
| | - Li Li
- Department of Academic Affairs, National Jewish Health, Denver, CO, United States
- Department of Medicine, National Jewish Health, Denver, CO, United States
| | - Nicholas Whittel
- Mycobacteria Research Laboratories, Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Pathology, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO, United States
| | - Jacob Gadwa
- Mycobacteria Research Laboratories, Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Pathology, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO, United States
| | - Tamara Ohanjanyan
- Mycobacteria Research Laboratories, Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Pathology, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO, United States
| | - Matthew J. Eggleston
- Complement Laboratory, Advance Diagnostics, National Jewish Health, Denver, CO, United States
| | - Manuel Galvan
- Complement Laboratory, Advance Diagnostics, National Jewish Health, Denver, CO, United States
| | - Brian M. Freed
- Department of Medicine, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO, United States
| | - Diane Ordway
- Mycobacteria Research Laboratories, Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Pathology, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO, United States
| | - Edward D. Chan
- Department of Academic Affairs, National Jewish Health, Denver, CO, United States
- Department of Medicine, National Jewish Health, Denver, CO, United States
- Division of Pulmonary Sciences and Critical Care Medicine, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO, United States
- Department of Medicine, Rocky Mountain Regional Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Aurora, CO, United States
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Marx S, Wilken F, Miebach L, Ispirjan M, Kinnen F, Paul S, Bien-Möller S, Freund E, Baldauf J, Fleck S, Siebert N, Lode H, Stahl A, Rauch BH, Singer S, Ritter C, Schroeder HWS, Bekeschus S. Immunophenotyping of Circulating and Intratumoral Myeloid and T Cells in Glioblastoma Patients. Cancers (Basel) 2022; 14:cancers14235751. [PMID: 36497232 PMCID: PMC9739079 DOI: 10.3390/cancers14235751] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2022] [Revised: 11/03/2022] [Accepted: 11/17/2022] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Glioblastoma is the most common and lethal primary brain malignancy that almost inevitably recurs as therapy-refractory cancer. While the success of immune checkpoint blockade (ICB) revealed the immense potential of immune-targeted therapies in several types of cancers outside the central nervous system, it failed to show objective responses in glioblastoma patients as of now. The ability of glioblastoma cells to drive multiple modes of T cell dysfunction while exhibiting low-quality neoepitopes, low-mutational load, and poor antigen priming limits anti-tumor immunity and efficacy of antigen-unspecific immunotherapies such as ICB. An in-depth understanding of the GBM immune landscape is essential to delineate and reprogram such immunosuppressive circuits during disease progression. In this view, the present study aimed to characterize the peripheral and intratumoral immune compartments of 35 glioblastoma patients compared to age- and sex-matched healthy control probands, particularly focusing on exhaustion signatures on myeloid and T cell subsets. Compared to healthy control participants, different immune signatures were already found in the peripheral circulation, partially related to the steroid medication the patients received. Intratumoral CD4+ and CD8+ TEM cells (CD62Llow/CD45ROhigh) revealed a high expression of PD1, which was also increased on intratumoral, pro-tumorigenic macrophages/microglia. Histopathological analysis further identified high PSGL-1 expression levels of the latter, which has recently been linked to increased metastasis in melanoma and colon cancer via P-selectin-mediated platelet activation. Overall, the present study comprises immunophenotyping of a patient cohort to give implications for eligible immunotherapeutic targets in neurooncology in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sascha Marx
- Department of Cancer Immunology and Virology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Harvard Medical School, 450 Brookline Avenue, Boston, MA 02215, USA
- Department of Neurosurgery, Greifswald University Medical Center, Ferdinand-Sauerbruch-Str., 17475 Greifswald, Germany
| | - Fabian Wilken
- Department of Neurosurgery, Greifswald University Medical Center, Ferdinand-Sauerbruch-Str., 17475 Greifswald, Germany
- ZIK plasmatis, Leibniz Institute for Plasma Science and Technology (INP), Felix-Hausdorff-Str. 2, 17489 Greifswald, Germany
| | - Lea Miebach
- ZIK plasmatis, Leibniz Institute for Plasma Science and Technology (INP), Felix-Hausdorff-Str. 2, 17489 Greifswald, Germany
- Department for General, Thoracic, Vascular, and Thorax Surgery, Greifswald University Medical Center, Ferdinand-Sauerbruch-Str., 17475 Greifswald, Germany
| | - Mikael Ispirjan
- Department of Cancer Immunology and Virology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Harvard Medical School, 450 Brookline Avenue, Boston, MA 02215, USA
- ZIK plasmatis, Leibniz Institute for Plasma Science and Technology (INP), Felix-Hausdorff-Str. 2, 17489 Greifswald, Germany
| | - Frederik Kinnen
- Department of Neurosurgery, Greifswald University Medical Center, Ferdinand-Sauerbruch-Str., 17475 Greifswald, Germany
- Department of Pharmacology, C_DAT, Greifswald University Medical Center, Felix-Hausdorff-Str. 3, 17489 Greifswald, Germany
| | - Sebastian Paul
- Department of Ophthalmology, Greifswald University Medical Center, Ferdinand-Sauerbruch-Str., 17475 Greifswald, Germany
| | - Sandra Bien-Möller
- Department of Neurosurgery, Greifswald University Medical Center, Ferdinand-Sauerbruch-Str., 17475 Greifswald, Germany
- Department of Pharmacology, C_DAT, Greifswald University Medical Center, Felix-Hausdorff-Str. 3, 17489 Greifswald, Germany
| | - Eric Freund
- ZIK plasmatis, Leibniz Institute for Plasma Science and Technology (INP), Felix-Hausdorff-Str. 2, 17489 Greifswald, Germany
- Department for General, Thoracic, Vascular, and Thorax Surgery, Greifswald University Medical Center, Ferdinand-Sauerbruch-Str., 17475 Greifswald, Germany
| | - Jörg Baldauf
- Department of Neurosurgery, Greifswald University Medical Center, Ferdinand-Sauerbruch-Str., 17475 Greifswald, Germany
| | - Steffen Fleck
- Department of Neurosurgery, Greifswald University Medical Center, Ferdinand-Sauerbruch-Str., 17475 Greifswald, Germany
| | - Nikolai Siebert
- Department of Pediatric Oncology, Greifswald University Medical Center, Ferdinand-Sauerbruch-Str., 17475 Greifswald, Germany
| | - Holger Lode
- Department of Pediatric Oncology, Greifswald University Medical Center, Ferdinand-Sauerbruch-Str., 17475 Greifswald, Germany
| | - Andreas Stahl
- Department of Ophthalmology, Greifswald University Medical Center, Ferdinand-Sauerbruch-Str., 17475 Greifswald, Germany
| | - Bernhard H. Rauch
- Pharmacology and Toxicology, Department of Human Medicine, University of Oldenburg, Carl-von-Ossietzky-Str. 9-11, 26129 Oldenburg, Germany
| | - Stephan Singer
- Department of Pathology, Greifswald University Medical Center, Ferdinand-Sauerbruch-Str., 17475 Greifswald, Germany
- Department of Pathology and Neuropathology, Tuebingen University Medical Center, Liebermeisterstr. 8, 72076 Tuebingen, Germany
| | - Christoph Ritter
- Institute of Clinical Pharmacy, Greifswald University, Felix-Hausdorff-Str. 3, 17489 Greifswald, Germany
| | - Henry W. S. Schroeder
- Department of Neurosurgery, Greifswald University Medical Center, Ferdinand-Sauerbruch-Str., 17475 Greifswald, Germany
| | - Sander Bekeschus
- ZIK plasmatis, Leibniz Institute for Plasma Science and Technology (INP), Felix-Hausdorff-Str. 2, 17489 Greifswald, Germany
- Correspondence:
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Fathi M, Razavi SM, Sojoodi M, Ahmadi A, Ebrahimi F, Namdar A, Hojjat-Farsangi M, Gholamin S, Jadidi-Niaragh F. Targeting the CTLA-4/B7 axes in glioblastoma: preclinical evidence and clinical interventions. Expert Opin Ther Targets 2022; 26:949-961. [PMID: 36527817 DOI: 10.1080/14728222.2022.2160703] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Glioblastoma Multiforme (GBM) is one of the fatal cancers of the Central Nervous System (CNS). A variety of reasons exist for why previous immunotherapy strategies, especially Immune Checkpoint Blockers (ICBs), did not work in treating GBM patients. The cytotoxic T-lymphocyte-associated protein 4 (CTLA-4) is a key immune checkpoint receptor. Its overexpression in cancer and immune cells causes tumor cell progression. CTLA-4 suppresses anti-tumor responses inside the GBM tumor-immune microenvironment. AREAS COVERED It has been attempted to explain the immunobiology of CTLA-4 as well as its interaction with different immune cells and cancer cells that lead to GBM progression. Additionally, CTLA-4 targeting studies have been reviewed and CTLA-4 combination therapy, as a promising therapeutic target and strategy for GBM immunotherapy, is recommended. EXPERT OPINION CTLA-4 could be a possible supplement for future cancer immunotherapies of GBM. However, many challenges remain such as the high toxicity of CTLA-4 blockers, and the unresponsiveness of most patients to immunotherapy. For the future clinical success of CTLA-4 blocker therapy, combination approaches with other targeted treatments would be a potentially effective strategy. Going forward, predictive biomarkers can be used to reduce trial timelines and increase the chance of success.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mehrdad Fathi
- Immunology Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran.,Department of Immunology, School of Medicine, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Seyed-Mostafa Razavi
- Department of Neurosurgery, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Mozhdeh Sojoodi
- Division of Gastrointestinal and Oncologic Surgery, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Armin Ahmadi
- Department of Chemical and Materials Engineering, The University of Alabama in Huntsville, AL, USA
| | - Farbod Ebrahimi
- Nanoparticle Process Technology, Faculty of Engineering, University of Duisburg-Essen, Duisburg, Germany
| | - Afshin Namdar
- Department of Immunology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | | | - Sharareh Gholamin
- Division of Biology and Bioengineering, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA, USA
| | - Farhad Jadidi-Niaragh
- Immunology Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran.,Department of Immunology, School of Medicine, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
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9
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Kudo-Saito C, Boku N, Hirano H, Shoji H. Targeting myeloid villains in the treatment with immune checkpoint inhibitors in gastrointestinal cancer. Front Immunol 2022; 13:1009701. [PMID: 36211375 PMCID: PMC9539086 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.1009701] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2022] [Accepted: 09/13/2022] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Despite the clinical outcomes being extremely limited, blocking immune inhibitory checkpoint pathways has been in the spotlight as a promising strategy for treating gastrointestinal cancer. However, a distinct strategy for the successful treatment is obviously needed in the clinical settings. Myeloid cells, such as neutrophils, macrophages, dendritic cells, and mast cells, are the majority of cellular components in the human immune system, but have received relatively less attention for the practical implementation than T cells and NK cells in cancer therapy because of concentration of the interest in development of the immune checkpoint blocking antibody inhibitors (ICIs). Abnormality of myeloid cells must impact on the entire host, including immune responses, stromagenesis, and cancer cells, leading to refractory cancer. This implies that elimination and reprogramming of the tumor-supportive myeloid villains may be a breakthrough to efficiently induce potent anti-tumor immunity in cancer patients. In this review, we provide an overview of current situation of the IC-blocking therapy of gastrointestinal cancer, including gastric, colorectal, and esophageal cancers. Also, we highlight the possible oncoimmunological components involved in the mechanisms underlying the resistance to the ICI therapy, particularly focusing on myeloid cells, including unique subsets expressing IC molecules. A deeper understanding of the molecular and cellular determinants may facilitate its practical implementation of targeting myeloid villains, and improve the clinical outcomes in the ICI therapy of gastrointestinal cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chie Kudo-Saito
- Department of Immune Medicine, National Cancer Center Research Institute, Tokyo, Japan
- *Correspondence: Chie Kudo-Saito,
| | - Narikazu Boku
- Department of Oncology and General Medicine, Institute of Medical Science Hospital, Institute of Medical Science, University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Hidekazu Hirano
- Department of Gastrointestinal Medical Oncology, National Cancer Center Hospital, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Hirokazu Shoji
- Department of Gastrointestinal Medical Oncology, National Cancer Center Hospital, Tokyo, Japan
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10
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Lepri G, Catalano M, Bellando-Randone S, Pillozzi S, Giommoni E, Giorgione R, Botteri C, Matucci-Cerinic M, Antonuzzo L, Guiducci S. Systemic Sclerosis Association with Malignancy. Clin Rev Allergy Immunol 2022; 63:398-416. [PMID: 36121543 DOI: 10.1007/s12016-022-08930-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 02/10/2022] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
The association of systemic sclerosis (SSc) and cancer is well known from several decades suggesting common genetic and environmental risk factors involved in the development of both diseases. Immunosuppressive drugs widely used in SSc may increase the risk of cancer occurrence and different SSc clinical and serological features identify patients at major risk to develop malignancy. In this context, among serological features, presence of anti-RNA polymerase III and anti-topoisomerase I autoantibodies seems to increase cancer frequency in SSc patients (particularly lung and breast cancers). Lung fibrosis and a long standing SSc pulmonary involvement have been largely proposed as lung cancer risk factors, and the exposure to cyclophosphamide and an upper gastrointestinal involvement have been traditionally linked to bladder and oesophagus cancers, respectively. Furthermore, immune checkpoint inhibitors used for cancer therapy can induce immune-related adverse events, which are more frequent and severe in patients with pre-existing autoimmune diseases such as SSc. The strong association between SSc and cancer occurrence steers clinicians to carefully survey SSc patients performing periodical malignancy screening. In the present review, the most relevant bilateral relationships between SSc and cancer will be addressed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gemma Lepri
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Medicine, University of Florence, and Division of Rheumatology, AOUC & Scleroderma Unit, Florence, Italy.
| | - Martina Catalano
- Medical Oncology Unit, Careggi University Hospital, Florence, Italy
| | - Silvia Bellando-Randone
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Medicine, University of Florence, and Division of Rheumatology, AOUC & Scleroderma Unit, Florence, Italy
| | - Serena Pillozzi
- Medical Oncology Unit, Careggi University Hospital, Florence, Italy
| | - Elisa Giommoni
- Medical Oncology Unit, Careggi University Hospital, Florence, Italy
| | | | - Cristina Botteri
- Medical Oncology Unit, Careggi University Hospital, Florence, Italy
| | - Marco Matucci-Cerinic
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Medicine, University of Florence, and Division of Rheumatology, AOUC & Scleroderma Unit, Florence, Italy.,Unit of Immunology, Rheumatology, Allergy and Rare Diseases (UnIRAR), IRCCS San Raffaele Hospital, Milan, Italy
| | - Lorenzo Antonuzzo
- Medical Oncology, Department of Experimental and Clinical Medicine, University of Florence, Florence, Italy
| | - Serena Guiducci
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Medicine, University of Florence, and Division of Rheumatology, AOUC & Scleroderma Unit, Florence, Italy
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11
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Ghorbaninezhad F, Masoumi J, Bakhshivand M, Baghbanzadeh A, Mokhtarzadeh A, Kazemi T, Aghebati-Maleki L, Shotorbani SS, Jafarlou M, Brunetti O, Santarpia M, Baradaran B, Silvestris N. CTLA-4 silencing in dendritic cells loaded with colorectal cancer cell lysate improves autologous T cell responses in vitro. Front Immunol 2022; 13:931316. [PMID: 35979362 PMCID: PMC9376327 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.931316] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2022] [Accepted: 07/11/2022] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Dendritic cell (DC)-based immunotherapy has increased interest among anti-cancer immunotherapies. Nevertheless, the immunosuppressive mechanisms in the tumor milieu, e.g., inhibitory immune checkpoint molecules, have been implicated in diminishing the efficacy of DC-mediated anti-tumoral immune responses. Therefore, the main challenge is to overcome inhibitory immune checkpoint molecules and provoke efficient T-cell responses to antigens specifically expressed by cancerous cells. Among the inhibitory immune checkpoints, cytotoxic T-lymphocyte-associated protein 4 (CTLA-4) expression on DCs diminishes their maturation and antigen presentation capability. Accordingly, we hypothesized that the expression of CTLA-4 on DCs inhibits the T cell-mediated anti-tumoral responses generated following the presentation of tumor antigens by DCs to T lymphocytes. In this study, we loaded colorectal cancer (CRC) cell lysate on DCs and inhibited the expression of CTLA-4 by small interfering RNA (siRNA) in them to investigate the DCs’ functional and phenotypical features, and T-cell mediated responses following DC/T cell co-culture. Our results demonstrated that blockade of CTLA-4 could promote stimulatory properties of DCs. In addition, CTLA-4 silenced CRC cell lysate-loaded DCs compared to the DCs without CTLA-4 silencing resulted in augmented T cell proliferation and cytokine production, i.e., IFN-γ and IL-4. Taken together, our findings suggest CTLA-4 silenced CRC cell lysate-loaded DCs as a promising therapeutic approach however further studies are needed before this strategy can be used in clinical practice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Farid Ghorbaninezhad
- Immunology Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
- Department of Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
- Student Research Committee, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Javad Masoumi
- Immunology Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Mohammad Bakhshivand
- Immunology Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
- Department of Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Amir Baghbanzadeh
- Immunology Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Ahad Mokhtarzadeh
- Immunology Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
- Pharmaceutical Analysis Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Tohid Kazemi
- Immunology Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
- Department of Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | | | - Siamak Sandoghchian Shotorbani
- Immunology Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
- Department of Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Mahdi Jafarlou
- Immunology Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Oronzo Brunetti
- Medical Oncology Unit, Istituto di Ricovero e Cura a Carattere Scientifico (IRCCS) Istituto Tumori “Giovanni Paolo II” of Bari, Bari, Italy
| | - Mariacarmela Santarpia
- Medical Oncology Unit, Department of Human Pathology “G. Barresi”, University of Messina, Messina, Italy
| | - Behzad Baradaran
- Immunology Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
- Department of Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
- *Correspondence: Behzad Baradaran, ; Nicola Silvestris,
| | - Nicola Silvestris
- Medical Oncology Unit, Department of Human Pathology “G. Barresi”, University of Messina, Messina, Italy
- *Correspondence: Behzad Baradaran, ; Nicola Silvestris,
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12
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Differential regulation of CTLA4 expression through BTK-dependent and independent mechanisms in CLL. Blood Adv 2022; 6:5440-5448. [PMID: 35759759 PMCID: PMC9631695 DOI: 10.1182/bloodadvances.2021005571] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2021] [Accepted: 06/15/2022] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Ibrutinib suppresses CLL cell CTLA4 expression in vitro and in vivo. CTLA4 expression on CLL is regulated by non-BTKs that differ from T-cell CTLA4 regulation.
Cytotoxic T lymphocyte antigen 4 (CTLA4) is a major immune checkpoint and target for cancer immunotherapy. Although originally discovered and primarily studied on T cells, its role on other cell types has also been recognized in recent years. Here we describe an unexpected interaction between ibrutinib (a targeted inhibitor of Bruton tyrosine kinase [BTK]) and CTLA4 expression on malignant chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL) cells. Although BTK itself does play a role in CTLA4 expression in CLL, we demonstrate that ibrutinib’s main suppressive effect on CTLA4 protein expression and trafficking occurs through non-BTK targets influenced by this drug. This suppression is not seen in T cells, indicating a different mechanism of CTLA4 regulation in CLL vs T cells. Appreciating this distinct mechanism and the beneficial non-BTK effects of ibrutinib may contribute to understanding the immune benefits of ibrutinib treatment and lead to therapeutic approaches to improve immune function in patients with CLL by suppressing CTLA4 expression.
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13
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Ahmed U, Graf JF, Daytz A, Yaipen O, Mughrabi I, Jayaprakash N, Cotero V, Morton C, Deutschman CS, Zanos S, Puleo C. Ultrasound Neuromodulation of the Spleen Has Time-Dependent Anti-Inflammatory Effect in a Pneumonia Model. Front Immunol 2022; 13:892086. [PMID: 35784337 PMCID: PMC9244783 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.892086] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2022] [Accepted: 05/17/2022] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Interfaces between the nervous and immune systems have been shown essential for the coordination and regulation of immune responses. Non-invasive ultrasound stimulation targeted to the spleen has recently been shown capable of activating one such interface, the splenic cholinergic anti-inflammatory pathway (CAP). Over the past decade, CAP and other neuroimmune pathways have been activated using implanted nerve stimulators and tested to prevent cytokine release and inflammation. However, CAP studies have typically been performed in models of severe, systemic (e.g., endotoxemia) or chronic inflammation (e.g., collagen-induced arthritis or DSS-induced colitis). Herein, we examined the effects of activation of the splenic CAP with ultrasound in a model of local bacterial infection by lung instillation of 105 CFU of Streptococcus pneumoniae. We demonstrate a time-dependent effect of CAP activation on the cytokine response assay during infection progression. CAP activation-induced cytokine suppression is absent at intermediate times post-infection (16 hours following inoculation), but present during the early (4 hours) and later phases (48 hours). These results indicate that cytokine inhibition associated with splenic CAP activation is not observed at all timepoints following bacterial infection and highlights the importance of further studying neuroimmune interfaces within the context of different immune system and inflammatory states.
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Affiliation(s)
- Umair Ahmed
- Institute of Bioelectronic Medicine, Feinstein Institutes for Medical Research, Manhasset, NY, United States
| | - John F. Graf
- General Electric Research, Niskayuna, NY, United States
| | - Anna Daytz
- Institute of Bioelectronic Medicine, Feinstein Institutes for Medical Research, Manhasset, NY, United States
| | - Omar Yaipen
- Institute of Bioelectronic Medicine, Feinstein Institutes for Medical Research, Manhasset, NY, United States
| | - Ibrahim Mughrabi
- Institute of Bioelectronic Medicine, Feinstein Institutes for Medical Research, Manhasset, NY, United States
| | - Naveen Jayaprakash
- Institute of Bioelectronic Medicine, Feinstein Institutes for Medical Research, Manhasset, NY, United States
| | | | | | - Clifford Scott Deutschman
- Institute of Bioelectronic Medicine, Feinstein Institutes for Medical Research, Manhasset, NY, United States
| | - Stavros Zanos
- Institute of Bioelectronic Medicine, Feinstein Institutes for Medical Research, Manhasset, NY, United States
| | - Chris Puleo
- General Electric Research, Niskayuna, NY, United States
- *Correspondence: Chris Puleo,
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14
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Teng W, Jeng WJ, Chen WT, Lin CC, Lin CY, Lin SM, Sheen IS. Soluble form of CTLA-4 is a good predictor for tumor recurrence after radiofrequency ablation in hepatocellular carcinoma patients. Cancer Med 2022; 11:3786-3795. [PMID: 35435327 PMCID: PMC9582685 DOI: 10.1002/cam4.4760] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2022] [Revised: 03/28/2022] [Accepted: 03/31/2022] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND A soluble form of cytotoxic-T-lymphocyte-antigen-4 (sCTLA-4) is a prognostic biomarker for several cancers but remains unclear in HCC patients. The aim of study is to evaluate the predictive role of serum sCTLA-4 levels for tumor recurrence of chronic hepatis C (CHC)-HCC patients receiving radiofrequency ablation (RFA). MATERIAL AND METHOD A prospective study recruiting 88 CHC-HCC patients was done between 2013 and 2019. Cox regression analysis was used to determine the predictors of early recurrence. All tests were two-tailed, and the level of statistical significance was set as p < 0.05. RESULTS During a median follow-up of 44.4 months, 53 of the 88 (60.2%) CHC-HCC patients encountered early recurrence within 2 years. The predictability of sCTLA-4 for local recurrence (LR) and intrahepatic metastasis (IHM) by 2-years using AUROC curve analysis were 0.740 and 0.715, respectively. Patients with high sCTLA-4 levels (>9 ng/ml) encountered shorter recurrence-free survival (RFS) for LR (log-rank p = 0.017) but paradoxically longer RFS for IHM (log-rank p = 0.007) compared to those with low levels (≤9 ng/ml). By multivariate Cox regression analysis, sCTLA-4 levels and antiviral therapy were independent prognostic factor of early recurrence both in LR and IHM. A combination of baseline sCTLA-4 and AFP level could improve the predictability of early LR and IHM with specificity of 80.0% and 79.7% and positive predictive value of 63.3% and 67.3%, respectively. CONCLUSIONS sCTLA-4 level is a good predictor for early HCC recurrence with higher levels indicating susceptibility to early LR, but protecting from early IHM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Teng
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Linkou Medical Center, TaoYuan, Taiwan.,Institute of Clinical Medicine, National Yang-Ming Chiao-Tung University, Taipei, Taiwan.,College of Medicine, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan, Taiwan
| | - Wen-Juei Jeng
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Linkou Medical Center, TaoYuan, Taiwan.,Institute of Clinical Medicine, National Yang-Ming Chiao-Tung University, Taipei, Taiwan.,College of Medicine, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan, Taiwan
| | - Wei-Ting Chen
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Linkou Medical Center, TaoYuan, Taiwan.,College of Medicine, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan, Taiwan
| | - Chen-Chun Lin
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Linkou Medical Center, TaoYuan, Taiwan.,College of Medicine, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan, Taiwan
| | - Chun-Yen Lin
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Linkou Medical Center, TaoYuan, Taiwan.,College of Medicine, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan, Taiwan
| | - Shi-Ming Lin
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Linkou Medical Center, TaoYuan, Taiwan.,College of Medicine, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan, Taiwan
| | - I-Shyan Sheen
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Linkou Medical Center, TaoYuan, Taiwan.,College of Medicine, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan, Taiwan
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15
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Kuske M, Haist M, Jung T, Grabbe S, Bros M. Immunomodulatory Properties of Immune Checkpoint Inhibitors-More than Boosting T-Cell Responses? Cancers (Basel) 2022; 14:1710. [PMID: 35406483 PMCID: PMC8996886 DOI: 10.3390/cancers14071710] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2022] [Revised: 03/24/2022] [Accepted: 03/24/2022] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
The approval of immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICI) that serve to enhance effector T-cell anti-tumor responses has strongly improved success rates in the treatment of metastatic melanoma and other tumor types. The currently approved ICI constitute monoclonal antibodies blocking cytotoxic T-lymphocyte-associated protein (CTLA)-4 and anti-programmed cell death (PD)-1. By this, the T-cell-inhibitory CTLA-4/CD80/86 and PD-1/PD-1L/2L signaling axes are inhibited. This leads to sustained effector T-cell activity and circumvents the immune evasion of tumor cells, which frequently upregulate PD-L1 expression and modulate immune checkpoint molecule expression on leukocytes. As a result, profound clinical responses are observed in 40-60% of metastatic melanoma patients. Despite the pivotal role of T effector cells for triggering anti-tumor immunity, mounting evidence indicates that ICI efficacy may also be attributable to other cell types than T effector cells. In particular, emerging research has shown that ICI also impacts innate immune cells, such as myeloid cells, natural killer cells and innate lymphoid cells, which may amplify tumoricidal functions beyond triggering T effector cells, and thus improves clinical efficacy. Effects of ICI on non-T cells may additionally explain, in part, the character and extent of adverse effects associated with treatment. Deeper knowledge of these effects is required to further develop ICI treatment in terms of responsiveness of patients to treatment, to overcome resistance to ICI and to alleviate adverse effects. In this review we give an overview into the currently known immunomodulatory effects of ICI treatment in immune cell types other than the T cell compartment.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Matthias Bros
- Department of Dermatology, University Medical Center Mainz, Langenbeckstraße 1, 55131 Mainz, Germany; (M.K.); (M.H.); (T.J.); (S.G.)
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16
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Dendritic cell-based cancer immunotherapy in the era of immune checkpoint inhibitors: From bench to bedside. Life Sci 2022; 297:120466. [PMID: 35271882 DOI: 10.1016/j.lfs.2022.120466] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2021] [Revised: 03/02/2022] [Accepted: 03/04/2022] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Dendritic cells (DCs) can present tumoral antigens to T-cells and stimulate T-cell-mediated anti-tumoral immune responses. In addition to uptaking, processing, and presenting tumoral antigens to T-cells, co-stimulatory signals have to be established between DCs with T-cells to develop anti-tumoral immune responses. However, most of the tumor-infiltrated immune cells are immunosuppressive in the tumor microenvironment (TME), paving the way for immune evasion of tumor cells. This immunosuppressive TME has also been implicated in suppressing the DC-mediated anti-tumoral immune responses, as well. Various factors, i.e., immunoregulatory cells, metabolic factors, tumor-derived immunosuppressive factors, and inhibitory immune checkpoint molecules, have been implicated in developing the immunosuppressive TME. Herein, we aimed to review the biology of DCs in developing T-cell-mediated anti-tumoral immune responses, the significance of immunoregulatory cells in the TME, metabolic barriers contributing to DCs dysfunction in the TME, tumor-derived immunosuppressive factors, and inhibitory immune checkpoint molecules in DC-based cell therapy outcomes. With reviewing the ongoing clinical trials, we also proposed a novel therapeutic strategy to increase the efficacy of DC-based cell therapy. Indeed, the combination of DC-based cell therapy with monoclonal antibodies against novel immune checkpoint molecules can be a promising strategy to increase the response rate of patients with cancers.
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17
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Checkpoint Inhibitors and Induction of Celiac Disease-like Condition. Biomedicines 2022; 10:biomedicines10030609. [PMID: 35327411 PMCID: PMC8945786 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines10030609] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2022] [Revised: 03/02/2022] [Accepted: 03/03/2022] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Immune checkpoint inhibitors herald a new era in oncological therapy-resistant cancer, thus bringing hope for better outcomes and quality of life for patients. However, as with other medications, they are not without serious side effects over time. Despite this, their advantages outweigh their disadvantages. Understanding the adverse effects will help therapists locate, apprehend, treat, and perhaps diminish them. The major ones are termed immune-related adverse events (irAEs), representing their auto-immunogenic capacity. This narrative review concentrates on the immune checkpoint inhibitors induced celiac disease (CD), highlighting the importance of the costimulatory inhibitors in CD evolvement and suggesting several mechanisms for CD induction. Unraveling those cross-talks and pathways might reveal some new therapeutic strategies.
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18
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Canossi A, Iesari S, Lai Q, Ciavatta S, Del Beato T, Panarese A, Binda B, Tessitore A, Papola F, Pisani F. Longitudinal monitoring of mRNA levels of regulatory T cell biomarkers by using non-invasive strategies to predict outcome in renal transplantation. BMC Nephrol 2022; 23:51. [PMID: 35109826 PMCID: PMC8809010 DOI: 10.1186/s12882-021-02608-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2021] [Accepted: 09/15/2021] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Acute T-cell mediated rejection (aTCMR) is still an issue in kidney transplantation, for it is associated with chronic rejection, graft loss, and overall worse outcomes. For these reasons, a standard non-invasive molecular tool to detect is desirable to offer a simpler monitoring of kidney transplant recipients (KTRs). The purpose of our study was to examine, in peripheral blood before and after transplantation, the expression patterns of regulatory T cell (Treg)-related genes: the forkhead box P3 (FOXP3) and the two CTLA-4 isoforms (full-length and soluble) to predict acute rejection onset, de novo donor-specific antibodies (DSA) development and renal dysfunction 1 year after transplantation. METHODS We profiled by using a relative quantification analysis (qRT-PCR) circulating mRNA levels of these biomarkers in peripheral blood of 89 KTRs within the first post-transplant year (at baseline and 15, 60 and 365 days, and when possible at the acute rejection) and compared also the results with 24 healthy controls. RESULTS The three mRNA levels drastically reduced 15 days after transplantation and gradually recovered at 1 year in comparison with baseline, with very low levels at the time of aTCMR for FOXP3 (RQ = 0.445, IQR = 0.086-1.264, p = 0.040), maybe for the pro-apoptotic role of FOXP3 during inflammation. A multivariate Cox regression analysis evidenced a significant relation between aTCMR onset and thymoglobuline induction (HR = 6.749 p = 0.041), everolimus use (HR = 7.017, p = 0.007) and an increased risk from the solCTLA-4 expression at 15 days, mainly considering recipients treated with Mycophelolic acid (HR = 13.94 p = 0.038, 95%CI:1.157-167.87). Besides, solCTLA-4 also predisposed to graft dysfunction (eGFR< 60 mL/min/1.73m2) at 1 year (AOR = 3.683, 95%CI = 1.145-11.845, p = 0.029). On the other hand, pre-transplant solCTLA-4 levels showed a protective association with de novo DSAs development (HR = 0.189, 95%CI = 0.078-0.459, p < 0.001). CONCLUSIONS mRNA levels of Treg-associated genes, mainly for solCTLA-4, in peripheral blood could put forward as candidate non-invasive biomarkers of cellular and humoral alloreactivity in clinical transplantation and might help shape immunosuppression, tailor monitoring and achieve better long-term outcomes of kidney transplantation in the wake of "precision medicine".
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Affiliation(s)
- Angelica Canossi
- CNR Institute for Translational Pharmacology, Via Giosuè Carducci 32C, 67100, L'Aquila, Italy.
| | - Samuele Iesari
- Department of Biotechnological and Applied Clinical Sciences, University of L'Aquila, Via Vetoio, Coppito 2, 67100, L'Aquila, Italy.,Pôle de Chirurgie Expérimentale et Transplantation, Institut de Recherche Expérimentale et Clinique, Université catholique de Louvain, Avenue Hippocrate 55, 1200, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Quirino Lai
- Hepatobiliary and Organ Transplantation Unit, Sapienza University of Rome, Viale del Policlinico 155, 00161, Rome, Italy
| | - Simone Ciavatta
- Regional Center for Organ Transplantation (CRT), S. Salvatore Hospital, Via Lorenzo Natali 1, 67100, L'Aquila, Italy
| | - Tiziana Del Beato
- CNR Institute for Translational Pharmacology, Via Giosuè Carducci 32C, 67100, L'Aquila, Italy
| | - Alessandra Panarese
- Regional Center for Organ Transplantation (CRT), S. Salvatore Hospital, Via Lorenzo Natali 1, 67100, L'Aquila, Italy
| | - Barbara Binda
- Regional Center for Organ Transplantation (CRT), S. Salvatore Hospital, Via Lorenzo Natali 1, 67100, L'Aquila, Italy
| | - Alessandra Tessitore
- Department of Biotechnological and Applied Clinical Sciences, University of L'Aquila, Via Vetoio, Coppito 2, 67100, L'Aquila, Italy
| | - Franco Papola
- Regional Centre of Immunohematology and Tissue Typing, San Salvatore Hospital, Via Lorenzo Natali 1, 67100, L'Aquila, Italy
| | - Francesco Pisani
- Department of Biotechnological and Applied Clinical Sciences, University of L'Aquila, Via Vetoio, Coppito 2, 67100, L'Aquila, Italy.,Regional Center for Organ Transplantation (CRT), S. Salvatore Hospital, Via Lorenzo Natali 1, 67100, L'Aquila, Italy
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19
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El Dein Mohameda AS, El-Rebey HS, AboElnasr LSA, Abdou AG. The role and relationship between programmed death ligand 1 and cytotoxic T lymphocyte-associated antigen-4 immunohistochemical expression in colorectal carcinoma patients: an impact on outcome. Ecancermedicalscience 2022; 15:1323. [PMID: 35047074 PMCID: PMC8723745 DOI: 10.3332/ecancer.2021.1323] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2021] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Globally, colorectal carcinoma (CRC) is the third most common cancer diagnosed in both men and women. Programmed death ligand 1 (PD-L1) and cytotoxic T lymphocyte-associated antigen-4 (CTLA-4) are immune checkpoints that induce tumour immune escape. Aim This study aimed to evaluate the immunohistochemical expression of PD-L1 and CTLA-4 in CRC and their relationship with clinicopathological parameters and survival data. Result This study included 103 CRC, 22 adenoma and 21 non-neoplastic specimens. High PD-L1 epithelial expression was in favour of CRC and high-grade dysplastic adenoma compared to normal specimens. High PD-L1 epithelial expression was associated with larger sized tumours, perforation, advanced T stage, infiltrative tumour border configuration (TBC), high tumour budding (TB) score, low tumour-stroma ratio (TSR) and absence of peritumoural lymphocytes. High PD-L1+ tumour infiltrating lymphocytes (TILs) showed an association with absence of perforation, early T stage, pushing TBC, lower TB score, high TSR and presence of peritumoural lymphocytes. High epithelial CTLA-4 expression was in favour of adenocarcinoma, high-grade dysplastic adenoma and low-grade dysplastic adenoma compared to normal specimens. High CTLA-4 epithelial score showed an association with positive lymph nodes (LNs), presence of an infiltrative TBC and absence of peritumoural lymphocytes. Low CTLA-4+ TILs showed a significant association with advanced tumour stage and increased number of positive LNs. Prolonged survival was associated with low epithelial PD-L1 and CTLA-4, high PD-L1+ TILs and high CTLA-4+ TILs. By multivariate Cox regression analysis, PD-L1+ TILs immunoreactivity score (p = 0.020) and CTLA-4+ TILs H. score (p = 0.036) were independent prognostic factors affecting overall survival among the other prognostic factors. Conclusion PD-L1 and CTLA-4 expression by tumour cells could cooperate with each other in enhancing progression of CRC leading to poor patient outcome, while their expression by TILs could stand against tumour progression.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Hala Said El-Rebey
- Department of Pathology, Faculty of Medicine, Menoufia University, Shebein Elkom, 32511, Egypt.,https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0869-6332
| | - Lamia Sabry Abdelsamed AboElnasr
- Department of Pathology, Faculty of Medicine, Menoufia University, Shebein Elkom, 32511, Egypt.,https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0869-6332
| | - Asmaa Gaber Abdou
- Department of Pathology, Faculty of Medicine, Menoufia University, Shebein Elkom, 32511, Egypt.,https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0869-6332
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20
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Exploiting systems biology to investigate the gene modules and drugs in ovarian cancer: A hypothesis based on the weighted gene co-expression network analysis. Biomed Pharmacother 2021; 146:112537. [PMID: 34922114 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2021.112537] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2021] [Revised: 12/09/2021] [Accepted: 12/13/2021] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Ovarian cancer (OC) is one of the worrisome gynecological cancers worldwide. Given its considerable mortality rate, it is necessary to investigate its oncogenesis. METHODS In this study, we used systems biology approaches to describe the key gene modules, hub genes, and regulatory drugs associated with serous OC as the novel biomarkers using weighted gene co-expression network analysis (WGCNA). FINDINGS Our findings have demonstrated that the blue module genes (r = 0.8, p-value = 1e-16) are involved in OC progression. Based on gene enrichment analysis, the genes in this module are frequently involved in biological processes such as the Cyclic adenosine monophosphate (cAMP) signaling pathway and the cellular response to transforming growth factor-beta stimulation. The co-expression network has been built using the correlated module's top hub genes, which are ADORA1, ANO9, CD24P4, CLDN3, CLDN7, ELF3, KLHL14, PRSS8, RASAL1, RIPK4, SERINC2, and WNT7A. Finally, a drug-target network has been built to show the interaction of the FDA-approved drugs with hub genes. CONCLUSIONS Our results have discovered that ADORA1, ANO9, SERINC2, and KLHL14 are hub genes associated with serous OC. These genes can be considered as novel candidate target genes for treating OC.
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21
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Bolandi N, Derakhshani A, Hemmat N, Baghbanzadeh A, Asadzadeh Z, Afrashteh Nour M, Brunetti O, Bernardini R, Silvestris N, Baradaran B. The Positive and Negative Immunoregulatory Role of B7 Family: Promising Novel Targets in Gastric Cancer Treatment. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms221910719. [PMID: 34639059 PMCID: PMC8509619 DOI: 10.3390/ijms221910719] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2021] [Revised: 09/28/2021] [Accepted: 10/01/2021] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Gastric cancer (GC), with a heterogeneous nature, is the third leading cause of death worldwide. Over the past few decades, stable reductions in the incidence of GC have been observed. However, due to the poor response to common treatments and late diagnosis, this cancer is still considered one of the lethal cancers. Emerging methods such as immunotherapy with immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICIs) have transformed the landscape of treatment for GC patients. There are presently eleven known members of the B7 family as immune checkpoint molecules: B7-1 (CD80), B7-2 (CD86), B7-H1 (PD-L1, CD274), B7-DC (PDCD1LG2, PD-L2, CD273), B7-H2 (B7RP1, ICOS-L, CD275), B7-H3 (CD276), B7-H4 (B7x, B7S1, Vtcn1), B7-H5 (VISTA, Gi24, DD1α, Dies1 SISP1), B7-H6 (NCR3LG1), B7-H7 (HHLA2), and Ig-like domain-containing receptor 2 (ILDR2). Interaction of the B7 family of immune-regulatory ligands with the corresponding receptors resulted in the induction and inhibition of T cell responses by sending co-stimulatory and co-inhibitory signals, respectively. Manipulation of the signals provided by the B7 family has significant potential in the management of GC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nadia Bolandi
- Immunology Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz 516615731, Iran; (N.B.); (A.D.); (N.H.); (A.B.); (Z.A.); (M.A.N.)
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Urmia University of Medical Sciences, Urmia 571478334, Iran
| | - Afshin Derakhshani
- Immunology Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz 516615731, Iran; (N.B.); (A.D.); (N.H.); (A.B.); (Z.A.); (M.A.N.)
- Laboratory of Experimental Pharmacology, IRCCS Istituto Tumori Giovanni Paolo II, 70124 Bari, Italy
| | - Nima Hemmat
- Immunology Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz 516615731, Iran; (N.B.); (A.D.); (N.H.); (A.B.); (Z.A.); (M.A.N.)
| | - Amir Baghbanzadeh
- Immunology Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz 516615731, Iran; (N.B.); (A.D.); (N.H.); (A.B.); (Z.A.); (M.A.N.)
| | - Zahra Asadzadeh
- Immunology Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz 516615731, Iran; (N.B.); (A.D.); (N.H.); (A.B.); (Z.A.); (M.A.N.)
| | - Mina Afrashteh Nour
- Immunology Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz 516615731, Iran; (N.B.); (A.D.); (N.H.); (A.B.); (Z.A.); (M.A.N.)
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Urmia University of Medical Sciences, Urmia 571478334, Iran
| | - Oronzo Brunetti
- Medical Oncology Unit—IRCCS Istituto Tumori “Giovanni Paolo II” of Bari, 70124 Bari, Italy;
| | - Renato Bernardini
- Department of Biomedical and Biotechnological Sciences, University of Catania, Via S. Sofia 97, 95100 Catania, Italy;
| | - Nicola Silvestris
- Medical Oncology Unit—IRCCS Istituto Tumori “Giovanni Paolo II” of Bari, 70124 Bari, Italy;
- Department of Biomedical Sciences and Human Oncology (DIMO), University of Bari, 70124 Bari, Italy
- Correspondence: (N.S.); (B.B.); Tel.: +98-413-3371440 (B.B.); Fax: +98-413-3371311 (B.B.)
| | - Behzad Baradaran
- Immunology Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz 516615731, Iran; (N.B.); (A.D.); (N.H.); (A.B.); (Z.A.); (M.A.N.)
- Department of Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz 516615731, Iran
- Pharmaceutical Analysis Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz 516615731, Iran
- Correspondence: (N.S.); (B.B.); Tel.: +98-413-3371440 (B.B.); Fax: +98-413-3371311 (B.B.)
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22
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Davis-Marcisak EF, Fitzgerald AA, Kessler MD, Danilova L, Jaffee EM, Zaidi N, Weiner LM, Fertig EJ. Transfer learning between preclinical models and human tumors identifies a conserved NK cell activation signature in anti-CTLA-4 responsive tumors. Genome Med 2021; 13:129. [PMID: 34376232 PMCID: PMC8356429 DOI: 10.1186/s13073-021-00944-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2021] [Accepted: 07/27/2021] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Tumor response to therapy is affected by both the cell types and the cell states present in the tumor microenvironment. This is true for many cancer treatments, including immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICIs). While it is well-established that ICIs promote T cell activation, their broader impact on other intratumoral immune cells is unclear; this information is needed to identify new mechanisms of action and improve ICI efficacy. Many preclinical studies have begun using single-cell analysis to delineate therapeutic responses in individual immune cell types within tumors. One major limitation to this approach is that therapeutic mechanisms identified in preclinical models have failed to fully translate to human disease, restraining efforts to improve ICI efficacy in translational research. METHOD We previously developed a computational transfer learning approach called projectR to identify shared biology between independent high-throughput single-cell RNA-sequencing (scRNA-seq) datasets. In the present study, we test this algorithm's ability to identify conserved and clinically relevant transcriptional changes in complex tumor scRNA-seq data and expand its application to the comparison of scRNA-seq datasets with additional data types such as bulk RNA-seq and mass cytometry. RESULTS We found a conserved signature of NK cell activation in anti-CTLA-4 responsive mouse and human tumors. In human metastatic melanoma, we found that the NK cell activation signature associates with longer overall survival and is predictive of anti-CTLA-4 (ipilimumab) response. Additional molecular approaches to confirm the computational findings demonstrated that human NK cells express CTLA-4 and bind anti-CTLA-4 antibodies independent of the antibody binding receptor (FcR) and that similar to T cells, CTLA-4 expression by NK cells is modified by cytokine-mediated and target cell-mediated NK cell activation. CONCLUSIONS These data demonstrate a novel application of our transfer learning approach, which was able to identify cell state transitions conserved in preclinical models and human tumors. This approach can be adapted to explore many questions in cancer therapeutics, enhance translational research, and enable better understanding and treatment of disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emily F Davis-Marcisak
- McKusick-Nathans Institute of the Department of Genetic Medicine, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
- Department of Oncology, Sidney Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Center, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Allison A Fitzgerald
- Department of Oncology, Georgetown Lombardi Comprehensive Cancer Center, Georgetown University Medical Center, Washington, DC, USA
| | - Michael D Kessler
- Department of Oncology, Sidney Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Center, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Ludmila Danilova
- Department of Oncology, Sidney Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Center, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Elizabeth M Jaffee
- Department of Oncology, Sidney Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Center, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Neeha Zaidi
- Department of Oncology, Sidney Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Center, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Louis M Weiner
- Department of Oncology, Georgetown Lombardi Comprehensive Cancer Center, Georgetown University Medical Center, Washington, DC, USA
| | - Elana J Fertig
- Department of Oncology, Sidney Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Center, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA.
- Department of Applied Mathematics and Statistics, Johns Hopkins University Whiting School of Engineering, Baltimore, MD, USA.
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA.
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23
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Laza‐Briviesca R, Cruz‐Bermúdez A, Nadal E, Insa A, García‐Campelo MDR, Huidobro G, Dómine M, Majem M, Rodríguez‐Abreu D, Martínez‐Martí A, De Castro Carpeño J, Cobo M, López Vivanco G, Del Barco E, Bernabé Caro R, Viñolas N, Barneto Aranda I, Viteri S, Massuti B, Casarrubios M, Sierra‐Rodero B, Tarín C, García‐Grande A, Haymaker C, Wistuba II, Romero A, Franco F, Provencio M. Blood biomarkers associated to complete pathological response on NSCLC patients treated with neoadjuvant chemoimmunotherapy included in NADIM clinical trial. Clin Transl Med 2021; 11:e491. [PMID: 34323406 PMCID: PMC8288017 DOI: 10.1002/ctm2.491] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2021] [Revised: 06/17/2021] [Accepted: 06/21/2021] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Immunotherapy is being tested in early-stage non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC), and achieving higher rates of complete pathological responses (CPR) as compared to standard of care. Early identification of CPR patients has vital clinical implications. In this study, we focused on basal peripheral immune cells and their treatment-related changes to find biomarkers associated to CPR. METHODS Blood from 29 stage IIIA NSCLC patients participating in the NADIM trial (NCT03081689) was collected at diagnosis and post neoadjuvant treatment. More than 400 parameters of peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) phenotype and plasma soluble factors were analyzed. RESULTS Neoadjuvant chemoimmunotherapy altered more than 150 immune parameters. At diagnosis, 11 biomarkers associated to CPR were described, with an area under the ROC curve >0.70 and p-value <.05. CPR patients had significantly higher levels of CD4+ PD-1+ cells, NKG2D, and CD56 expression on T CD56 cells, intensity of CD25 expression on CD4+ CD25hi+ cells and CD69 expression on intermediate monocytes; but lower levels of CD3+ CD56- CTLA-4+ cells, CD14++ CD16+ CTLA-4+ cells, CTLA-4 expression on T CD56 cells and lower levels of b-NGF, NT-3, and VEGF-D in plasma compared to non-CPR. Post treatment, CPR patients had significantly higher levels of CD19 expression on B cells, BCMA, 4-1BB, MCSF, and PARC and lower levels of MPIF-1 and Flt-3L in plasma compared to non-CPR. CONCLUSIONS Patients achieving CPR seem to have a distinctive peripheral blood immune status at diagnosis, even showing different immune response to treatment. These results reinforce the different biology behind CPR and non-CPR responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Raquel Laza‐Briviesca
- Servicio de Oncología Médica, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria Puerta de Hierro‐Segovia de Arana (IDIPHISA)Hospital Universitario Puerta de Hierro‐MajadahondaMadridSpain
- Doctoral SchoolUniversidad Autónoma de MadridMadridSpain
| | - Alberto Cruz‐Bermúdez
- Servicio de Oncología Médica, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria Puerta de Hierro‐Segovia de Arana (IDIPHISA)Hospital Universitario Puerta de Hierro‐MajadahondaMadridSpain
| | - Ernest Nadal
- Institut Català d'Oncologia, L'Hospitalet De LlobregatBarcelonaSpain
| | - Amelia Insa
- Fundación INCLIVAHospital Clínico Universitario de ValenciaValenciaSpain
| | | | | | - Manuel Dómine
- Hospital Universitario Fundación Jiménez DíazMadridSpain
| | | | | | - Alex Martínez‐Martí
- Hospital Universitario e Instituto de Oncología Vall d´Hebron (VHIO)BarcelonaSpain
| | | | - Manuel Cobo
- Hospital Universitario Regional de MálagaMálagaSpain
| | | | | | | | | | | | - Santiago Viteri
- Instituto Oncológico Dr. Rosell, Hospital Universitario Quiron DexeusGrupo QuironSaludBarcelonaSpain
| | | | - Marta Casarrubios
- Servicio de Oncología Médica, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria Puerta de Hierro‐Segovia de Arana (IDIPHISA)Hospital Universitario Puerta de Hierro‐MajadahondaMadridSpain
- Doctoral SchoolUniversidad Autónoma de MadridMadridSpain
| | - Belén Sierra‐Rodero
- Servicio de Oncología Médica, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria Puerta de Hierro‐Segovia de Arana (IDIPHISA)Hospital Universitario Puerta de Hierro‐MajadahondaMadridSpain
- Doctoral SchoolUniversidad Autónoma de MadridMadridSpain
| | - Carlos Tarín
- Bioinformatics UnitInstituto de Investigación Sanitaria Puerta de Hierro‐Segovia de AranaMadridSpain
| | - Aránzazu García‐Grande
- Flow Cytometry Core FacilityInstituto de Investigación Sanitaria Puerta de Hierro‐Segovia de Arana (IDIPHISA)MadridSpain
| | - Cara Haymaker
- Departments of Translational Molecular PathologyThe University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer CenterHoustonTexasUSA
| | - Ignacio I. Wistuba
- Departments of Translational Molecular PathologyThe University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer CenterHoustonTexasUSA
| | - Atocha Romero
- Servicio de Oncología Médica, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria Puerta de Hierro‐Segovia de Arana (IDIPHISA)Hospital Universitario Puerta de Hierro‐MajadahondaMadridSpain
| | - Fernando Franco
- Servicio de Oncología Médica, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria Puerta de Hierro‐Segovia de Arana (IDIPHISA)Hospital Universitario Puerta de Hierro‐MajadahondaMadridSpain
| | - Mariano Provencio
- Servicio de Oncología Médica, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria Puerta de Hierro‐Segovia de Arana (IDIPHISA)Hospital Universitario Puerta de Hierro‐MajadahondaMadridSpain
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24
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Zhai Y, Moosavi R, Chen M. Immune Checkpoints, a Novel Class of Therapeutic Targets for Autoimmune Diseases. Front Immunol 2021; 12:645699. [PMID: 33968036 PMCID: PMC8097144 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2021.645699] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2020] [Accepted: 03/02/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Autoimmune diseases, such as multiple sclerosis and type-1 diabetes, are the outcomes of a failure of immune tolerance. Immune tolerance is sustained through interplays between two inter-dependent clusters of immune activities: immune stimulation and immune regulation. The mechanisms of immune regulation are exploited as therapeutic targets for the treatment of autoimmune diseases. One of these mechanisms is immune checkpoints (ICPs). The roles of ICPs in maintaining immune tolerance and hence suppressing autoimmunity were revealed in animal models and validated by the clinical successes of ICP-targeted therapeutics for autoimmune diseases. Recently, these roles were highlighted by the clinical discovery that the blockade of ICPs causes autoimmune disorders. Given the crucial roles of ICPs in immune tolerance, it is plausible to leverage ICPs as a group of therapeutic targets to restore immune tolerance and treat autoimmune diseases. In this review, we first summarize working mechanisms of ICPs, particularly those that have been utilized for therapeutic development. Then, we recount the agents and approaches that were developed to target ICPs and treat autoimmune disorders. These agents take forms of fusion proteins, antibodies, nucleic acids, and cells. We also review and discuss safety information for these therapeutics. We wrap up this review by providing prospects for the development of ICP-targeting therapeutics. In summary, the ever-increasing studies and results of ICP-targeting of therapeutics underscore their tremendous potential to become a powerful class of medicine for autoimmune diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yujia Zhai
- Department of Pharmaceutics and Pharmaceutical Chemistry, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT, United States
| | - Reza Moosavi
- Department of Pharmaceutics and Pharmaceutical Chemistry, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT, United States
| | - Mingnan Chen
- Department of Pharmaceutics and Pharmaceutical Chemistry, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT, United States
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25
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Liu M, Yu Y, Hu S. A review on applications of abatacept in systemic rheumatic diseases. Int Immunopharmacol 2021; 96:107612. [PMID: 33823429 DOI: 10.1016/j.intimp.2021.107612] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/24/2020] [Revised: 03/11/2021] [Accepted: 03/22/2021] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Abatacept is a CTLA-4Ig fusion protein that selectively modulates the CD80/CD86:CD28 costimulatory pathway required for full T-cell activation. The FDA has approved it to be used to treat adult rheumatoid arthritis, juvenile idiopathic arthritis, and adult active psoriatic arthritis. Considering the vital pathogenic role of the CTLA-4 pathway in autoimmune diseases, abatacept could efficiently treat other systemic rheumatic diseases. Here we reviewed the published literature to profile the perspectives about the off-label uses of abatacept, especially in those refractory cases with inadequate responses to conventional therapies and biologic agents. Abatacept can be a promising therapeutic option and contribute to reducing hormone dependence and correlated adverse events.
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Affiliation(s)
- Min Liu
- Department of Rheumatology and Immunology, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Yikai Yu
- Department of Rheumatology and Immunology, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Shaoxian Hu
- Department of Rheumatology and Immunology, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China.
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26
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Mázló A, Kovács R, Miltner N, Tóth M, Veréb Z, Szabó K, Bacskai I, Pázmándi K, Apáti Á, Bíró T, Bene K, Rajnavölgyi É, Bácsi A. MSC-like cells increase ability of monocyte-derived dendritic cells to polarize IL-17-/IL-10-producing T cells via CTLA-4. iScience 2021; 24:102312. [PMID: 33855282 PMCID: PMC8027231 DOI: 10.1016/j.isci.2021.102312] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2020] [Revised: 01/17/2021] [Accepted: 03/11/2021] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Mesenchymal stromal cell-like (MSCl) cells generated from human embryonic stem cells are considered to be an eligible cell line to model the immunomodulatory behavior of mesenchymal stromal cells (MSCs) in vitro. Dendritic cells (DCs) are essential players in the maintenance and restoration of the sensitive balance between tolerance and immunity. Here, the effects of MSCl cells on the in vitro differentiation of human monocytes into DCs were investigated. MSCl cells promote the differentiation of CTLA-4 expressing DCs via the production of all-trans retinoic acid (ATRA) functioning as a ligand of RARα, a key nuclear receptor in DC development. These semi-matured DCs exhibit an ability to activate allogeneic, naive T cells and polarize them into IL-10 + IL-17 + double-positive T helper cells in a CTLA-4-dependent manner. Mapping the molecular mechanisms of MSC-mediated indirect modulation of DC differentiation may help to expand MSCs' clinical application in cell-free therapies. Mesenchymal stromal cell-like cells alter moDC differentiation via RARα activation Mesenchymal stromal cell-like cells express genes known to play role in ATRA synthesis MoDCs, differentiated in the presence of MSCl-derived factors, express CTLA-4 CTLA-4+ moDCs are able to induce polarization of IL-10- and IL-17-producing helper T cells
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Affiliation(s)
- Anett Mázló
- Department of Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Debrecen, Debrecen, Hajdú-Bihar County 4032, Hungary.,Doctoral School of Molecular Cellular and Immune Biology, University of Debrecen, Debrecen, Hajdú-Bihar County 4032, Hungary.,MTA-DE Cell Biology and Signaling Research Group of the Hungarian Academy of Sciences, Debrecen, Hajdú-Bihar County 4032, Hungary
| | - Ramóna Kovács
- Department of Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Debrecen, Debrecen, Hajdú-Bihar County 4032, Hungary.,Doctoral School of Molecular Cellular and Immune Biology, University of Debrecen, Debrecen, Hajdú-Bihar County 4032, Hungary
| | - Noémi Miltner
- Department of Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Debrecen, Debrecen, Hajdú-Bihar County 4032, Hungary
| | - Márta Tóth
- Department of Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Debrecen, Debrecen, Hajdú-Bihar County 4032, Hungary.,Doctoral School of Molecular Cellular and Immune Biology, University of Debrecen, Debrecen, Hajdú-Bihar County 4032, Hungary
| | - Zoltán Veréb
- Regenerative Medicine and Cellular Pharmacology Research Laboratory, Department of Dermatology and Allergology, University of Szeged, Szeged, Csongrád-Csanád County 6720, Hungary.,Research Institute of Translational Biomedicine, Department of Dermatology and Allergology, University of Szeged, Szeged, Csongrád-Csanád County 6720, Hungary
| | - Krisztina Szabó
- Division of Clinical Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Debrecen, Debrecen, Hajdú-Bihar County 4032, Hungary
| | - Ildikó Bacskai
- Department of Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Debrecen, Debrecen, Hajdú-Bihar County 4032, Hungary
| | - Kitti Pázmándi
- Department of Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Debrecen, Debrecen, Hajdú-Bihar County 4032, Hungary
| | - Ágota Apáti
- Institute of Enzymology, Research Centre for Natural Sciences, Budapest 1117 Hungary
| | - Tamás Bíró
- Department of Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Debrecen, Debrecen, Hajdú-Bihar County 4032, Hungary
| | - Krisztián Bene
- Department of Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Debrecen, Debrecen, Hajdú-Bihar County 4032, Hungary.,Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Debrecen, Debrecen, Hajdú-Bihar County 4032, Hungary
| | - Éva Rajnavölgyi
- Department of Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Debrecen, Debrecen, Hajdú-Bihar County 4032, Hungary
| | - Attila Bácsi
- Department of Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Debrecen, Debrecen, Hajdú-Bihar County 4032, Hungary
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27
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Relecom A, Merhi M, Inchakalody V, Uddin S, Rinchai D, Bedognetti D, Dermime S. Emerging dynamics pathways of response and resistance to PD-1 and CTLA-4 blockade: tackling uncertainty by confronting complexity. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL & CLINICAL CANCER RESEARCH : CR 2021; 40:74. [PMID: 33602280 PMCID: PMC7893879 DOI: 10.1186/s13046-021-01872-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2020] [Accepted: 02/08/2021] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Immune checkpoint inhibitors provide considerable therapeutic benefit in a range of solid cancers as well as in a subgroup of hematological malignancies. Response rates are however suboptimal, and despite considerable efforts, predicting response to immune checkpoint inhibitors ahead of their administration in a given patient remains elusive. The study of the dynamics of the immune system and of the tumor under immune checkpoint blockade brought insight into the mechanisms of action of these therapeutic agents. Equally relevant are the mechanisms of adaptive resistance to immune checkpoint inhibitors that have been uncovered through this approach. In this review, we discuss the dynamics of the immune system and of the tumor under immune checkpoint blockade emanating from recent studies on animal models and humans. We will focus on mechanisms of action and of resistance conveying information predictive of therapeutic response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Allan Relecom
- Department of Medical Oncology, Translational Research Institute, National Center for Cancer Care and Research, Hamad Medical Corporation, Doha, Qatar
| | - Maysaloun Merhi
- Department of Medical Oncology, Translational Research Institute, National Center for Cancer Care and Research, Hamad Medical Corporation, Doha, Qatar
| | - Varghese Inchakalody
- Department of Medical Oncology, Translational Research Institute, National Center for Cancer Care and Research, Hamad Medical Corporation, Doha, Qatar
| | - Shahab Uddin
- Translational Research Institute & Dermatology Institute, Academic Health System, Hamad Medical Corporation, Doha, Qatar
| | - Darawan Rinchai
- Cancer Research Program, Research Branch, Sidra Medicine, Doha, Qatar
| | - Davide Bedognetti
- Cancer Research Program, Research Branch, Sidra Medicine, Doha, Qatar. .,Department of Internal Medicine and Medical Specialties, University of Genoa, Genoa, Italy. .,College of Health and Life Sciences, Hamad Bin Khalifa University, Doha, Qatar.
| | - Said Dermime
- Department of Medical Oncology, Translational Research Institute, National Center for Cancer Care and Research, Hamad Medical Corporation, Doha, Qatar. .,College of Health and Life Sciences, Hamad Bin Khalifa University, Doha, Qatar.
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Immunity as Cornerstone of Non-Alcoholic Fatty Liver Disease: The Contribution of Oxidative Stress in the Disease Progression. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms22010436. [PMID: 33406763 PMCID: PMC7795122 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22010436] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2020] [Revised: 12/18/2020] [Accepted: 12/30/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) is considered the hepatic manifestation of metabolic syndrome and has become the major cause of chronic liver disease, especially in western countries. NAFLD encompasses a wide spectrum of hepatic histological alterations, from simple steatosis to steatohepatitis and cirrhosis with a potential development of hepatocellular carcinoma. Non-alcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH) is characterized by lobular inflammation and fibrosis. Several studies reported that insulin resistance, redox unbalance, inflammation, and lipid metabolism dysregulation are involved in NAFLD progression. However, the mechanisms beyond the evolution of simple steatosis to NASH are not clearly understood yet. Recent findings suggest that different oxidized products, such as lipids, cholesterol, aldehydes and other macromolecules could drive the inflammation onset. On the other hand, new evidence indicates innate and adaptive immunity activation as the driving force in establishing liver inflammation and fibrosis. In this review, we discuss how immunity, triggered by oxidative products and promoting in turn oxidative stress in a vicious cycle, fuels NAFLD progression. Furthermore, we explored the emerging importance of immune cell metabolism in determining inflammation, describing the potential application of trained immune discoveries in the NASH pathological context.
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Dees S, Ganesan R, Singh S, Grewal IS. Regulatory T cell targeting in cancer: Emerging strategies in immunotherapy. Eur J Immunol 2020; 51:280-291. [PMID: 33302322 DOI: 10.1002/eji.202048992] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2020] [Revised: 10/27/2020] [Accepted: 12/08/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
The adaptive immune system is modulated by an important subset of CD4+ T lymphocytes called Treg cells that function in maintaining immune homeostasis by preventing excessive immune activation. Both deficiency and overactivation of Treg cell function can result in disease pathology. While loss of Treg function can lead to autoimmunity, an overabundance of Treg activity can promote tumorigenesis. Blocking and/or depleting Tregs has emerged as a viable strategy to enhance antitumor immunity. A major limitation underlying the limited efficacy observed with Treg therapies in the clinic is lack of selective targeting, often attributed to concurrent depletion of antitumor effector T-cell populations. Novel approaches to improve the specificity of Treg targeting in the context of cancer include the use of T-cell receptor mimic antibodies, bispecific antibodies, and near-infrared photoimmunotherapy. Next-generation technology platforms and transcriptomic/computational-based screening methods have been recently developed to identify preferential Treg targets. Herein, we highlight key advancements and challenges pertaining to the development of novel Treg targeting cancer therapeutics and discuss ongoing clinical trials evaluating next-generation Treg therapies for solid tumors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sundee Dees
- Janssen Biotherapeutics, The Janssen Pharmaceutical Companies of Johnson & Johnson, Spring House, PA, USA
| | - Rajkumar Ganesan
- Janssen Biotherapeutics, The Janssen Pharmaceutical Companies of Johnson & Johnson, Spring House, PA, USA
| | - Sanjaya Singh
- Janssen Biotherapeutics, The Janssen Pharmaceutical Companies of Johnson & Johnson, Spring House, PA, USA
| | - Iqbal S Grewal
- Janssen Biotherapeutics, The Janssen Pharmaceutical Companies of Johnson & Johnson, Spring House, PA, USA
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30
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De Silva P, Aiello M, Gu-Trantien C, Migliori E, Willard-Gallo K, Solinas C. Targeting CTLA-4 in cancer: Is it the ideal companion for PD-1 blockade immunotherapy combinations? Int J Cancer 2020; 149:31-41. [PMID: 33252786 DOI: 10.1002/ijc.33415] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2020] [Revised: 10/25/2020] [Accepted: 10/28/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Immunotherapy approaches boosting spontaneous and durable antitumor immune responses through immune checkpoint blockade are revolutionizing treatment and patient outcomes in solid tumors and hematological malignancies. Among the various inhibitory molecules employed by the immune system to regulate the adaptive immune responses, cytotoxic T lymphocyte antigen-4 (CTLA-4) is the first successfully targeted immune checkpoint molecule in the clinic, giving rise to significant but selective benefit either when targeted alone or in combination with anti-programmed cell death protein-1 (PD-1) antibodies (Abs). However, the use of anti-CTLA-4 Abs was associated with the incidence of autoimmune-like adverse events (AEs), which were particularly frequent and severe with the use of combinational strategies. Nevertheless, the higher incidence of AEs is associated with an improved clinical benefit indicating treatment response. A prompt recognition of AEs followed by early and adequate treatment with immunosuppressive agents allows the management of these potentially serious AEs. This narrative review aims to summarize CTLA-4 biology, the rationale for the use as a companion for anti-PD-1 Abs in humans with results from the most relevant Phase III clinical trials including anti-CTLA-4 Abs in combination with anti-PD-1 Abs in solid tumors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pushpamali De Silva
- Wellman Center for Photomedicine, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Marco Aiello
- Medical Oncology Unit A.O.U. Policlinico, Vittorio Emanuele di Catania, Catania, Italy
| | - Chunyan Gu-Trantien
- Institute of Medical Immunology, Université Libre de Bruxelles, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Edoardo Migliori
- Columbia University Medical Center, Columbia Center for Translational Immunology, New York, New York, USA
| | | | - Cinzia Solinas
- Regional Hospital of Valle d'Aosta, Azienda U.S.L. Valle d'Aosta, Aosta, Italy
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31
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Oyewole-Said D, Konduri V, Vazquez-Perez J, Weldon SA, Levitt JM, Decker WK. Beyond T-Cells: Functional Characterization of CTLA-4 Expression in Immune and Non-Immune Cell Types. Front Immunol 2020; 11:608024. [PMID: 33384695 PMCID: PMC7770141 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2020.608024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2020] [Accepted: 11/05/2020] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
The immune response consists of a finely-tuned program, the activation of which must be coupled with inhibitory mechanisms whenever initiated. This ensures tight control of beneficial anti-pathogen and anti-tumor responses while preserving tissue integrity, promoting tissue repair, and safeguarding against autoimmunity. A cogent example of this binary response is in the mobilization of co-stimulatory and co-inhibitory signaling in regulating the strength and type of a T-cell response. Of particular importance is the costimulatory molecule CD28 which is countered by CTLA-4. While the role of CD28 in the immune response has been thoroughly elucidated, many aspects of CTLA-4 biology remain controversial. The expression of CD28 is largely constrained to constitutive expression in T-cells and as such, teasing out its function has been somewhat simplified by a limited and specific expression profile. The expression of CTLA-4, on the other hand, while reported predominantly in T-cells, has also been described on a diverse repertoire of cells within both lymphoid and myeloid lineages as well as on the surface of tumors. Nonetheless, the function of CTLA-4 has been mostly described within the context of T-cell biology. The focus on T-cell biology may be a direct result of the high degree of amino acid sequence homology and the co-expression pattern of CD28 and CTLA-4, which initially led to the discovery of CTLA-4 as a counter receptor to CD28 (for which a T-cell-activating role had already been described). Furthermore, observations of the outsized role of CTLA-4 in Treg-mediated immune suppression and the striking phenotype of T-cell hyperproliferation and resultant disease in CTLA-4−/− mice contribute to an appropriate T-cell-centric focus in the study of CTLA-4. Complete elucidation of CTLA-4 biology, however, may require a more nuanced understanding of its role in a context other than that of T-cells. This makes particular sense in light of the remarkable, yet limited utility of anti-CTLA-4 antibodies in the treatment of cancers and of CTLA-4-Ig in autoimmune disorders like rheumatoid arthritis. By fully deducing the biology of CTLA-4-regulated immune homeostasis, bottlenecks that hinder the widespread applicability of CTLA-4-based immunotherapies can be resolved.
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Affiliation(s)
- Damilola Oyewole-Said
- Department of Pathology & Immunology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, United States
| | - Vanaja Konduri
- Department of Pathology & Immunology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, United States
| | - Jonathan Vazquez-Perez
- Department of Pathology & Immunology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, United States
| | - Scott A Weldon
- Michael E. DeBakey Department of Surgery, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, United States
| | - Jonathan M Levitt
- Department of Pathology & Immunology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, United States.,Dan L. Duncan Cancer Center, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, United States.,Scott Department of Urology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, United States
| | - William K Decker
- Department of Pathology & Immunology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, United States.,Dan L. Duncan Cancer Center, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, United States.,Center for Cell and Gene Therapy, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, United States
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32
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Eddy K, Chen S. Overcoming Immune Evasion in Melanoma. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:E8984. [PMID: 33256089 PMCID: PMC7730443 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21238984] [Citation(s) in RCA: 87] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2020] [Revised: 11/17/2020] [Accepted: 11/25/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Melanoma is the most aggressive and dangerous form of skin cancer that develops from transformed melanocytes. It is crucial to identify melanoma at its early stages, in situ, as it is "curable" at this stage. However, after metastasis, it is difficult to treat and the five-year survival is only 25%. In recent years, a better understanding of the etiology of melanoma and its progression has made it possible for the development of targeted therapeutics, such as vemurafenib and immunotherapies, to treat advanced melanomas. In this review, we focus on the molecular mechanisms that mediate melanoma development and progression, with a special focus on the immune evasion strategies utilized by melanomas, to evade host immune surveillances. The proposed mechanism of action and the roles of immunotherapeutic agents, ipilimumab, nivolumab, pembrolizumab, and atezolizumab, adoptive T- cell therapy plus T-VEC in the treatment of advanced melanoma are discussed. In this review, we implore that a better understanding of the steps that mediate melanoma onset and progression, immune evasion strategies exploited by these tumor cells, and the identification of biomarkers to predict treatment response are critical in the design of improved strategies to improve clinical outcomes for patients with this deadly disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kevinn Eddy
- Graduate Program in Cellular and Molecular Pharmacology, School of Graduate Studies Rutgers University, Piscataway, NJ 08854, USA;
- Susan Lehman Cullman Laboratory for Cancer Research, Rutgers University, Piscataway, NJ 08854, USA
| | - Suzie Chen
- Graduate Program in Cellular and Molecular Pharmacology, School of Graduate Studies Rutgers University, Piscataway, NJ 08854, USA;
- Susan Lehman Cullman Laboratory for Cancer Research, Rutgers University, Piscataway, NJ 08854, USA
- Rutgers Cancer Institute of New Jersey, New Brunswick, NJ 08901, USA
- Environmental & Occupational Health Sciences Institute, Rutgers University, Piscataway, NJ 08854, USA
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33
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Giusti A, Camellino D, Saverino D, Iervasi E, Girasole G, Bianchi G, Papapoulos SE. Zoledronate decreases CTLA-4 in vivo and in vitro independently of its action on bone resorption. Bone 2020; 138:115512. [PMID: 32603908 DOI: 10.1016/j.bone.2020.115512] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2020] [Revised: 06/19/2020] [Accepted: 06/21/2020] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Acute phase response (APR) following intravenous zoledronate (ZOL) administration is related to activation and increased proliferation of γδ T cells, attributed to the molecular mechanism of action of nitrogen-containing bisphosphonates (N-BPs). ZOL, however, has also been reported to inhibit the proliferation of regulatory T cells in vitro and to reduce the expression of Cytotoxic T-Lymphocyte Antigen-4 (CTLA-4), a negative regulator of T cell activation that is increased in patients with autoimmune diseases. There are, however, no data on the relationship between ZOL treatment and soluble(s)CTLA-4 either in vivo in relevant patient populations or in vitro with the use of assays relevant to the mechanism of action of N-BPs. The objectives of the present study were firstly, to characterize the ZOL-induced APR in patients with inflammatory rheumatic diseases (IRDs) and its relationship with changes in circulating sCTLA-4 and secondly, to investigate the effects of ZOL on CTLA-4 production and expression by peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs). We studied 10 postmenopausal women with IRDs treated with intravenous ZOL 5 mg. Five women experienced APR (APR+) associated with significant decreases in blood lymphocytes and increases in granulocytes and serum CRP. Serum sCTLA-4 values were increased in all patients before ZOL administration and decreased significantly 72 h after the ZOL infusion (from 30.0 ± 2.9 to 6.3 ± 1.8 ng/ml; p < 0.001) with no differences between APR+ and APR- patients. Consistent with the results of the in vivo study, ZOL (1 μM) decreased the production of sCTLA-4 by 87% and 57% after 3 and 5 days in cultures of peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) in vitro, respectively, and inhibited the expression of both cytoplasmic and membrane-bound CTLA-4. Our results reveal a novel immunoregulatory action of ZOL that is not related to its action on bone resorption but might be associated with reported clinically significant extraskeletal outcomes of ZOL treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrea Giusti
- Rheumatology Unit, Department of Musculoskeletal System, Local Health Trust 3, Via Missolungi 14, 16147 Genoa, Italy.
| | - Dario Camellino
- Rheumatology Unit, Department of Musculoskeletal System, Local Health Trust 3, Via Missolungi 14, 16147 Genoa, Italy
| | - Daniele Saverino
- Laboratory of Autoimmunology, Department of Experimental Medicine, University of Genoa, Via De Toni 14, 16132 Genoa, Italy
| | - Erika Iervasi
- Laboratory of Autoimmunology, Department of Experimental Medicine, University of Genoa, Via De Toni 14, 16132 Genoa, Italy
| | - Giuseppe Girasole
- Rheumatology Unit, Department of Musculoskeletal System, Local Health Trust 3, Via Missolungi 14, 16147 Genoa, Italy
| | - Gerolamo Bianchi
- Rheumatology Unit, Department of Musculoskeletal System, Local Health Trust 3, Via Missolungi 14, 16147 Genoa, Italy
| | - Socrates E Papapoulos
- Rheumatology Unit, Department of Musculoskeletal System, Local Health Trust 3, Via Missolungi 14, 16147 Genoa, Italy; Center for Bone Quality, Leiden University Medical Center, Albinusdreef 2, 2333 ZA Leiden, the Netherlands
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34
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Isazadeh A, Hajazimian S, Garshasbi H, Shadman B, Baghbanzadeh A, Chavoshi R, Taefehshokr S, Farhoudi Sefidan Jadid M, Hajiasgharzadeh K, Baradaran B. Resistance mechanisms to immune checkpoints blockade by monoclonal antibody drugs in cancer immunotherapy: Focus on myeloma. J Cell Physiol 2020; 236:791-805. [PMID: 32592235 DOI: 10.1002/jcp.29905] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2020] [Accepted: 06/15/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Multiple myeloma (MM) is a clonal B-cell malignancy characterized by the accumulation of neoplastic proliferation of a plasma cell in the bone marrow that produces a monoclonal immunoglobulin. The immune checkpoint inhibitors against programmed death-1/programmed death-1 ligand and cytotoxic T-lymphocyte antigen 4 axis have demonstrated appropriate anticancer activity in several solid tumors and liquid cancers, and are rapidly transforming the practice of medical oncology. However, in a high percentage of patients, the efficacy of immune checkpoints blockade remains limited due to innate or primary resistance. Moreover, the malignancies progress in many patients due to acquired or secondary resistance, even after the clinical response to immune checkpoints' blockade. The evidence shows that multiple tumor-intrinsic and tumor-extrinsic factors and alterations in signaling pathways are involved in primary and secondary resistance to immune checkpoints blockade. Improved identification of intrinsic and extrinsic factors and mechanisms of resistance or response to immune checkpoints blockade may not only provide novel prognostic or predictive biomarkers but also guide the optimal combination/sequencing of immune checkpoint blockade therapy in the clinic. Here, we review the underlying biology and role of immune checkpoints blockade in patients with MM. Furthermore, we review the host and tumor-related factor effects on immune checkpoints blockade in MM immunotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alireza Isazadeh
- Immunology Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Saba Hajazimian
- Immunology Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Hamid Garshasbi
- Department of Genetic, Tabriz Branch, Islamic Azad University, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Behrouz Shadman
- Ege University Medical School, Department of Medical Biology, Izmir, Turkey
| | - Amir Baghbanzadeh
- Immunology Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Reza Chavoshi
- Department of Genetic, Tabriz Branch, Islamic Azad University, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Sina Taefehshokr
- Immunology Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | | | | | - Behzad Baradaran
- Immunology Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
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35
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Grayson JM, Perez MD, Blevins R, Coe BN, Detty MR, McIver ZA. Photodepletion with 2-Se-Cl prevents lethal graft-versus-host disease while preserving antitumor immunity. PLoS One 2020; 15:e0234778. [PMID: 32569289 PMCID: PMC7307732 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0234778] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2020] [Accepted: 06/02/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Acute graft-versus-host-disease (GVHD), limits the use of hematopoietic cell transplant (HCT) to treat a variety of malignancies. Any new therapeutic approach must satisfy three requirements: 1) Prevent GVHD, 2) Maintain anti-pathogen immunity, and 3) Maintain anti-tumor immunity. In prior studies we have shown that the selective photosensitizer 2-Se-Cl eliminates highly alloreactive lymphocytes from the graft prior to HCT preventing GVHD and that antiviral immune responses were preserved following incubation with 2-Se-Cl. In this report, we investigated whether 2-Se-Cl treatment preserves antitumor immunity, and then used high dimensional flow cytometry to identify the determinants of successful immune reconstitution. Donor C57BL/6 splenocytes were cocultured for 4 days with irradiated BALB/c splenocytes and then exposed to 2-Se-Cl. Photodepletion (PD)-treated splenocytes were then infused into lethally irradiated BALB/c mice inoculated with A20 leukemia/lymphoma cells. Recipient mice that received PD-treated splenocytes survived > 100 days without evidence of GVHD or leukemia. In contrast, mice that did not receive PD-treated cells at time of HCT died of leukemia progression. Multiparameter flow cytometry of cytokines and surface markers on peripheral blood samples 15 days after HCT demonstrated unique patterns of immune reconstitution. We found that before clinical disease onset GVHD was marked by functionally exhausted T cells, while tumor clearance and long-term survival were associated with an expansion of polyfunctional T cells, monocytes, and DCs early after transplantation. Taken together these results demonstrate that 2-Se-Cl photodepletion is a new treatment that can facilitate HCT by preventing GVHD while preserving antiviral and anti-tumor immunity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jason M Grayson
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Wake Forest University School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, North Carolina, United States of America
| | - Mildred D Perez
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Wake Forest University School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, North Carolina, United States of America
| | - Rebecca Blevins
- Department of Hematology and Oncology, Wake Forest University School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, North Carolina, United States of America
| | - Benjamin N Coe
- Department of Hematology and Oncology, Wake Forest University School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, North Carolina, United States of America
| | - Michael R Detty
- Department of Chemistry, University at Buffalo, The State University of New York, Buffalo, New York, United States of America
| | - Zachariah A McIver
- Department of Hematology and Oncology, Wake Forest University School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, North Carolina, United States of America
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Zhu S, Yang N, Wu J, Wang X, Wang W, Liu YJ, Chen J. Tumor microenvironment-related dendritic cell deficiency: a target to enhance tumor immunotherapy. Pharmacol Res 2020; 159:104980. [PMID: 32504832 DOI: 10.1016/j.phrs.2020.104980] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2020] [Revised: 05/07/2020] [Accepted: 05/26/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Dendritic cells (DCs), as specialized antigen-presenting cells, are essential for the initiation of specific T cell responses in innate antitumor immunity and, in certain cases, support humoral responses to inhibit tumor development. Mounting evidence suggests that the DC system displays a broad spectrum of dysfunctional status in the tumor microenvironment (TME), which ultimately affects antitumor immune responses. DC-based therapy can restore the function of DCs in the TME, thus showing a promising potential in tumor therapy. In this review, we provide an overview of the DC deficiency caused by various factors in the TME and discuss proposed strategies to reverse DC deficiency and the applications of novel combinatorial DC-based therapy for immune normalization of the tumor.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shan Zhu
- Institute of Translational Medicine, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Ning Yang
- Institute of Translational Medicine, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Jing Wu
- Institute of Translational Medicine, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Xue Wang
- Institute of Translational Medicine, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Wan Wang
- Institute of Translational Medicine, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | | | - Jingtao Chen
- Institute of Translational Medicine, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, China.
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Santos EDS, de Aragão-França LS, Meira CS, Cerqueira JV, Vasconcelos JF, Nonaka CKV, Pontes-de-Carvalho LC, Soares MBP. Tolerogenic Dendritic Cells Reduce Cardiac Inflammation and Fibrosis in Chronic Chagas Disease. Front Immunol 2020; 11:488. [PMID: 32318058 PMCID: PMC7154094 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2020.00488] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2019] [Accepted: 03/03/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Chronic Chagas disease cardiomyopathy (CCC) is the most frequent and severe form of this parasitic disease. CCC is caused by a progressive inflammation in the heart, resulting in alterations that can culminate in heart failure and death. The use of dendritic cells (DCs) appears as an option for the development of treatments due to their important role in regulating immune responses. Here, we investigated whether tolerogenic cells (tDCs) could interfere with the progression of CCC in an experimental model of Chagas disease. The tDCs were generated and characterized as CD11b+ CD11c+ cells, low expression of MHC-II, CD86, CD80, and CD40, and increased expression of PD-L. These cells produced low levels of IL-6 and IL-12p70 and higher levels of IL-10, compared to mature DCs (mDCs). Interestingly, tDCs inhibited lymphoproliferation and markedly increased the population of FoxP3+ Treg cells in vitro, compared to mature DCs. In a mouse model of CCC, treatment with tDCs reduced heart inflammation and fibrosis. Furthermore, tDCs treatment reduced the gene expression of pro-inflammatory cytokines (Ifng and Il12) and of genes related to cardiac remodeling (Col1a2 and Lgals3), while increasing the gene expression of IL-10. Finally, administration of tDCs, increased the percentage of Treg cells in the hearts and spleens of chagasic mice. Ours results show that tolerogenic dendritic cells have therapeutic potential on CCC, inhibiting disease progression.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | - Carolina Kymie Vasques Nonaka
- Gonçalo Moniz Institute, FIOCRUZ, Salvador, Brazil.,Center for Biotechnology and Cell Therapy, Hospital São Rafael, Salvador, Brazil
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38
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Méndez-Sánchez N, Valencia-Rodríguez A, Coronel-Castillo C, Vera-Barajas A, Contreras-Carmona J, Ponciano-Rodríguez G, Zamora-Valdés D. The cellular pathways of liver fibrosis in non-alcoholic steatohepatitis. ANNALS OF TRANSLATIONAL MEDICINE 2020; 8:400. [PMID: 32355844 PMCID: PMC7186641 DOI: 10.21037/atm.2020.02.184] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Non-alcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH) is considered the advanced stage of non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD). It is characterized by liver steatosis, inflammation and different degrees of fibrosis. Although the exact mechanisms by which fatty liver progresses to NASH are still not well understood, innate and adaptive immune responses seem to be essential key regulators in the establishment, progression, and chronicity of these disease. Diet-induced lipid overload of parenchymal and non-parenchymal liver cells is considered the first step for the development of fatty liver with the consequent organelle dysfunction, cellular stress and liver injury. These will generate the production of pro-inflammatory cytokines, chemokines and damage-associated molecular patterns (DAMPs) that will upregulate the activation of Kupffer cells (KCs) and monocyte-derived macrophages (MMs) favoring the polarization of the tolerogenic environment of the liver to an immunogenic phenotype with the resulting transdifferentiation of hepatic stellate cells (HSCs) into myofibroblasts developing fibrosis. In the long run, dendritic cells (DCs) will activate CD4+ T cells polarizing into the pro-inflammatory lymphocytes Th1 and Th17 worsening the liver damage and inflammation. Therefore, the objective of this review is to discuss in a systematic way the mechanisms known so far of the immune and non-proper immune liver cells in the development and progression of NASH.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nahum Méndez-Sánchez
- Liver Research Unit, Medica Sur Clinic & Foundation, Mexico City, Mexico.,Faculty of Medicine. National Autonomous University of Mexico, Mexico City, Mexico
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39
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Shui L, Yang X, Li J, Yi C, Sun Q, Zhu H. Gut Microbiome as a Potential Factor for Modulating Resistance to Cancer Immunotherapy. Front Immunol 2020; 10:2989. [PMID: 32010123 PMCID: PMC6978681 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2019.02989] [Citation(s) in RCA: 75] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2019] [Accepted: 12/05/2019] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Gut microbiota refers to the diverse community of more than 100 trillion microorganisms residing in our intestines. It is now known that any shift in the composition of gut microbiota from that present during the healthy state in an individual is associated with predisposition to multiple pathological conditions, such as diabetes, autoimmunity, and even cancer. Currently, therapies targeting programmed cell death protein 1/programmed cell death 1 ligand 1 or cytotoxic T-lymphocyte antigen-4 are the focus of cancer immunotherapy and are widely applied in clinical treatment of various tumors. Owing to relatively low overall response rate, however, it has been an ongoing research endeavor to identify the mechanisms or factors for improving the therapeutic efficacy of these immunotherapies. Other than causing mutations that affect gene expression, some gut bacteria may also activate or repress the host's response to immune checkpoint inhibitors. In this review, we have described recent advancements made in understanding the regulatory relationship between gut microbiome and cancer immunotherapy. We have also summarized the potential molecular mechanisms behind this interaction, which can serve as a basis for utilizing different kinds of gut bacteria as promising tools for reversing immunotherapy resistance in cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lin Shui
- Department of Medical Oncology, Cancer Center, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Xi Yang
- Department of Medical Oncology, Cancer Center, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Jian Li
- Department of Pharmacy, The Affiliated Traditional Chinese Medicine Hospital of Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, China
| | - Cheng Yi
- Department of Medical Oncology, Cancer Center, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Qin Sun
- Drug Research Center, The Affiliated Traditional Chinese Medicine Hospital of Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, China
| | - Hong Zhu
- Department of Medical Oncology, Cancer Center, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
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Van Coillie S, Wiernicki B, Xu J. Molecular and Cellular Functions of CTLA-4. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2020; 1248:7-32. [PMID: 32185705 DOI: 10.1007/978-981-15-3266-5_2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Cytotoxic T-lymphocyte-associated protein 4 (CTLA-4) is an inhibitory receptor belonging to the CD28 immunoglobulin subfamily, expressed primarily by T-cells. Its ligands, CD80 and CD86, are typically found on the surface of antigen-presenting cells and can either bind CD28 or CTLA-4, resulting in a costimulatory or a co-inhibitory response, respectively. Because of its dampening effect, CTLA-4 is a crucial regulator of T-cell homeostasis and self-tolerance. The mechanisms by which CTLA-4 exerts its inhibitory function can be categorized as either cell-intrinsic (affects the CTLA-4 expressing T-cell) or cell-extrinsic (affects secondary cells). Research from the last decade has shown that CTLA-4 mainly acts in a cell-extrinsic manner via its competition with CD28, CTLA-4-mediated trans-endocytosis of CD80 and CD86, and its direct tolerogenic effects on the interacting cell. Nonetheless, intrinsic CTLA-4 signaling has been implicated in T-cell motility and the regulation of CTLA-4 its subcellular localization amongst others. CTLA-4 is well recognized as a key immune checkpoint and has gained significant momentum as a therapeutic target in the field of autoimmunity and cancer. In this chapter, we describe the role of costimulation in immune response induction as well as the main mechanisms by which CTLA-4 can inhibit this process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samya Van Coillie
- Molecular Signaling and Cell Death Unit, VIB-UGent Center for Inflammation Research, Zwijnaarde, 9052, Ghent, Belgium.
| | - Bartosz Wiernicki
- Molecular Signaling and Cell Death Unit, VIB-UGent Center for Inflammation Research, Zwijnaarde, 9052, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Jie Xu
- Institutes of Biomedical Sciences, Zhongshan-Xuhui Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200032, China.
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41
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Hargadon KM. Tumor microenvironmental influences on dendritic cell and T cell function: A focus on clinically relevant immunologic and metabolic checkpoints. Clin Transl Med 2020; 10:374-411. [PMID: 32508018 PMCID: PMC7240858 DOI: 10.1002/ctm2.37] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2020] [Revised: 04/23/2020] [Accepted: 04/23/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Cancer immunotherapy is fast becoming one of the most promising means of treating malignant disease. Cancer vaccines, adoptive cell transfer therapies, and immune checkpoint blockade have all shown varying levels of success in the clinical management of several cancer types in recent years. However, despite the clinical benefits often achieved by these regimens, an ongoing problem for many patients is the inherent or acquired resistance of their cancer to immunotherapy. It is now appreciated that dendritic cells and T lymphocytes both play key roles in antitumor immune responses and that the tumor microenvironment presents a number of barriers to the function of these cells that can ultimately limit the success of immunotherapy. In particular, the engagement of several immunologic and metabolic checkpoints within the hostile tumor microenvironment can severely compromise the antitumor functions of these important immune populations. This review highlights work from both preclinical and clinical studies that has shaped our understanding of the tumor microenvironment and its influence on dendritic cell and T cell function. It focuses on clinically relevant targeted and immunotherapeutic strategies that have emerged from these studies in an effort to prevent or overcome immune subversion within the tumor microenvironment. Emphasis is also placed on the potential of next-generation combinatorial regimens that target metabolic and immunologic impediments to dendritic cell and T lymphocyte function as strategies to improve antitumor immune reactivity and the clinical outcome of cancer immunotherapy going forward.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kristian M. Hargadon
- Hargadon LaboratoryDepartment of BiologyHampden‐Sydney CollegeHampden‐SydneyVirginiaUSA
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42
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Immune checkpoint molecules. Possible future therapeutic implications in autoimmune diseases. J Autoimmun 2019; 104:102333. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jaut.2019.102333] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2019] [Accepted: 08/29/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
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43
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Ritprajak P, Kaewraemruaen C, Hirankarn N. Current Paradigms of Tolerogenic Dendritic Cells and Clinical Implications for Systemic Lupus Erythematosus. Cells 2019; 8:cells8101291. [PMID: 31640263 PMCID: PMC6830089 DOI: 10.3390/cells8101291] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2019] [Revised: 10/05/2019] [Accepted: 10/16/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Tolerogenic dendritic cells (tolDCs) are central players in the initiation and maintenance of immune tolerance and subsequent prevention of autoimmunity. Recent advances in treatment of autoimmune diseases including systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) have focused on inducing specific tolerance to avoid long-term use of immunosuppressive drugs. Therefore, DC-targeted therapies to either suppress DC immunogenicity or to promote DC tolerogenicity are of high interest. This review describes details of the typical characteristics of in vivo and ex vivo tolDC, which will help to select a protocol that can generate tolDC with high functional quality for clinical treatment of autoimmune disease in individual patients. In addition, we discuss the recent studies uncovering metabolic pathways and their interrelation intertwined with DC tolerogenicity. This review also highlights the clinical implications of tolDC-based therapy for SLE treatment, examines the current clinical therapeutics in patients with SLE, which can generate tolDC in vivo, and further discusses on possibility and limitation on each strategy. This synthesis provides new perspectives on development of novel therapeutic approaches for SLE and other autoimmune diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patcharee Ritprajak
- Research Unit in Integrative Immuno-Microbial Biochemistry and Bioresponsive Nanomaterials, Faculty of Dentistry, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok 10330, Thailand.
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Dentistry, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok 10330, Thailand.
| | - Chamraj Kaewraemruaen
- Center of Excellence in Immunology and Immune-Mediated Diseases, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok 10330, Thailand.
| | - Nattiya Hirankarn
- Center of Excellence in Immunology and Immune-Mediated Diseases, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok 10330, Thailand.
- Immunology Unit, Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok 10330, Thailand.
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Bourque J, Hawiger D. Immunomodulatory Bonds of the Partnership between Dendritic Cells and T Cells. Crit Rev Immunol 2019; 38:379-401. [PMID: 30792568 DOI: 10.1615/critrevimmunol.2018026790] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
By acquiring, processing, and presenting both foreign and self-antigens, dendritic cells (DCs) initiate T cell activation that is shaped through the immunomodulatory functions of a variety of cell-membrane-bound molecules including BTLA-HVEM, CD40-CD40L, CTLA-4-CD80/CD86, CD70-CD27, ICOS-ICOS-L, OX40-OX40L, and PD-L1-PD-1, as well as several key cytokines and enzymes such as interleukin-6 (IL-6), IL-12, IL-23, IL-27, transforming growth factor-beta 1 (TGF-β1), retinaldehyde dehydrogenase (Raldh), and indoleamine 2,3-dioxygenase (IDO). Some of these distinct immunomodulatory signals are mediated by specific subsets of DCs, therefore contributing to the functional specialization of DCs in the priming and regulation of immune responses. In addition to responding to the DC-mediated signals, T cells can reciprocally modulate the immunomodulatory capacities of DCs, further refining immune responses. Here, we review recent studies, particularly in experimental mouse systems, that have delineated the integrated mechanisms of crucial immunomodulatory pathways that enable specific populations of DCs and T cells to work intimately together as single functional units that are indispensable for the maintenance of immune homeostasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jessica Bourque
- Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, St. Louis University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - Daniel Hawiger
- Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, St. Louis University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA
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45
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Candida albicans Elicits Pro-Inflammatory Differential Gene Expression in Intestinal Peyer's Patches. Mycopathologia 2019; 184:461-478. [PMID: 31230200 DOI: 10.1007/s11046-019-00349-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2019] [Accepted: 06/05/2019] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
The details of how gut-associated lymphoid tissues such as Peyer's patches (PPs) in the small intestine play a role in immune surveillance, microbial differentiation and the mucosal barrier protection in response to fungal organisms such as Candida albicans are still unclear. We particularly focus on PPs as they are the immune sensors and inductive sites of the gut that influence inflammation and tolerance. We have previously demonstrated that CD11c+ phagocytes that include dendritic cells and macrophages are located in the sub-epithelial dome within PPs sample C. albicans. To gain insight on how specific cells within PPs sense and respond to the sampling of fungi, we gavaged naïve mice with C. albicans strains ATCC 18804 and SC5314 as well as Saccharomyces cerevisiae. We measured the differential gene expression of sorted CD45+ B220+ B-cells, CD3+ T-cells and CD11c+ DCs within the first 24 h post-gavage using nanostring nCounter® technology. The results reveal that at 24 h, PP phagocytes were the cell type that displayed differential gene expression. These phagocytes were able to sample C. albicans and discriminate between strains. In particular, strain ATCC 18804 upregulated fungal-specific pro-inflammatory genes pertaining to innate and adaptive immune responses. Interestingly, PP CD11c+ phagocytes also differentially expressed genes in response to C. albicans that were important in the protection of the mucosal barrier. These results highlight that the mucosal barrier not only responds to C. albicans, but also aids in the protection of the host.
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46
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Goepfert K, Dinsart C, Rommelaere J, Foerster F, Moehler M. Rational Combination of Parvovirus H1 With CTLA-4 and PD-1 Checkpoint Inhibitors Dampens the Tumor Induced Immune Silencing. Front Oncol 2019; 9:425. [PMID: 31192129 PMCID: PMC6546938 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2019.00425] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2019] [Accepted: 05/07/2019] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
The recent therapeutic success of immune checkpoint inhibitors in the treatment of advanced melanoma highlights the potential of cancer immunotherapy. Oncolytic virus-based therapies may further improve the outcome of these cancer patients. A human ex vivo melanoma model was used to investigate the oncolytic parvovirus H-1 (H-1PV) in combination with ipilimumab and/or nivolumab. The effect of this combination on activation of human T lymphocytes was demonstrated. Expression of CTLA-4, PD-1, and PD-L1 immune checkpoint proteins was upregulated in H-1PV-infected melanoma cells. Nevertheless, maturation of antigen presenting cells such as dendritic cells was triggered by H-1PV infected melanoma cells. Combining H-1PV with checkpoint inhibitors, ipilimumab enhanced TNFα release during maturation of dendritic cells; nivolumab increased the amount of IFNγ release. H-1PV mediated reduction of regulatory T cell activity was demonstrated by lower TGF-ß levels. The combination of ipilimumab and nivolumab resulted in a further decline of TGF-ß levels. Similar results were obtained regarding the activation of cytotoxic T cells. H-1PV infection alone and in combination with both checkpoint inhibitors caused strong activation of CTLs, which was reflected by an increased number of CD8+GranB+ cells and increased release of granzyme B, IFNγ, and TNFα. Our data support the concept of a treatment benefit from combining oncolytic H-1PV with the checkpoint inhibitors ipilimumab and nivolumab, with nivolumab inducing stronger effects on cytotoxic T cells, and ipilimumab strengthening T lymphocyte activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katrin Goepfert
- Department of Medicine I, University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz, Mainz, Germany
| | - Christiane Dinsart
- Infection, Inflammation and Cancer Program, Tumor Virology Division (F010), German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Jean Rommelaere
- Infection, Inflammation and Cancer Program, Tumor Virology Division (F010), German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Friedrich Foerster
- Department of Medicine I, University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz, Mainz, Germany
| | - Markus Moehler
- Department of Medicine I, University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz, Mainz, Germany
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47
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RGMB enhances the suppressive activity of the monomeric secreted form of CTLA-4. Sci Rep 2019; 9:6984. [PMID: 31061392 PMCID: PMC6502797 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-43068-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2018] [Accepted: 03/15/2019] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The immunoregulatory molecule CTLA-4 plays a crucial role in the maintenance of immune homeostasis. CTLA-4-neutralizing antibodies are now approved for the treatment of advanced melanoma, and are in development for treating other cancers as well. However, a thorough understanding of CTLA-4 function at the molecular level is necessary in order to develop strategies to prevent the unintended autoimmunity that is frequently associated with systemic blockade of CTLA-4 activity. Here, we describe an extracellular molecule, repulsive guidance molecule B (RGMB) as a novel binding partner of CTLA-4. RGMB expression was detected at high levels in dendritic cell subsets that have been suggested to have tolerogenic capabilities. RGMB binds an extracellular domain of CTLA-4, and specifically strengthens the binding of the monomeric, soluble form of CTLA-4 (sCTLA-4) to CD80, enhancing CTLA-4’s suppressive effect on co-stimulation. Examination of expression data from tumor tissues revealed a negative correlation between RGMB expression and immune activation status in the majority of non-hematologic tumor tissues. These findings advance our understanding of CTLA-4 activity, as well as identify the RGMB/CTLA-4 binding interface as a potential target for the development of novel immune checkpoint blockade therapies.
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48
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Kong BY, Bolton H, Kim JW, Silveira PA, Fromm PD, Clark GJ. On the Other Side: Manipulating the Immune Checkpoint Landscape of Dendritic Cells to Enhance Cancer Immunotherapy. Front Oncol 2019; 9:50. [PMID: 30788290 PMCID: PMC6372550 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2019.00050] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2018] [Accepted: 01/17/2019] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Monoclonal antibodies targeting co-inhibitory immune checkpoint molecules have been successful in clinical trials of both solid and hematological malignancies as acknowledged by the 2018 Nobel Prize in Medicine, however improving clinical response rates is now key to expanding their efficacy in areas of unmet medical need. Antibodies to checkpoint inhibitors target molecules on either T cells or tumor cells to stimulate T cells or remove tumor mediated immunosuppression, respectively. However, many of the well-characterized T cell immune checkpoint receptors have their ligands on antigen presenting cells or exert direct effects on those cells. Dendritic cells are the most powerful antigen presenting cells; they possess the ability to elicit antigen-specific responses and have important roles in regulation of immune tolerance. Despite their theoretical benefits in cancer immunotherapy, the translation of DC therapies into the clinic is yet to be fully realized and combining DC-based immunotherapy with immune checkpoint inhibitors is an attractive strategy. This combination takes advantage of the antigen presenting capability of DC to maximize specific immune responses to tumor antigens whilst removing tumor-associated immune inhibitory mechanisms with immune checkpoint inhibition. Here we review the expression and functional effects of immune checkpoint molecules on DC and identify rational combinations for DC vaccination to enhance antigen-specific T cell responses, cytokine production, and promotion of long-lasting immunological memory.
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Affiliation(s)
- Benjamin Y Kong
- Dendritic Cell Research Group, ANZAC Research Institute, Concord, NSW, Australia.,Sydney Medical School, The University of Sydney, Camperdown, NSW, Australia.,Department of Medical Oncology, Concord Repatriation General Hospital, Concord, NSW, Australia
| | - Holly Bolton
- Dendritic Cell Research Group, ANZAC Research Institute, Concord, NSW, Australia.,Sydney Medical School, The University of Sydney, Camperdown, NSW, Australia
| | - Julius W Kim
- Dendritic Cell Research Group, ANZAC Research Institute, Concord, NSW, Australia.,Sydney Medical School, The University of Sydney, Camperdown, NSW, Australia
| | - Pablo A Silveira
- Dendritic Cell Research Group, ANZAC Research Institute, Concord, NSW, Australia.,Sydney Medical School, The University of Sydney, Camperdown, NSW, Australia
| | - Phillip D Fromm
- Dendritic Cell Research Group, ANZAC Research Institute, Concord, NSW, Australia.,Sydney Medical School, The University of Sydney, Camperdown, NSW, Australia
| | - Georgina J Clark
- Dendritic Cell Research Group, ANZAC Research Institute, Concord, NSW, Australia.,Sydney Medical School, The University of Sydney, Camperdown, NSW, Australia
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Abstract
Immune responses are controlled by the optimal balance between protective immunity and immune tolerance. T-cell receptor (TCR) signals are modulated by co-signaling molecules, which are divided into co-stimulatory and co-inhibitory molecules. By expression at the appropriate time and location, co-signaling molecules positively and negatively control T-cell differentiation and function. For example, ligation of the CD28 on T cells provides a critical secondary signal along with TCR ligation for naive T-cell activation. In contrast, co-inhibitory signaling by the CD28-B7 family is important to regulate immune homeostasis and host defense, as these signals limit the strength and duration of immune responses to prevent autoimmunity. At the same time, microorganisms or tumor cells can use these pathways to establish an immunosuppressive environment to inhibit the immune responses against themselves. Understanding these co-inhibitory pathways will support the development of new immunotherapy for the treatment of tumors and autoimmune and infectious diseases. Here, we introduce diverse molecules belonging to the members of the CD28-B7 family.
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50
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Ward FJ, Dahal LN, Abu-Eid R. On the Road to Immunotherapy-Prospects for Treating Head and Neck Cancers With Checkpoint Inhibitor Antibodies. Front Immunol 2018; 9:2182. [PMID: 30319637 PMCID: PMC6165864 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2018.02182] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2018] [Accepted: 09/04/2018] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Head and neck cancers (HNC) represent a heterogeneous cluster of aggressive malignancies that account for 3% of all cancer cases in the UK. HNC is increasing in frequency particularly in the developing world, which is related to changes in risk factors. Unfortunately, the mortality rate is high, which is chiefly attributed to late diagnosis at stages where traditional treatments fail. Cancer immunotherapy has achieved great successes in anti-tumor therapy. Checkpoint inhibitor (CI) antibodies enhance anti-tumor activity by blocking inhibitory receptors to drive tumor-specific T and NK cell effector responses. Since their introduction in 2011, CI antibodies have been approved for many cancer types including HNC. Here, we examine the development of CI therapies and look forward to future developments for treatment of HNC with CI therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Frank J Ward
- Institute of Medical Sciences, School of Medicine, Medical Sciences and Nutrition, University of Aberdeen, Foresterhill, Aberdeen, United Kingdom
| | - Lekh N Dahal
- Centre for Cancer Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Southampton, Southampton General Hospital, Southampton, United Kingdom
| | - Rasha Abu-Eid
- Institute of Medical Sciences, School of Medicine, Medical Sciences and Nutrition, University of Aberdeen, Foresterhill, Aberdeen, United Kingdom.,Institute of Dentistry, School of Medicine, Medical Sciences and Nutrition, University of Aberdeen, Foresterhill, Aberdeen, United Kingdom
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