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Cheng D, Wang J, Yao M, Cox CD. Joining forces: crosstalk between mechanosensitive PIEZO1 ion channels and integrin-mediated focal adhesions. Biochem Soc Trans 2023; 51:1897-1906. [PMID: 37772664 DOI: 10.1042/bst20230042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2023] [Revised: 09/18/2023] [Accepted: 09/20/2023] [Indexed: 09/30/2023]
Abstract
Both integrin-mediated focal adhesions (FAs) and mechanosensitive ion channels such as PIEZO1 are critical in mechanotransduction processes that influence cell differentiation, development, and cancer. Ample evidence now exists for regulatory crosstalk between FAs and PIEZO1 channels with the molecular mechanisms underlying this process remaining unclear. However, an emerging picture is developing based on spatial crosstalk between FAs and PIEZO1 revealing a synergistic model involving the cytoskeleton, extracellular matrix (ECM) and calcium-dependent signaling. Already cell type, cell contractility, integrin subtypes and ECM composition have been shown to regulate this crosstalk, implying a highly fine-tuned relationship between these two major mechanosensing systems. In this review, we summarize the latest advances in this area, highlight the physiological implications of this crosstalk and identify gaps in our knowledge that will improve our understanding of cellular mechanosensing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Delfine Cheng
- The Victor Chang Cardiac Research Institute, Sydney, NSW 2010, Australia
- School of Clinical Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and Health, University of New South Wales, Kensington, NSW 2052, Australia
| | - Junfan Wang
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen 518055, China
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Advanced Biomaterials, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen 518055, China
| | - Mingxi Yao
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen 518055, China
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Advanced Biomaterials, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen 518055, China
| | - Charles D Cox
- The Victor Chang Cardiac Research Institute, Sydney, NSW 2010, Australia
- School of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine & Health, University of New South Wales, Kensington, NSW 2052, Australia
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2
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Aghili SS, Zare R, Jahangirnia A. Evaluation of Paxillin Expression in Epithelial Dysplasia, Oral Squamous Cell Carcinoma, Lichen Planus with and without Dysplasia, and Hyperkeratosis: A Retrospective Cross-Sectional Study. Diagnostics (Basel) 2023; 13:2476. [PMID: 37568839 PMCID: PMC10417688 DOI: 10.3390/diagnostics13152476] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2023] [Revised: 07/21/2023] [Accepted: 07/24/2023] [Indexed: 08/13/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Paxillin is a cytoskeletal protein involved in the pathogenesis of several types of cancers. However, the roles of paxillin in epithelial dysplasia (ED), oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC), oral lichen planus with dysplasia (OLPD), hyperkeratosis (HK), and oral lichen planus (OLP) have remained unnoticed in the literature. This study aimed to evaluate its attainable functions in the pathogenesis and malignant transformation of potentially malignant oral epithelium and benign lesions. METHODS In this retrospective cross-sectional study, paxillin expression was investigated in 99 tissue samples, including 18 cases of OSCC, 21 ED, 23 OLP, 21 OLPD, and 16 cases of HK. The tissue sections also underwent immunohistochemical paxillin staining using 3,3-diaminobenzidine (DAB) chromogen. The intensity, location, and percentage of staining were examined across all groups. Data were analyzed using the Shapiro-Wilk test, ANOVA, Pearson chi-square, Kruskal-Wallis, and Dunn's post hoc test. RESULTS The cytoplasmic percentage and intensity staining of Paxillin expression were evident in the central/suprabasal and basal/peripheral layers of all the obtained samples. The final staining score was significantly higher in OSCC and dysplasia compared to HK and OLP (p = 0.004). It was found that paxillin expression is associated with the grade of dysplastic samples (p < 0.001). CONCLUSION The present study provides evidence that paxillin may be involved in the pathogenesis of OSCC and the development and progression of dysplastic tissue, since the paxillin expression was higher than that of HK and OLP.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seyedeh Sara Aghili
- Student Research Committee, School of Dentistry, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz 71348-53734, Iran;
| | - Razieh Zare
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Pathology, School of Dentistry, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz 71348-53734, Iran
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3
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Xue Q, Varady SR, Waddell TQA, Roman MR, Carrington J, Roh-Johnson M. Lack of Paxillin phosphorylation promotes single-cell migration in vivo. J Cell Biol 2023; 222:213850. [PMID: 36723624 PMCID: PMC9929932 DOI: 10.1083/jcb.202206078] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2022] [Revised: 11/30/2022] [Accepted: 01/11/2023] [Indexed: 02/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Focal adhesions are structures that physically link the cell to the extracellular matrix for cell migration. Although cell culture studies have provided a wealth of information regarding focal adhesion biology, it is critical to understand how focal adhesions are dynamically regulated in their native environment. We developed a zebrafish system to visualize focal adhesion structures during single-cell migration in vivo. We find that a key site of phosphoregulation (Y118) on Paxillin exhibits reduced phosphorylation in migrating cells in vivo compared to in vitro. Furthermore, expression of a non-phosphorylatable version of Y118-Paxillin increases focal adhesion disassembly and promotes cell migration in vivo, despite inhibiting cell migration in vitro. Using a mouse model, we further find that the upstream kinase, focal adhesion kinase, is downregulated in cells in vivo, and cells expressing non-phosphorylatable Y118-Paxillin exhibit increased activation of the CRKII-DOCK180/RacGEF pathway. Our findings provide significant new insight into the intrinsic regulation of focal adhesions in cells migrating in their native environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qian Xue
- https://ror.org/03r0ha626Department of Biochemistry, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT, USA
| | - Sophia R.S. Varady
- https://ror.org/03r0ha626Department of Biochemistry, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT, USA
| | | | - Mackenzie R. Roman
- https://ror.org/03r0ha626Department of Biochemistry, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT, USA
| | - James Carrington
- https://ror.org/03r0ha626Department of Biochemistry, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT, USA,School of Medicine, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT, USA
| | - Minna Roh-Johnson
- https://ror.org/03r0ha626Department of Biochemistry, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT, USA
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4
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Castillo-Sanchez R, Churruca-Schuind A, Martinez-Ival M, Salazar EP. Cancer-associated Fibroblasts Communicate with Breast Tumor Cells Through Extracellular Vesicles in Tumor Development. Technol Cancer Res Treat 2022; 21:15330338221131647. [PMID: 36222020 PMCID: PMC9558853 DOI: 10.1177/15330338221131647] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022] Open
Abstract
Breast cancer is the leading cause of cancer death among women worldwide. In solid tumors, the microenvironment plays a critical role in tumor development, and it has been described a communication between the different cell types that conform the stroma, including fibroblasts, pericytes, adipocytes, immune cells and cancer-associated fibroblasts. Intercellular communication is bidirectional, complex, multifactorial and is mediated by the secretion of molecules and extracellular vesicles. The extracellular vesicles are vesicles limited by two membranes that are secreted by normal and cancer cells into the extracellular space. Extracellular vesicle cargo is complex and includes proteins, miRNAs, DNA and lipids, and their composition is specific to their parent cells. Extracellular vesicles are taken up for neighboring or distant cells. Particularly, extracellular vesicles from breast cancer cells are taken up for fibroblasts and it induces the activation of fibroblasts into cancer-associated fibroblasts. Interestingly, cancer associated fibroblasts release extracellular vesicles that are taken up for breast cancer cells and promote migration, invasion, proliferation, epithelial-mesenchymal transition, changes in metabolism, chemoresistance, evasion of immune system and remodeling of extracellular matrix. In addition, the enrichment of specific cargos in extracellular vesicles of breast cancer patients has been suggested to be used as biomarkers of the disease. Here we review the current literature about the intercommunication between tumor cells and cancer associated fibroblasts through extracellular vesicles in breast cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Eduardo Perez Salazar
- Eduardo Perez Salazar, PhD, Departamento de
Biologia Celular, Cinvestav-IPN, Av. IPN # 2508, Mexico City 07360, Mexico.
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5
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Dekker Y, Le Dévédec SE, Danen EHJ, Liu Q. Crosstalk between Hypoxia and Extracellular Matrix in the Tumor Microenvironment in Breast Cancer. Genes (Basel) 2022; 13:genes13091585. [PMID: 36140753 PMCID: PMC9498429 DOI: 10.3390/genes13091585] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2022] [Revised: 08/28/2022] [Accepted: 08/31/2022] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Even though breast cancer is the most diagnosed cancer among women, treatments are not always successful in preventing its progression. Recent studies suggest that hypoxia and the extracellular matrix (ECM) are important in altering cell metabolism and tumor metastasis. Therefore, the aim of this review is to study the crosstalk between hypoxia and the ECM and to assess their impact on breast cancer progression. The findings indicate that hypoxic signaling engages multiple mechanisms that directly contribute to ECM remodeling, ultimately increasing breast cancer aggressiveness. Second, hypoxia and the ECM cooperate to alter different aspects of cell metabolism. They mutually enhance aerobic glycolysis through upregulation of glucose transport, glycolytic enzymes, and by regulating intracellular pH. Both alter lipid and amino acid metabolism by stimulating lipid and amino acid uptake and synthesis, thereby providing the tumor with additional energy for growth and metastasis. Third, YAP/TAZ signaling is not merely regulated by the tumor microenvironment and cell metabolism, but it also regulates it primarily through its target c-Myc. Taken together, this review provides a better understanding of the crosstalk between hypoxia and the ECM in breast cancer. Additionally, it points to a role for the YAP/TAZ mechanotransduction pathway as an important link between hypoxia and the ECM in the tumor microenvironment, driving breast cancer progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yasmin Dekker
- Leiden Academic Centre for Drug Research, Leiden University, 2333 CC Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Sylvia E. Le Dévédec
- Leiden Academic Centre for Drug Research, Leiden University, 2333 CC Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Erik H. J. Danen
- Leiden Academic Centre for Drug Research, Leiden University, 2333 CC Leiden, The Netherlands
- Correspondence: (E.H.J.D.); (Q.L.)
| | - Qiuyu Liu
- School of Life Sciences, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing 100102, China
- Correspondence: (E.H.J.D.); (Q.L.)
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6
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EZH2 engages TGFβ signaling to promote breast cancer bone metastasis via integrin β1-FAK activation. Nat Commun 2022; 13:2543. [PMID: 35538070 PMCID: PMC9091212 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-022-30105-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 25.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2021] [Accepted: 04/19/2022] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Bone metastases occur in 50-70% of patients with late-stage breast cancers and effective therapies are needed. The expression of enhancer of zeste homolog 2 (EZH2) is correlated with breast cancer metastasis, but its function in bone metastasis hasn't been well-explored. Here we report that EZH2 promotes osteolytic metastasis of breast cancer through regulating transforming growth factor beta (TGFβ) signaling. EZH2 induces cancer cell proliferation and osteoclast maturation, whereas EZH2 knockdown decreases bone metastasis incidence and outgrowth in vivo. Mechanistically, EZH2 transcriptionally increases ITGB1, which encodes for integrin β1. Integrin β1 activates focal adhesion kinase (FAK), which phosphorylates TGFβ receptor type I (TGFβRI) at tyrosine 182 to enhance its binding to TGFβ receptor type II (TGFβRII), thereby activating TGFβ signaling. Clinically applicable FAK inhibitors but not EZH2 methyltransferase inhibitors effectively inhibit breast cancer bone metastasis in vivo. Overall, we find that the EZH2-integrin β1-FAK axis cooperates with the TGFβ signaling pathway to promote bone metastasis of breast cancer.
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7
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Timbrell S, Aglan H, Cramer A, Foden P, Weaver D, Pachter J, Kilgallon A, Clarke RB, Farnie G, Bundred NJ. FAK inhibition alone or in combination with adjuvant therapies reduces cancer stem cell activity. NPJ Breast Cancer 2021; 7:65. [PMID: 34050172 PMCID: PMC8163772 DOI: 10.1038/s41523-021-00263-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2020] [Accepted: 03/15/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Cancer stem-like cells (CSC) contribute to therapy resistance and recurrence. Focal adhesion kinase (FAK) has a role in CSC regulation. We determined the effect of FAK inhibition on breast CSC activity alone and in combination with adjuvant therapies. FAK inhibition reduced CSC activity and self-renewal across all molecular subtypes in primary human breast cancer samples. Combined FAK and paclitaxel reduced self-renewal in triple negative cell lines. An invasive breast cancer cohort confirmed high FAK expression correlated with increased risk of recurrence and reduced survival. Co-expression of FAK and CSC markers was associated with the poorest prognosis, identifying a high-risk patient population. Combined FAK and paclitaxel treatment reduced tumour size, Ki67, ex-vivo mammospheres and ALDH+ expression in two triple negative patient derived Xenograft (PDX) models. Combined treatment reduced tumour initiation in a limiting dilution re-implantation PDX model. Combined FAK inhibition with adjuvant therapy has the potential to improve breast cancer survival.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simon Timbrell
- Breast Biology Group, Manchester Breast Centre, Oglesby Cancer Research Building, University of Manchester, Manchester, UK
- Cancer Stem Cell Research, Oglesby Cancer Research Building, University of Manchester, Manchester, UK
| | - Hosam Aglan
- Breast Biology Group, Manchester Breast Centre, Oglesby Cancer Research Building, University of Manchester, Manchester, UK
- Cancer Stem Cell Research, Oglesby Cancer Research Building, University of Manchester, Manchester, UK
| | - Angela Cramer
- Department of Oncology Cytogenetics, The Christie Foundation Trust, Manchester, UK
| | - Phil Foden
- Academic Surgery, University of Manchester, Manchester University NHS Foundation Trust, Manchester, UK
| | | | | | - Aoife Kilgallon
- Breast Biology Group, Manchester Breast Centre, Oglesby Cancer Research Building, University of Manchester, Manchester, UK
| | - Robert B Clarke
- Breast Biology Group, Manchester Breast Centre, Oglesby Cancer Research Building, University of Manchester, Manchester, UK
| | - Gillian Farnie
- Cancer Stem Cell Research, Oglesby Cancer Research Building, University of Manchester, Manchester, UK.
- Farnie Lab, Nuffield Department of Orthopaedics, Rheumatology and Musculoskeletal sciences, Botnar Research Centre, NDORMS, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK.
| | - Nigel J Bundred
- Breast Biology Group, Manchester Breast Centre, Oglesby Cancer Research Building, University of Manchester, Manchester, UK.
- Academic Surgery, University of Manchester, Manchester University NHS Foundation Trust, Manchester, UK.
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8
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Mondaca JM, Uzair ID, Castro Guijarro AC, Flamini MI, Sanchez AM. Molecular Basis of LH Action on Breast Cancer Cell Migration and Invasion via Kinase and Scaffold Proteins. Front Cell Dev Biol 2021; 8:630147. [PMID: 33614634 PMCID: PMC7893099 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2020.630147] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2020] [Accepted: 12/24/2020] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Breast cancer (BC) is a major public health problem affecting women worldwide. Approximately 80% of diagnosed cases are hormone-dependent breast cancers. These hormones are known to stimulate tumor development and progression. In this setting, tentative evidence suggests that luteinizing hormone (LH) may also play a role in tumors. In BC cells that express functional LH receptors (LHR), this hormone regulates cell migration and invasion by controlling several kinases that activate actin cytoskeletal proteins. In this article, we show that LH induces phosphorylation of paxillin and its translocation toward the plasmatic membrane, where focal adhesion complexes are assembled. This process is triggered via a rapid extra-gonadal LHR signaling to Src/FAK/paxillin, which results in the phosphorylation/activation of the nucleation promoter factors cortactin and N-WASP. As a consequence, Arp2/3 complexes induce actin polymerization, essential to promote cell adhesion, migration, and invasion, thus enhancing metastatic spread of tumoral cells. Our findings provide relevant information about how gonadotrophins exert their action in BC. This information helps us understand the extragonadal effects of LH on BC metastasis. It may provide new perspectives for therapeutic treatment, especially for women with high serum levels of gonadotrophins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joselina Magali Mondaca
- Laboratorio de Transducción de Señales y Movimiento Celular, Instituto de Medicina y Biología Experimental de Cuyo (IMBECU), Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), Universidad Nacional de Cuyo, Mendoza, Argentina
| | - Ivonne Denise Uzair
- Laboratorio de Transducción de Señales y Movimiento Celular, Instituto de Medicina y Biología Experimental de Cuyo (IMBECU), Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), Universidad Nacional de Cuyo, Mendoza, Argentina
| | - Ana Carla Castro Guijarro
- Laboratorio de Biología Tumoral, Instituto de Medicina y Biología Experimental de Cuyo (IMBECU), Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), Universidad Nacional de Cuyo, Mendoza, Argentina
| | - Marina Inés Flamini
- Laboratorio de Biología Tumoral, Instituto de Medicina y Biología Experimental de Cuyo (IMBECU), Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), Universidad Nacional de Cuyo, Mendoza, Argentina
| | - Angel Matias Sanchez
- Laboratorio de Transducción de Señales y Movimiento Celular, Instituto de Medicina y Biología Experimental de Cuyo (IMBECU), Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), Universidad Nacional de Cuyo, Mendoza, Argentina
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9
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10
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Elmer DA, Tiouririne M. Local Anesthetics (LAs) and Cancer Cell Progression: Is There an
Oncologic Protective Role for LAs in Clinical Practice? CURRENT ANESTHESIOLOGY REPORTS 2018. [DOI: 10.1007/s40140-018-0297-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
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11
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Patil V, Mahalingam K. A four-protein expression prognostic signature predicts clinical outcome of lower-grade glioma. Gene 2018; 679:57-64. [DOI: 10.1016/j.gene.2018.08.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2018] [Accepted: 08/01/2018] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
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12
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Chang CH, Bijian K, Qiu D, Su J, Saad A, Dahabieh MS, Miller WH, Alaoui-Jamali MA. Endosomal sorting and c-Cbl targeting of paxillin to autophagosomes regulate cell-matrix adhesion turnover in human breast cancer cells. Oncotarget 2018; 8:31199-31214. [PMID: 28415719 PMCID: PMC5458201 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.16105] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2017] [Accepted: 03/01/2017] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Post-translational mechanisms regulating cell-matrix adhesion turnover during cell locomotion are not fully elucidated. In this study, we uncovered an essential role of Y118 site-specific tyrosine phosphorylation of paxillin, an adapter protein of focal adhesion complexes, in paxillin recruitment to autophagosomes to trigger turnover of peripheral focal adhesions in human breast cancer cells. We demonstrate that the Rab-7 GTPase is a key upstream regulator of late endosomal sorting of tyrosine118-phosphorylated paxillin, which is subsequently recruited to autophagosomes via the cargo receptor c-Cbl. Essentially, this recruitment involves a direct and selective interaction between Y118-phospho-paxillin, c-Cbl, and LC3 and is independent from c-Cbl E3 ubiquitin ligase activity. Interference with the Rab7-paxillin-autophagy regulatory network using genetic and pharmacological approaches greatly impacted focal adhesion stability, cell locomotion and progression to metastasis using a panel of human breast cancer cells. Together, these results provide novel insights into the requirement of phospho-site specific post-translational mechanism of paxillin for autophagy targeting to regulate cell-matrix adhesion turnover and cell locomotion in breast cancer cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chia-Hao Chang
- Lady Davis Institute for Medical Research and Segal Cancer Center, SMBD Jewish General Hospital, Departments of Medicine and Oncology, Faculty of Medicine, McGill University, Montreal, Canada
| | - Krikor Bijian
- Lady Davis Institute for Medical Research and Segal Cancer Center, SMBD Jewish General Hospital, Departments of Medicine and Oncology, Faculty of Medicine, McGill University, Montreal, Canada
| | - Dinghong Qiu
- Lady Davis Institute for Medical Research and Segal Cancer Center, SMBD Jewish General Hospital, Departments of Medicine and Oncology, Faculty of Medicine, McGill University, Montreal, Canada
| | - Jie Su
- Lady Davis Institute for Medical Research and Segal Cancer Center, SMBD Jewish General Hospital, Departments of Medicine and Oncology, Faculty of Medicine, McGill University, Montreal, Canada
| | - Amine Saad
- Lady Davis Institute for Medical Research and Segal Cancer Center, SMBD Jewish General Hospital, Departments of Medicine and Oncology, Faculty of Medicine, McGill University, Montreal, Canada
| | - Michael S Dahabieh
- Lady Davis Institute for Medical Research and Segal Cancer Center, SMBD Jewish General Hospital, Departments of Medicine and Oncology, Faculty of Medicine, McGill University, Montreal, Canada
| | - Wilson H Miller
- Lady Davis Institute for Medical Research and Segal Cancer Center, SMBD Jewish General Hospital, Departments of Medicine and Oncology, Faculty of Medicine, McGill University, Montreal, Canada
| | - Moulay A Alaoui-Jamali
- Lady Davis Institute for Medical Research and Segal Cancer Center, SMBD Jewish General Hospital, Departments of Medicine and Oncology, Faculty of Medicine, McGill University, Montreal, Canada
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Kpetemey M, Chaudhary P, Van Treuren T, Vishwanatha JK. MIEN1 drives breast tumor cell migration by regulating cytoskeletal-focal adhesion dynamics. Oncotarget 2018; 7:54913-54924. [PMID: 27462783 PMCID: PMC5342390 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.10798] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2016] [Accepted: 07/13/2016] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Migration and invasion enhancer 1 (MIEN1) is an important regulator of cell migration and invasion. MIEN1 overexpression represents an oncogenic event that promotes tumor cell dissemination and metastasis. The underlying mechanism by which MIEN1 regulates migration and invasion has yet to be deciphered. Here, we demonstrate that MIEN1 acts as a cytoskeletal-signaling adapter protein to drive breast cancer cell migration. MIEN1 localization is concentrated underneath the actin-enriched protrusive structures of the migrating breast cancer cells. Depletion of MIEN1 led to the loss of actin-protrusive structures whereas the over-expression of MIEN1 resulted in rich and thick membrane extensions. Knockdown of MIEN1 also decreased the cell-substratum adhesion, suggesting a role for MIEN1 in actin cytoskeletal dynamics. Our results show that MIEN1 supports the transition of G-actin to F-actin polymerization and stabilizes F-actin polymers. Additionally, MIEN1 promotes cellular adhesion and actin dynamics by inducing phosphorylation of FAK at Tyr-925 and reducing phosphorylation of cofilin at Ser-3, which results in breast cancer cell migration. Collectively, our data show that MIEN1 plays an essential role in maintaining the plasticity of the dynamic membrane-associated actin cytoskeleton, which leads to an increase in cell motility. Hence, targeting MIEN1 might represent a promising means to prevent breast tumor metastasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marilyne Kpetemey
- Department of Molecular and Medical Genetics, Institute for Cancer Research, and The Texas Center for Health Disparities, University of North Texas Health Science Center, Fort Worth, TX 76107, USA
| | - Pankaj Chaudhary
- Department of Molecular and Medical Genetics, Institute for Cancer Research, and The Texas Center for Health Disparities, University of North Texas Health Science Center, Fort Worth, TX 76107, USA
| | - Timothy Van Treuren
- Department of Molecular and Medical Genetics, Institute for Cancer Research, and The Texas Center for Health Disparities, University of North Texas Health Science Center, Fort Worth, TX 76107, USA
| | - Jamboor K Vishwanatha
- Department of Molecular and Medical Genetics, Institute for Cancer Research, and The Texas Center for Health Disparities, University of North Texas Health Science Center, Fort Worth, TX 76107, USA
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14
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FAK and paxillin, two potential targets in pancreatic cancer. Oncotarget 2017; 7:31586-601. [PMID: 26980710 PMCID: PMC5058780 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.8040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 77] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2015] [Accepted: 02/11/2016] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC) is a devastating cancer in large part due to late diagnosis and a lack of effective screening tests. In spite of recent progress in imaging, surgery and new therapeutic options for pancreatic cancer, the overall five-year survival still remains unacceptably low. Numerous studies have shown that focal adhesion kinase (FAK) is activated in many cancers including PDAC and promotes cancer progression and metastasis. Paxillin, an intracellular adaptor protein that plays a key role in cytoskeletal organization, connects integrins to FAK and plays a key role in assembly and disassembly of focal adhesions. Here, we have reviewed evidence in support of FAK as a potential therapeutic target and summarized related combinatorial therapies.
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15
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Almstedt K, Sicking I, Battista MJ, Huangfu S, Heimes AS, Weyer-Elberich V, Hasenburg A, Schmidt M. Prognostic Significance of Focal Adhesion Kinase in Node-Negative Breast Cancer. Breast Care (Basel) 2017; 12:329-333. [PMID: 29234254 DOI: 10.1159/000477895] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Focal adhesion kinase (FAK) is a cytoplasmic tyrosine kinase that plays an important role as a mediator of cell migration, invasion, proliferation and survival. Conflicting results for the prognostic role of FAK in breast cancer (BC) prompted us to determine its impact. Methods Patients with node-negative BC entered this retrospective study. FAK expression was determined by immunohistochemistry (n = 335). The prognostic impact of FAK was examined with Cox regression analyses and Kaplan-Meier estimation in the whole cohort as well as in different molecular subtypes. Results 151 (45.1%) had a FAK-positive BC. In univariate analyses, FAK expression showed a significant impact for shorter disease-free survival (DFS) (hazard ratio (HR) 1.54, 95% confidence interval (CI) 1.04-2.28, p = 0.030) but not for metastasis-free survival and overall survival. Significant prognostic relevance for DFS (HR 1.76, 95% CI 1.05-2.97, p = 0.033) was observed in particular in estrogen receptor-positive HER2-negative BC patients, most notably in luminal B-like tumors (HR 2.32, CI 1.20-4.48, p = 0.012). However, FAK lost its prognostic impact in multivariate Cox regression analysis. Conclusion FAK was associated with impaired DFS in univariate analysis. Prognostic relevance for DFS was most pronounced in luminal B-like BC. However, FAK expression was not associated with an independent impact on survival for BC in multivariate analysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katrin Almstedt
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University Hospital, Mainz, Germany
| | - Isabel Sicking
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University Hospital, Mainz, Germany
| | - Marco J Battista
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University Hospital, Mainz, Germany
| | - Shangou Huangfu
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University Hospital, Mainz, Germany
| | - Anne-Sophie Heimes
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University Hospital, Mainz, Germany
| | - Veronika Weyer-Elberich
- Institute of Medical Biostatistics, Epidemiology and Informatics (IMBEI), Johannes Gutenberg University, Mainz, Germany
| | - Annette Hasenburg
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University Hospital, Mainz, Germany
| | - Marcus Schmidt
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University Hospital, Mainz, Germany
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Sato M, Kawana K, Adachi K, Fujimoto A, Yoshida M, Nakamura H, Nishida H, Inoue T, Taguchi A, Ogishima J, Eguchi S, Yamashita A, Tomio K, Wada-Hiraike O, Oda K, Nagamatsu T, Osuga Y, Fujii T. Targeting glutamine metabolism and the focal adhesion kinase additively inhibits the mammalian target of the rapamycin pathway in spheroid cancer stem-like properties of ovarian clear cell carcinoma in vitro. Int J Oncol 2017; 50:1431-1438. [PMID: 28259988 DOI: 10.3892/ijo.2017.3891] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2017] [Accepted: 02/17/2017] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Ovarian cancer is one of the leading causes of death in the world, which is linked to its resistance to chemotherapy. Strategies to overcome chemoresistance have been keenly investigated. Culturing cancer cells in suspension, which results in formation of spheroids, is a more accurate reflection of clinical cancer behavior in vitro than conventional adherent cultures. By performing RNA-seq analysis, we found that the focal adhesion pathway was essential in spheroids. The phosphorylation of focal adhesion kinase (FAK) was increased in spheroids compared to adherent cells, and inhibition of FAK in spheroids resulted in inhibition of the downstream mammalian target of the rapamycin (mTOR) pathway in ovarian clear cell carcinomas. This result also suggested that only using a FAK inhibitor might have limitations because the phosphorylation level of FAK could not be reduced to the level in adherent cells, and it appeared that some combination therapies might be necessary. We previously reported that glutamine and glutamate concentrations were higher in spheroids than adherent cells, and we investigated a synergistic effect targeting glutamine metabolism with FAK inhibition on the mTOR pathway. The combination of AOA, a pan-transaminase inhibitor, and PF 573228, a FAK inhibitor, additively inhibited the mTOR pathway in spheroids from ovarian clear cell carcinomas. Our in vitro study proposed a rationale for the positive and negative effects of using FAK inhibitors in ovarian clear cell carcinomas and suggested that targeting glutamine metabolism could overcome the limitation of FAK inhibitors by additively inhibiting the mTOR pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Masakazu Sato
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8655, Japan
| | - Kei Kawana
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8655, Japan
| | - Katsuyuki Adachi
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8655, Japan
| | - Asaha Fujimoto
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8655, Japan
| | - Mitsuyo Yoshida
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8655, Japan
| | - Hiroe Nakamura
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8655, Japan
| | - Haruka Nishida
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8655, Japan
| | - Tomoko Inoue
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8655, Japan
| | - Ayumi Taguchi
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8655, Japan
| | - Juri Ogishima
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8655, Japan
| | - Satoko Eguchi
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8655, Japan
| | - Aki Yamashita
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8655, Japan
| | - Kensuke Tomio
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8655, Japan
| | - Osamu Wada-Hiraike
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8655, Japan
| | - Katsutoshi Oda
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8655, Japan
| | - Takeshi Nagamatsu
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8655, Japan
| | - Yutaka Osuga
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8655, Japan
| | - Tomoyuki Fujii
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8655, Japan
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17
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Zou Q, Yang Z, Li D, Liu Z, Yuan Y. Association of chloride intracellular channel 4 and Indian hedgehog proteins with survival of patients with pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma. Int J Exp Pathol 2017; 97:422-429. [PMID: 28205343 DOI: 10.1111/iep.12213] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2016] [Accepted: 10/18/2016] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Pancreatic cancer is the fourth most common cause of cancer-related mortality. Novel molecular biomarkers need to be identified for personalized medicine and to improve survival. The aim of this study was to examine chloride intracellular channel 4 (CLIC4) and Indian Hedgehog (Ihh) expression in benign and malignant lesions of the pancreas and to examine the eventual association between CLIC4 and Ihh expression, with clinicopathological features and prognosis of pancreatic cancer. A retrospective study of specimens collected from January 2000 to December 2011 at the Department of Pathology of the Second and Third Xiangya Hospitals, Central South University was undertaken to explore this question. Immunohistochemistry of CLIC4 and Ihh was performed with EnVision™ in 106 pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma specimens, 35 paracancer samples (2 cm away from the tumour, when possible or available), 55 benign lesions and 13 normal tissue samples. CLIC4 and Ihh expression in pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma were significantly higher than in paracancer tissue and benign lesions (CLIC4: P = 0.009 and Ihh: P < 0.0001; CLIC4: P = 0.0004 and Ihh: P = 0.0001 respectively). CLIC4 and Ihh expression was negative in normal pancreatic tissues. The expression of CLIC4 and Ihh was associated significantly with tumour grade, lymph node metastasis, tumour invasion and poor overall survival. Thus CLIC4 and Ihh could serve as biological markers for the progression, metastasis and/or invasiveness of pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qiong Zou
- Department of Pathology, Third Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Zhulin Yang
- Research Laboratory of Hepatobiliary Diseases, Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Daiqiang Li
- Department of Pathology, Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Ziru Liu
- Research Laboratory of Hepatobiliary Diseases, Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Yuan Yuan
- Department of Pathology, Third Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China
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Shekhar S, Angadi PV. Evaluation of paxillin expression in patients with oral squamous cell carcinoma: An immunohistochemical study. J Oral Maxillofac Pathol 2017; 21:318-319. [PMID: 28932050 PMCID: PMC5596691 DOI: 10.4103/jomfp.jomfp_98_17] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: Oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC) is the tenth most common cancer in the world. The diagnosis of OSCC remains problematic, especially in advanced-stage tumors. Aims: The present study was conducted to understand the pattern of expression of paxillin in varying grades of carcinomas and also to ascertain whether its expression has an association with increasing grades. Methods: A total of ninety formalin-fixed paraffin-embedded tissues of OSCC were included in the study comprising thirty cases of each of well-differentiated squamous cell carcinomas, moderately differentiated squamous cell carcinomas (MDSCCs) and poorly differentiated squamous cell carcinomas (PDSCCs). The tissue sections were subjected to immunohistochemical staining of paxillin using super polymer-sensitive polymer 3,3’ diaminobenzidine detection kit. All the three groups were analyzed on various parameters including staining intensity, location and percentage of staining. SPSS 19.0 was used to analyze the data. Results: Paxillin stain positivity was observed in 95.5% of the cases. Predominant intense paxillin staining was demonstrated in 17 (56.6%) cases of well-differentiated squamous cell carcinoma, 28 (93.3%) cases of moderately differentiated squamous squamous cell carcinoma and 15 (50%) cases of PDSCC. A predominant cytoplasmic staining was observed in 21 (70%) cases of PDSCC and cytoplasmic plus membrane staining in 14 (46.6%) cases of MDSCC. Conclusion: The present study provides evidence that paxillin may be involved in the development and progression of OSCC. Thus, paxillin could be considered a useful biomarker for patient management and prognosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Saurabh Shekhar
- Department of Oral Pathology and Microbiology, KLE University's VK Institute of Dental Sciences, KLE University, Belgaum, Karnataka, India
| | - Punnya V Angadi
- Department of Oral Pathology and Microbiology, KLE University's VK Institute of Dental Sciences, KLE University, Belgaum, Karnataka, India
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Prognostic Value of Focal Adhesion Kinase (FAK) in Human Solid Carcinomas: A Meta-Analysis. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0162666. [PMID: 27637100 PMCID: PMC5026375 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0162666] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2016] [Accepted: 08/26/2016] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Recently, the number of reports on focal adhesion kinase (FAK) as a vital therapeutic target in solid carcinomas has increased; however, the prognostic role of FAK status remains poorly understood. This study aims to evaluate the prognostic effect of FAK by means of a meta-analysis. Methods We performed a systematic literature search in order to examine the correlation between expression of FAK and overall survival(OS). The hazard ratio (HR) of OS was used to measure survival. A random-effects model was used to pool study statistics. Sensitivity and publication bias analyses were also conducted. Results Thirty eligible studies involving 4702 patients were included. The median expression rate of FAK was 54%. Meta-analysis of the HRs demonstrated that high FAK expression was associated with worse OS (average HR = 2.073, 95%confidence interval[CI]:1.712–2.510, p = 0.000). Regarding cancer type, FAK was associated with worse OS in gastric cancer (HR = 2.646,95% CI:1.743–4.017, p = 0.000), hepatocellular carcinoma (HR = 1.788,95% CI:1.228–2.602, p = 0.002), ovarian cancer (HR = 1.815, 95% CI: 1.193–2.762, p = 0.005), endometrial cancer (HR = 4.149, 95% CI:2.832–6.079, p = 0.000), gliomas (HR = 2.650, 95% CI: 1.205–5.829, p = 0.015), and squamous cell carcinoma (HR = 1,696, 95% CI: 1.030–2.793, p = 0.038). No association was found between HR and disease staging according to our meta-regression analysis. Conclusions Our study shows that high expression of FAK is associated with a worse OS in patients with carcinomas, but the association between FAK and prognosis varies according to cancer type. The value of FAK status in clinical prognosis in cancer needs further research.
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20
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Research advances on structure and biological functions of integrins. SPRINGERPLUS 2016; 5:1094. [PMID: 27468395 PMCID: PMC4947080 DOI: 10.1186/s40064-016-2502-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2016] [Accepted: 06/02/2016] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Integrins are an important family of adhesion molecules that were first discovered two decades ago. Integrins are transmembrane heterodimeric glycoprotein receptors consisting of α and β subunits, and are comprised of an extracellular domain, a transmembrane domain, and a cytoplasmic tail. Therein, integrin cytoplasmic domains may associate directly with numerous cytoskeletal proteins and intracellular signaling molecules, which are crucial for modulating fundamental cell processes and functions including cell adhesion, proliferation, migration, and survival. The purpose of this review is to describe the unique structure of each integrin subunit, primary cytoplasmic association proteins, and transduction signaling pathway of integrins, with an emphasis on their biological functions.
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21
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Mitri Z, Nanda R, Blackwell K, Costelloe CM, Hood I, Wei C, Brewster AM, Ibrahim NK, Koenig KB, Hortobagyi GN, Van Poznak C, Rimawi MF, Moulder-Thompson S. TBCRC-010: Phase I/II Study of Dasatinib in Combination with Zoledronic Acid for the Treatment of Breast Cancer Bone Metastasis. Clin Cancer Res 2016; 22:5706-5712. [PMID: 27166393 DOI: 10.1158/1078-0432.ccr-15-2845] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2015] [Revised: 04/26/2016] [Accepted: 05/02/2016] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Osteoclast-mediated bone resorption through src kinase releases growth factors, sustaining bone metastases. This trial determined the recommended phase II dose (RP2D) and clinical efficacy of the src kinase inhibitor dasatinib combined with zoledronic acid in bone predominant, HER2-negative breast cancer metastases. EXPERIMENTAL DESIGN A 3+3 lead in phase I design confirmed the RP2D allowing activation of the single-arm, phase II trial. Zoledronic acid was administered intravenously on day 1, and dasatinib was given orally once daily for 28 days each cycle as twice daily administration caused dose-limiting toxicity (DLT). Response was assessed every three cycles. N-telopeptide (NTx) was serially measured. RESULTS A total of 25 patients were enrolled. No DLTs were noted at the RP2D of dasatinib = 100 mg/d. Common adverse events were grade 1-2: rash (9/25, 36%), fatigue (9/25, 36%), pain (9/25, 36%), nausea (6/25, 20%). The objective response rate in bone was 5/22 (23%), all partial responses (PR). The clinical benefit rate [PRs + stable disease (SD) ≥ 6 months] in bone was 8/22 (36%). Median time to treatment failure was 2.70 months [95% confidence interval (CI), 1.84-5.72] in the general cohort, 3.65 months (95% CI, 1.97-7.33) in patients with hormone receptor (HR)-positive breast cancer and 0.70 months (95% CI, 0.30-NA) in those with HR-negative disease. Factors associated with response in bone included lower tumor grade, HR-positive status, and pretreatment high NTx levels. CONCLUSIONS Combination therapy was well tolerated and produced responses in bone in patients with HR-positive tumors. Clin Cancer Res; 22(23); 5706-12. ©2016 AACR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zahi Mitri
- The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas
| | - Rita Nanda
- The University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois
| | | | | | - Ilona Hood
- The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas
| | | | | | - Nuhad K Ibrahim
- The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas
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22
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Wang B, Qi X, Li D, Feng M, Meng X, Fu S. Expression of pY397 FAK promotes the development of non-small cell lung cancer. Oncol Lett 2015; 11:979-983. [PMID: 26893679 PMCID: PMC4733957 DOI: 10.3892/ol.2015.3992] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2014] [Accepted: 06/05/2015] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Focal adhesion kinase (FAK) expression has been identified as associated with cancer development and metastasis. Autophosphorylation of FAK at tyrosine (Y) 397 (pY397) performs a critical role in tumor cell signaling. However, few studies have evaluated the expression of pY397 FAK in non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC). In the present study, pY397 FAK expression in NSCLC was investigated using immunohistochemistry. pY397 FAK staining scores were compared between various groups of specimens and the associations between clinical and pathological characteristics were investigated. A Kaplan-Meier survival curve was used to determine the association between pY397 FAK expression and the prognosis of NSCLC patients. The results of the present study revealed that pY397 FAK expression was localized to the cytoplasm of lung cells, and that pY397 FAK was overexpressed in NSCLC tissues, as well as associated metastatic tissues, when compared with the corresponding non-tumor tissues. However, no significant difference was identified between the pY397 FAK expression in primary lesions and lymph node metastases. Furthermore, pY397 FAK staining scores were not found to be associated with the tumor size, gender, degree of differentiation, histotypes, presence of lymph node metastases or survival rate of NSCLC patients. These results indicate that pY397 FAK is involved with the development of NSCLC, but is not a prognostic marker for the disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Baichun Wang
- Laboratory of Medical Genetics, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, Heilongjiang 150081, P.R. China; Department of Cardiovascular Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin, Heilongjiang 150001, P.R. China
| | - Xiuying Qi
- Laboratory of Medical Genetics, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, Heilongjiang 150081, P.R. China
| | - Danyang Li
- Department of Pathology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin, Heilongjiang 150001, P.R. China
| | - Meiyan Feng
- Department of Pathology, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin, Heilongjiang 150081, P.R. China
| | - Xiangning Meng
- Laboratory of Medical Genetics, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, Heilongjiang 150081, P.R. China
| | - Songbin Fu
- Laboratory of Medical Genetics, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, Heilongjiang 150081, P.R. China; Key Laboratory of Medical Genetics, Heilongjiang Higher Education Institutions, Harbin, Heilongjiang 150081, P.R. China
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Chen SY, Lin JS, Lin HC, Shan YS, Cheng YJ, Yang BC. Dependence of fibroblast infiltration in tumor stroma on type IV collagen-initiated integrin signal through induction of platelet-derived growth factor. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-MOLECULAR CELL RESEARCH 2015; 1853:929-39. [PMID: 25686533 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbamcr.2015.02.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2014] [Accepted: 02/05/2015] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
Cancer-associated fibroblasts play a crucial role in accelerating tumor progression, but there is a knowledge gap regarding the chemotactic signal activated in a tumor microenvironment. In this study, the expression of type IV collagen was knocked down using a lentiviral-mediated short hairpin RNA strategy. Although there was no obvious effect on cell growth in vitro, silencing the Col4-α1 gene decreased the tumorigenicity of B16F10 in C57BL/6 mice, which was accompanied by a reduction in the infiltration of alpha-smooth muscle actin-positive (α-SMA+) fibroblasts. Silencing the Col4-α1 gene or disrupting integrin engagement by blocking the antibody reduced the expression of platelet-derived growth factor A (PDGF-A), a potent chemotactic factor for fibroblasts. Furthermore, ectopic expression of the autoclustering integrin mutant significantly stimulated PDGF-A expression in murine B16F10 and human U118MG and Huh7 cells. PDGF-A-specific sh-RNA and neutralizing anti-PDGF-A antibody effectively inhibited the transwell migration of fibroblasts. Adding recombinant PDGF-A back to shCol cell-conditioned media restored the fibroblast-attraction ability indicating that PDGF-A is a major chemotactic factor for fibroblasts in the current study model. The integrin-associated PDGF-A production correlated with the activation of Src and ERK. High type IV collagen staining intensity colocalized with elevated PDGF-A expression was observed in tumor tissues obtained from hepatoma and glioma patients. The integrin signal pathway was activated by collagen engagement through Src and ERK, leading to enhanced PDGF-A production, which serves as a key regulator of fibroblast recruitment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sheng-Yi Chen
- Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan 70101, Taiwan.
| | - Jo-Shi Lin
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan 70101, Taiwan.
| | - Huan-Ching Lin
- Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan 70101, Taiwan.
| | - Yan-Shen Shan
- Department of Surgeon, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan 70101, Taiwan.
| | - Yu-Jung Cheng
- Department of Physical Therapy, China Medical University, Taichung 40402, Taiwan.
| | - Bei-Chang Yang
- Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan 70101, Taiwan; Department of Microbiology and Immunology, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan 70101, Taiwan; Center for Gene Regulation and Signal Transduction Research, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan 70101, Taiwan.
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Merrill D, An R, Turek J, Nolte DD. Digital holography of intracellular dynamics to probe tissue physiology. APPLIED OPTICS 2015; 54:A89-97. [PMID: 25967027 PMCID: PMC4668827 DOI: 10.1364/ao.54.000a89] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
Digital holography provides improved capabilities for imaging through dense tissue. Using a short-coherence source, the digital hologram recorded from backscattered light performs laser ranging that maintains fidelity of information acquired from depths much greater than possible by traditional imaging techniques. Biodynamic imaging (BDI) is a developing technology for live-tissue imaging of up to a millimeter in depth that uses the hologram intensity fluctuations as label-free image contrast and can study tissue behavior in native microenvironments. In this paper BDI is used to investigate the change in adhesion-dependent tissue response in 3D cultures. The results show that increasing density of cellular adhesions slows motion inside tissue and alters the response to cytoskeletal drugs. A clear signature of membrane fluctuations was observed in mid-frequencies (0.1-1 Hz) and was enhanced by the application of cytochalasin-D that degrades the actin cortex inside the cell membrane. This enhancement feature is only observed in tissues that have formed adhesions, because cell pellets initially do not show this signature, but develop this signature only after incubation enables adhesions to form.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel Merrill
- Department of Physics, Purdue University, 525 Northwestern Avenue, West Lafayette, IN 47907
- Corresponding author:
| | - Ran An
- Animated Dynamics, Inc. 1281 Win Hentschel Blvd, West Lafayette, IN 47906
| | - John Turek
- Department of Basic Medical Sciences, Purdue University, 625 Harrison Street, West Lafayette, IN 47907
| | - David D. Nolte
- Department of Physics, Purdue University, 525 Northwestern Avenue, West Lafayette, IN 47907
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FAK signaling in human cancer as a target for therapeutics. Pharmacol Ther 2014; 146:132-49. [PMID: 25316657 DOI: 10.1016/j.pharmthera.2014.10.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 288] [Impact Index Per Article: 28.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2014] [Accepted: 10/07/2014] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Focal adhesion kinase (FAK) is a key regulator of growth factor receptor- and integrin-mediated signals, governing fundamental processes in normal and cancer cells through its kinase activity and scaffolding function. Increased FAK expression and activity occurs in primary and metastatic cancers of many tissue origins, and is often associated with poor clinical outcome, highlighting FAK as a potential determinant of tumor development and metastasis. Indeed, data from cell culture and animal models of cancer provide strong lines of evidence that FAK promotes malignancy by regulating tumorigenic and metastatic potential through highly-coordinated signaling networks that orchestrate a diverse range of cellular processes, such as cell survival, proliferation, migration, invasion, epithelial-mesenchymal transition, angiogenesis and regulation of cancer stem cell activities. Such an integral role in governing malignant characteristics indicates that FAK represents a potential target for cancer therapeutics. While pharmacologic targeting of FAK scaffold function is still at an early stage of development, a number of small molecule-based FAK tyrosine kinase inhibitors are currently undergoing pre-clinical and clinical testing. In particular, PF-00562271, VS-4718 and VS-6063 show promising clinical activities in patients with selected solid cancers. Clinical testing of rationally designed FAK-targeting agents with implementation of predictive response biomarkers, such as merlin deficiency for VS-4718 in mesothelioma, may help improve clinical outcome for cancer patients. In this article, we have reviewed the current knowledge regarding FAK signaling in human cancer, and recent developments in the generation and clinical application of FAK-targeting pharmacologic agents.
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Mammary gland-specific ablation of focal adhesion kinase reduces the incidence of p53-mediated mammary tumour formation. Br J Cancer 2014; 110:2747-55. [PMID: 24809783 PMCID: PMC4037829 DOI: 10.1038/bjc.2014.219] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2013] [Revised: 03/28/2014] [Accepted: 04/01/2014] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: Elevated expression of focal adhesion kinase (FAK) occurs in numerous human cancers including colon-, cervix- and breast cancer. Although several studies have implicated FAK in mammary tumour formation induced by ectopic oncogene expression, evidence supporting a role for FAK in spontaneous mammary tumour development caused by loss of tumour suppressor genes such as p53 is lacking. Alterations in the tumour suppressor gene p53 have been implicated in over 50% of human breast cancers. Given that elevated FAK expression highly correlates with p53 mutation status in human breast cancer, we set out to investigate the importance of FAK in p53-mediated spontaneous mammary tumour development. Methods: To directly assess the role of FAK, we generated mice with conditional inactivation of FAK and p53. We generated female p53lox/lox/FAK+/+/WapCre, p53lox/lox/FAKflox/+/WapCre and p53lox/lox/FAKflox/−/WapCre mice, and mice with WapCre-mediated conditional expression of p53R270H, the mouse equivalent of human p53R273H hot spot mutation, together with conditional deletion of FAK, P53R270H/+/FAKlox/+/WapCre and p53R270H/+/FAKflox/−/WapCre mice. All mice were subjected to one pregnancy to induce WapCre-mediated deletion of p53 or expression of p53 R270H, and Fak genes flanked by two loxP sites, and subsequently followed the development of mammary tumours. Results: Using this approach, we show that FAK is important for p53-induced mammary tumour development. In addition, mice with the mammary gland-specific conditional expression of p53 point mutation R270H, the mouse equivalent to human R273H, in combination with conditional deletion of Fak showed reduced incidence of p53R270H-induced mammary tumours. In both models these effects of FAK were related to reduced proliferation in preneoplastic lesions in the mammary gland ductal structures. Conclusions: Mammary gland-specific ablation of FAK hampers p53-regulated spontaneous mammary tumour formation. Focal adhesion kinase deletion reduced proliferative capacity of p53 null and p53R270H mammary epithelial cells but did not lead to increased apoptosis in vivo. Our data identify FAK as an important regulator in mammary epithelial cell proliferation in p53-mediated and p53R270H-induced mammary tumour development.
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27
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Alexopoulou AN, Ho-Yen CM, Papalazarou V, Elia G, Jones JL, Hodivala-Dilke K. Tumour-associated endothelial-FAK correlated with molecular sub-type and prognostic factors in invasive breast cancer. BMC Cancer 2014; 14:237. [PMID: 24693876 PMCID: PMC3997837 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2407-14-237] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2013] [Accepted: 03/25/2014] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Breast cancer is a heterogeneous disease that can be classified into one of 4 main molecular sub-types: luminal A, luminal B, Her2 over-expressing and basal-like (BL). These tumour sub-types require different treatments and have different risks of disease progression. BL cancers can be considered a sub-group of Triple negative (TN) cancers since they lack estrogen (ER), progesterone (PR) and Her2 expression. No targeted treatment currently exists for TN/BL cancers. Thus it is important to identify potential therapeutic targets and describe their relationship with established prognostic factors. Focal adhesion kinase (FAK) is upregulated in several human cancers and also plays a functional role in tumour angiogenesis. However, the association between breast cancer sub-types and tumour endothelial-FAK expression is unknown. Methods Using immunofluorescence, we quantified FAK expression in tumour endothelial and tumour cell compartments in 149 invasive breast carcinomas and correlated expression with clinical, pathological and molecular parameters. Results Low endothelial-FAK expression was independently associated with luminal A tumours at univariate (p < 0.001) and multivariate (p = 0.001) analysis. There was a positive correlation between FAK expression in the vascular and tumour cell compartments (Spearman’s correlation co-efficient = 0.394, p < 0.001). Additionally, endothelial and tumour cell FAK expression were significantly increased in TN tumours (p = 0.043 and p = 0.033 respectively), in tumours with negative ER and PR status, and in high grade tumours at univariate analysis. Conclusion Our findings establish a relationship between endothelial-FAK expression levels and the molecular sub-type of invasive breast cancer, and suggest that endothelial-FAK expression is potentially more clinically relevant than tumour cell FAK expression in breast cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | - Kairbaan Hodivala-Dilke
- Adhesion and Angiogenesis Laboratory, Centre for Tumour Biology, Barts Cancer Institute - a CR-UK Centre of Excellence, Queen Mary University of London, John Vane Science Centre, Charterhouse Square, London EC1M 6BQ, UK.
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German AE, Mammoto T, Jiang E, Ingber DE, Mammoto A. Paxillin controls endothelial cell migration and tumor angiogenesis by altering neuropilin 2 expression. J Cell Sci 2014; 127:1672-83. [PMID: 24522185 DOI: 10.1242/jcs.132316] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Although a number of growth factors and receptors are known to control tumor angiogenesis, relatively little is known about the mechanism by which these factors influence the directional endothelial cell migration required for cancer microvessel formation. Recently, it has been shown that the focal adhesion protein paxillin is required for directional migration of fibroblasts in vitro. Here, we show that paxillin knockdown enhances endothelial cell migration in vitro and stimulates angiogenesis during normal development and in response to tumor angiogenic factors in vivo. Paxillin produces these effects by decreasing expression of neuropilin 2 (NRP2). Moreover, soluble factors secreted by tumors that stimulate vascular ingrowth, including vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF), also decrease endothelial cell expression of paxillin and NRP2, and overexpression of NRP2 reverses these effects. These results suggest that the VEGF-paxillin-NRP2 pathway could represent a new therapeutic target for cancer and other angiogenesis-related diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexandra E German
- Harvard-MIT Division of Health Sciences and Technology, MIT, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
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29
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Liu Z, Yang Z, Jiang S, Zou Q, Yuan Y, Li J, Li D, Liang L, Chen M, Chen S. Paxillin and carbonic anhydrase IX are prognostic markers in gallbladder squamous cell/adenosquamous carcinomas and adenocarcinomas. Histopathology 2014; 64:921-34. [PMID: 24354963 DOI: 10.1111/his.12341] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2013] [Revised: 11/26/2013] [Accepted: 12/02/2013] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Ziru Liu
- Research Laboratory of Hepatobiliary Diseases; Second Xiangya Hospital; Central South University; Changsha China
| | - Zhulin Yang
- Research Laboratory of Hepatobiliary Diseases; Second Xiangya Hospital; Central South University; Changsha China
| | - Song Jiang
- Research Laboratory of Hepatobiliary Diseases; Second Xiangya Hospital; Central South University; Changsha China
| | - Qiong Zou
- Department of Pathology; Third Xiangya Hospital; Central South University; Changsha China
| | - Yuan Yuan
- Department of Pathology; Third Xiangya Hospital; Central South University; Changsha China
| | - Jinghe Li
- Department of Pathology; Basic School of Medicine; Changsha China
| | - Daiqiang Li
- Department of Pathology; Second Xiangya Hospital; Central South University; Changsha China
| | - Lufeng Liang
- Department of Hepatobiliary and Pancreatic Surgery; Hunan Provincial People's Hospital; Changsha China
| | - Meigui Chen
- Department of Pathology; Loudi Central Hospital; Loudi China
| | - Senlin Chen
- Department of Pathology; Hunan Provincial Tumor Hospital; Changsha China
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30
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Hypoxia-inducible factors mediate coordinated RhoA-ROCK1 expression and signaling in breast cancer cells. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2013; 111:E384-93. [PMID: 24324133 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1321510111] [Citation(s) in RCA: 150] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Overexpression of Rho kinase 1 (ROCK1) and the G protein RhoA is implicated in breast cancer progression, but oncogenic mutations are rare, and the molecular mechanisms that underlie increased ROCK1 and RhoA expression have not been determined. RhoA-bound ROCK1 phosphorylates myosin light chain (MLC), which is required for actin-myosin contractility. RhoA also activates focal adhesion kinase (FAK) signaling. Together, these pathways are critical determinants of the motile and invasive phenotype of cancer cells. We report that hypoxia-inducible factors coordinately activate RhoA and ROCK1 expression and signaling in breast cancer cells, leading to cell and matrix contraction, focal adhesion formation, and motility through phosphorylation of MLC and FAK. Thus, intratumoral hypoxia acts as an oncogenic stimulus by triggering hypoxia-inducible factor → RhoA → ROCK1 → MLC → FAK signaling in breast cancer cells.
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31
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Lee S, Qiao J, Paul P, O'Connor KL, Evers MB, Chung DH. FAK is a critical regulator of neuroblastoma liver metastasis. Oncotarget 2013; 3:1576-87. [PMID: 23211542 PMCID: PMC3681496 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.732] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Neuroblastomas express increased levels of gastrin-releasing peptide receptor (GRP-R). However, the exact molecular mechanisms involved in GRP-R-mediated cell signaling in neuroblastoma growth and metastasis are unknown. Here, we report that focal adhesion kinase (FAK), as a critical downstream target of GRP-R, is an important regulator of neuroblastoma tumorigenicity. We found that FAK expression correlates with GRP-R expression in human neuroblastoma sections and cell lines. GRP-R overexpression in SK-N-SH cells increased FAK, integrin α3 and β1 expressions and cell migration. These cells demonstrated flatter cell morphology with broad lamellae, in which intense FAK expression was localized to the leading edges of lamellipodia. Interestingly, FAK activation was, in part, dependent on integrin α3 and β1 expression. Conversely, GRP-R silencing decreased FAK as well as Mycn levels in BE(2)-C cells, which displayed a denser cellular morphology. Importantly, rescue experiments in GRP-R silenced BE(2)-C cells showed FAK overexpression significantly enhanced cell viability and soft agar colony formation; similarly, FAK overexpression in SK-N-SH cells also resulted in increased cell growth. These effects were reversed in FAK silenced BE(2)-C cells in vitro as well as in vivo. Moreover, we evaluated the effect of FAK inhibition in vivo. FAK inhibitor (Y15) suppressed GRP-induced neuroblastoma growth and metastasis. Our results indicate that FAK is a critical downstream regulator of GRP-R, which mediates tumorigenesis and metastasis in neuroblastoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sora Lee
- Departments of Pediatric Surgery, Vanderbilt University Medical Center1, Nashville, TN, USA
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32
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Karim SA, Creedon H, Patel H, Carragher NO, Morton JP, Muller WJ, Evans TR, Gusterson B, Sansom OJ, Brunton VG. Dasatinib inhibits mammary tumour development in a genetically engineered mouse model. J Pathol 2013; 230:430-40. [PMID: 23616343 DOI: 10.1002/path.4202] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2012] [Revised: 04/02/2013] [Accepted: 04/04/2013] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Src family kinase activity is elevated in a number of human cancers including breast cancer. This increased activity has been associated with aggressive disease and poor prognosis. Src inhibitors are currently in clinical development with a number of trials currently assessing their activity in breast cancer. However, the results to date have been disappointing and a further evaluation of the preclinical effects of Src inhibitors is required to help establish whether these agents will be useful in the treatment of breast cancer. In this study we investigate the effects of dasatinib, which is a potent inhibitor of Src family kinases, on the initiation and development of breast cancer in a genetically engineered model of the disease. The mouse model utilized is driven by expression of activated ErbB-2 under the transcriptional control of its endogenous promoter coupled with conditional loss of Pten under the control of Cre recombinase expressed by the BLG promoter. We show that daily oral administration of dasatinib delays tumour onset and increases overall survival but does not inhibit the proliferation of established tumours. The striking difference between the dasatinib-treated group of tumours and the vehicle controls was the prominent squamous metaplasia that was seen in six out of 11 dasatinib-treated tumours. This was accompanied by a dramatic up-regulation of both E-cadherin and β-catenin and down-regulation of ErbB-2 in the dasatinib-treated tumours. Dasatinib also inhibited both the migration and the invasion of tumour-derived cell lines in vitro. Together these data support the argument that benefits of Src inhibitors may predominate in early or even pre-invasive disease.
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MESH Headings
- Administration, Oral
- Animals
- Antineoplastic Agents/administration & dosage
- Antineoplastic Agents/pharmacology
- Breast Neoplasms/enzymology
- Breast Neoplasms/genetics
- Breast Neoplasms/pathology
- Breast Neoplasms/prevention & control
- Cadherins/genetics
- Cadherins/metabolism
- Cell Differentiation/drug effects
- Cell Line, Tumor
- Cell Movement/drug effects
- Cell Proliferation/drug effects
- Dasatinib
- Dose-Response Relationship, Drug
- Drug Administration Schedule
- Enhancer Elements, Genetic
- Female
- Gene Expression Regulation, Neoplastic
- Genes, erbB-2
- Integrases/genetics
- Integrases/metabolism
- Lactoglobulins/genetics
- Mammary Neoplasms, Experimental/enzymology
- Mammary Neoplasms, Experimental/genetics
- Mammary Neoplasms, Experimental/pathology
- Mammary Neoplasms, Experimental/prevention & control
- Mice
- Mice, Inbred C57BL
- Mice, Knockout
- Mice, Transgenic
- Neoplasm Invasiveness
- PTEN Phosphohydrolase/deficiency
- PTEN Phosphohydrolase/genetics
- Protein Kinase Inhibitors/administration & dosage
- Protein Kinase Inhibitors/pharmacology
- Pyrimidines/administration & dosage
- Pyrimidines/pharmacology
- Signal Transduction/drug effects
- Thiazoles/administration & dosage
- Thiazoles/pharmacology
- Time Factors
- beta Catenin/genetics
- beta Catenin/metabolism
- src-Family Kinases/antagonists & inhibitors
- src-Family Kinases/metabolism
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Affiliation(s)
- Saadia A Karim
- Beatson Institute for Cancer Research, Garscube Estate, Switchback Road, Glasgow G61 1BD, UK
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Kandelman JD, Waitzberg AFL, Szejnfeld J, Smith RL. Expression of claudin, paxillin and FRA-1 in non-nodular breast lesions in association with microcalcifications. SAO PAULO MED J 2013; 131:71-9. [PMID: 23657508 PMCID: PMC10871730 DOI: 10.1590/s1516-31802013000100016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2012] [Revised: 11/07/2011] [Accepted: 06/29/2012] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
CONTEXT AND OBJECTIVE The possible role of adhesion molecules in early breast carcinogenesis has been shown in the literature. We aimed to analyze early adhesion imbalances in non-nodular breast lesions and their association with precursor lesions, in order to ascertain whether these alterations exist and contribute towards early carcinogenesis. DESIGN AND SETTING Retrospective cross-sectional study based on medical records at a private radiological clinic in São Paulo, Brazil. METHODS We retrospectively reviewed the medical records of all consecutive women attended between August 2006 and July 2007 who presented mammographic evidence of breast microcalcifications classified as Breast Imaging Reporting and Data System Atlas (BI-RADS) type 4. These women underwent stereotaxic biopsy. Clinical, radiological and pathological data were collected, and immunohistochemical assays searched for claudin, paxillin, FRA-1 and HER-2. RESULTS Over this period, 127 patients were evaluated. Previous BI-RADS diagnoses showed that 69 cases were in category 4A, 47 in 4B and 11 in 4C. Morphological assessment showed benign entities in 86.5%. Most of the benign lesions showed preserved claudin expression, associated with paxillin (P < 0.001). Paxillin and HER-2 expressions were correlated. FRA-1 expression was also strongly associated with HER-2 expression (P < 0.001). CONCLUSIONS Although already present in smaller amounts, imbalance of adhesion molecules is not necessarily prevalent in non-nodular breast lesions. Since FRA-1 expression reached statistically significant correlations with radiological and morphological diagnoses and HER-2 status, it may have a predictive role in this setting.
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Affiliation(s)
- José David Kandelman
- Departments of Pathology, Radiology and Morphology, Universidade Federal de São Paulo Unifesp, São Paulo, Brazil.
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34
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Deakin NO, Pignatelli J, Turner CE. Diverse roles for the paxillin family of proteins in cancer. Genes Cancer 2012; 3:362-70. [PMID: 23226574 DOI: 10.1177/1947601912458582] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
The paxillin family of intracellular scaffold proteins includes paxillin, Hic-5, and leupaxin, and all have been identified as key regulators of the cellular migration machinery in both 2- and 3-dimensional microenvironments. Herein, we provide insight into the roles of these proteins during tumorigenesis and metastasis, highlighting their functions in cancer initiation as well as tumor cell dissemination and survival. Furthermore, we speculate on the potential of paxillin family proteins as both future prognostic and therapeutic targets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicholas O Deakin
- State University of New York Upstate Medical University, Syracuse, NY, USA
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35
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Sero JE, Thodeti CK, Mammoto A, Bakal C, Thomas S, Ingber DE. Paxillin mediates sensing of physical cues and regulates directional cell motility by controlling lamellipodia positioning. PLoS One 2011; 6:e28303. [PMID: 22194823 PMCID: PMC3237434 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0028303] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2011] [Accepted: 11/05/2011] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Physical interactions between cells and the extracellular matrix (ECM) guide directional migration by spatially controlling where cells form focal adhesions (FAs), which in turn regulate the extension of motile processes. Here we show that physical control of directional migration requires the FA scaffold protein paxillin. Using single-cell sized ECM islands to constrain cell shape, we found that fibroblasts cultured on square islands preferentially activated Rac and extended lamellipodia from corner, rather than side regions after 30 min stimulation with PDGF, but that cells lacking paxillin failed to restrict Rac activity to corners and formed small lamellipodia along their entire peripheries. This spatial preference was preceded by non-spatially constrained formation of both dorsal and lateral membrane ruffles from 5-10 min. Expression of paxillin N-terminal (paxN) or C-terminal (paxC) truncation mutants produced opposite, but complementary, effects on lamellipodia formation. Surprisingly, pax-/- and paxN cells also formed more circular dorsal ruffles (CDRs) than pax+ cells, while paxC cells formed fewer CDRs and extended larger lamellipodia even in the absence of PDGF. In a two-dimensional (2D) wound assay, pax-/- cells migrated at similar speeds to controls but lost directional persistence. Directional motility was rescued by expressing full-length paxillin or the N-terminus alone, but paxN cells migrated more slowly. In contrast, pax-/- and paxN cells exhibited increased migration in a three-dimensional (3D) invasion assay, with paxN cells invading Matrigel even in the absence of PDGF. These studies indicate that paxillin integrates physical and chemical motility signals by spatially constraining where cells will form motile processes, and thereby regulates directional migration both in 2D and 3D. These findings also suggest that CDRs may correspond to invasive protrusions that drive cell migration through 3D extracellular matrices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julia E. Sero
- Vascular Biology Program, Departments of Pathology and Surgery, Children's Hospital Boston and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Charles K. Thodeti
- Vascular Biology Program, Departments of Pathology and Surgery, Children's Hospital Boston and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Akiko Mammoto
- Vascular Biology Program, Departments of Pathology and Surgery, Children's Hospital Boston and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Chris Bakal
- Dynamical Cell Systems Team, Division of Cancer Biology, Institute of Cancer Research, London, United Kingdom
| | - Sheila Thomas
- Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Donald E. Ingber
- Vascular Biology Program, Departments of Pathology and Surgery, Children's Hospital Boston and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
- Wyss Institute for Biologically Inspired Engineering at Harvard University, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
- School of Engineering and Applied Sciences, Harvard University, Cambridge, Massachusetts, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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36
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Castellano E, Downward J. RAS Interaction with PI3K: More Than Just Another Effector Pathway. Genes Cancer 2011; 2:261-74. [PMID: 21779497 DOI: 10.1177/1947601911408079] [Citation(s) in RCA: 519] [Impact Index Per Article: 39.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
RAS PROTEINS ARE SMALL GTPASES KNOWN FOR THEIR INVOLVEMENT IN ONCOGENESIS: around 25% of human tumors present mutations in a member of this family. RAS operates in a complex signaling network with multiple activators and effectors, which allows them to regulate many cellular functions such as cell proliferation, differentiation, apoptosis, and senescence. Phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase (PI3K) is one of the main effector pathways of RAS, regulating cell growth, cell cycle entry, cell survival, cytoskeleton reorganization, and metabolism. However, it is the involvement of this pathway in human tumors that has attracted most attention. PI3K has proven to be necessary for RAS-induced transformation in vitro, and more importantly, mice with mutations in the PI3K catalytic subunit p110α that block its ability to interact with RAS are highly resistant to endogenous oncogenic KRAS-induced lung tumorigenesis and HRAS-induced skin carcinogenesis. These animals also have a delayed development of the lymphatic vasculature. Many PI3K inhibitors have been developed that are now in clinical trials. However, it is a complex pathway with many feedback loops, and interactions with other pathways make the results of its inhibition hard to predict. Combined therapy with another RAS-regulated pathway such as RAF/MEK/ERK may be the most effective way to treat cancer, at least in animal models mimicking the human disease. In this review, we will summarize current knowledge about how RAS regulates one of its best-known effectors, PI3K.
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Affiliation(s)
- Esther Castellano
- Signal Transduction Laboratory, Cancer Research UK London Research Institute, London, UK
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37
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Athanasopoulou A, Aroukatos P, Nakas D, Repanti M, Papadaki H, Bravou V. Decreased ezrin and paxillin expression in human urothelial bladder tumors correlate with tumor progression. Urol Oncol 2011; 31:836-42. [PMID: 21868260 DOI: 10.1016/j.urolonc.2011.07.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2011] [Revised: 06/29/2011] [Accepted: 07/07/2011] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES F-actin binding proteins ezrin and paxillin are involved in cell adhesion and cell migration/invasion. The aim of the study was to investigate their role in urothelial bladder carcinogenesis. MATERIALS AND METHODS Expression of ezrin and paxillin was studied by immunohistochemistry in 104 and 96 cases of urothelial bladder tumors, respectively. Correlations with clinicopathologic data and expression of p53, E-cadherin, and β-catenin were examined. RESULTS Positive ezrin and paxillin protein expression was found in 99% and 93.7% of cases, respectively. Membranous expression of ezrin was significantly lower in high grade tumors and correlated with invasion. Multivariate analysis showed that ezrin is an independent predictor of muscularis propria invasion. Paxillin expression was significantly decreased in urothelial carcinomas compared with tumors of low malignant potential and low paxillin levels also correlated with advancing tumor stage and invasion. A statistically significant correlation was found between membranous ezrin and E-cadherin as well as between ezrin and paxillin expression in urothelial tumors. CONCLUSIONS Down-regulation of ezrin and paxillin in urothelial bladder tumors is associated with aggressive tumor features and invasiveness.
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Affiliation(s)
- Afrodite Athanasopoulou
- Department of Anatomy-Histology-Embryology, School of Medicine, University of Patras, Patras, Greece
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38
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Golubovskaya VM. Focal adhesion kinase as a cancer therapy target. Anticancer Agents Med Chem 2011; 10:735-41. [PMID: 21214510 DOI: 10.2174/187152010794728648] [Citation(s) in RCA: 83] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2010] [Accepted: 10/07/2010] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Focal adhesion kinase (FAK) is a non-receptor tyrosine kinase that resides at the sites of focal adhesions. The 125 kDa FAK protein is encoded by the FAK gene located on human chromosome 8q24. Structurally, FAK consists of an amino-terminal regulatory FERM domain, a central catalytic kinase domain, and a carboxy-terminal focal adhesion targeting domain. FAK has been shown to be an important mediator of cell adhesion, growth, proliferation, survival, angiogenesis and migration, all of which are often disrupted in cancer cells. Normal tissues have low expression of FAK, while primary and metastatic tumors significantly overexpress this protein. This review summarizes expression of FAK by immunohistochemical staining in different tumor types and presents several FAK inhibition therapy approaches.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vita M Golubovskaya
- Department of Surgical Oncology, Roswell Park Cancer Institute, Buffalo, NY 14263, USA.
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Chen Y, Wang Z, Chang P, Xiang L, Pan F, Li J, Jiang J, Zou L, Yang L, Bian Z, Liang H. The effect of focal adhesion kinase gene silencing on 5-fluorouracil chemosensitivity involves an Akt/NF-kappaB signaling pathway in colorectal carcinomas. Int J Cancer 2010; 127:195-206. [PMID: 19904749 DOI: 10.1002/ijc.25025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Multicellular resistance (MCR) is produced because multicellular spheroids (MCSs) are formed with a broad cell-cell connection when cultured in three-dimensions, which limits the clinical treatment efficacy in solid tumors. Focal adhesion kinase (FAK) plays an important role in apoptosis, survival and cell adhesion between cells and their extracellular matrix. In this study, we investigated the expressions of FAK, Akt and NF-kappaB in human colorectal cancer (CRC), and the effects of FAK gene silencing on MCSs formation and 5-fluorouracil (5-FU) chemosensitivity in colon carcinoma MCSs culture cells. In CRC samples, FAK, Akt and NF-kappaB were overexpressed. The positive expression of FAK correlated notably with lymph node metastasis and cellular differentiation. Positive expressions of Akt and NF-kappaB were significantly related to cellular differentiation and lymph node metastasis, respectively. Furthermore, positive expression of FAK correlated with that of Akt and NF-kappaB. The expression of FAK was inhibited significantly by a small hairpin RNA targeting FAK. Knockdown of FAK reversed the formation and aggregation of MCSs, significantly decreased the 50% inhibitory concentration of 5-FU, and markedly increased MCS culture cells apoptosis. These effects were associated with reduced levels of Akt and NF-kappaB. These results indicate that suppressing FAK expression potentiated 5-FU-induced cytotoxicity and contributed to its chemosensitizing effect by suppressing Akt/NF-kappaB signaling in colon carcinoma MCS culture cells. These data also imply that FAK mediates MCR of CRC through the survival signaling pathway FAK/Akt/NF-kappaB.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuying Chen
- Department of Oncology, Southwest Hospital, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, People's Republic of China
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Kapoor GS, O'Rourke DM. SIRPalpha1 receptors interfere with the EGFRvIII signalosome to inhibit glioblastoma cell transformation and migration. Oncogene 2010; 29:4130-44. [PMID: 20473329 DOI: 10.1038/onc.2010.164] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
EGFRvIII, a frequent genetic alteration of the epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR), has been shown to increase the migratory potential of tumor cells and normal fibroblasts. Previously, we showed that signal regulatory protein alpha1 (SIRPalpha1) receptors interact with SHP-2 to inhibit wild-type (wt) EGFR-mediated tumor migration, survival and cell transformation. However, the effects of SIRPalpha1 inhibitory receptors on EGFRvIII-mediated phenotypes are unclear. The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of SIRPalpha1 receptor on the EGFRvIII signalosome and phenotypes. Overexpression of SIRPalpha1 in U87MG.EGFRvIII cells inhibited transformation and migration in a MAPK-dependent manner, and is independent of the phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase (PI3-K)/Akt pathway. We observed reduced EGFRvIII/SHP-2/Gab1/Grb2/Sos-1 interaction and enhanced SIRP/SHP-2 association in U87MG.EGFRvIII/SIRPalpha1 cells when compared with empty vector control cells. Interestingly, SIRPalpha1 overexpression differentially modulated SHP-2 phosphorylation at tyrosyl 542 and 580 residues, which may regulate Erk1/2 activity and the EGFRvIII phenotype. In addition, SIRPalpha1-expressing cells exhibited reduced focal adhesion kinase (FAK) phosphorylation and its recruitment to the EGFRvIII/Grb2/Sos-1/Gab1/SHP-2 complex. Collectively, our data indicate that SIRPalpha1 specifically affects the SHP-2/FAK/Grb2/Sos-1/MAPK activation loop to downmodulate EGFRvIII-mediated migration and transformation. Further understanding of the molecular interactions between the SIRPalpha1 inhibitory receptor and the EGFRvIII signalosome may facilitate the identification of novel targets to inhibit the EGFRvIII glioblastoma phenotype.
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Affiliation(s)
- G S Kapoor
- Department of Neurosurgery, University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
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Hiscox S, Barnfather P, Hayes E, Bramble P, Christensen J, Nicholson RI, Barrett-Lee P. Inhibition of focal adhesion kinase suppresses the adverse phenotype of endocrine-resistant breast cancer cells and improves endocrine response in endocrine-sensitive cells. Breast Cancer Res Treat 2010; 125:659-69. [PMID: 20354780 DOI: 10.1007/s10549-010-0857-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2009] [Accepted: 03/16/2010] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
Acquired resistance to endocrine therapy in breast cancer is a major clinical problem. Previous reports have demonstrated that cell models of acquired endocrine resistance have altered cell-matrix adhesion and a highly migratory phenotype, features which may impact on tumour spread in vivo. Focal adhesion kinase (FAK) is an intracellular kinase that regulates signalling pathways central to cell adhesion, migration and survival and its expression is frequently deregulated in breast cancer. In this study, we have used the novel FAK inhibitor PF573228 to address the role of FAK in the development of endocrine resistance. Whilst total-FAK expression was similar between endocrine-sensitive and endocrine-resistant MCF7 cells, FAK phosphorylation status (Y397 or Y861) was altered in resistance. PF573228 promoted a dose-dependent inhibition of FAK phosphorylation at Y397 but did not affect other FAK activation sites (pY407, pY576 and pY861). Endocrine-resistant cells were more sensitive to these inhibitory effects versus MCF7 (mean IC(50) for FAK pY397 inhibition: 0.43 μM, 0.05 μM and 0.13 μM for MCF7, TamR and FasR cells, respectively). Inhibition of FAK pY397 was associated with a reduction in TamR and FasR adhesion to, and migration over, matrix components. PF573228 as a single agent (0-1 μM) did not affect the growth of MCF7 cells or their endocrine-resistant counterparts. However, treatment of endocrine-sensitive cells with PF573228 and tamoxifen combined resulted in greater suppression of proliferation versus single agent treatment. Together these data suggest the importance of FAK in the process of endocrine resistance, particularly in the development of an aggressive, migratory cell phenotype and demonstrate the potential to improve endocrine response through combination treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephen Hiscox
- Welsh School of Pharmacy, Cardiff University, Redwood Building, Kind Edward VII Avenue, Cathays Park, Cardiff, CF10 3NB, UK.
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Garamszegi N, Garamszegi SP, Samavarchi-Tehrani P, Walford E, Schneiderbauer MM, Wrana JL, Scully SP. Extracellular matrix-induced transforming growth factor-beta receptor signaling dynamics. Oncogene 2010; 29:2368-80. [PMID: 20101206 DOI: 10.1038/onc.2009.514] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
Matrix remodeling, degradation, inflammation and invasion liberate peptide fragments that can subsequently interact with cells in an attachment-independent manner. Such 'soluble' matrix components, including collagens, fibronectin and laminin, induced Smad activation (termed crosstalk signaling), which follows a similar chronological sequence and R-Smad specificity as induced by transforming growth factor (TGF)-beta1. Smad4 nuclear translocation occurred in response to collagen binding, indicating downstream signal propagation. TGF-beta scavenging antibody affected only TGF-beta1, but not crosstalk-induced responses. TGF-beta type II receptor mutation (DR26Delta25), which is deficient in TGF-beta type I receptor recruitment to the ligand, induced a heterotetramer signaling complex, and propagated Smad2 activation only through collagen induction and not TGF-beta signaling. Consequentially, TGF-beta ligand participation is not required for crosstalk signaling. This signaling requires a functional integrin beta1 receptor as showed by RNA interference. Co-immunoprecipitation (co-IP) and fluorescent microscopy indicate the involvement of focal adhesion kinase (FAK) and Src activity in collagen-induced signal propagation, and suggest a membrane signaling complex formation that includes both TGF-beta receptors and integrins. The related gene expressional responses are distinct from that evoked by TGF-beta1, supporting its separate function. This signaling mechanism expands and partially explains TGF-beta receptor dynamics and consequential signaling diversity-related gene expressional plasticity.
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Affiliation(s)
- N Garamszegi
- Sylvester Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Miami, Miami, FL 33136, USA.
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Matrix crosslinking forces tumor progression by enhancing integrin signaling. Cell 2009; 139:891-906. [PMID: 19931152 DOI: 10.1016/j.cell.2009.10.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2864] [Impact Index Per Article: 190.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2009] [Revised: 07/14/2009] [Accepted: 09/28/2009] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Tumors are characterized by extracellular matrix (ECM) remodeling and stiffening. The importance of ECM remodeling to cancer is appreciated; the relevance of stiffening is less clear. We found that breast tumorigenesis is accompanied by collagen crosslinking, ECM stiffening, and increased focal adhesions. Induction of collagen crosslinking stiffened the ECM, promoted focal adhesions, enhanced PI3 kinase (PI3K) activity, and induced the invasion of an oncogene-initiated epithelium. Inhibition of integrin signaling repressed the invasion of a premalignant epithelium into a stiffened, crosslinked ECM and forced integrin clustering promoted focal adhesions, enhanced PI3K signaling, and induced the invasion of a premalignant epithelium. Consistently, reduction of lysyl oxidase-mediated collagen crosslinking prevented MMTV-Neu-induced fibrosis, decreased focal adhesions and PI3K activity, impeded malignancy, and lowered tumor incidence. These data show how collagen crosslinking can modulate tissue fibrosis and stiffness to force focal adhesions, growth factor signaling and breast malignancy.
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Chen YY, Wang ZX, Chang PA, Li JJ, Pan F, Yang L, Bian ZH, Zou L, He JM, Liang HJ. Knockdown of focal adhesion kinase reverses colon carcinoma multicellular resistance. Cancer Sci 2009; 100:1708-13. [PMID: 19500106 PMCID: PMC11158389 DOI: 10.1111/j.1349-7006.2009.01217.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2009] [Revised: 05/05/2009] [Accepted: 05/07/2009] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Chemotherapy resistance in solid tumors is broad and encompasses diverse unrelated drugs. Three-dimensional multicellular spheroids (MCSs) are a good model for studying in vitro drug resistance. In the current study, we investigated the role of focal adhesion kinase (FAK) in 5-fluorouracil (5-FU) chemoresistance in colon carcinoma MCS culture cells. The expression of FAK was inhibited significantly by specific small hairpin RNA targeting FAK. The suppression of FAK expression did not affect the growth of spheroid cells. However, silencing of FAK combined with 5-FU treatment significantly decreased the 50% inhibitory concentration (IC(50)) of 5-FU and markedly increased the population of apoptosis cells, which was associated with the reduction of the levels of Akt and nuclear factor-kappa B (NF-kappaB). Moreover, knockdown of FAK could inhibit tumor growth and increase the sensitivity of the tumor to 5-FU in the nude mouse xenograft. These results indicate that while not affecting cellular proliferation in the absence of 5-FU, RNA interference targeting FAK potentiated 5-FU-induced cytotoxicity in vitro and in vivo, and partially reversed multicellular resistance, which may contribute to its chemosensitizing effect through efficiently suppressing Akt/NF-kappaB activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu-Ying Chen
- Department of Oncology, Southwest Hospital, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, China
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Abstract
Cellular interactions with extracellular matrix play essential roles in tumor initiation, progression and metastasis. Focal adhesion kinase (FAK) is a cytoplasmic tyrosine kinase identified as a key mediator of signaling by integrins, a major family of cell surface receptors for extracellular matrix, as well as other receptors in both normal and cancer cells. FAK is activated by integrins through disruption of an auto-inhibitory intra-molecular interaction between its kinase domain and the amino terminal FERM domain. The activated FAK forms a binary complex with Src family kinases which can phosphorylate other substrates and trigger multiple intracellular signaling pathways to regulate various cellular functions. Subcellular localization of FAK in focal adhesions is essential for FAK signaling, which is another distinguishing feature of the kinase. Integrin-FAK signaling has been shown to activate a number of signaling pathways through phosphorylation and protein-protein interactions to promote tumorigenesis. FAK also plays a prominent role in tumor progression and metastasis through its regulation of both cancer cells and their microenvironments including cancer cell migration, invasion, epithelial to mesenchymal transition, and angiogenesis. More recently, a role for FAK in tumor initiation and progression has been demonstrated directly using xenograft as well as conditional knockout mouse models. In agreement with these experimental data, overexpression and activation of FAK have been found in a variety of human cancers. A number of small molecule inhibitors for FAK have been developed and in various phases of testing for cancer treatments. Overall, the intensive research on FAK signaling in cancer have yielded a wealth of information on this pivotal kinase and these and future studies are leading to potentially novel therapies for cancer.
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Luo M, Guan JL. Focal adhesion kinase: a prominent determinant in breast cancer initiation, progression and metastasis. Cancer Lett 2009; 289:127-39. [PMID: 19643531 DOI: 10.1016/j.canlet.2009.07.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 213] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2009] [Revised: 07/08/2009] [Accepted: 07/10/2009] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Focal adhesion kinase (FAK) is an intracellular non-receptor tyrosine kinase. In addition to its role as a major mediator of signal transduction by integrins, FAK also participates in signaling by a wide range of extracellular stimuli including growth factors, G-protein-coupled receptor agonists, cytokines, and other inflammatory mediators. The link between FAK and breast cancers is strongly suggested by a number of reports showing that FAK gene is amplified and overexpressed in a large fraction of breast cancer specimens. In addition, increased FAK expression and activity frequently correlate with metastatic disease and poor prognosis. Since its discovery in early 1990s, numerous studies have shown a role for FAK in the regulation of cell spreading, adhesion, migration, survival, proliferation, differentiation, and angiogenesis. Many of these studies in cultured cells provided strong evidence to connect FAK expression/activation to the promotion of cancer. Recently, a prominent role of FAK in promoting mammary tumorigenesis, progression and metastasis has been unveiled by different animal models of human breast cancer, including xenograft models in immunodeficient rodents and spontaneous tumor models in transgenic mice that have specific deletion of FAK in the mammary epithelial cells during embryonic or postnatal development. These in vivo studies established FAK as a prominent determinant in mammary cancer initiation, progression and metastasis. Furthermore, a novel function of FAK in maintaining mammary cancer stem/progenitor cells in vivo has been recently reported, which may provide a novel cellular mechanism of FAK in promoting breast cancer initiation and progression. The wealth of knowledge accumulated over almost two decades of research on FAK should help to design potentially novel therapies for breast cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ming Luo
- Division of Molecular Medicine and Genetics, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
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Pylayeva Y, Gillen KM, Gerald W, Beggs HE, Reichardt LF, Giancotti FG. Ras- and PI3K-dependent breast tumorigenesis in mice and humans requires focal adhesion kinase signaling. J Clin Invest 2009; 119:252-66. [PMID: 19147981 DOI: 10.1172/jci37160] [Citation(s) in RCA: 157] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2008] [Accepted: 12/03/2008] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Cancer cells require sustained oncogenic signaling in order to maintain their malignant properties. It is, however, unclear whether they possess other dependencies that can be exploited therapeutically. We report here that in a large fraction of human breast cancers, the gene encoding focal adhesion kinase (FAK), a core component of integrin signaling, was amplified and FAK mRNA was overexpressed. A mammary gland-specific deletion of Fak in mice did not seem to affect normal mammary epithelial cells, and these mice were protected from tumors initiated by the polyoma middle T oncoprotein (PyMT), which activates Ras and PI3K. FAK-deficient PyMT-transformed cells displayed both growth arrest and apoptosis, as well as diminished invasive and metastatic capacity. Upon silencing of Fak, mouse mammary tumor cells transformed by activated Ras became senescent and lost their invasive ability. Further, Neu-transformed cells also underwent growth arrest and apoptosis if integrin beta4-dependent signaling was simultaneously inactivated. Human breast cancer cells carrying oncogenic mutations that activate Ras or PI3K signaling displayed similar responses upon silencing of FAK. Mechanistic studies indicated that FAK sustains tumorigenesis by promoting Src-mediated phosphorylation of p130Cas. These results suggest that FAK supports Ras- and PI3K-dependent mammary tumor initiation, maintenance, and progression to metastasis by orchestrating multiple core cellular functions, including proliferation, survival, and avoidance of senescence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuliya Pylayeva
- Cell Biology Program, Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center (MSKCC), New York, New York, USA.
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Campbell EJ, McDuff E, Tatarov O, Tovey S, Brunton V, Cooke TG, Edwards J. Phosphorylated c-Src in the nucleus is associated with improved patient outcome in ER-positive breast cancer. Br J Cancer 2008; 99:1769-74. [PMID: 19018258 PMCID: PMC2600702 DOI: 10.1038/sj.bjc.6604768] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Elevated c-Src protein expression has been shown in breast cancer and in vitro evidence suggests a role in endocrine resistance. To investigate whether c-Src is involved in endocrine resistance, we examined the expression of both total and activated c-Src in human breast cancer specimens from a cohort of oestrogen receptor (ER)-positive tamoxifen-treated breast cancer patients. Tissue microarray technology was employed to analyse 262 tumour specimens taken before tamoxifen treatment. Immunohistochemistry using total c-Src and activated c-Src antibodies was performed. Kaplan–Meier survival curves were constructed and log-rank test were performed. High level of nuclear activated Src was significantly associated with improved overall survival (P=0.047) and lower recurrence rates on tamoxifen (P=0.02). Improved patient outcome was only seen with activated Src in the nucleus. Nuclear activated Src expression was significantly associated with node-negative disease and a lower NPI (P<0.05). On subgroup analysis, only ER-positive/progesterone receptor (PgR)-positive tumours were associated with improved survival (P=0.004). This shows that c-Src activity is increased in breast cancer and that activated Src within the nucleus of ER-positive tumours predicts an improved outcome. In ER/PgR-positive disease, activated Src kinase does not appear to be involved in de novo endocrine resistance. Further study is required in ER-negative breast cancer as this may represent a cohort in which it is associated with poor outcome.
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Affiliation(s)
- E J Campbell
- Division of Cancer Sciences and Molecular Pathology, Department of Surgery, Glasgow Royal Infirmary, Glasgow, UK
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Behmoaram E, Bijian K, Jie S, Xu Y, Darnel A, Bismar TA, Alaoui-Jamali MA. Focal adhesion kinase-related proline-rich tyrosine kinase 2 and focal adhesion kinase are co-overexpressed in early-stage and invasive ErbB-2-positive breast cancer and cooperate for breast cancer cell tumorigenesis and invasiveness. THE AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PATHOLOGY 2008; 173:1540-50. [PMID: 18832579 DOI: 10.2353/ajpath.2008.080292] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Early cancer cell migration and invasion of neighboring tissues are mediated by multiple events, including activation of focal adhesion signaling. Key regulators include the focal adhesion kinase (FAK) and FAK-related proline-rich tyrosine kinase 2 (Pyk2), whose distinct functions in cancer progression remain unclear. Here, we compared Pyk2 and FAK expression in breast cancer and their effects on ErbB-2-induced tumorigenesis and the potential therapeutic utility of targeting Pyk2 compared with FAK in preclinical models of breast cancer. Pyk2 is overexpressed in tissues from early and advanced breast cancers and overexpressed with both FAK and epidermal growth factor receptor-2 (ErbB-2) in a subset of breast cancer cases. Down-regulation of Pyk2 in ErbB-2-positive, FAK-proficient, and FAK-deficient cells reduced cell proliferation, which correlated with reduced mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) activity. In contrast, Pyk2 silencing had little impact on cell migration and invasion. In vivo, Pyk2 down-regulation reduced primary tumor growth induced by a metastatic variant of ErbB-2-positive MDA 231 breast cancer cells but had little effect on lung metastases in contrast to FAK down-regulation. Dual reduction of Pyk2 and FAK expression resulted in strong inhibition of both primary tumor growth and lung metastases. Together, these data support the cooperative function of Pyk2 and FAK in breast cancer progression and suggest that dual inhibition of FAK and Pyk2 is an efficient therapeutic approach for targeting invasive breast cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emy Behmoaram
- Department of Pathology, Lady Davis Institute of the Sir Mortimer B. Davis Jewish General Hospital, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
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Abouzahr-Rifai S, Hasmim M, Boukerche H, Hamelin J, Janji B, Jalil A, Kieda C, Mami-Chouaib F, Bertoglio J, Chouaib S. Resistance of tumor cells to cytolytic T lymphocytes involves Rho-GTPases and focal adhesion kinase activation. J Biol Chem 2008; 283:31665-72. [PMID: 18779334 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m800078200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Tumor cells evade adaptive immunity by a variety of mechanisms, including selection of variants that are resistant to specific cytotoxic T lymphocyte (CTL) pressure. Recently, we have reported that the reorganization of the actin cytoskeleton can be used by tumor cells as a strategy to promote their resistance to CTL-mediated lysis. In this study, we further examined the functional features of a CTL-resistant tumor variant and investigated the relationship between cytoskeleton alteration, the acquisition of tumor resistance to CTL-induced cell death, Rho-GTPases, and focal adhesion kinase (FAK) pathways. Our data indicate that although the resistant cells do not display an increased migratory potential, an alteration of adhesion to the extracellular matrix was observed. When Rho-GTPases were activated in cells by the bacterial CNF1 (cytotoxic necrotizing factor 1), striking changes in the cell morphology, including actin cytoskeleton, focal adhesions, and membrane extensions, were observed. More importantly, such activation also resulted in a significant attenuation of resistance to CTL-induced cell death. Furthermore, we demonstrate that FAK signaling pathways were constitutively defective in the resistant cells. Silencing of FAK in the sensitive target cells resulted in the inhibition of immune synapse formation with specific CTLs and their subsequent lysis. Expression of the FAK mutant (Y397F) resulted in an inhibition of IGR-Heu cell adhesion and of their susceptibility to specific lysis. These results suggest that FAK activation plays a role in the control of tumor cell susceptibility to CTL-mediated lysis.
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