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Khan FM, Rasheed F, Yang Y, Liu B, Zhang R. Endolysins: a new antimicrobial agent against antimicrobial resistance. Strategies and opportunities in overcoming the challenges of endolysins against Gram-negative bacteria. Front Pharmacol 2024; 15:1385261. [PMID: 38831886 PMCID: PMC11144922 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2024.1385261] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2024] [Accepted: 04/16/2024] [Indexed: 06/05/2024] Open
Abstract
Antibiotic-resistant bacteria are rapidly emerging, and the increasing prevalence of multidrug-resistant (MDR) Acinetobacter baumannii poses a severe threat to humans and healthcare organizations, due to the lack of innovative antibacterial drugs. Endolysins, which are peptidoglycan hydrolases encoded by a bacteriophage, are a promising new family of antimicrobials. Endolysins have been demonstrated as an effective therapeutic agent against bacterial infections of A. baumannii and many other Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria. Endolysin research has progressed from basic in vitro characterization to sophisticated protein engineering methodologies, including advanced preclinical and clinical testing. Endolysin are therapeutic agent that shows antimicrobial properties against bacterial infections caused by drug-resistant Gram-negative bacteria, there are still barriers to their implementation in clinical settings, such as safety concerns with outer membrane permeabilizers (OMP) use, low efficiency against stationary phase bacteria, and stability issues. The application of protein engineering and formulation techniques to improve enzyme stability, as well as combination therapy with other types of antibacterial drugs to optimize their medicinal value, have been reviewed as well. In this review, we summarize the clinical development of endolysin and its challenges and approaches for bringing endolysin therapies to the clinic. This review also discusses the different applications of endolysins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fazal Mehmood Khan
- College of Civil and Transportation Engineering, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, China
- Institute for Advanced Study, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, China
| | - Fazal Rasheed
- Institute of Microscale Optoelectronics, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, China
| | - Yunlan Yang
- Institute for Advanced Study, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, China
| | - Bin Liu
- Institute for Advanced Study, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, China
| | - Rui Zhang
- Institute for Advanced Study, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, China
- Southern Marine Science and Engineering Guangdong Laboratory, Zhuhai, China
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Tan Y, Su J, Luo D, Liang B, Liu S, Zeng H. Isolation and genome-wide analysis of the novel Acinetobacter baumannii bacteriophage vB_AbaM_AB3P2. Arch Virol 2024; 169:66. [PMID: 38451338 DOI: 10.1007/s00705-024-05986-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2023] [Accepted: 01/12/2024] [Indexed: 03/08/2024]
Abstract
A lytic Acinetobacter baumannii phage, isolate vB_AbaM_AB3P2, was isolated from a sewage treatment plant in China. A. baumannii phage vB_AbaM_AB3P2 has a dsDNA genome that is 44,824 bp in length with a G + C content of 37.75%. Ninety-six open reading frames were identified, and no genes for antibiotic resistance or virulence factors were found. Genomic and phylogenetic analysis of this phage revealed that it represents a new species in the genus Obolenskvirus. Phage vB_AbaM_AB3P2 has a short latent period (10 min) and high stability at 30-70°C and pH 2-10 and is potentially useful for controlling multi-drug-resistant A. baumannii.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yujing Tan
- School of Biomedical and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Guangdong University of Technology, Waihuan West Road 100, Guangzhou, Guangdong Province, 510006, China
| | - Jianhui Su
- School of Biomedical and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Guangdong University of Technology, Waihuan West Road 100, Guangzhou, Guangdong Province, 510006, China
| | - Dandan Luo
- Yunnan Zhinong High-technology Company, Limited, Kunming, 650000, China
| | - Bingshao Liang
- Guangzhou Women and Children's Medical Center, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangdong Provincial Clinical Research Center for Child Health, Guangzhou, China
| | - Shenshen Liu
- School of Biomedical and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Guangdong University of Technology, Waihuan West Road 100, Guangzhou, Guangdong Province, 510006, China
| | - Haiyan Zeng
- School of Biomedical and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Guangdong University of Technology, Waihuan West Road 100, Guangzhou, Guangdong Province, 510006, China.
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Ilyas M, Purkait D, Atmakuri K. Genomic islands and their role in fitness traits of two key sepsis-causing bacterial pathogens. Brief Funct Genomics 2024; 23:55-68. [PMID: 36528816 DOI: 10.1093/bfgp/elac051] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2022] [Revised: 11/03/2022] [Accepted: 11/11/2022] [Indexed: 01/21/2024] Open
Abstract
To survive and establish a niche for themselves, bacteria constantly evolve. Toward that, they not only insert point mutations and promote illegitimate recombinations within their genomes but also insert pieces of 'foreign' deoxyribonucleic acid, which are commonly referred to as 'genomic islands' (GEIs). The GEIs come in several forms, structures and types, often providing a fitness advantage to the harboring bacterium. In pathogenic bacteria, some GEIs may enhance virulence, thus altering disease burden, morbidity and mortality. Hence, delineating (i) the GEIs framework, (ii) their encoded functions, (iii) the triggers that help them move, (iv) the mechanisms they exploit to move among bacteria and (v) identification of their natural reservoirs will aid in superior tackling of several bacterial diseases, including sepsis. Given the vast array of comparative genomics data, in this short review, we provide an overview of the GEIs, their types and the compositions therein, especially highlighting GEIs harbored by two important pathogens, viz. Acinetobacter baumannii and Klebsiella pneumoniae, which prominently trigger sepsis in low- and middle-income countries. Our efforts help shed some light on the challenges these pathogens pose when equipped with GEIs. We hope that this review will provoke intense research into understanding GEIs, the cues that drive their mobility across bacteria and the ways and means to prevent their transfer, especially across pathogenic bacteria.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohd Ilyas
- Bacterial Pathogenesis Lab, Infection and Immunity Group, Translational Health Science and Technology Institute, NCR Biotech Science Cluster, Faridabad, Haryana 121001, India
| | - Dyuti Purkait
- Bacterial Pathogenesis Lab, Infection and Immunity Group, Translational Health Science and Technology Institute, NCR Biotech Science Cluster, Faridabad, Haryana 121001, India
| | - Krishnamohan Atmakuri
- Bacterial Pathogenesis Lab, Infection and Immunity Group, Translational Health Science and Technology Institute, NCR Biotech Science Cluster, Faridabad, Haryana 121001, India
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Yuan Y, Li Q, Zhang S, Gu J, Huang G, Qi Q, Lu X. Enhancing thermal stability and lytic activity of phage lysin PlyAB1 from Acinetobacter baumannii. Biotechnol Bioeng 2022; 119:2731-2742. [PMID: 35859248 DOI: 10.1002/bit.28187] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2022] [Revised: 07/12/2022] [Accepted: 07/17/2022] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
With the increasingly serious drug resistance of Acinetobacter baumannii, it is urgent to find new antibacterial drugs. Phage lysin PlyAB1 has a bactericidal effect on drug-resistant Acinetobacter baumannii, which has the potential to replace antibiotics to fight infection caused by Acinetobacter baumannii. However, its application is limited by its thermal stability and lytic activity. To solve these problems, molecular dynamics (MD) simulations combined with Hotspot wizard 3.0 were used to identify key residue sites affecting thermal stability, and evolutionary analysis combined with multiple sequence alignment was used to identify key residue sites affecting lytic activity. Four single-point variants with significantly increased thermal stability and four single-point variants with significantly lytic activity were obtained, respectively. Furthermore, by superimposing mutations, we obtained three double-point variants G100Q/K69R, G100R/K69R, and G100K/K69R with significantly improved thermal stability and improved lytic activity. At 45℃, the lytic activity and half-life of the optimal variant G100Q/K69R were 1.51 folds and 24 folds higher than those of the wild PlyAB1, respectively. These results deepen our understanding of the structure and function of phage lysin and contribute to the application of phage lysin in antibiotic substitution. This article is protected by copyright. All rights reserved.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yingbo Yuan
- State Key Laboratory of Microbial Technology, Shandong University, Qingdao, 266237, China
| | - Qingbin Li
- State Key Laboratory of Microbial Technology, Shandong University, Qingdao, 266237, China
| | - Shuhang Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Microbial Technology, Shandong University, Qingdao, 266237, China
| | - Jinhong Gu
- State Key Laboratory of Microbial Technology, Shandong University, Qingdao, 266237, China
| | - Guangtao Huang
- Department of Burn and Plastic Surgery, Shenzhen Institute of Translational Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of Shenzhen University, Shenzhen Second People's Hospital, Shenzhen, 518035, China
| | - Qingsheng Qi
- State Key Laboratory of Microbial Technology, Shandong University, Qingdao, 266237, China
| | - Xuemei Lu
- State Key Laboratory of Microbial Technology, Shandong University, Qingdao, 266237, China
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Light Regulates Acinetobacter baumannii Chromosomal and pAB3 Plasmid Genes at 37°C. J Bacteriol 2022; 204:e0003222. [PMID: 35604222 DOI: 10.1128/jb.00032-22] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The opportunistic pathogen A. baumannii has a remarkable capacity to persist in the hospital environment and cause devastating human infections. This capacity can be attributed partly to the sensing and regulatory systems that enable this pathogen to modify its physiology based on environmental cues. One of the signals that A. baumannii senses and responds to is light through the sensing and regulatory roles of the BlsA photoreceptor protein in cells cultured at temperatures below 30°C. This report presents evidence that a light stimulon is operational at 37°C, a condition at which the BlsA production and activity are drastically impaired. Global transcriptional analysis showed that the 37°C light stimulon includes the differential expression of chromosomal genes encoding a wide range of functions that are known to be involved in the adaptation to different metabolic conditions, as well as virulence and persistence in the host and the medical environment. Unexpectedly, the 37°C light stimulon also includes the differential expression of conjugation functions encoded by pAB3 plasmid genes. Our work further demonstrates that the TetR1 and H-NS regulators encoded by this conjugative plasmid control the expression of H2O2 resistance and surface motility, respectively. Furthermore, our data showed that pAB3 has an overall negative effect on the expression of these phenotypes and plays no significant virulence role. Although the nature of the bacterial factors and the mechanisms by which the regulation is attained at 37°C remain unknown, taken together, our work expands the current knowledge about light sensing and gene regulation in A. baumannii. IMPORTANCE As a facultative pathogen, Acinetobacter baumannii persists in various environments by sensing different environmental cues, including light. This report provides evidence of light-dependent regulation at 37°C of the expression of genes coding for a wide range of functions, including those involved in the conjugation of the pAB3 plasmid. Although this plasmid affects the expression of virulence traits when tested under laboratory conditions, it does not have a significant impact when tested using ex vivo and in vivo experimental models. These findings provide a better understanding of the interplay between light regulation and plasmid persistence in the pathobiology of A. baumannii.
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Chen LK, Chang JC, Chu HT, Chen YT, Jiang HL, Wang LS, Teh SH, Yang HH, Chen DS, Li YZ, Chang CC, Sankhla D, Tseng CC. Preoptimized phage cocktail for use in aerosols against nosocomial transmission of carbapenem-resistant Acinetobacter baumannii: A 3-year prospective intervention study. ECOTOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL SAFETY 2022; 236:113476. [PMID: 35367880 DOI: 10.1016/j.ecoenv.2022.113476] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2021] [Revised: 03/15/2022] [Accepted: 03/28/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Using bacteriophages (phages) as environmental sanitizers has been recognized as a potential alternative method to remove bacterial contamination in vitro; however, very few studies are available on the application of phages for infection control in hospitals. Here, we performed a 3-year prospective intervention study using aerosolized phage cocktails as biocontrol agents against carbapenem-resistant Acinetobacter baumannii (CRAB) infection in the hospital. When a CRAB-infected patient was identified in an intensive care unit (ICU), their surrounding environment was chosen for phage aerosol decontamination. Before decontamination, 501 clinical specimens from the patients were subjected to antibiotic resistance analysis and phage typing. The optimal phage cocktails were a combination of different phage families or were constructed by next-evolutionary phage typing with the highest score for the host lysis zone to prevent the development of environmental CRAB phage resistance. The phage infection percentage of the antibiotic-resistant A. baumannii strains was 97.1%, whereas the infection percentage in the antibiotic-susceptible strains was 79.3%. During the phage decontamination periods from 2017 to 2019, the percentage of carbapenem-resistant A. baumannii in test ICUs decreased significantly from 65.3% to 55%. The rate of new acquisitions of CRAB infection over the three years was 4.4 per 1000 patient-days, which was significantly lower than that in the control wards (8.9 per 1000 patient-days) where phage decontamination had never been performed. In conclusion, our results support the potential of phage cocktails to decrease CRAB infection rates, and the aerosol generation process may make this approach more comprehensive and time-saving.
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Affiliation(s)
- Li-Kuang Chen
- Institute of Medical Sciences, Department of Laboratory Diagnostic, College of Medicine, Tzu Chi University, Hualien, Taiwan; Branch of Clinical Pathology, Department of Laboratory Medicine, Buddhist Tzu Chi General Hospital, Hualien, Taiwan.
| | - Jui-Chih Chang
- Department of Surgery, Hualien Tzu Chi Hospital, Buddhist Tzu Chi Medical Foundation, No. 707, Section 3, Zhongyang Rd., Hualien, Taiwan; Department of Surgery, School of Medicine, Tzu Chi University, No. 701, Section 3, Zhongyang Rd., Hualien, Taiwan.
| | - Hsiu-Tzu Chu
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Clinical Pathology, Buddhist Tzu Chi General Hospital, Hualien, Taiwan; Department and Graduate Institute of Public Health, Tzu Chi University, Hualien, Taiwan.
| | - Yi-Ting Chen
- Department and Graduate Institute of Public Health, Tzu Chi University, Hualien, Taiwan.
| | - Hui-Li Jiang
- Unit of Infection Control and Management, Buddhist Tzu Chi General Hospital, Hualien, Taiwan.
| | - Lih-Shinn Wang
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Internal Medicine, Buddhist Tzu Chi General Hospital, Hualien, Taiwan.
| | - Soon-Hian Teh
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Internal Medicine, Buddhist Tzu Chi General Hospital, Hualien, Taiwan.
| | - Hui-Hua Yang
- Bioinnovation Center, Buddhist Tzu Chi Medical Foundation, Hualien, Taiwan.
| | - Dar-Sen Chen
- School of Pharmacy, China Medical University, Taiwan.
| | - Yu-Zhong Li
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Clinical Pathology, Buddhist Tzu Chi General Hospital, Hualien, Taiwan.
| | - Chin-Cheng Chang
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Clinical Pathology, Buddhist Tzu Chi General Hospital, Hualien, Taiwan.
| | - Debangana Sankhla
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Clinical Pathology, Buddhist Tzu Chi General Hospital, Hualien, Taiwan.
| | - Chun-Chieh Tseng
- Department and Graduate Institute of Public Health, Tzu Chi University, Hualien, Taiwan.
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Sisakhtpour B, Mirzaei A, Karbasizadeh V, Hosseini N, Shabani M, Moghim S. The characteristic and potential therapeutic effect of isolated multidrug-resistant Acinetobacter baumannii lytic phage. Ann Clin Microbiol Antimicrob 2022; 21:1. [PMID: 34996464 PMCID: PMC8742398 DOI: 10.1186/s12941-022-00492-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2020] [Accepted: 01/03/2022] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Widespread misuse of antibiotics caused bacterial resistance increasingly become a serious threat. Bacteriophage therapy promises alternative treatment strategies for combatting drug-resistant bacterial infections. In this study, we isolated and characterized a novel, potent lytic bacteriophage against multi-drug resistant (MDR) Acinetobacter baumannii and described the lytic capability and endolysin activity of the phage to evaluate the potential in phage therapy. METHODS A novel phage, pIsf-AB02, was isolated from hospital sewage. The morphological analysis, its host range, growth characteristics, stability under various conditions, genomic restriction pattern were systematically investigated. The protein pattern of the phage was analyzed, and the endolysin activity of the phage was determined under the non-denaturing condition on SDS-PAGE. The optimal lytic titer of phage was assessed by co-culture of the phage with clinical MDR A. baumannii isolates. Finally, HeLa cells were used to examine the safety of the phage. RESULTS The morphological analysis revealed that the pIsf-AB02 phage displays morphology resembling the Myoviridae family. It can quickly destroy 56.3% (27/48) of clinical MDR A. baumannii isolates. This virulent phage could decrease the bacterial host cells (from 108 CFU/ml to 103 CFU/ml) in 30 min. The optimum stability of the phage was observed at 37 °C. pH 7 is the most suitable condition to maintain phage stability. The 15 kDa protein encoded by pIsf-AB02 was detected to have endolysin activity. pIsf-AB02 did not show cytotoxicity to HeLa cells, and it can save HeLa cells from A. baumannii infection. CONCLUSION In this study, we isolated a novel lytic MDR A. baumannii bacteriophage, pIsf-AB02. This phage showed suitable stability at different temperatures and pHs, and demonstrated potent in vitro endolysin activity. pIsf-AB02 may be a good candidate as a therapeutic agent to control nosocomial infections caused by MDR A. baumannii.
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Affiliation(s)
- Behnam Sisakhtpour
- Department of Bacteriology and Virology, Faculty of Medicine, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, 81744-176, Isfahan, Iran
| | - Arezoo Mirzaei
- Department of Bacteriology and Virology, Faculty of Medicine, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, 81744-176, Isfahan, Iran
| | - Vajihe Karbasizadeh
- Department of Bacteriology and Virology, Faculty of Medicine, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, 81744-176, Isfahan, Iran
| | - Nafiseh Hosseini
- Department of Bacteriology and Virology, Faculty of Medicine, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, 81744-176, Isfahan, Iran
| | - Mehdi Shabani
- Department of Bacteriology and Virology, Faculty of Medicine, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, 81744-176, Isfahan, Iran
| | - Sharareh Moghim
- Department of Bacteriology and Virology, Faculty of Medicine, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, 81744-176, Isfahan, Iran.
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Rajapaksha DC, Jayathilaka EHTT, Edirisinghe SL, Nikapitiya C, Lee J, Whang I, De Zoysa M. Octopromycin: Antibacterial and antibiofilm functions of a novel peptide derived from Octopus minor against multidrug-resistant Acinetobacter baumannii. FISH & SHELLFISH IMMUNOLOGY 2021; 117:82-94. [PMID: 34311097 DOI: 10.1016/j.fsi.2021.07.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2021] [Revised: 06/28/2021] [Accepted: 07/22/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
The emergence of carbapenem-resistant Acinetobacter baumannii has increased the risk of nosocomial infections, which pose a huge health threat. There is an urgent need to develop alternative therapies, including broad-spectrum antimicrobial peptides. In this study, we designed, characterized, and studied the antibacterial, antibiofilm effects and possible mode of actions of a novel synthetic peptide Octopromycin, derived from the proline-rich protein 5 of Octopus minor. Octopromycin consists of 38 amino acids, (+5) net positive charge, high hydrophobic residue ratio (36%), and two α-helix secondary structures. The minimum inhibitory concentration and minimum bactericidal concentration against A. baumannii were 50 and 200 μg/mL, respectively. Time-kill kinetics and bacterial viability assays confirmed the concentration-dependent antibacterial activity of Octopromycin. Field emission scanning electron microscopy images clearly showed ultrastructural alterations in Octopromycin-treated A. baumannii cells. Propidium iodide penetrated into Octopromycin-treated A. baumannii cells, demonstrating the loss of cell membrane integrity. Octopromycin treatment increased the production of reactive oxygen species in a concentration-dependent manner, and it inhibited the biofilm formation and showed biofilm eradication activity against A. baumannii. In vitro and in vivo safety evaluation revealed that Octopromycin was nontoxic to HEK293T and Raw 264.7 cells (<400 μg/mL), as well as mice red blood cells (<300 μg/mL), and zebrafish embryos (<4 μg/mL). An in vivo study results revealed that the A. baumannii-infected fish treated with Octopromycin exhibited a significantly higher relative percent survival (37.5%) than the infected mock-treated fish with PBS (16.6%). Furthermore, a decreased bacterial load and fewer alterations in histological analysis confirmed the successful control of A. baumannii by Octopromycin in vivo. Collectively, the results indicate that the antibacterial peptide Octopromycin may achieve rapid control of A. baumannii through multi-target interactions; it presents a desirable therapeutic option for the prevention and control of the infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- D C Rajapaksha
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Chungnam National University, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon, 34134, Republic of Korea
| | - E H T Thulshan Jayathilaka
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Chungnam National University, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon, 34134, Republic of Korea
| | - S L Edirisinghe
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Chungnam National University, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon, 34134, Republic of Korea
| | - Chamilani Nikapitiya
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Chungnam National University, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon, 34134, Republic of Korea
| | - Joeun Lee
- National Marine Biodiversity Institute of Korea (MABIK), 75, Jangsan-ro 101beon-gil, Janghang-eup, Seochun-gun, Chungchungnam-do, 33662, Republic of Korea
| | - Ilson Whang
- National Marine Biodiversity Institute of Korea (MABIK), 75, Jangsan-ro 101beon-gil, Janghang-eup, Seochun-gun, Chungchungnam-do, 33662, Republic of Korea.
| | - Mahanama De Zoysa
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Chungnam National University, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon, 34134, Republic of Korea.
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Liu J, Chia SL, Tan GH. Isolation and Characterization of Novel Phages Targeting Xanthomonas oryzae: Culprit of Bacterial Leaf Blight Disease in Rice. PHAGE (NEW ROCHELLE, N.Y.) 2021; 2:142-151. [PMID: 36161243 PMCID: PMC9041505 DOI: 10.1089/phage.2021.0009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Background: Bacterial leaf blight (BLB) disease caused 80% of disease incidence in paddy in Kedah and Selangor states of Malaysia. The pathogenic bacterium, Xanthomonas oryzae pv. oryzae (Xoo), is one of the destructive pathogens infecting lowland irrigated and rainfed paddy in Asia's tropical and temperate environments. Bacteriophages (or phages) have been proposed to control the pathogen due to their efficacy and safety aspects. Material and Methods: In this study, a total of 70 Xoo-phages were isolated from termite which living in rice-growing area. Results: 2 lytic phages NΦ-1 and NΦ-3 were selected due to the high titer of the virus. Electron microscopic analysis showed that those phages belonged to the family Podoviridae, order Caudovirales with short noncontracted tails. Moreover, these phages have a narrow host range specifically target Xoo with a higher burst size. Whole-genome sequencing showed that the Xoo-phage NΦ-1 and NΦ-3 consists of a linear double-stranded DNA molecule of length 41,151 and 38,454 bp, respectively. Conclusion: This study successfully characterized two novel Xanthomonas phages and their potential as antimicrobial agents against BLB disease in rice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jian Liu
- Microbial Culture Collection Unit, Institute of Bioscience, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Serdang, Malaysia
| | - Suet Lin Chia
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Biotechnology and Biomolecular Sciences, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Serdang, Malaysia
- UPM-MAKNA Cancer Research Laboratory, Institute of Bioscience, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Serdang, Malaysia
| | - Geok Hun Tan
- Microbial Culture Collection Unit, Institute of Bioscience, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Serdang, Malaysia
- Department of Land Management, Faculty of Agriculture, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Serdang, Malaysia
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Bespyatykh J, Bespiatykh D, Malakhova M, Klimina K, Bespyatykh A, Varizhuk A, Tevyashova A, Nikolenko T, Pozmogova G, Ilina E, Shitikov E. Aureolic Acid Group of Agents as Potential Antituberculosis Drugs. Antibiotics (Basel) 2020; 9:E715. [PMID: 33086595 PMCID: PMC7650759 DOI: 10.3390/antibiotics9100715] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2020] [Revised: 10/15/2020] [Accepted: 10/16/2020] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Mycobacterium tuberculosis is one of the most dangerous pathogens. Bacterial resistance to antituberculosis drugs grows each year, but searching for new drugs is a long process. Testing for available drugs to find active against mycobacteria may be a good alternative. In this work, antibiotics of the aureolic acid group were tested on a model organism Mycobacterium smegmatis. We presumed that antibiotics of this group may be potential G4 ligands. However, this was not confirmed in our analyses. We determined the antimicrobial activity of these drugs and revealed morphological changes in the cell structure upon treatment. Transcriptomic analysis documented increased expression of MSMEG_3743/soj and MSMEG_4228/ftsW, involved in cell division. Therefore, drugs may affect cell division, possibly disrupting the function of the Z-ring and the formation of a septum. Additionally, a decrease in the transcription level of several indispensable genes, such as nitrate reductase subunits (MSMEG_5137/narI and MSMEG_5139/narX) and MSMEG_3205/hisD was shown. We concluded that the mechanism of action of aureolic acid and its related compounds may be similar to that bedaquiline and disturb the NAD+/NADH balance in the cell. All of this allowed us to conclude that aureolic acid derivatives can be considered as potential antituberculosis drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julia Bespyatykh
- Federal Research and Clinical Centre of Physical-Chemical Medicine, 119435 Moscow, Russia; (D.B.); (M.M.); (K.K.); (A.V.); (T.N.); (G.P.); (E.I.); (E.S.)
| | - Dmitry Bespiatykh
- Federal Research and Clinical Centre of Physical-Chemical Medicine, 119435 Moscow, Russia; (D.B.); (M.M.); (K.K.); (A.V.); (T.N.); (G.P.); (E.I.); (E.S.)
| | - Maja Malakhova
- Federal Research and Clinical Centre of Physical-Chemical Medicine, 119435 Moscow, Russia; (D.B.); (M.M.); (K.K.); (A.V.); (T.N.); (G.P.); (E.I.); (E.S.)
| | - Ksenia Klimina
- Federal Research and Clinical Centre of Physical-Chemical Medicine, 119435 Moscow, Russia; (D.B.); (M.M.); (K.K.); (A.V.); (T.N.); (G.P.); (E.I.); (E.S.)
| | - Andrey Bespyatykh
- Institute of Fundamental Medicine and Biology, Kazan Federal University, 420008 Kazan, Russia;
| | - Anna Varizhuk
- Federal Research and Clinical Centre of Physical-Chemical Medicine, 119435 Moscow, Russia; (D.B.); (M.M.); (K.K.); (A.V.); (T.N.); (G.P.); (E.I.); (E.S.)
| | | | - Tatiana Nikolenko
- Federal Research and Clinical Centre of Physical-Chemical Medicine, 119435 Moscow, Russia; (D.B.); (M.M.); (K.K.); (A.V.); (T.N.); (G.P.); (E.I.); (E.S.)
- Moscow Institute of Physics and Technology, Dolgoprudny, 141700 Moscow, Russia
| | - Galina Pozmogova
- Federal Research and Clinical Centre of Physical-Chemical Medicine, 119435 Moscow, Russia; (D.B.); (M.M.); (K.K.); (A.V.); (T.N.); (G.P.); (E.I.); (E.S.)
| | - Elena Ilina
- Federal Research and Clinical Centre of Physical-Chemical Medicine, 119435 Moscow, Russia; (D.B.); (M.M.); (K.K.); (A.V.); (T.N.); (G.P.); (E.I.); (E.S.)
| | - Egor Shitikov
- Federal Research and Clinical Centre of Physical-Chemical Medicine, 119435 Moscow, Russia; (D.B.); (M.M.); (K.K.); (A.V.); (T.N.); (G.P.); (E.I.); (E.S.)
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11
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Bacteriophage-derived endolysins to target gram-negative bacteria. Int J Pharm 2020; 589:119833. [PMID: 32877733 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpharm.2020.119833] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2020] [Revised: 08/18/2020] [Accepted: 08/26/2020] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Bacteriophage-encoded endolysins (lysins) have emerged as a novel class of antibacterial agents to combat the surging antibiotic resistance. Lysins have specific structures and mechanisms to exert antibacterial effect against both Gram-positive (G+ve) and Gram-negative (G-ve) bacteria. However, its use against G-ve bacteria is limited because the outer membrane (OM) of G-ve bacteria hinders the permeation of exogenously applied lysins. Besides identifying lysins with intrinsic OM permeability, several other approaches including combining lysins with outer membrane permeabilizers (OMPs), protein engineering and formulating with nanocarriers have been proposed to enhance the permeability and activity of lysins. In the present review, we summarize strategies that have been developed to enable lysins to target G-ve bacteria in the past decade. While lysins demonstrates clear potential in managing bacterial infections caused by the drug-resistant G-ve bacteria, there are still challenges hindering their translation into clinical settings, including safety issues with OMP use, low efficiency against stationary phase bacteria and problems in stability. The applicability of protein engineering and formulation sciences to improve enzyme stability, and combination therapy with other classes of antibacterial agents to maximize the therapeutic potential have also been reviewed.
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12
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Vu NT, Oh CS. Bacteriophage Usage for Bacterial Disease Management and Diagnosis in Plants. THE PLANT PATHOLOGY JOURNAL 2020; 36:204-217. [PMID: 32547337 PMCID: PMC7272851 DOI: 10.5423/ppj.rw.04.2020.0074] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2020] [Accepted: 05/13/2020] [Indexed: 05/07/2023]
Abstract
In nature, plants are always under the threat of pests and diseases. Pathogenic bacteria are one of the major pathogen types to cause diseases in diverse plants, resulting in negative effects on plant growth and crop yield. Chemical bactericides and antibiotics have been used as major approaches for controlling bacterial plant diseases in the field or greenhouse. However, the appearance of resistant bacteria to common antibiotics and bactericides as well as their potential negative effects on environment and human health demands bacteriologists to develop alternative control agents. Bacteriophages, the viruses that can infect and kill only target bacteria very specifically, have been demonstrated as potential agents, which may have no negative effects on environment and human health. Many bacteriophages have been isolated against diverse plant-pathogenic bacteria, and many studies have shown to efficiently manage the disease development in both controlled and open conditions such as greenhouse and field. Moreover, the specificity of bacteriophages to certain bacterial species has been applied to develop detection tools for the diagnosis of plant-pathogenic bacteria. In this paper, we summarize the promising results from greenhouse or field experiments with bacteriophages to manage diseases caused by plant-pathogenic bacteria. In addition, we summarize the usage of bacteriophages for the specific detection of plant-pathogenic bacteria.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nguyen Trung Vu
- Department of Horticultural Biotechnology, College of Life Sciences, Kyung Hee University, Yongin 17104, Korea
| | - Chang-Sik Oh
- Department of Horticultural Biotechnology, College of Life Sciences, Kyung Hee University, Yongin 17104, Korea
- Corresponding author. Phone) +82-31-201-2678, FAX) +82-31-204-8116, E-mail) , ORCID Chang-Sik Oh https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2123-862X
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13
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Antibiofilm Activity of a Broad-Range Recombinant Endolysin LysECD7: In Vitro and In Vivo Study. Viruses 2020; 12:v12050545. [PMID: 32429199 PMCID: PMC7291189 DOI: 10.3390/v12050545] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2020] [Revised: 05/02/2020] [Accepted: 05/11/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Surfaces of implanted medical devices are highly susceptible to biofilm formation. Bacteria in biofilms are embedded in a self-produced extracellular matrix that inhibits the penetration of antibiotics and significantly contributes to the mechanical stability of the colonizing community which leads to an increase in morbidity and mortality rate in clinical settings. Therefore, new antibiofilm approaches and substances are urgently needed. In this paper, we test the efficacy of a broad-range recombinant endolysin of the coliphage LysECD7 against forming and mature biofilms. We used a strong biofilm producer-Klebsiella pneumoniae Ts 141-14 clinical isolate. In vitro investigation of the antibacterial activity was performed using the standard biofilm assay in microtiter plates. We optimized the implantable diffusion chamber approach in order to reach strong biofilm formation in vivo avoiding severe consequences of the pathogen for the animals and to obtain a well-reproducible model of implant-associated infection. Endolysin LysECD7 significantly reduced the biofilm formation and was capable of degrading the preformed biofilm in vitro. The animal trials on the preformed biofilms confirmed these results. Overall, our results show that LysECD7 is a promising substance against clinically relevant biofilms.
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14
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Modulation of Endolysin LysECD7 Bactericidal Activity by Different Peptide Tag Fusion. Biomolecules 2020; 10:biom10030440. [PMID: 32178329 PMCID: PMC7175214 DOI: 10.3390/biom10030440] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2019] [Revised: 03/04/2020] [Accepted: 03/08/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The use of recombinant endolysins is a promising approach for antimicrobial therapy capable of counteracting the spread of antibiotic-resistant strains. To obtain the necessary biotechnological product, diverse peptide tags are often fused to the endolysin sequence to simplify enzyme purification, improve its ability to permeabilize the bacterial outer membrane, etc. We compared the effects of two different types of protein modifications on endolysin LysECD7 bactericidal activity in vitro and demonstrated that it is significantly modulated by specific permeabilizing antimicrobial peptides, as well as by widely used histidine tags. Thus, the tags selected for the study of endolysins and during the development of biotechnological preparations should be used with the appropriate precautions to minimize false conclusions about endolysin properties. Further, modifications of LysECD7 allowed us to obtain a lytic enzyme that was largely devoid of the disadvantages of the native protein and was active over the spectra of conditions, with high in vitro bactericidal activity not only against Gram-negative, but also against Gram-positive, bacteria. This opens up the possibility of developing effective antimicrobials based on N-terminus sheep myeloid peptide of 29 amino acids (SMAP)-modified LysECD7 that can be highly active not only during topical treatment but also for systemic applications in the bloodstream and tissues.
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15
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Gondil VS, Harjai K, Chhibber S. Endolysins as emerging alternative therapeutic agents to counter drug-resistant infections. Int J Antimicrob Agents 2019; 55:105844. [PMID: 31715257 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijantimicag.2019.11.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2019] [Revised: 08/02/2019] [Accepted: 11/05/2019] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Endolysins are the lytic products of bacteriophages which play a specific role in the release of phage progeny by degrading the peptidoglycan of the host bacterium. In the light of antibiotic resistance, endolysins are being considered as alternative therapeutic agents because of their exceptional ability to target bacterial cells when applied externally. Endolysins have been studied against a number of drug-resistant pathogens to assess their therapeutic ability. This review focuses on the structure of endolysins in terms of cell binding and catalytic domains, lytic ability, resistance, safety, immunogenicity and future applications. It primarily reviews recent advancements made in evaluation of the therapeutic potential of endolysins, including their origin, host range, applications, and synergy with conventional and non-conventional antimicrobial agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vijay Singh Gondil
- Department of Microbiology, Basic Medical Sciences, Panjab University, Chandigarh, India
| | - Kusum Harjai
- Department of Microbiology, Basic Medical Sciences, Panjab University, Chandigarh, India
| | - Sanjay Chhibber
- Department of Microbiology, Basic Medical Sciences, Panjab University, Chandigarh, India.
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16
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Sharma D, Choudhary M, Vashistt J, Shrivastava R, Bisht GS. Cationic antimicrobial peptide and its poly-N-substituted glycine congener: Antibacterial and antibiofilm potential against A. baumannii. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2019; 518:472-478. [PMID: 31443965 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2019.08.062] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2019] [Accepted: 08/10/2019] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
Acinetobacter baumannii is one of the clinically important nosocomial pathogen that has become resistant to most of the conventional antimicrobials. Biofilms formed by A. baumannii are difficult to eradicate, thereby highlighting the need for new therapeutic options to treat biofilm associated infections. Antimicrobial peptides have recently emerged as new alternatives to conventional antibiotics, but peptides often suffer with drawbacks such as poor proteolytic stability and high cost of production. To tackle these limitations, mimetics based on antimicrobial peptides are usually designed and synthesized. In this study we have designed and synthesized a peptoid based on a minimum amphipathic template of a twelve residue cationic peptide. Antimicrobial evaluation of peptide and peptoid was carried out against biofilm producing A. baumannii strains. Further, proteolytic stability study of these compounds was carried out in human serum and morphological alterations caused by them on A. baumannii were visualized by SEM analysis. In addition, these compounds were found to be non toxic to human erythrocytes at their minimum inhibitory concentrations against A. baumannii strains. Overall results obtained in this study suggest that these compounds might be potential antimicrobial agents against biofilm forming A. baumannii and it may be postulated that their mode of action on A. baumannii is disruption of bacterial cell membrane.
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Affiliation(s)
- Deepika Sharma
- Department of Pharmacy, Jaypee University of Information Technology, Waknaghat, Himachal Pradesh, India
| | - Monika Choudhary
- Department of Biotechnology and Bioinformatics, Jaypee University of Information Technology, Waknaghat, Himachal Pradesh, 173234, India
| | - Jitendraa Vashistt
- Department of Biotechnology and Bioinformatics, Jaypee University of Information Technology, Waknaghat, Himachal Pradesh, 173234, India
| | - Rahul Shrivastava
- Department of Biotechnology and Bioinformatics, Jaypee University of Information Technology, Waknaghat, Himachal Pradesh, 173234, India
| | - Gopal Singh Bisht
- Department of Pharmacy, Jaypee University of Information Technology, Waknaghat, Himachal Pradesh, India; Department of Biotechnology and Bioinformatics, Jaypee University of Information Technology, Waknaghat, Himachal Pradesh, 173234, India.
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17
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Ts2631 Endolysin from the Extremophilic Thermus scotoductus Bacteriophage vB_Tsc2631 as an Antimicrobial Agent against Gram-Negative Multidrug-Resistant Bacteria. Viruses 2019; 11:v11070657. [PMID: 31323845 PMCID: PMC6669862 DOI: 10.3390/v11070657] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2019] [Revised: 07/12/2019] [Accepted: 07/15/2019] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Bacteria that thrive in extreme conditions and the bacteriophages that infect them are sources of valuable enzymes resistant to denaturation at high temperatures. Many of these heat-stable proteins are useful for biotechnological applications; nevertheless, none have been utilized as antibacterial agents. Here, we demonstrate the bactericidal potential of Ts2631 endolysin from the extremophilic bacteriophage vB_Tsc2631, which infects Thermus scotoductus, against the alarming multidrug-resistant clinical strains of Acinetobacter baumannii, Pseudomonas aeruginosa and pathogens from the Enterobacteriaceae family. A 2–3.7 log reduction in the bacterial load was observed in antibacterial tests against A. baumannii and P. aeruginosa after 1.5 h. The Ts2631 activity was further enhanced by ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid (EDTA), a metal ion chelator (4.2 log reduction in carbapenem-resistant A. baumannii) and, to a lesser extent, by malic acid and citric acid (2.9 and 3.3 log reductions, respectively). The EDTA/Ts2631 combination reduced all pathogens of the Enterobacteriaceae family, particularly multidrug-resistant Citrobacter braakii, to levels below the detection limit (>6 log); these results indicate that Ts2631 endolysin could be useful to combat Gram-negative pathogens. The investigation of A. baumannii cells treated with Ts2631 endolysin variants under transmission electron and fluorescence microscopy demonstrates that the intrinsic antibacterial activity of Ts2631 endolysin is dependent on the presence of its N-terminal tail.
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18
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Wu M, Hu K, Xie Y, Liu Y, Mu D, Guo H, Zhang Z, Zhang Y, Chang D, Shi Y. A Novel Phage PD-6A3, and Its Endolysin Ply6A3, With Extended Lytic Activity Against Acinetobacter baumannii. Front Microbiol 2019; 9:3302. [PMID: 30687281 PMCID: PMC6333635 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2018.03302] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2018] [Accepted: 12/18/2018] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
With widespread abuse of antibiotics, bacterial resistance has increasingly become a serious threat. Acinetobacter baumannii has emerged as one of the most important hospital-acquired pathogens worldwide. Bacteriophages (also called “phages”) could be used as a potential alternative therapy to meet the challenges posed by such pathogens. Endolysins from phages have also been attracting increasing interest as potential antimicrobial agents. Here, we isolated 14 phages against A. baumannii, determined the lytic spectrum of each phage, and selected one with a relatively broad host range, named vB_AbaP_PD-6A3 (PD-6A3 for short), for its biological characteristics. We over-expressed and purified the endolysin (Ply6A3) from this phage and tested its biological characteristics. The PD-6A3 is a novel phage, which can kill 32.4% (179/552) of clinical multidrug resistant A. baumannii (MDRAB) isolates. Interestingly, in vitro, this endolysin could not only inhibit A. baumannii, but also that of other strains, such as Escherichia coli and methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA). We found that lethal A. baumannii sepsis mice could be effectively rescued in vivo by phage PD-6A3 and endolysin Ply6A3 intraperitoneal injection. These characteristics reveal the promising potential of phage PD-6A3 and endolysin Ply6A3 as attractive candidates for the control of A. baumannii-associated nosocomial infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Minle Wu
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Pudong Hosipital Affiliated to Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Kongying Hu
- Key Laboratory of Medical Molecular Virology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Youhua Xie
- Key Laboratory of Medical Molecular Virology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Yili Liu
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Shanghai Public Health Clinical Center, Shanghai, China
| | - Di Mu
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, The Fourth People's Hospital of Shanghai, Shanghai, China
| | - Huimin Guo
- Key Laboratory of Medical Molecular Virology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Zhifan Zhang
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, The Fourth People's Hospital of Shanghai, Shanghai, China
| | - Yingcong Zhang
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Pudong Hosipital Affiliated to Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Dong Chang
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Pudong Hosipital Affiliated to Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Yi Shi
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, The Fourth People's Hospital of Shanghai, Shanghai, China
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19
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Dams D, Briers Y. Enzybiotics: Enzyme-Based Antibacterials as Therapeutics. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2019; 1148:233-253. [PMID: 31482502 DOI: 10.1007/978-981-13-7709-9_11] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Antibiotics have saved millions of lives. However, the overuse and misuse of antibiotics have contributed to a rapid emergence of antibiotic resistance worldwide. In addition, there is an unprecedented void in the development of new antibiotic classes by the pharmaceutical industry since the first introduction of antibiotics. This antibiotic crisis underscores the urgent and increasing necessity of new, innovative antibiotics. Enzybiotics are such a promising class of antibiotics. They are derived from endolysins, bacteriophage-encoded enzymes that degrade the bacterial cell wall of the infected cell at the end of the lytic replication cycle. Enzybiotics are featured by a rapid and unique mode-of-action, a high specificity to kill pathogens, a low probability for bacterial resistance development and a proteinaceous nature. (Engineered) endolysins have been demonstrated to be effective in a variety of animal models to combat both Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria and have entered different phases of preclinical and clinical trials. In addition, mycobacteriophage-encoded endolysins have been successfully used to inhibit mycobacteria in vitro. In this chapter we focus on the (pre)clinical progress of enzybiotics as potent therapeutic agent against human pathogenic bacteria.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dorien Dams
- Laboratory of Applied Biotechnology, Department of Biotechnology, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Yves Briers
- Laboratory of Applied Biotechnology, Department of Biotechnology, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium.
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20
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Vázquez R, García E, García P. Phage Lysins for Fighting Bacterial Respiratory Infections: A New Generation of Antimicrobials. Front Immunol 2018; 9:2252. [PMID: 30459750 PMCID: PMC6232686 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2018.02252] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2018] [Accepted: 09/11/2018] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Lower respiratory tract infections and tuberculosis are responsible for the death of about 4.5 million people each year and are the main causes of mortality in children under 5 years of age. Streptococcus pneumoniae is the most common bacterial pathogen associated with severe pneumonia, although other Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria are involved in respiratory infections as well. The ability of these pathogens to persist and produce infection under the appropriate conditions is also associated with their capacity to form biofilms in the respiratory mucous membranes. Adding to the difficulty of treating biofilm-forming bacteria with antibiotics, many of these strains are becoming multidrug resistant, and thus the alternative therapeutics available for combating this kind of infections are rapidly depleting. Given these concerns, it is urgent to consider other unconventional strategies and, in this regard, phage lysins represent an attractive resource to circumvent some of the current issues in infection treatment. When added exogenously, lysins break specific bonds of the peptidoglycan and have potent bactericidal effects against susceptible bacteria. These enzymes possess interesting features, including that they do not trigger an adverse immune response and raise of resistance is very unlikely. Although Gram-negative bacteria had been considered refractory to these compounds, strategies to overcome this drawback have been developed recently. In this review we describe the most relevant in vitro and in vivo results obtained to date with lysins against bacterial respiratory pathogens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roberto Vázquez
- Centro de Investigaciones Biológicas (CSIC), Madrid, Spain.,Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Respiratorias (CIBERES), Madrid, Spain
| | - Ernesto García
- Centro de Investigaciones Biológicas (CSIC), Madrid, Spain.,Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Respiratorias (CIBERES), Madrid, Spain
| | - Pedro García
- Centro de Investigaciones Biológicas (CSIC), Madrid, Spain.,Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Respiratorias (CIBERES), Madrid, Spain
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21
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Gerstmans H, Criel B, Briers Y. Synthetic biology of modular endolysins. Biotechnol Adv 2018; 36:624-640. [DOI: 10.1016/j.biotechadv.2017.12.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 91] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2017] [Revised: 12/08/2017] [Accepted: 12/13/2017] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
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22
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Larpin Y, Oechslin F, Moreillon P, Resch G, Entenza JM, Mancini S. In vitro characterization of PlyE146, a novel phage lysin that targets Gram-negative bacteria. PLoS One 2018; 13:e0192507. [PMID: 29408864 PMCID: PMC5800649 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0192507] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2017] [Accepted: 01/24/2018] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The recent rise of multidrug-resistant Gram-negative bacteria represents a serious threat to public health and makes the search for novel effective alternatives to antibiotics a compelling need. Bacteriophage (Phage) lysins are enzymes that hydrolyze the cell wall of bacteria and represent a promising alternative to tackle this ever-increasing problem. Despite their use is believed to be restricted to Gram-positive bacteria, recent findings have shown that they can also be used against Gram-negative bacteria. By using a phage genome-based screening approach, we identified and characterized a novel lysin, PlyE146, encoded by an Escherichia coli prophage and with a predicted molecular mass of ca. 17 kDa. PlyE146 is composed of a C-terminal cationic peptide and a N-terminal N-acetylmuramidase domain. Histidine-tagged PlyE146 was overexpressed from a plasmid in Lactococcus lactis NZ9000 and purified by NI-NTA chromatography. PlyE146 exhibited in vitro optimal bactericidal activity against E. coli K12 (3.6 log10 CFU/mL decrease) after 2 h of incubation at 37°C at a concentration of 400 μg/mL in the absence of NaCl and at pH 6.0. Under these conditions, PlyE146 displayed antimicrobial activity towards several other E. coli, Pseudomonas aeruginosa (3 to 3.8-log10 CFU/mL decrease) and Acinetobacter baumannii (4.9 to >5-log10 CFU/mL decrease) strains. Therefore, PlyE146 represents a promising therapeutic agent against E. coli, P. aeruginosa and A. baumannii infections. However, further studies are required to improve the efficacy of PlyE146 under physiological conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu Larpin
- Department of Fundamental Microbiology, University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Frank Oechslin
- Department of Fundamental Microbiology, University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Philippe Moreillon
- Department of Fundamental Microbiology, University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Grégory Resch
- Department of Fundamental Microbiology, University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - José Manuel Entenza
- Department of Fundamental Microbiology, University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
- * E-mail:
| | - Stefano Mancini
- Department of Fundamental Microbiology, University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
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23
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Yan DZ, Gan YT, Zhou H, Liu J, Li X. Draft Genome Sequence of Cyclohexylamine-Degrading Strain Acinetobacter sp. YT-02 Isolated. Curr Microbiol 2017; 75:284-287. [PMID: 29063968 DOI: 10.1007/s00284-017-1377-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2017] [Accepted: 10/19/2017] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Acinetobacter sp. YT-02, a Gram-negative bacterium isolated from the activated sludge from a sodium N-cyclohexylsulfamate production plant, has the ability to degrade cyclohexylamine. It was classified as a member of Acinetobacter sp., a Gram-negative bacterium, sharing a 16S rRNA gene sequence identity of 99% with Acinetobacter guangdongensis strain 1NM-4. It could degrade 10 mmol/L cyclohexylamine within 22 h. Based on the identified metabolite, the metabolic pathway of cyclohexylamine could be postulated as it was degraded via cyclohexanone. Draft genome sequence of this strain (2,993, 647 bp of chromosome length) is presented here. We further identified the genes encoding the enzymes involved in cyclohexylamine oxidation to cyclohexanone and the subsequent downstream metabolic pathway of cyclohexanone oxidation. Strain YT-02 has the potentiality to be applied in the treatment of the pollutant cyclohexylamine, and it could also be treated as a research material to study the degradation mechanism of cyclohexylamine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Da-Zhong Yan
- School of Biology and Pharmaceutical Engineering, Wuhan Polytechnic University, No.68 Xuefu South Road, Changqing Garden, Wuhan, 430023, Hubei Province, China.
| | - Ya-Ting Gan
- School of Biology and Pharmaceutical Engineering, Wuhan Polytechnic University, No.68 Xuefu South Road, Changqing Garden, Wuhan, 430023, Hubei Province, China
| | - Hui Zhou
- School of Biology and Pharmaceutical Engineering, Wuhan Polytechnic University, No.68 Xuefu South Road, Changqing Garden, Wuhan, 430023, Hubei Province, China
| | - Jun Liu
- School of Biology and Pharmaceutical Engineering, Wuhan Polytechnic University, No.68 Xuefu South Road, Changqing Garden, Wuhan, 430023, Hubei Province, China
| | - Xin Li
- School of Biology and Pharmaceutical Engineering, Wuhan Polytechnic University, No.68 Xuefu South Road, Changqing Garden, Wuhan, 430023, Hubei Province, China
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24
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Highly potent antimicrobial modified peptides derived from the Acinetobacter baumannii phage endolysin LysAB2. Sci Rep 2017; 7:11477. [PMID: 28904355 PMCID: PMC5597585 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-11832-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2017] [Accepted: 08/30/2017] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
The increase in the prevalence of multidrug-resistant Acinetobacter baumannii (MDRAB) strains is a serious public health concern. Antimicrobial peptides (AMPs) are a possible solution to this problem. In this study, we examined whether AMPs could be derived from phage endolysins. We synthesized four AMPs based on an amphipathic helical region in the C-terminus of endolysin LysAB2 encoded by the A. baumannii phage ΦAB2. These peptides showed potent antibacterial activity against A. baumannii (minimum inhibitory concentration, 4–64 μM), including some MDR and colistin-resistant A. baumannii. Of the four peptides, LysAB2 P3, with modifications that increased its net positive charge and decreased its hydrophobicity, showed high antibacterial activity against A. baumannii but little haemolytic and no cytotoxic activity against normal eukaryotic cells. The results of electron microscopy experiments and a fluorescein isothiocyanate staining assay indicated that this peptide killed A. baumannii through membrane permeabilization. Moreover, in a mouse intraperitoneal infection model, at 4 h after the bacterial injection, LysAB2 P3 decreased the bacterial load by 13-fold in ascites and 27-fold in blood. Additionally, LysAB2 P3 rescued sixty percent of mice heavily infected with A. baumannii from lethal bacteremia. Our results confirmed that bacteriophage endolysins are a promising resource for developing effective AMPs.
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25
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Chen LK, Kuo SC, Chang KC, Cheng CC, Yu PY, Chang CH, Chen TY, Tseng CC. Clinical Antibiotic-resistant Acinetobacter baumannii Strains with Higher Susceptibility to Environmental Phages than Antibiotic-sensitive Strains. Sci Rep 2017; 7:6319. [PMID: 28740225 PMCID: PMC5524697 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-06688-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2017] [Accepted: 06/12/2017] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Antibiotic-resistant Acinetobacter baumannii is associated with nosocomial infections worldwide. Here, we used clinically isolated A. baumannii strains as models to demonstrate whether antibiotic resistance is correlated with an increased susceptibility to bacteriophages. In this study, 24 active phages capable of infecting A. baumannii were isolated from various environments, and the susceptibilities of both antibiotic-sensitive and antibiotic-resistant strains of A. baumannii to different phages were compared. In our study, a total of 403 clinically isolated A. baumannii strains were identified. On average, the phage infection percentage of the antibiotic-resistant A. baumannii strains was 84% (from 81–86%), whereas the infection percentage in the antibiotic-sensitive A. baumannii strains was only 56.5% (from 49–64%). In addition, the risk of phage infection for A. baumannii was significantly increased in the strains that were resistant to at least four antibiotics and exhibited a dose-dependent response (p-trend < 0.0001). Among all of the A. baumannii isolates, 75.6% were phage typeable. The results of phage typing might also reveal the antibiotic-resistant profiles of clinical A. baumannii strains. In conclusion, phage susceptibility represents an evolutionary trade-off in A. baumannii strains that show adaptations for antibiotic resistance, particularly in medical environments that have high antibiotic use.
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Affiliation(s)
- Li-Kuang Chen
- Institute of Medical Sciences, Department of Laboratory Diagnostic, College of Medicine, Tzu Chi University, Hualien, Taiwan.,Department of Laboratory Medicine, Clinical Pathology, Buddhist Tzu Chi General Hospital, Hualien, Taiwan
| | - Shu-Chen Kuo
- National Institute of Infectious Diseases and Vaccinology, National Health Research Institutes, Miaoli County, Taiwan
| | - Kai-Chih Chang
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Biotechnology, Tzu Chi University, Hualien, Taiwan
| | - Chieh-Chen Cheng
- Department and Graduate Institute of Public Health, Tzu Chi University, Hualien, Taiwan
| | - Pei-Ying Yu
- Department and Graduate Institute of Public Health, Tzu Chi University, Hualien, Taiwan
| | - Chih-Hui Chang
- Department and Graduate Institute of Public Health, Tzu Chi University, Hualien, Taiwan
| | - Tren-Yi Chen
- Emergency Department, Changhua Christian Hospital, Changhua, Taiwan
| | - Chun-Chieh Tseng
- Department and Graduate Institute of Public Health, Tzu Chi University, Hualien, Taiwan.
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Recent advances in therapeutic delivery systems of bacteriophage and bacteriophage-encoded endolysins. Ther Deliv 2017. [DOI: 10.4155/tde-2017-0040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Antibiotics have been the cornerstone of clinical management of bacterial infection since their discovery in the early 20th century. However, their widespread and often indiscriminate use has now led to reports of multidrug resistance becoming globally commonplace. Bacteriophage therapy has undergone a recent revival in battle against pathogenic bacteria, as the self-replicating and co-evolutionary features of these predatory virions offer several advantages over conventional therapeutic agents. In particular, the use of targeted bacteriophage therapy from specialized delivery platforms has shown particular promise owing to the control of delivery location, administration conditions and dosage of the therapeutic cargo. This review presents an overview of the recent formulations and applications of such delivery vehicles as an innovative and elegant tool for bacterial control.
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The antibacterial activity of E. coli bacteriophage lysin lysep3 is enhanced by fusing the Bacillus amyloliquefaciens bacteriophage endolysin binding domain D8 to the C-terminal region. J Microbiol 2017; 55:403-408. [DOI: 10.1007/s12275-017-6431-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2016] [Revised: 12/28/2016] [Accepted: 12/30/2016] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
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Ho YH, Tseng CC, Wang LS, Chen YT, Ho GJ, Lin TY, Wang LY, Chen LK. Application of Bacteriophage-containing Aerosol against Nosocomial Transmission of Carbapenem-Resistant Acinetobacter baumannii in an Intensive Care Unit. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0168380. [PMID: 27992494 PMCID: PMC5161369 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0168380] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2016] [Accepted: 11/30/2016] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Carbapenem-resistant Acinetobacter baumannii (CRAB) is associated with nosocomial infections worldwide. Here, we used phage as a potential agent to evaluate the efficacy of daily cleaning practices combined with a bacteriophage-containing aerosol against CRAB. METHODS A two-phase prospective intervention study was performed at a 945-bed public teaching hospital. From March to December 2013, we performed terminal cleaning using standard procedures plus an aerosol with active bacteriophage in the intensive care units to evaluate the impact on nosocomial incidence density, carbapenem-resistance rates and antimicrobial drug consumption amounts. Patients with culture proven CRAB infection were transferred to the isolation room when the phage aerosol cleaning had been completed. RESULTS A total of 264 new acquisitions of CRAB were identified in the intensive care units (191 in the pre-intervention period and 73 in the intervention period). The rates of new acquisitions of CRAB in the intensive care units decreased from 8.57 per 1000 patient-days in the pre-intervention period to 5.11 per 1000 patient-days in the intervention period (p = 0.0029). The mean percentage of resistant isolates CRAB decreased from 87.76% to 46.07% in the intensive care units (p = 0.001). All of the antimicrobials showed a significant reduction in consumption except imipenem. CONCLUSIONS The bacteriophage was successful in decreasing the rates of infection caused by CRAB across intensive care units in a large teaching hospital.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu-Huai Ho
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Internal Medicine, Buddhist Tzu Chi General Hospital and Tzu Chi University, Hualien, Taiwan
| | - Chun-Chieh Tseng
- Department and Graduate Institute of Public Health, Tzu Chi University, Hualien, Taiwan
| | - Lih-Shinn Wang
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Internal Medicine, Buddhist Tzu Chi General Hospital and Tzu Chi University, Hualien, Taiwan
| | - Yi-Ting Chen
- Medical Intensive Care Unit, Department of Internal Medicine, Buddhist Tzu Chi General Hospital and Tzu Chi University, Hualien, Taiwan
| | - Guan-Jin Ho
- Department of Surgical Critical Care Unit, Buddhist Tzu Chi General Hospital and Tzu Chi University, Hualien, Taiwan
| | - Teng-Yi Lin
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Buddhist Tzu Chi General Hospital, Hualien, Taiwan
| | - Ling-Yi Wang
- Department of Medical Research, Buddhist Tzu Chi General Hospital, Hualien, Taiwan
| | - Li-Kuang Chen
- Institute of Medical Sciences, Department of Laboratory Diagnostic, College of Medicine, Tzu Chi University, Hualien, Taiwan
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Clinical Pathology, Buddhist Tzu Chi General Hospital, Hualien, Taiwan
- * E-mail:
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From endolysins to Artilysin®s: novel enzyme-based approaches to kill drug-resistant bacteria. Biochem Soc Trans 2016; 44:123-8. [PMID: 26862197 DOI: 10.1042/bst20150192] [Citation(s) in RCA: 77] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
One of the last untapped reservoirs in nature for the identification of new anti-microbials is bacteriophages, the natural killers of bacteria. Lytic bacteriophages encode peptidoglycan (PG) lytic enzymes able to degrade the PG layer in different steps of their infection cycle. Endolysins degrade the bacterial cell wall at the end of the infection cycle, causing lysis of the host to release the viral progeny. Recombinant endolysins have been successfully applied as anti-bacterial agent against antibiotic-resistant Gram-positive pathogens. This has boosted the study of these enzymes as new anti-microbials in different fields (e.g. medical, food technology). A key example is the recent development of endolysin-based anti-bacterials against Gram-negative pathogens in which the exogenous application of endolysins is hindered by the outer membrane (OM). These novel anti-microbials, termed Artilysin®s, are able to pass through the OM and reach the PG where they exert their action. In addition, mycobacteria whose cell wall is structurally different from both Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria have also been reported to be inhibited by mycobacteriophage-encoded endolysins. Endolysins and endolysin-based anti-microbials can be considered as ideal candidates for an alternative to antibiotics for several reasons: (1) their unique mode of action and activity against bacterial persisters (independent of an active host metabolism), (2) their selective activity against both Gram-positive and Gram-negative pathogens (including antibiotic resistant strains) and mycobacteria, (3) the limited resistance development reported so far. The present review summarizes and discusses the potential applications of endolysins as new anti-microbials.
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Efficacy of Artilysin Art-175 against Resistant and Persistent Acinetobacter baumannii. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 2016; 60:3480-8. [PMID: 27021321 DOI: 10.1128/aac.00285-16] [Citation(s) in RCA: 78] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2016] [Accepted: 03/17/2016] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Bacteriophage-encoded endolysins have shown promise as a novel class of antibacterials with a unique mode of action, i.e., peptidoglycan degradation. However, Gram-negative pathogens are generally not susceptible due to their protective outer membrane. Artilysins overcome this barrier. Artilysins are optimized, engineered fusions of selected endolysins with specific outer membrane-destabilizing peptides. Artilysin Art-175 comprises a modified variant of endolysin KZ144 with an N-terminal fusion to SMAP-29. Previously, we have shown the high susceptibility of Pseudomonas aeruginosa to Art-175. Here, we report that Art-175 is highly bactericidal against stationary-phase cells of multidrug-resistant Acinetobacter baumannii, even resulting in a complete elimination of large inocula (≥10(8) CFU/ml). Besides actively dividing cells, Art-175 also kills persisters. Instantaneous killing of A. baumannii upon contact with Art-175 could be visualized after immobilization of the bacteria in a microfluidic flow cell. Effective killing of a cell takes place through osmotic lysis after peptidoglycan degradation. The killing rate is enhanced by the addition of 0.5 mM EDTA. No development of resistance to Art-175 under selection pressure and no cross-resistance with existing resistance mechanisms could be observed. In conclusion, Art-175 represents a highly active Artilysin against both A. baumannii and P. aeruginosa, two of the most life-threatening pathogens of the order Pseudomonadales.
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Lai MJ, Liu CC, Jiang SJ, Soo PC, Tu MH, Lee JJ, Chen YH, Chang KC. Antimycobacterial Activities of Endolysins Derived From a Mycobacteriophage, BTCU-1. Molecules 2015; 20:19277-90. [PMID: 26506338 PMCID: PMC6332426 DOI: 10.3390/molecules201019277] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2015] [Revised: 10/15/2015] [Accepted: 10/16/2015] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
The high incidence of Mycobacterium infection, notably multidrug-resistant M. tuberculosis infection, has become a significant public health concern worldwide. In this study, we isolate and analyze a mycobacteriophage, BTCU-1, and a foundational study was performed to evaluate the antimycobacterial activity of BTCU-1 and its cloned lytic endolysins. Using Mycobacterium smegmatis as host, a mycobacteriophage, BTCU-1, was isolated from soil in eastern Taiwan. The electron microscopy images revealed that BTCU-1 displayed morphology resembling the Siphoviridae family. In the genome of BTCU-1, two putative lytic genes, BTCU-1_ORF7 and BTCU-1_ORF8 (termed lysA and lysB, respectively), were identified, and further subcloned and expressed in Escherichia coli. When applied exogenously, both LysA and LysB were active against M. smegmatis tested. Scanning electron microscopy revealed that LysA and LysB caused a remarkable modification of the cell shape of M. smegmatis. Intracellular bactericidal activity assay showed that treatment of M. smegmatis-infected RAW 264.7 macrophages with LysA or LysB resulted in a significant reduction in the number of viable intracellular bacilli. These results indicate that the endolysins derived from BTCU-1 have antimycobacterial activity, and suggest that they are good candidates for therapeutic/disinfectant agents to control mycobacterial infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meng-Jiun Lai
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Biotechnology, Tzu Chi University, Hualien 97004, Taiwan.
| | - Chih-Chin Liu
- Department of Bioinformatics, Chung Hua University, Hsin-Chu City 97004, Taiwan.
| | - Shinn-Jong Jiang
- Department of Biochemistry, Tzu Chi University, Hualien 97004, Taiwan.
| | - Po-Chi Soo
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Biotechnology, Tzu Chi University, Hualien 97004, Taiwan.
| | - Meng-Hsuan Tu
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Biotechnology, Tzu Chi University, Hualien 97004, Taiwan.
| | - Jen-Jyh Lee
- Department of Internal Medicine, Buddhist Tzu Chi General Hospital, Hualien 97004, Taiwan.
| | - Ying-Huei Chen
- Department of Internal Medicine, Buddhist Tzu Chi General Hospital, Hualien 97004, Taiwan.
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Buddhist Tzu Chi General Hospital, Hualien 97004, Taiwan.
| | - Kai-Chih Chang
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Biotechnology, Tzu Chi University, Hualien 97004, Taiwan.
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Buddhist Tzu Chi General Hospital, Hualien 97004, Taiwan.
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Briers Y, Lavigne R. Breaking barriers: expansion of the use of endolysins as novel antibacterials against Gram-negative bacteria. Future Microbiol 2015; 10:377-90. [DOI: 10.2217/fmb.15.8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 122] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
ABSTRACT The emergence and spread of antibiotic-resistant bacteria drives the search for novel classes of antibiotics to replenish our armamentarium against bacterial infections. This is particularly critical for Gram-negative pathogens, which are intrinsically resistant to many existing classes of antibiotics due to the presence of a protective outer membrane. In addition, the antibiotics development pipeline is mainly oriented to Gram-positive pathogens such as methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus. A promising novel class of antibacterials is endolysins. These enzymes encoded by bacterial viruses hydrolyze the peptidoglycan layer with high efficiency, resulting in abrupt osmotic lysis and cell death. Their potential as novel antibacterials to treat Gram-positive bacteria has been extensively demonstrated; however, the Gram-negative outer membrane has presented a formidable barrier for the use of endolysins against Gram-negatives until recently. This review reports on the most recent advances in the development of endolysins to kill Gram-negative species with a special focus on endolysin-engineered Artilysins®.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yves Briers
- Laboratory of Gene Technology, Department Biosystems, University of Leuven, Kasteelpark Arenberg 21, box 2462, B-3001 Leuven, Belgium
| | - Rob Lavigne
- Laboratory of Gene Technology, Department Biosystems, University of Leuven, Kasteelpark Arenberg 21, box 2462, B-3001 Leuven, Belgium
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Huang G, Shen X, Gong Y, Dong Z, Zhao X, Shen W, Wang J, Hu F, Peng Y. Antibacterial properties of Acinetobacter baumannii phage Abp1 endolysin (PlyAB1). BMC Infect Dis 2014; 14:681. [PMID: 25495514 PMCID: PMC4274762 DOI: 10.1186/s12879-014-0681-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2014] [Accepted: 12/03/2014] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Acinetobacter baumannii has emerged as one of the most important hospital-acquired pathogens in the world, because of its resistance to almost all available antibiotic drugs. Endolysins from phages are attracting increasing interest as potential antimicrobial agents, especially for drug-resistant bacteria. We previously isolated and characterized Abp1, a virulent phage targeting the multidrug-resistant A. baumannii strain, AB1. METHODS To evaluate the antimicrobial potential of endolysin from the Abp1 phage, the endolysin gene plyAB1 was cloned and over-expressed in Escherichia coli, and the lytic activity of the recombinant protein (PlyAB1) was tested by turbidity assessment and bacteria counting assays. RESULTS PlyAB1 exhibits a marked lytic activity against A. baumannii AB1, as shown by a decrease in the number of live bacteria following treatment with the enzyme. Moreover, PlyAB1 displayed a highly specific lytic effect against all of the 48 hospital-derived pandrug-resistant A. baumannii isolates that were tested. These isolates were shown to belong to different ST clones by multilocus sequence typing. CONCLUSIONS The results presented here show that PlyAB1 has potential as an antibiotic against drug-resistant A. baumannii.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guangtao Huang
- State Key Laboratory of Trauma, Burns and Combined Injury, Institute of Burn Research, Southwest Hospital, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, China. .,Department of Microbiology, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, China.
| | - Xiaodong Shen
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, China.
| | - Yali Gong
- State Key Laboratory of Trauma, Burns and Combined Injury, Institute of Burn Research, Southwest Hospital, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, China.
| | - Zhiwei Dong
- State Key Laboratory of Trauma, Burns and Combined Injury, Institute of Burn Research, Southwest Hospital, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, China.
| | - Xia Zhao
- Department of Microbiology, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, China.
| | - Wei Shen
- Department of Microbiology, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, China.
| | - Jing Wang
- Department of Microbiology, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, China.
| | - Fuquan Hu
- Department of Microbiology, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, China.
| | - Yizhi Peng
- State Key Laboratory of Trauma, Burns and Combined Injury, Institute of Burn Research, Southwest Hospital, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, China.
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