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Vander Elst N, Bellemans J, Lavigne R, Briers Y, Meyer E. Endolysin NC5 improves early cloxacillin treatment in a mouse model of Streptococcus uberis mastitis. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2024; 108:118. [PMID: 38204128 PMCID: PMC10781846 DOI: 10.1007/s00253-023-12820-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2023] [Revised: 12/07/2023] [Accepted: 12/18/2023] [Indexed: 01/12/2024]
Abstract
Streptococcus uberis frequently causes bovine mastitis, an infectious udder disease with significant economic implications for dairy cows. Conventional antibiotics, such as cloxacillin, sometimes have limited success in eliminating S. uberis as a stand-alone therapy. To address this challenge, the study objective was to investigate the VersaTile engineered endolysin NC5 as a supplemental therapy to cloxacillin in a mouse model of bovine S. uberis mastitis. NC5 was previously selected based on its intracellular killing and biofilm eradicating activity. To deliver preclinical proof-of-concept of this supplemental strategy, lactating mice were intramammarily infected with a bovine S. uberis field isolate and subsequently treated with cloxacillin (30.0 μg) combined with either a low (23.5 μg) or high (235.0 μg) dose of NC5. An antibiotic monotherapy group, as well as placebo treatment, was included as controls. Two types of responders were identified: fast (n = 17), showing response after 4-h treatment, and slow (n = 10), exhibiting no clear response at 4 h post-treatment across all groups. The high-dose combination therapy in comparison with placebo treatment impacted the hallmarks of mastitis in the fast responders by reducing (i) the bacterial load 13,000-fold (4.11 ± 0.78 Δlog10; p < 0.001), (ii) neutrophil infiltration 5.7-fold (p > 0.05), and (iii) the key pro-inflammatory chemokine IL-8 13-fold (p < 0.01). These mastitis hallmarks typically followed a dose response dependent on the amount of endolysin added. The current in vivo study complements our in vitro data and provides preclinical proof-of-concept of NC5 as an adjunct to intramammary cloxacillin treatment. KEY POINTS: • Engineered endolysin NC5 was preclinically evaluated as add-on to cloxacillin treatment. • Two types of mice (slow and fast responding) were observed. • The add-on treatment decreased bacterial load, neutrophil influx, and pro-inflammatory mediators.
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Affiliation(s)
- Niels Vander Elst
- Laboratory of Gene Technology, Department of Biosystems, Faculty of Bioscience Engineering, KU Leuven, Kasteelpark Arenberg 21, 3001, Heverlee, Belgium.
- Laboratory of Applied Biotechnology, Department of Biotechnology, Faculty of Bioscience Engineering, Ghent University, Valentin Vaerwyckweg 1, 9000, Ghent, Belgium.
- Laboratory of Biochemistry, Department of Veterinary and Biosciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, Salisburylaan 133, 9820, Merelbeke, Belgium.
| | - Julie Bellemans
- Laboratory of Applied Biotechnology, Department of Biotechnology, Faculty of Bioscience Engineering, Ghent University, Valentin Vaerwyckweg 1, 9000, Ghent, Belgium
- Laboratory of Biochemistry, Department of Veterinary and Biosciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, Salisburylaan 133, 9820, Merelbeke, Belgium
| | - Rob Lavigne
- Laboratory of Gene Technology, Department of Biosystems, Faculty of Bioscience Engineering, KU Leuven, Kasteelpark Arenberg 21, 3001, Heverlee, Belgium
| | - Yves Briers
- Laboratory of Applied Biotechnology, Department of Biotechnology, Faculty of Bioscience Engineering, Ghent University, Valentin Vaerwyckweg 1, 9000, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Evelyne Meyer
- Laboratory of Biochemistry, Department of Veterinary and Biosciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, Salisburylaan 133, 9820, Merelbeke, Belgium.
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Sisson HM, Fagerlund RD, Jackson SA, Briers Y, Warring SL, Fineran PC. Antibacterial synergy between a phage endolysin and citric acid against the Gram-negative kiwifruit pathogen Pseudomonas syringae pv. actinidiae. Appl Environ Microbiol 2024; 90:e0184623. [PMID: 38319087 PMCID: PMC10952447 DOI: 10.1128/aem.01846-23] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2023] [Accepted: 01/04/2024] [Indexed: 02/07/2024] Open
Abstract
Horticultural diseases caused by bacterial pathogens provide an obstacle to crop production globally. Management of the infection of kiwifruit by the Gram-negative phytopathogen Pseudomonas syringae pv. actinidiae (Psa) currently includes copper and antibiotics. However, the emergence of bacterial resistance and a changing regulatory landscape are providing the impetus to develop environmentally sustainable antimicrobials. One potential strategy is the use of bacteriophage endolysins, which degrade peptidoglycan during normal phage replication, causing cell lysis and the release of new viral progeny. Exogenous use of endolysins as antimicrobials is impaired by the outer membrane of Gram-negative bacteria that provides an impermeable barrier and prevents endolysins from accessing their target peptidoglycan. Here, we describe the synergy between citric acid and a phage endolysin, which results in a reduction of viable Psa below detection. We show that citric acid drives the destabilization of the outer membrane via acidification and sequestration of divalent cations from the lipopolysaccharide, which is followed by the degradation of the peptidoglycan by the endolysin. Scanning electron microscopy revealed clear morphological differences, indicating cell lysis following the endolysin-citric acid treatment. These results show the potential for citric acid-endolysin combinations as a possible antimicrobial approach in agricultural applications. IMPORTANCE The phytopathogen Pseudomonas syringae pv. actinidiae (Psa) causes major impacts to kiwifruit horticulture, and the current control strategies are heavily reliant on copper and antibiotics. The environmental impact and increasing resistance to these agrichemicals are driving interest in alternative antimicrobials including bacteriophage-derived therapies. In this study, we characterize the endolysin from the Otagovirus Psa374 which infects Psa. When combined with citric acid, this endolysin displays an impressive antibacterial synergy to reduce viable Psa below the limit of detection. The use of citric acid as a synergistic agent with endolysins has not been extensively studied and has never been evaluated against a plant pathogen. We determined that the synergy involved a combination of the chelation activity of citric acid, acidic pH, and the specific activity of the ΦPsa374 endolysin. Our study highlights an exciting opportunity for alternative antimicrobials in agriculture.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hazel M. Sisson
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand
- Bioprotection Aotearoa, University of Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand
| | - Robert D. Fagerlund
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand
- Bioprotection Aotearoa, University of Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand
- Genetics Otago, University of Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand
- Maurice Wilkins Centre for Molecular Biodiscovery, University of Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand
| | - Simon A. Jackson
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand
- Bioprotection Aotearoa, University of Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand
- Genetics Otago, University of Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand
- Maurice Wilkins Centre for Molecular Biodiscovery, University of Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand
| | - Yves Briers
- Laboratory of Applied Biotechnology, Department of Biotechnology, Faculty of Bioscience Engineering, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Suzanne L. Warring
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand
| | - Peter C. Fineran
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand
- Bioprotection Aotearoa, University of Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand
- Genetics Otago, University of Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand
- Maurice Wilkins Centre for Molecular Biodiscovery, University of Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand
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Desmecht S, Latka A, Ceyssens PJ, Garcia-Pino A, Gillis A, Lavigne R, Lima-Mendez G, Matthijnssens J, Vázquez R, Venneman J, Wagemans J, Briers Y, Thiry D. Meeting Report of the Second Symposium of the Belgian Society for Viruses of Microbes and Launch of the Phage Valley. Viruses 2024; 16:299. [PMID: 38400074 PMCID: PMC10891784 DOI: 10.3390/v16020299] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2024] [Accepted: 02/13/2024] [Indexed: 02/25/2024] Open
Abstract
The second symposium of the Belgian Society for Viruses of Microbes (BSVoM) took place on 8 September 2023 at the University of Liège with 141 participants from 10 countries. The meeting program covered three thematic sessions opened by international keynote speakers: two sessions were devoted to "Fundamental research in phage ecology and biology" and the third one to the "Present and future applications of phages". During this one day symposium, four invited keynote lectures, nine selected talks and eight student pitches were given along with thirty presented posters. The president of the Belgian Society for Viruses of Microbes, Prof. Yves Briers, took advantage of this symposium to launch the Phage Valley concept that will put the spotlight on the exceptionally high density of researchers investigating viruses of microbes as well as the successful triple helix approach between academia, industry and government in Belgium.
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Affiliation(s)
- Salomé Desmecht
- Veterinary Bacteriology, Department of Infectious and Parasitic Diseases, Fundamental and Applied Research for Animals and Health, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Liège (ULiège), 4000 Liège, Belgium;
| | - Agnieszka Latka
- Laboratory of Applied Biotechnology, Department of Biotechnology, Faculty of Bioscience Engineering, University of Ghent (UGent), 9000 Gent, Belgium; (A.L.); (R.V.)
- Department of Pathogen Biology and Immunology, Faculty of Biological Sciences, University of Wroclaw, 51-148 Wroclaw, Poland
| | | | - Abel Garcia-Pino
- Cellular and Molecular Microbiology, Faculty of Sciences, Université Libre de Bruxelles (ULB), 1050 Brussels, Belgium;
| | - Annika Gillis
- Laboratory of Food and Environmental Microbiology, Earth and Life Institute, Catholic University of Louvain (UCLouvain), 1348 Louvain-la-Neuve, Belgium;
| | - Rob Lavigne
- Laboratory of Gene Technology, Department of Biosystems, Faculty of Bioscience Engineering, KU Leuven, 3001 Leuven, Belgium; (R.L.); (J.W.)
| | - Gipsi Lima-Mendez
- Biology of Microorganisms Research Unit (URBM), Namur Research Institute for Life Sciences (NARILIS), University of Namur (UNamur), 5000 Namur, Belgium;
| | - Jelle Matthijnssens
- Laboratory of Viral Metagenomics, Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Transplantation, Rega Institute, Division of Clinical and Epidemiological Virology, KU Leuven, 3000 Leuven, Belgium;
| | - Roberto Vázquez
- Laboratory of Applied Biotechnology, Department of Biotechnology, Faculty of Bioscience Engineering, University of Ghent (UGent), 9000 Gent, Belgium; (A.L.); (R.V.)
| | - Jolien Venneman
- Flanders Research Institute for Agriculture, Fisheries and Food (ILVO), 9820 Merelbeke, Belgium;
| | - Jeroen Wagemans
- Laboratory of Gene Technology, Department of Biosystems, Faculty of Bioscience Engineering, KU Leuven, 3001 Leuven, Belgium; (R.L.); (J.W.)
| | - Yves Briers
- Laboratory of Applied Biotechnology, Department of Biotechnology, Faculty of Bioscience Engineering, University of Ghent (UGent), 9000 Gent, Belgium; (A.L.); (R.V.)
| | - Damien Thiry
- Veterinary Bacteriology, Department of Infectious and Parasitic Diseases, Fundamental and Applied Research for Animals and Health, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Liège (ULiège), 4000 Liège, Belgium;
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Gerstmans H, Duyvejonck L, Vázquez R, Staes I, Borloo J, Abdelkader K, Leroy J, Cremelie E, Gutiérrez D, Tamés-Caunedo H, Ruas-Madiedo P, Rodríguez A, Aertsen A, Lammertyn J, Lavigne R, Briers Y. Distinct mode of action of a highly stable, engineered phage lysin killing Gram-negative bacteria. Microbiol Spectr 2023; 11:e0181323. [PMID: 37971248 PMCID: PMC10714810 DOI: 10.1128/spectrum.01813-23] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2023] [Accepted: 10/12/2023] [Indexed: 11/19/2023] Open
Abstract
IMPORTANCE Engineered lysins are considered as highly promising alternatives for antibiotics. Our previous screening study using VersaTile technology identified 1D10 as a possible lead compound with activity against Acinetobacter baumannii strains under elevated human serum concentrations. In this manuscript, we reveal an unexpected mode of action and exceptional thermoresistance for lysin 1D10. Our findings shed new light on the development of engineered lysins, providing valuable insights for future research in this field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hans Gerstmans
- Department of Biotechnology, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
- Department of Biosystems, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Lisa Duyvejonck
- Department of Biotechnology, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Roberto Vázquez
- Department of Biotechnology, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Ines Staes
- Department of Microbial and Molecular Systems, Leuven, Belgium
| | | | - Karim Abdelkader
- Department of Biotechnology, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Beni-Suef University, Beni-Suef, Egypt
| | - Jeroen Leroy
- Department of Biotechnology, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Emma Cremelie
- Department of Biotechnology, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Diana Gutiérrez
- Department of Biotechnology, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Héctor Tamés-Caunedo
- Dairy Research Institute of Asturias, Spanish National Research Council (IPLA-CSIC), Villaviciosa, Asturias, Spain
| | - Patricia Ruas-Madiedo
- Dairy Research Institute of Asturias, Spanish National Research Council (IPLA-CSIC), Villaviciosa, Asturias, Spain
| | - Ana Rodríguez
- Dairy Research Institute of Asturias, Spanish National Research Council (IPLA-CSIC), Villaviciosa, Asturias, Spain
| | - Abram Aertsen
- Department of Microbial and Molecular Systems, Leuven, Belgium
| | | | - Rob Lavigne
- Department of Biosystems, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Yves Briers
- Department of Biotechnology, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
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Vander Elst N, Bert J, Favoreel H, Lavigne R, Meyer E, Briers Y. Development of engineered endolysins with in vitro intracellular activity against streptococcal bovine mastitis-causing pathogens. Microb Biotechnol 2023; 16:2367-2386. [PMID: 37853918 PMCID: PMC10686134 DOI: 10.1111/1751-7915.14339] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2023] [Revised: 08/25/2023] [Accepted: 09/08/2023] [Indexed: 10/20/2023] Open
Abstract
Bacteriophage-derived endolysins are a novel class of antimicrobials known to rapidly kill bacteria, including antibiotic-resistant strains. We here engineered endolysins against the bovine mastitis pathogens Streptococcus uberis, Streptococcus agalactiae and Streptococcus dysgalactiae, also targeting intracellular survival and biofilm formation. For this purpose, high-throughput DNA assembly was used to create a library with >80,000 theoretical endolysin variants for screening of their bacteriolytic activity against Gram-positive isolates from (sub)clinically affected cows. This lytic activity was evaluated by turbidity reduction and time-kill assays in phosphate-buffered saline and pasteurized whole cow's milk to allow a rank up of the most potent leading candidates. A top candidate was selected with a 4.0 log killing efficacy against S. uberis, also showing similar activity against S. agalactiae and S. dysgalactiae. This top candidate eradicated S. uberis biofilm and showed intracellular activity in two bovine mammary epithelial cell lines as was confirmed by confocal microscopy. A potentiating effect on cloxacillin, a beta-lactam penicillin used to intramammarily treat bovine Gram-positive mastitis, was observed for this top candidate endolysin in raw cow's milk from (sub)clinically infected udders. Our in vitro results indicate that engineered endolysins may have a future role as add-on in the treatment of bovine streptococcal mastitis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Niels Vander Elst
- Laboratory of Gene Technology, Department of Biosystems, Faculty of Bioscience EngineeringKU LeuvenHeverleeBelgium
- Laboratory of Biochemistry, Department of Veterinary and Biosciences, Faculty of Veterinary MedicineGhent UniversityMerelbekeBelgium
- Laboratory of Applied Biotechnology, Department of Biotechnology, Faculty of Bioscience EngineeringGhent UniversityGhentBelgium
| | - Joni Bert
- Laboratory of Biochemistry, Department of Veterinary and Biosciences, Faculty of Veterinary MedicineGhent UniversityMerelbekeBelgium
- Laboratory of Applied Biotechnology, Department of Biotechnology, Faculty of Bioscience EngineeringGhent UniversityGhentBelgium
| | - Herman Favoreel
- Laboratory of Immunology, Department of Translational Physiology, Infectiology and Public Health, Faculty of Veterinary MedicineGhent UniversityMerelbekeBelgium
| | - Rob Lavigne
- Laboratory of Gene Technology, Department of Biosystems, Faculty of Bioscience EngineeringKU LeuvenHeverleeBelgium
| | - Evelyne Meyer
- Laboratory of Biochemistry, Department of Veterinary and Biosciences, Faculty of Veterinary MedicineGhent UniversityMerelbekeBelgium
| | - Yves Briers
- Laboratory of Applied Biotechnology, Department of Biotechnology, Faculty of Bioscience EngineeringGhent UniversityGhentBelgium
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Vázquez R, Briers Y. What's in a Name? An Overview of the Proliferating Nomenclature in the Field of Phage Lysins. Cells 2023; 12:2016. [PMID: 37566095 PMCID: PMC10417350 DOI: 10.3390/cells12152016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2023] [Revised: 08/02/2023] [Accepted: 08/04/2023] [Indexed: 08/12/2023] Open
Abstract
In the last few years, the volume of research produced on phage lysins has grown spectacularly due to the interest in using them as alternative antimicrobials. As a result, a plethora of naming customs has sprouted among the different research groups devoted to them. While the naming diversity accounts for the vitality of the topic, on too many occasions it also creates some confusion and lack of comparability between different works. This article aims at clarifying the ambiguities found among names referring to phage lysins. We do so by tackling the naming customs historically, framing their original adoption, and employing a semantic classification to facilitate their discussion. We propose a periodization of phage lysin research that begins at the discovery era, in the early 20th century, enriches with a strong molecular biology period, and grows into a current time of markedly applied research. During these different periods, names referring to the general concepts surrounding lysins have been created and adopted, as well as other more specific terms related to their structure and function or, finally, names that have been coined for the antimicrobial application and engineering of phage lysins. Thus, this article means to serve as an invitation to the global lysin community to take action and discuss a widely supported, standardized nomenclature.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roberto Vázquez
- Laboratory of Applied Biotechnology, Department of Biotechnology, Ghent University, 9000 Ghent, Belgium
| | - Yves Briers
- Laboratory of Applied Biotechnology, Department of Biotechnology, Ghent University, 9000 Ghent, Belgium
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Pas C, Latka A, Fieseler L, Briers Y. Phage tailspike modularity and horizontal gene transfer reveals specificity towards E. coli O-antigen serogroups. Virol J 2023; 20:174. [PMID: 37550759 PMCID: PMC10408124 DOI: 10.1186/s12985-023-02138-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2023] [Accepted: 07/23/2023] [Indexed: 08/09/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The interaction between bacteriophages and their hosts is intricate and highly specific. Receptor-binding proteins (RBPs) of phages such as tail fibers and tailspikes initiate the infection process. These RBPs bind to diverse outer membrane structures, including the O-antigen, which is a serogroup-specific sugar-based component of the outer lipopolysaccharide layer of Gram-negative bacteria. Among the most virulent Escherichia coli strains is the Shiga toxin-producing E. coli (STEC) pathotype dominated by a subset of O-antigen serogroups. METHODS Extensive phylogenetic and structural analyses were used to identify and validate specificity correlations between phage RBP subtypes and STEC O-antigen serogroups, relying on the principle of horizontal gene transfer as main driver for RBP evolution. RESULTS We identified O-antigen specific RBP subtypes for seven out of nine most prevalent STEC serogroups (O26, O45, O103, O104, O111, O145 and O157) and seven additional E. coli serogroups (O2, O8, O16, O18, 4s/O22, O77 and O78). Eight phage genera (Gamaleya-, Justusliebig-, Kaguna-, Kayfuna-, Kutter-, Lederberg-, Nouzilly- and Uetakeviruses) emerged for their high proportion of serogroup-specific RBPs. Additionally, we reveal sequence motifs in the RBP region, potentially serving as recombination hotspots between lytic phages. CONCLUSION The results contribute to a better understanding of mosaicism of phage RBPs, but also demonstrate a method to identify and validate new RBP subtypes for current and future emerging serogroups.
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Affiliation(s)
- Célia Pas
- Department of Biotechnology, Ghent University, Valentin Vaerwyckweg 1, 9000, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Agnieszka Latka
- Department of Biotechnology, Ghent University, Valentin Vaerwyckweg 1, 9000, Ghent, Belgium
- Department of Pathogen Biology and Immunology, University of Wroclaw, Przybyszewskiego 63, 51-148, Wrocław, Poland
| | - Lars Fieseler
- Centre for Food Safety and Quality Management, ZHAW School of Life Sciences and Facility Management, Einsiedlerstrasse 31, 8820, Wädenswil, Switzerland
| | - Yves Briers
- Department of Biotechnology, Ghent University, Valentin Vaerwyckweg 1, 9000, Ghent, Belgium.
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Latka A, Aertsen A, Boeckaerts D, Blasdel B, Ceyssens PJ, Garcia-Pino A, Gillis A, Lavigne R, Lima-Mendez G, Matthijnssens J, Onsea J, Peeters E, Pirnay JP, Thiry D, Vandenheuvel D, Van Mechelen E, Venneman J, Verbeken G, Wagemans J, Briers Y. Foundation of the Belgian Society for Viruses of Microbes and Meeting Report of Its Inaugural Symposium. Viruses 2023; 15:v15051213. [PMID: 37243298 DOI: 10.3390/v15051213] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2023] [Accepted: 05/18/2023] [Indexed: 05/28/2023] Open
Abstract
The Belgian Society for Viruses of Microbes (BSVoM) was founded on 9 June 2022 to capture and enhance the collaborative spirit among the expanding community of microbial virus researchers in Belgium. The sixteen founders are affiliated to fourteen different research entities across academia, industry and government. Its inaugural symposium was held on 23 September 2022 in the Thermotechnical Institute at KU Leuven. The meeting program covered three thematic sessions launched by international keynote speakers: (1) virus-host interactions, (2) viral ecology, evolution and diversity and (3) present and future applications. During the one-day symposium, four invited keynote lectures, ten selected talks and eight student pitches were given along with 41 presented posters. The meeting hosted 155 participants from twelve countries.
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Affiliation(s)
- Agnieszka Latka
- Laboratory of Applied Biotechnology, Department of Biotechnology, Faculty of Bioscience Engineering, Ghent University, 9000 Gent, Belgium
- Department of Pathogen Biology and Immunology, University of Wroclaw, 51-148 Wroclaw, Poland
| | - Abram Aertsen
- Laboratory of Food Microbiology, Department of Microbial and Molecular Systems, Faculty of Bioscience Engineering, KU Leuven, 3001 Leuven, Belgium
| | - Dimitri Boeckaerts
- Laboratory of Applied Biotechnology, Department of Biotechnology, Faculty of Bioscience Engineering, Ghent University, 9000 Gent, Belgium
- KERMIT, Department of Data Analysis and Mathematical Modelling, Ghent University, 9000 Ghent, Belgium
| | - Bob Blasdel
- Vésale Bioscience, Vésale Pharmaceutica, 5310 Noville-sur-Mehaigne, Belgium
| | | | - Abel Garcia-Pino
- Cellular and Molecular Microbiology, Faculté des Sciences, Université Libre de Bruxelles, Campus La Plaine, 1050 Brussels, Belgium
| | - Annika Gillis
- Laboratory of Food and Environmental Microbiology, Earth and Life Institute, Université Catholique de Louvain, 1348 Louvain-la-Neuve, Belgium
| | - Rob Lavigne
- Laboratory of Gene Technology, Department of Biosystems, Faculty of Bioscience Engineering, KU Leuven, 3001 Leuven, Belgium
| | - Gipsi Lima-Mendez
- Biology of Microorganisms Research Unit (URBM), Namur Research Institute for Life Sciences (NARILIS), Université de Namur ASBL, 5000 Namur, Belgium
| | - Jelle Matthijnssens
- Laboratory of Viral Metagenomics, Rega Institute, Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Transplantation, KU Leuven, 3000 Leuven, Belgium
| | - Jolien Onsea
- Department of Trauma Surgery, University Hospitals Leuven, 3000 Leuven, Belgium
- Department of Development and Regeneration, KU Leuven, 3000 Leuven, Belgium
| | - Eveline Peeters
- Research Group of Microbiology, Department of Bioengineering Sciences, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, 1050 Brussels, Belgium
| | - Jean-Paul Pirnay
- Laboratory for Molecular and Cellular Technology, Queen Astrid Military Hospital, 1120 Brussels, Belgium
| | - Damien Thiry
- Veterinary Bacteriology, Department of Infectious and Parasitic Diseases, Fundamental and Applied Research for Animals and Health, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Liège, 4000 Liège, Belgium
| | - Dieter Vandenheuvel
- Department of Bioscience Engineering, University of Antwerp, 2020 Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Els Van Mechelen
- Research Centre Health & Water Technology, University of Applied Sciences, 9000 Gent, Belgium
| | - Jolien Venneman
- Flanders Research Institute for Agriculture, Fisheries and Food (ILVO), 9820 Merelbeke, Belgium
| | - Gilbert Verbeken
- Laboratory for Molecular and Cellular Technology, Queen Astrid Military Hospital, 1120 Brussels, Belgium
| | - Jeroen Wagemans
- Laboratory of Gene Technology, Department of Biosystems, Faculty of Bioscience Engineering, KU Leuven, 3001 Leuven, Belgium
| | - Yves Briers
- Laboratory of Applied Biotechnology, Department of Biotechnology, Faculty of Bioscience Engineering, Ghent University, 9000 Gent, Belgium
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Oliveira H, Santos S, Pires DP, Boeckaerts D, Pinto G, Domingues R, Otero J, Briers Y, Lavigne R, Schmelcher M, Dötsch A, Azeredo J. CkP1 bacteriophage, a S16-like myovirus that recognizes Citrobacter koseri lipopolysaccharide through its long tail fibers. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2023; 107:3621-3636. [PMID: 37133800 PMCID: PMC10175313 DOI: 10.1007/s00253-023-12547-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/27/2022] [Revised: 04/11/2023] [Accepted: 04/17/2023] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
Citrobacter koseri is an emerging Gram-negative bacterial pathogen, which causes urinary tract infections. We isolated and characterized a novel S16-like myovirus CKP1 (vB_CkoM_CkP1), infecting C. koseri. CkP1 has a host range covering the whole C. koseri species, i.e., all strains that were tested, but does not infect other species. Its linear 168,463-bp genome contains 291 coding sequences, sharing sequence similarity with the Salmonella phage S16. Based on surface plasmon resonance and recombinant green florescence protein fusions, the tail fiber (gp267) was shown to decorate C. koseri cells, binding with a nanomolar affinity, without the need of accessory proteins. Both phage and the tail fiber specifically bind to bacterial cells by the lipopolysaccharide polymer. We further demonstrate that CkP1 is highly stable towards different environmental conditions of pH and temperatures and is able to control C. koseri cells in urine samples. Altogether, CkP1 features optimal in vitro characteristics to be used both as a control and detection agent towards drug-resistant C. koseri infections. KEY POINTS: • CkP1 infects all C. koseri strains tested • CkP1 recognizes C. koseri lipopolysaccharide through its long tail fiber • Both phage CkP1 and its tail fiber can be used to treat or detect C. koseri pathogens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hugo Oliveira
- Centre of Biological Engineering, University of Minho, Braga, Portugal.
- LABBELS -Associate Laboratory, Braga, Guimarães, Portugal.
| | - Sílvio Santos
- Centre of Biological Engineering, University of Minho, Braga, Portugal
- LABBELS -Associate Laboratory, Braga, Guimarães, Portugal
| | - Diana P Pires
- Centre of Biological Engineering, University of Minho, Braga, Portugal
- LABBELS -Associate Laboratory, Braga, Guimarães, Portugal
| | | | - Graça Pinto
- Centre of Biological Engineering, University of Minho, Braga, Portugal
- LABBELS -Associate Laboratory, Braga, Guimarães, Portugal
| | - Rita Domingues
- Centre of Biological Engineering, University of Minho, Braga, Portugal
- LABBELS -Associate Laboratory, Braga, Guimarães, Portugal
| | - Jennifer Otero
- Centre of Biological Engineering, University of Minho, Braga, Portugal
- Departament de Genètica I de Microbiologia, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Yves Briers
- Department of Biotechnology, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Rob Lavigne
- Department of Biosystems, KU Leuven, Louvain, Belgium
| | - Mathias Schmelcher
- Institute of Food, Nutrition and Health, ETH Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Andreas Dötsch
- Max Rubner-Institute, Department of Physiology and Biochemistry of Nutrition, Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - Joana Azeredo
- Centre of Biological Engineering, University of Minho, Braga, Portugal.
- LABBELS -Associate Laboratory, Braga, Guimarães, Portugal.
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Kocot AM, Briers Y, Plotka M. Phages and engineered lysins as an effective tool to combat Gram-negative foodborne pathogens. Compr Rev Food Sci Food Saf 2023; 22:2235-2266. [PMID: 37009835 DOI: 10.1111/1541-4337.13145] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2022] [Revised: 03/02/2023] [Accepted: 03/09/2023] [Indexed: 04/04/2023]
Abstract
One of the biggest challenges faced by food producers is ensuring microbiological safety. Despite strict criteria for food products, foodborne diseases are a global problem and pose a real risk to consumers. Therefore, it is necessary to identify new and more effective methods for eliminating pathogens from food and the food processing environment. According to the European Food Safety Authority (EFSA), the most common foodborne diseases are caused by Campylobacter, Salmonella, Yersinia, Escherichia coli, and Listeria. Out of the five listed, four are Gram-negative bacteria. Our review focuses on the use of bacteriophages, which are ubiquitous bacterial viruses, and bacteriophage endolysins to eliminate Gram-negative pathogens. Endolysins cleave specific bonds within the peptidoglycan (PG) of the bacterial cell, causing the cell to burst. Single phages or phage cocktails, which are, in some instances, commercially available products, eliminate pathogenic bacteria in livestock and various food matrices. Endolysins have matured as the most advanced class of antibacterial agents in the clinical sector, but their use in food protection is highly unexplored. Advanced molecular engineering techniques, different formulations, protein encapsulation, and the addition of outer membrane (OM) permeabilization agents enhance the activity of lysins against Gram-negative pathogens. This creates space for groundbreaking research on the use of lysins in the food sector.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Yves Briers
- Department of Biotechnology, Faculty of Bioscience Engineering, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Magdalena Plotka
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Biology, University of Gdansk, Gdansk, Poland
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11
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Lamote B, da Fonseca MJM, Vanderstraeten J, Meert K, Elias M, Briers Y. Current challenges in designer cellulosome engineering. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2023; 107:2755-2770. [PMID: 36941434 DOI: 10.1007/s00253-023-12474-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2023] [Revised: 02/28/2023] [Accepted: 03/03/2023] [Indexed: 03/23/2023]
Abstract
Designer cellulosomes (DCs) are engineered multi-enzyme complexes, comprising carbohydrate-active enzymes attached to a common backbone, the scaffoldin, via high-affinity cohesin-dockerin interactions. The use of DCs in the degradation of renewable biomass polymers is a promising approach for biorefineries. Indeed, DCs have shown significant hydrolytic activities due to the enhanced enzyme-substrate proximity and inter-enzyme synergies, but technical hurdles in DC engineering have hindered further progress towards industrial application. The challenge in DC engineering lies in the large diversity of possible building blocks and architectures, resulting in a multivariate and immense design space. Simultaneously, the precise DC composition affects many relevant parameters such as activity, stability, and manufacturability. Since protein engineers face a lack of high-throughput approaches to explore this vast design space, DC engineering may result in an unsatisfying outcome. This review provides a roadmap to guide researchers through the process of DC engineering. Each step, starting from concept to evaluation, is described and provided with its challenges, along with possible solutions, both for DCs that are assembled in vitro or are displayed on the yeast cell surface. KEY POINTS: • Construction of designer cellulosomes is a multi-step process. • Designer cellulosome research deals with multivariate construction challenges. • Boosting designer cellulosome efficiency requires exploring a vast design space.
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Affiliation(s)
- Babette Lamote
- Laboratory of Applied Biotechnology, Department of Biotechnology, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
- Centre for Synthetic Biology, Department of Biotechnology, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
| | | | - Julie Vanderstraeten
- Laboratory of Applied Biotechnology, Department of Biotechnology, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Kenan Meert
- Laboratory of Applied Biotechnology, Department of Biotechnology, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
- Laboratory of Applied Mycology and Phenomics, Department of Plants and Crops, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Marte Elias
- Laboratory of Applied Biotechnology, Department of Biotechnology, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
- Centre for Synthetic Biology, Department of Biotechnology, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Yves Briers
- Laboratory of Applied Biotechnology, Department of Biotechnology, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium.
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12
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Ouyang R, Costa AR, Cassidy CK, Otwinowska A, Williams VCJ, Latka A, Stansfeld PJ, Drulis-Kawa Z, Briers Y, Pelt DM, Brouns SJJ, Briegel A. High-resolution reconstruction of a Jumbo-bacteriophage infecting capsulated bacteria using hyperbranched tail fibers. Nat Commun 2022; 13:7241. [PMID: 36433970 PMCID: PMC9700779 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-022-34972-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2022] [Accepted: 11/14/2022] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
The Klebsiella jumbo myophage ϕKp24 displays an unusually complex arrangement of tail fibers interacting with a host cell. In this study, we combine cryo-electron microscopy methods, protein structure prediction methods, molecular simulations, microbiological and machine learning approaches to explore the capsid, tail, and tail fibers of ϕKp24. We determine the structure of the capsid and tail at 4.1 Å and 3.0 Å resolution. We observe the tail fibers are branched and rearranged dramatically upon cell surface attachment. This complex configuration involves fourteen putative tail fibers with depolymerase activity that provide ϕKp24 with the ability to infect a broad panel of capsular polysaccharide (CPS) types of Klebsiella pneumoniae. Our study provides structural and functional insight into how ϕKp24 adapts to the variable surfaces of capsulated bacterial pathogens, which is useful for the development of phage therapy approaches against pan-drug resistant K. pneumoniae strains.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruochen Ouyang
- grid.43169.390000 0001 0599 1243MOE Key Laboratory for Nonequilibrium Synthesis and Modulation of Condensed Matter, School of Physics, Xi’an Jiaotong University, Xianning West Road 28, Xi’an, 710049 China ,grid.5132.50000 0001 2312 1970Department of Microbial Sciences, Institute of Biology, Leiden University, Sylviusweg 72, 2333 BE Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Ana Rita Costa
- grid.5292.c0000 0001 2097 4740Department of Bionanoscience, Delft University of Technology, Van der Maasweg 9, 2629 HZ Delft, The Netherlands ,grid.5292.c0000 0001 2097 4740Kavli Institute of Nanoscience, Delft, The Netherlands
| | - C. Keith Cassidy
- grid.4991.50000 0004 1936 8948Department of Biochemistry, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Aleksandra Otwinowska
- grid.8505.80000 0001 1010 5103Department of Pathogen Biology and Immunology, University of Wroclaw, Przybyszewskiego 63-77, 51-148 Wroclaw, Poland
| | - Vera C. J. Williams
- grid.5132.50000 0001 2312 1970Department of Microbial Sciences, Institute of Biology, Leiden University, Sylviusweg 72, 2333 BE Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Agnieszka Latka
- grid.8505.80000 0001 1010 5103Department of Pathogen Biology and Immunology, University of Wroclaw, Przybyszewskiego 63-77, 51-148 Wroclaw, Poland ,grid.5342.00000 0001 2069 7798Department of Biotechnology, Ghent University, Valentin Vaerwyckweg 1, 9000 Ghent, Belgium
| | - Phill J. Stansfeld
- grid.7372.10000 0000 8809 1613School of Life Sciences & Department of Chemistry, University of Warwick, Coventry, CV4 7AL UK
| | - Zuzanna Drulis-Kawa
- grid.8505.80000 0001 1010 5103Department of Pathogen Biology and Immunology, University of Wroclaw, Przybyszewskiego 63-77, 51-148 Wroclaw, Poland
| | - Yves Briers
- grid.5342.00000 0001 2069 7798Department of Biotechnology, Ghent University, Valentin Vaerwyckweg 1, 9000 Ghent, Belgium
| | - Daniël M. Pelt
- grid.5132.50000 0001 2312 1970Leiden Institute of Advanced Computer Science, Leiden University, Niels Bohrweg 1, 2333CA Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Stan J. J. Brouns
- grid.5292.c0000 0001 2097 4740Department of Bionanoscience, Delft University of Technology, Van der Maasweg 9, 2629 HZ Delft, The Netherlands ,grid.5292.c0000 0001 2097 4740Kavli Institute of Nanoscience, Delft, The Netherlands
| | - Ariane Briegel
- grid.5132.50000 0001 2312 1970Department of Microbial Sciences, Institute of Biology, Leiden University, Sylviusweg 72, 2333 BE Leiden, The Netherlands
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13
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Vanderstraeten J, da Fonseca MJM, De Groote P, Grimon D, Gerstmans H, Kahn A, Moraïs S, Bayer EA, Briers Y. Combinatorial assembly and optimisation of designer cellulosomes: a galactomannan case study. Biotechnol Biofuels Bioprod 2022; 15:60. [PMID: 35637485 PMCID: PMC9153192 DOI: 10.1186/s13068-022-02158-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2021] [Accepted: 05/14/2022] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Designer cellulosomes are self-assembled chimeric enzyme complexes that can be used to improve lignocellulosic biomass degradation. They are composed of a synthetic multimodular backbone protein, termed the scaffoldin, and a range of different chimeric docking enzymes that degrade polysaccharides. Over the years, several functional designer cellulosomes have been constructed. Since many parameters influence the efficiency of these multi-enzyme complexes, there is a need to optimise designer cellulosome architecture by testing combinatorial arrangements of docking enzyme and scaffoldin variants. However, the modular cloning procedures are tedious and cumbersome. RESULTS VersaTile is a combinatorial DNA assembly method, allowing the rapid construction and thus comparison of a range of modular proteins. Here, we present the extension of the VersaTile platform to facilitate the construction of designer cellulosomes. We have constructed a tile repository, composed of dockerins, cohesins, linkers, tags and enzymatically active modules. The developed toolbox allows us to efficiently create and optimise designer cellulosomes at an unprecedented speed. As a proof of concept, a trivalent designer cellulosome able to degrade the specific hemicellulose substrate, galactomannan, was constructed and optimised. The main factors influencing cellulosome efficiency were found to be the selected dockerins and linkers and the docking enzyme ratio on the scaffoldin. The optimised designer cellulosome was able to hydrolyse the galactomannan polysaccharide and release mannose and galactose monomers. CONCLUSION We have eliminated one of the main technical hurdles in the designer cellulosome field and anticipate the VersaTile platform to be a starting point in the development of more elaborate multi-enzyme complexes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julie Vanderstraeten
- Laboratory of Applied Biotechnology, Department of Biotechnology, Ghent University, Valentin Vaerwyckweg 1, 9000, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Maria João Maurício da Fonseca
- Laboratory of Applied Biotechnology, Department of Biotechnology, Ghent University, Valentin Vaerwyckweg 1, 9000, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Philippe De Groote
- Laboratory of Applied Biotechnology, Department of Biotechnology, Ghent University, Valentin Vaerwyckweg 1, 9000, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Dennis Grimon
- Laboratory of Applied Biotechnology, Department of Biotechnology, Ghent University, Valentin Vaerwyckweg 1, 9000, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Hans Gerstmans
- Laboratory of Applied Biotechnology, Department of Biotechnology, Ghent University, Valentin Vaerwyckweg 1, 9000, Ghent, Belgium.,Laboratory for Biomolecular Discovery and Engineering, Department of Biology, VIB-KU Leuven Center for Microbiology, Kasteelpark Arenberg 31, 3001, Louvain, Belgium
| | - Amaranta Kahn
- Department of Biomolecular Sciences, The Weizmann Institute of Science, 7610001, Rehovot, Israel.,Interdisciplinary Centre of Marine and Environmental Research (CIIMAR/CIMAR), University of Porto, Avenida General Norton de Matos, s/n, 4450-208, Matosinhos, Portugal
| | - Sarah Moraïs
- Department of Biomolecular Sciences, The Weizmann Institute of Science, 7610001, Rehovot, Israel.,Department of Life Sciences and the National Institute for Biotechnology in the Negev, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, 8499000, Beer-Sheva, Israel
| | - Edward A Bayer
- Department of Biomolecular Sciences, The Weizmann Institute of Science, 7610001, Rehovot, Israel.,Department of Life Sciences and the National Institute for Biotechnology in the Negev, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, 8499000, Beer-Sheva, Israel
| | - Yves Briers
- Laboratory of Applied Biotechnology, Department of Biotechnology, Ghent University, Valentin Vaerwyckweg 1, 9000, Ghent, Belgium.
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14
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Abdelkader K, Gutiérrez D, Latka A, Boeckaerts D, Drulis-Kawa Z, Criel B, Gerstmans H, Safaan A, Khairalla AS, Gaber Y, Dishisha T, Briers Y. The Specific Capsule Depolymerase of Phage PMK34 Sensitizes Acinetobacter baumannii to Serum Killing. Antibiotics (Basel) 2022; 11:antibiotics11050677. [PMID: 35625321 PMCID: PMC9137491 DOI: 10.3390/antibiotics11050677] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2022] [Revised: 05/12/2022] [Accepted: 05/14/2022] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The rising antimicrobial resistance is particularly alarming for Acinetobacter baumannii, calling for the discovery and evaluation of alternatives to treat A. baumannii infections. Some bacteriophages produce a structural protein that depolymerizes capsular exopolysaccharide. Such purified depolymerases are considered as novel antivirulence compounds. We identified and characterized a depolymerase (DpoMK34) from Acinetobacter phage vB_AbaP_PMK34 active against the clinical isolate A. baumannii MK34. In silico analysis reveals a modular protein displaying a conserved N-terminal domain for anchoring to the phage tail, and variable central and C-terminal domains for enzymatic activity and specificity. AlphaFold-Multimer predicts a trimeric protein adopting an elongated structure due to a long α-helix, an enzymatic β-helix domain and a hypervariable 4 amino acid hotspot in the most ultimate loop of the C-terminal domain. In contrast to the tail fiber of phage T3, this hypervariable hotspot appears unrelated with the primary receptor. The functional characterization of DpoMK34 revealed a mesophilic enzyme active up to 50 °C across a wide pH range (4 to 11) and specific for the capsule of A. baumannii MK34. Enzymatic degradation of the A. baumannii MK34 capsule causes a significant drop in phage adsorption from 95% to 9% after 5 min. Although lacking intrinsic antibacterial activity, DpoMK34 renders A. baumannii MK34 fully susceptible to serum killing in a serum concentration dependent manner. Unlike phage PMK34, DpoMK34 does not easily select for resistant mutants either against PMK34 or itself. In sum, DpoMK34 is a potential antivirulence compound that can be included in a depolymerase cocktail to control difficult to treat A. baumannii infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karim Abdelkader
- Department of Biotechnology, Ghent University, Valentin Vaerwyckweg 1, 9000 Gent, Belgium; (K.A.); (D.G.); (A.L.); (D.B.); (B.C.); (H.G.)
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Beni-Suef University, Beni-Suef 62511, Egypt; (A.S.K.); (Y.G.); (T.D.)
| | - Diana Gutiérrez
- Department of Biotechnology, Ghent University, Valentin Vaerwyckweg 1, 9000 Gent, Belgium; (K.A.); (D.G.); (A.L.); (D.B.); (B.C.); (H.G.)
| | - Agnieszka Latka
- Department of Biotechnology, Ghent University, Valentin Vaerwyckweg 1, 9000 Gent, Belgium; (K.A.); (D.G.); (A.L.); (D.B.); (B.C.); (H.G.)
- Department of Pathogen Biology and Immunology, Institute of Genetics and Microbiology, University of Wroclaw, Przybyszewskiego 63, 51-148 Wrocław, Poland;
| | - Dimitri Boeckaerts
- Department of Biotechnology, Ghent University, Valentin Vaerwyckweg 1, 9000 Gent, Belgium; (K.A.); (D.G.); (A.L.); (D.B.); (B.C.); (H.G.)
- Department of Data Analysis and Mathematical Modelling, Ghent University, Coupure Links 653, 9000 Gent, Belgium
| | - Zuzanna Drulis-Kawa
- Department of Pathogen Biology and Immunology, Institute of Genetics and Microbiology, University of Wroclaw, Przybyszewskiego 63, 51-148 Wrocław, Poland;
| | - Bjorn Criel
- Department of Biotechnology, Ghent University, Valentin Vaerwyckweg 1, 9000 Gent, Belgium; (K.A.); (D.G.); (A.L.); (D.B.); (B.C.); (H.G.)
- Department of Data Analysis and Mathematical Modelling, Ghent University, Coupure Links 653, 9000 Gent, Belgium
| | - Hans Gerstmans
- Department of Biotechnology, Ghent University, Valentin Vaerwyckweg 1, 9000 Gent, Belgium; (K.A.); (D.G.); (A.L.); (D.B.); (B.C.); (H.G.)
- Laboratory of Gene Technology, Department of Biosystems, KU Leuven, Kasteelpark Arenberg 21, 3001 Leuven, Belgium
- Department of Biosystems, KU Leuven, Willem de Croylaan 42, 3001 Leuven, Belgium
| | - Amal Safaan
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Menoufia University, Shebin El-Koum 51132, Egypt;
| | - Ahmed S. Khairalla
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Beni-Suef University, Beni-Suef 62511, Egypt; (A.S.K.); (Y.G.); (T.D.)
- Department of Biology, University of Regina, Regina, SK S4S 0A2, Canada
| | - Yasser Gaber
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Beni-Suef University, Beni-Suef 62511, Egypt; (A.S.K.); (Y.G.); (T.D.)
- Department of Pharmaceutics and Pharmaceutical Technology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Mutah University, Karak 61710, Jordan
| | - Tarek Dishisha
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Beni-Suef University, Beni-Suef 62511, Egypt; (A.S.K.); (Y.G.); (T.D.)
| | - Yves Briers
- Department of Biotechnology, Ghent University, Valentin Vaerwyckweg 1, 9000 Gent, Belgium; (K.A.); (D.G.); (A.L.); (D.B.); (B.C.); (H.G.)
- Correspondence:
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Lood C, Boeckaerts D, Stock M, De Baets B, Lavigne R, van Noort V, Briers Y. Digital phagograms: predicting phage infectivity through a multilayer machine learning approach. Curr Opin Virol 2021; 52:174-181. [PMID: 34952265 DOI: 10.1016/j.coviro.2021.12.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2021] [Revised: 11/26/2021] [Accepted: 12/04/2021] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Machine learning has been broadly implemented to investigate biological systems. In this regard, the field of phage biology has embraced machine learning to elucidate and predict phage-host interactions, based on receptor-binding proteins, (anti-)defense systems, prophage detection, and life cycle recognition. Here, we highlight the enormous potential of integrating information from omics data with insights from systems biology to better understand phage-host interactions. We conceptualize and discuss the potential of a multilayer model that mirrors the phage infection process, integrating adsorption, bacterial pan-immune components and hijacking of the bacterial metabolism to predict phage infectivity. In the future, this model can offer insights into the underlying mechanisms of the infection process, and digital phagograms can support phage cocktail design and phage engineering.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cédric Lood
- Laboratory of Gene Technology, Department of Biosystems, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium; Centre of Microbial and Plant Genetics, Department of Microbial and Molecular Systems, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Dimitri Boeckaerts
- Laboratory of Applied Biotechnology, Department of Biotechnology, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium; KERMIT, Department of Data Analysis and Mathematical Modelling, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Michiel Stock
- KERMIT, Department of Data Analysis and Mathematical Modelling, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium; BIOBIX, Department of Data Analysis and Mathematical Modelling, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Bernard De Baets
- KERMIT, Department of Data Analysis and Mathematical Modelling, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Rob Lavigne
- Laboratory of Gene Technology, Department of Biosystems, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium.
| | - Vera van Noort
- Centre of Microbial and Plant Genetics, Department of Microbial and Molecular Systems, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium; Institute of Biology, Leiden University, Leiden, The Netherlands.
| | - Yves Briers
- Laboratory of Applied Biotechnology, Department of Biotechnology, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium.
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16
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Lammens EM, Boon M, Grimon D, Briers Y, Lavigne R. SEVAtile: a standardised DNA assembly method optimised for Pseudomonas. Microb Biotechnol 2021; 15:370-386. [PMID: 34651450 PMCID: PMC8719830 DOI: 10.1111/1751-7915.13922] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2021] [Revised: 07/29/2021] [Accepted: 09/01/2021] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
To meet the needs of synthetic biologists, DNA assembly methods have transformed from simple 'cut-and-paste' procedures to highly advanced, standardised assembly techniques. Implementing these standardised DNA assembly methods in biotechnological research conducted in non-model hosts, including Pseudomonas putida and Pseudomonas aeruginosa, could greatly benefit reproducibility and predictability of experimental results. SEVAtile is a Type IIs-based assembly approach, which enables the rapid and standardised assembly of genetic parts - or tiles - to create genetic circuits in the established SEVA-vector backbone. Contrary to existing DNA assembly methods, SEVAtile is an easy and straightforward method, which is compatible with any vector, both SEVA- and non-SEVA. To prove the efficiency of the SEVAtile method, a three-vector system was successfully generated to independently co-express three different proteins in P. putida and P. aeruginosa. More specifically, one of the vectors, pBGDes, enables genomic integration of assembled circuits in the Tn7 landing site, while self-replicatory vectors pSTDesX and pSTDesR enable inducible expression from the XylS/Pm and RhaRS/PrhaB expression systems, respectively. Together, we hope these vector systems will support research in both the microbial SynBio and Pseudomonas field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eveline-Marie Lammens
- Department of Biosystems, Laboratory of Gene Technology, KULeuven, Kasteelpark Arenberg 21 Box 2462, Leuven, 3001, Belgium
| | - Maarten Boon
- Department of Biosystems, Laboratory of Gene Technology, KULeuven, Kasteelpark Arenberg 21 Box 2462, Leuven, 3001, Belgium
| | - Dennis Grimon
- Laboratory of Applied Biotechnology, Department of Biotechnology, Ghent University, Valentin Vaerwyckweg 1, Gent, 9000, Belgium
| | - Yves Briers
- Laboratory of Applied Biotechnology, Department of Biotechnology, Ghent University, Valentin Vaerwyckweg 1, Gent, 9000, Belgium
| | - Rob Lavigne
- Department of Biosystems, Laboratory of Gene Technology, KULeuven, Kasteelpark Arenberg 21 Box 2462, Leuven, 3001, Belgium
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17
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Gutiérrez D, Rodríguez-Rubio L, Ruas-Madiedo P, Fernández L, Campelo AB, Briers Y, Nielsen MW, Pedersen K, Lavigne R, García P, Rodríguez A. Design and Selection of Engineered Lytic Proteins With Staphylococcus aureus Decolonizing Activity. Front Microbiol 2021; 12:723834. [PMID: 34594314 PMCID: PMC8477017 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2021.723834] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2021] [Accepted: 08/10/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Staphylococcus aureus causes various infections in humans and animals, the skin being the principal reservoir of this pathogen. The widespread occurrence of methicillin-resistant S. aureus (MRSA) limits the elimination and treatment of this pathogen. Phage lytic proteins have been proven as efficient antimicrobials against S. aureus. Here, a set of 12 engineered proteins based on endolysins were conceptualized to select the most optimal following a stepwise funnel approach assessing parameters including turbidity reduction, minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC), time-kill curves, and antibiofilm assays, as well as testing their stability in a broad range of storage conditions (pH, temperature, and ionic strength). The engineered phage lysins LysRODIΔAmi and ClyRODI-H5 showed the highest specific lytic activity (5 to 50 times higher than the rest), exhibited a shelf-life up to 6 months and remained stable at temperatures up to 50°C and in a pH range from 3 to 9. LysRODIΔAmi showed the lower MIC values against all staphylococcal strains tested. Both proteins were able to kill 6 log units of the strain S. aureus Sa9 within 5 min and could remove preformed biofilms (76 and 65%, respectively). Moreover, LysRODIΔAmi could prevent biofilm formation at low protein concentrations (0.15–0.6 μM). Due to its enhanced antibiofilm properties, LysRODIΔAmi was selected to effectively remove S. aureus contamination in both intact and disrupted keratinocyte monolayers. Notably, this protein did not demonstrate any toxicity toward human keratinocytes, even at high concentrations (22.1 μM). Finally, a pig skin ex vivo model was used to evaluate treatment of artificially contaminated pig skin using LysRODIΔAmi (16.5 μg/cm2). Following an early reduction of S. aureus, a second dose of protein completely eradicated S. aureus. Overall, our results suggest that LysRODIΔAmi is a suitable candidate as antimicrobial agent to prevent and treat staphylococcal skin infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Diana Gutiérrez
- Instituto de Productos Lácteos de Asturias (IPLA-CSIC), Asturias, Spain.,Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria del Principado de Asturias, Oviedo, Spain.,Laboratory of Applied Biotechnology, Department of Biotechnology, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Lorena Rodríguez-Rubio
- Laboratory of Gene Technology, Department of Biosystems, Katholieke Universiteit Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Patricia Ruas-Madiedo
- Instituto de Productos Lácteos de Asturias (IPLA-CSIC), Asturias, Spain.,Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria del Principado de Asturias, Oviedo, Spain
| | - Lucía Fernández
- Instituto de Productos Lácteos de Asturias (IPLA-CSIC), Asturias, Spain.,Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria del Principado de Asturias, Oviedo, Spain
| | - Ana Belén Campelo
- Instituto de Productos Lácteos de Asturias (IPLA-CSIC), Asturias, Spain
| | - Yves Briers
- Laboratory of Applied Biotechnology, Department of Biotechnology, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Martin Weiss Nielsen
- Department of Microbiology and Production, National Food Institute, Technical University of Denmark, Lyngby, Denmark
| | - Karl Pedersen
- Department of Microbiology and Production, National Food Institute, Technical University of Denmark, Lyngby, Denmark
| | - Rob Lavigne
- Laboratory of Gene Technology, Department of Biosystems, Katholieke Universiteit Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Pilar García
- Instituto de Productos Lácteos de Asturias (IPLA-CSIC), Asturias, Spain.,Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria del Principado de Asturias, Oviedo, Spain
| | - Ana Rodríguez
- Instituto de Productos Lácteos de Asturias (IPLA-CSIC), Asturias, Spain.,Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria del Principado de Asturias, Oviedo, Spain
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18
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Zampara A, Sørensen MCH, Gencay YE, Grimon D, Kristiansen SH, Jørgensen LS, Kristensen JR, Briers Y, Elsser-Gravesen A, Brøndsted L. Developing Innolysins Against Campylobacter jejuni Using a Novel Prophage Receptor-Binding Protein. Front Microbiol 2021; 12:619028. [PMID: 33597938 PMCID: PMC7882524 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2021.619028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2020] [Accepted: 01/11/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Campylobacter contaminated poultry remains the major cause of foodborne gastroenteritis worldwide, calling for novel antibacterials. We previously developed the concept of Innolysin composed of an endolysin fused to a phage receptor binding protein (RBP) and provided the proof-of-concept that Innolysins exert bactericidal activity against Escherichia coli. Here, we have expanded the Innolysin concept to target Campylobacter jejuni. As no C. jejuni phage RBP had been identified so far, we first showed that the H-fiber originating from a CJIE1-like prophage of C. jejuni CAMSA2147 functions as a novel RBP. By fusing this H-fiber to phage T5 endolysin, we constructed Innolysins targeting C. jejuni (Innolysins Cj). Innolysin Cj1 exerts antibacterial activity against diverse C. jejuni strains after in vitro exposure for 45 min at 20°C, reaching up to 1.30 ± 0.21 log reduction in CAMSA2147 cell counts. Screening of a library of Innolysins Cj composed of distinct endolysins for growth inhibition, allowed us to select Innolysin Cj5 as an additional promising antibacterial candidate. Application of either Innolysin Cj1 or Innolysin Cj5 on chicken skin refrigerated to 5°C and contaminated with C. jejuni CAMSA2147 led to 1.63 ± 0.46 and 1.18 ± 0.10 log reduction of cells, respectively, confirming that Innolysins Cj can kill C. jejuni in situ. The receptor of Innolysins Cj remains to be identified, however, the RBP component (H-fiber) recognizes a novel receptor compared to lytic phages binding to capsular polysaccharide or flagella. Identification of other unexplored Campylobacter phage RBPs may further increase the repertoire of new Innolysins Cj targeting distinct receptors and working as antibacterials against Campylobacter.
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Affiliation(s)
- Athina Zampara
- Department of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | | | - Yilmaz Emre Gencay
- Department of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Dennis Grimon
- Department of Biotechnology, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
| | | | | | | | - Yves Briers
- Department of Biotechnology, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
| | | | - Lone Brøndsted
- Department of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
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19
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Boeckaerts D, Stock M, Criel B, Gerstmans H, De Baets B, Briers Y. Predicting bacteriophage hosts based on sequences of annotated receptor-binding proteins. Sci Rep 2021; 11:1467. [PMID: 33446856 PMCID: PMC7809048 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-81063-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2020] [Accepted: 12/30/2020] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
Nowadays, bacteriophages are increasingly considered as an alternative treatment for a variety of bacterial infections in cases where classical antibiotics have become ineffective. However, characterizing the host specificity of phages remains a labor- and time-intensive process. In order to alleviate this burden, we have developed a new machine-learning-based pipeline to predict bacteriophage hosts based on annotated receptor-binding protein (RBP) sequence data. We focus on predicting bacterial hosts from the ESKAPE group, Escherichia coli, Salmonella enterica and Clostridium difficile. We compare the performance of our predictive model with that of the widely used Basic Local Alignment Search Tool (BLAST). Our best-performing predictive model reaches Precision-Recall Area Under the Curve (PR-AUC) scores between 73.6 and 93.8% for different levels of sequence similarity in the collected data. Our model reaches a performance comparable to that of BLASTp when sequence similarity in the data is high and starts outperforming BLASTp when sequence similarity drops below 75%. Therefore, our machine learning methods can be especially useful in settings in which sequence similarity to other known sequences is low. Predicting the hosts of novel metagenomic RBP sequences could extend our toolbox to tune the host spectrum of phages or phage tail-like bacteriocins by swapping RBPs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dimitri Boeckaerts
- KERMIT, Department of Data Analysis and Mathematical Modelling, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
- Laboratory of Applied Biotechnology, Department of Biotechnology, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Michiel Stock
- KERMIT, Department of Data Analysis and Mathematical Modelling, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Bjorn Criel
- Laboratory of Applied Biotechnology, Department of Biotechnology, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Hans Gerstmans
- Laboratory of Applied Biotechnology, Department of Biotechnology, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
- Laboratory of Gene Technology, Department of Biosystems, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
- MeBioS-Biosensors group, Department of BioSystems, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Bernard De Baets
- KERMIT, Department of Data Analysis and Mathematical Modelling, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Yves Briers
- Laboratory of Applied Biotechnology, Department of Biotechnology, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium.
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20
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Vanderstraeten J, Briers Y. Synthetic protein scaffolds for the colocalisation of co-acting enzymes. Biotechnol Adv 2020; 44:107627. [DOI: 10.1016/j.biotechadv.2020.107627] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2020] [Revised: 08/17/2020] [Accepted: 08/25/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
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21
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Gutiérrez D, Briers Y. Lysins breaking down the walls of Gram-negative bacteria, no longer a no-go. Curr Opin Biotechnol 2020; 68:15-22. [PMID: 33053478 DOI: 10.1016/j.copbio.2020.08.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2020] [Revised: 08/25/2020] [Accepted: 08/31/2020] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
Phage lysins are one of the most advanced classes of antibacterials under clinical evaluation and have a new mode of action based on peptidoglycan degradation. Lysins were initially excluded from use against Gram-negative pathogens because of their impermeable outer membrane, but are now increasingly developed as effective antibacterials against these critical priority pathogens. Generally, three routes of investigation have been recently explored and advanced to different extents, including the use of lysins that possess intrinsic activity due to a positively charged C-terminus that destabilizes the outer membrane, the use of physical or chemical means to disrupt the outer membrane integrity and protein engineering to equip the lysin with the necessary tools to overcome the outer membrane.
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Affiliation(s)
- Diana Gutiérrez
- Department of Biotechnology, Ghent University, Valentin Vaerwyckweg 1, 9000 Gent, Belgium
| | - Yves Briers
- Department of Biotechnology, Ghent University, Valentin Vaerwyckweg 1, 9000 Gent, Belgium.
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22
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Lood C, Gerstmans H, Briers Y, Noort VV, Lavigne R. Quality control and statistical evaluation of combinatorial DNA libraries using nanopore sequencing. Biotechniques 2020; 69:379-383. [PMID: 32998531 DOI: 10.2144/btn-2020-0060] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Protein engineering and synthetic biology applications increasingly rely on the assembly of modular libraries composed of thousands of different combinations of DNA building blocks. At present, the validation of such libraries is performed by Sanger sequencing analysis on a small subset of clones on an ad hoc basis. Here, we implement a systematic procedure for the comprehensive evaluation of combinatorial libraries, immediately after their creation in vitro, using long reads sequencing technology. After an initial step of nanopore sequencing, we use straightforward bioinformatics tools to tabulate the composition and synteny of the building blocks in each read. We subsequently use exploratory statistics to assess the library and validate its diversity before carrying downstream cloning and screening assays.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cédric Lood
- Department of Biosystems, Laboratory of Gene Technology, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium.,Department of Microbial & Molecular Systems, Centre of Microbial & Plant Genetics, Laboratory of Computational Systems Biology, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Hans Gerstmans
- Department of Biosystems, Laboratory of Gene Technology, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium.,Department of Biotechnology, Laboratory of Applied Biotechnology, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium.,Department of Biosystems, MeBioS-Biosensors Group, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Yves Briers
- Department of Biotechnology, Laboratory of Applied Biotechnology, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Vera van Noort
- Department of Microbial & Molecular Systems, Centre of Microbial & Plant Genetics, Laboratory of Computational Systems Biology, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium.,Institute of Biology, University of Leiden, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Rob Lavigne
- Department of Biosystems, Laboratory of Gene Technology, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
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23
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Vander Elst N, Linden SB, Lavigne R, Meyer E, Briers Y, Nelson DC. Characterization of the Bacteriophage-Derived Endolysins PlySs2 and PlySs9 with In Vitro Lytic Activity against Bovine Mastitis Streptococcus uberis. Antibiotics (Basel) 2020; 9:antibiotics9090621. [PMID: 32961696 PMCID: PMC7558826 DOI: 10.3390/antibiotics9090621] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2020] [Revised: 09/16/2020] [Accepted: 09/17/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Bovine mastitis, an infection of the cow’s mammary gland, is frequently caused by Streptococcus uberis and causes major economic losses in the dairy industry. The intramammary administration of antibiotics currently remains the predominant preventive and therapeutic measure. These antimicrobial compounds, of which some are considered critical in human health care, are frequently applied as dry therapy resulting in their consistent overuse. Therefore, the use of antibiotics in the dairy sector is being questioned. We here identified two endolysins, i.e., PlySs2 and PlySs9, respectively derived from Streptococcus suis serotype-2 and -9 prophages, with lytic activity against S. uberis in an in vitro setting. Both endolysins gave clear lysis zones in spot-on-plate assays and caused a reduction of the optical density in a turbidity reduction assay. In depth characterization identified PlySs9 as the more potent endolysin over PlySs2 with a lower MIC value and about one additional log of killing. PlySs2 and PlySs9 were challenged to a panel of subclinical and clinical S. uberis milk isolates and were both able to lyse all strains tested. Molecular dissection of these endolysins in catalytic and cell wall binding subdomains resulted in major loss of killing and binding activity, respectively. Taken together, we here propose PlySs2 and PlySs9 as candidate compounds to the current antimicrobial arsenal known against bovine mastitis-causing S. uberis as future add-on or replacement strategy to the currently used intramammary antibiotics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Niels Vander Elst
- Laboratory of Biochemistry, Department of Pharmacology, Toxicology and Biochemistry, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, 9820 Merelbeke, Belgium;
- Laboratory of Antimicrobial Discovery, Institute for Bioscience and Biotechnology Research, University of Maryland, Rockville, MD 20850, USA;
- Laboratory of Gene Technology, Department of Biosystems, KU Leuven, 3001 Heverlee, Belgium;
- Laboratory of Applied Biotechnology, Department of Biotechnology, Ghent University, 9000 Ghent, Belgium;
- Correspondence: (N.V.E.); (D.C.L.); Tel.: +32-9-264-73-46 (N.V.E.)
| | - Sara B. Linden
- Laboratory of Antimicrobial Discovery, Institute for Bioscience and Biotechnology Research, University of Maryland, Rockville, MD 20850, USA;
| | - Rob Lavigne
- Laboratory of Gene Technology, Department of Biosystems, KU Leuven, 3001 Heverlee, Belgium;
| | - Evelyne Meyer
- Laboratory of Biochemistry, Department of Pharmacology, Toxicology and Biochemistry, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, 9820 Merelbeke, Belgium;
| | - Yves Briers
- Laboratory of Applied Biotechnology, Department of Biotechnology, Ghent University, 9000 Ghent, Belgium;
| | - Daniel C. Nelson
- Laboratory of Antimicrobial Discovery, Institute for Bioscience and Biotechnology Research, University of Maryland, Rockville, MD 20850, USA;
- Correspondence: (N.V.E.); (D.C.L.); Tel.: +32-9-264-73-46 (N.V.E.)
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24
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De Maesschalck V, Gutiérrez D, Paeshuyse J, Lavigne R, Briers Y. Advanced engineering of third-generation lysins and formulation strategies for clinical applications. Crit Rev Microbiol 2020; 46:548-564. [PMID: 32886565 DOI: 10.1080/1040841x.2020.1809346] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
One of the possible solutions for the current antibiotic resistance crisis may be found in (often bacteriophage-derived) peptidoglycan hydrolases. The first clinical trials of these natural enzymes, coined here as first-generation lysins, are currently ongoing. Moving beyond natural endolysins with protein engineering established the second generation of lysins. In second-generation lysins, the focus lies on improving antibacterial and biochemical properties such as antimicrobial activity and stability, as well as expanding their activities towards Gram-negative pathogens. However, solutions to particular key challenges regarding clinical applications are only beginning to emerge in the third generation of lysins, in which protein and biochemical engineering efforts focus on improving properties relevant under clinical conditions. In addition, increasingly advanced formulation strategies are developed to increase the bioavailability, antibacterial activity, and half-life, and to reduce pro-inflammatory responses. This review focuses on third-generation and advanced formulation strategies that are developed to treat infections, ranging from topical to systemic applications. Together, these efforts may fully unlock the potential of lysin therapy and will propel it as a true antibiotic alternative or supplement.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vincent De Maesschalck
- Department of Biosystems, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium.,Department of Biotechnology, Ghent University, Gent, Belgium
| | - Diana Gutiérrez
- Department of Biotechnology, Ghent University, Gent, Belgium
| | - Jan Paeshuyse
- Department of Biosystems, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Rob Lavigne
- Department of Biosystems, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Yves Briers
- Department of Biotechnology, Ghent University, Gent, Belgium
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25
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Gerstmans H, Grimon D, Gutiérrez D, Lood C, Rodríguez A, van Noort V, Lammertyn J, Lavigne R, Briers Y. A VersaTile-driven platform for rapid hit-to-lead development of engineered lysins. Sci Adv 2020; 6:eaaz1136. [PMID: 32537492 PMCID: PMC7269649 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.aaz1136] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2019] [Accepted: 03/24/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Health care authorities are calling for new antibacterial therapies to cope with the global emergence of antibiotic-resistant bacteria. Bacteriophage-encoded lysins are a unique class of antibacterials with promising (pre)clinical progress. Custom engineering of lysins allows for the creation of variants against potentially any bacterial pathogen. We here present a high-throughput hit-to-lead development platform for engineered lysins. The platform is driven by VersaTile, a new DNA assembly method for the rapid construction of combinatorial libraries of engineered lysins. We constructed approximately 10,000 lysin variants. Using an iterative screening procedure, we identified a lead variant with high antibacterial activity against Acinetobacter baumannii in human serum and an ex vivo pig burn wound model. This generic platform could offer new opportunities to populate the preclinical pipeline with engineered lysins for diverse (therapeutic) applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- H. Gerstmans
- Department of Biotechnology, Ghent University, Valentin Vaerwyckweg 1, 9000 Gent, Belgium
- Department of Biosystems, KU Leuven, Kasteelpark Arenberg 21, 3001 Leuven, Belgium
- Department of Biosystems, KU Leuven, Willem de Croylaan 42, 3001 Leuven, Belgium
| | - D. Grimon
- Department of Biotechnology, Ghent University, Valentin Vaerwyckweg 1, 9000 Gent, Belgium
| | - D. Gutiérrez
- Department of Biotechnology, Ghent University, Valentin Vaerwyckweg 1, 9000 Gent, Belgium
- Dairy Research Institute of Asturias, Spanish National Research Council (IPLA-CSIC), Paseo Río Linares, s/n, 33300 Villaviciosa, Asturias, Spain
| | - C. Lood
- Department of Biosystems, KU Leuven, Kasteelpark Arenberg 21, 3001 Leuven, Belgium
- Department of Microbial and Molecular Systems, KU Leuven, Kasteelpark Arenberg 23, 3001 Leuven, Belgium
| | - A. Rodríguez
- Dairy Research Institute of Asturias, Spanish National Research Council (IPLA-CSIC), Paseo Río Linares, s/n, 33300 Villaviciosa, Asturias, Spain
| | - V. van Noort
- Department of Microbial and Molecular Systems, KU Leuven, Kasteelpark Arenberg 23, 3001 Leuven, Belgium
- Institute of Biology Leiden, Leiden University, Sylviusweg 72, 2333 Leiden, Netherlands
| | - J. Lammertyn
- Department of Biosystems, KU Leuven, Willem de Croylaan 42, 3001 Leuven, Belgium
| | - R. Lavigne
- Department of Biosystems, KU Leuven, Kasteelpark Arenberg 21, 3001 Leuven, Belgium
| | - Y. Briers
- Department of Biotechnology, Ghent University, Valentin Vaerwyckweg 1, 9000 Gent, Belgium
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26
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Lood C, Danis‐Wlodarczyk K, Blasdel BG, Jang HB, Vandenheuvel D, Briers Y, Noben J, van Noort V, Drulis‐Kawa Z, Lavigne R. Integrative omics analysis of Pseudomonas aeruginosa virus PA5oct highlights the molecular complexity of jumbo phages. Environ Microbiol 2020; 22:2165-2181. [PMID: 32154616 PMCID: PMC7318152 DOI: 10.1111/1462-2920.14979] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2019] [Accepted: 03/06/2020] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Pseudomonas virus vB_PaeM_PA5oct is proposed as a model jumbo bacteriophage to investigate phage-bacteria interactions and is a candidate for phage therapy applications. Combining hybrid sequencing, RNA-Seq and mass spectrometry allowed us to accurately annotate its 286,783 bp genome with 461 coding regions including four non-coding RNAs (ncRNAs) and 93 virion-associated proteins. PA5oct relies on the host RNA polymerase for the infection cycle and RNA-Seq revealed a gradual take-over of the total cell transcriptome from 21% in early infection to 93% in late infection. PA5oct is not organized into strictly contiguous regions of temporal transcription, but some genomic regions transcribed in early, middle and late phases of infection can be discriminated. Interestingly, we observe regions showing limited transcription activity throughout the infection cycle. We show that PA5oct upregulates specific bacterial operons during infection including operons pncA-pncB1-nadE involved in NAD biosynthesis, psl for exopolysaccharide biosynthesis and nap for periplasmic nitrate reductase production. We also observe a downregulation of T4P gene products suggesting mechanisms of superinfection exclusion. We used the proteome of PA5oct to position our isolate amongst other phages using a gene-sharing network. This integrative omics study illustrates the molecular diversity of jumbo viruses and raises new questions towards cellular regulation and phage-encoded hijacking mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cédric Lood
- Department of Biosystems, Laboratory of Gene Technology, KU LeuvenLeuvenBelgium
- Department of Microbial and Molecular Systems, Laboratory of Computational Systems Biology, KU LeuvenLeuvenBelgium
| | - Katarzyna Danis‐Wlodarczyk
- Department of Biosystems, Laboratory of Gene Technology, KU LeuvenLeuvenBelgium
- Department of Pathogen Biology and ImmunologyInstitute of Genetics and Microbiology, University of WroclawWroclawPoland
| | - Bob G. Blasdel
- Department of Biosystems, Laboratory of Gene Technology, KU LeuvenLeuvenBelgium
| | - Ho Bin Jang
- Department of Biosystems, Laboratory of Gene Technology, KU LeuvenLeuvenBelgium
| | - Dieter Vandenheuvel
- Department of Biosystems, Laboratory of Gene Technology, KU LeuvenLeuvenBelgium
| | - Yves Briers
- Department of Biosystems, Laboratory of Gene Technology, KU LeuvenLeuvenBelgium
| | - Jean‐Paul Noben
- Biomedical Research Institute and Transnational University LimburgHasselt UniversityDiepenbeekBelgium
| | - Vera van Noort
- Department of Microbial and Molecular Systems, Laboratory of Computational Systems Biology, KU LeuvenLeuvenBelgium
- Institute of Biology, Leiden UniversityLeidenThe Netherlands
| | - Zuzanna Drulis‐Kawa
- Department of Pathogen Biology and ImmunologyInstitute of Genetics and Microbiology, University of WroclawWroclawPoland
| | - Rob Lavigne
- Department of Biosystems, Laboratory of Gene Technology, KU LeuvenLeuvenBelgium
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27
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Latka A, Leiman PG, Drulis-Kawa Z, Briers Y. Modeling the Architecture of Depolymerase-Containing Receptor Binding Proteins in Klebsiella Phages. Front Microbiol 2019; 10:2649. [PMID: 31803168 PMCID: PMC6872550 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2019.02649] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2019] [Accepted: 10/30/2019] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Klebsiella pneumoniae carries a thick polysaccharide capsule. This highly variable chemical structure plays an important role in its virulence. Many Klebsiella bacteriophages recognize this capsule with a receptor binding protein (RBP) that contains a depolymerase domain. This domain degrades the capsule to initiate phage infection. RBPs are highly specific and thus largely determine the host spectrum of the phage. A majority of known Klebsiella phages have only one or two RBPs, but phages with up to 11 RBPs with depolymerase activity and a broad host spectrum have been identified. A detailed bioinformatic analysis shows that similar RBP domains repeatedly occur in K. pneumoniae phages with structural RBP domains for attachment of an RBP to the phage tail (anchor domain) or for branching of RBPs (T4gp10-like domain). Structural domains determining the RBP architecture are located at the N-terminus, while the depolymerase is located in the center of protein. Occasionally, the RBP is complemented with an autocleavable chaperone domain at the distal end serving for folding and multimerization. The enzymatic domain is subjected to an intense horizontal transfer to rapidly shift the phage host spectrum without affecting the RBP architecture. These analyses allowed to model a set of conserved RBP architectures, indicating evolutionary linkages.
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Affiliation(s)
- Agnieszka Latka
- Laboratory of Applied Biotechnology, Department of Biotechnology, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium.,Department of Pathogen Biology and Immunology, Institute of Genetics and Microbiology, University of Wrocław, Wrocław, Poland
| | - Petr G Leiman
- Sealy Center for Structural Biology and Molecular Biophysics, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, The University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX, United States
| | - Zuzanna Drulis-Kawa
- Department of Pathogen Biology and Immunology, Institute of Genetics and Microbiology, University of Wrocław, Wrocław, Poland
| | - Yves Briers
- Laboratory of Applied Biotechnology, Department of Biotechnology, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
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Affiliation(s)
- Yves Briers
- Department of Biotechnology, Ghent University, 9000 Ghent, Belgium.
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Abdelkader K, Gerstmans H, Saafan A, Dishisha T, Briers Y. The Preclinical and Clinical Progress of Bacteriophages and Their Lytic Enzymes: The Parts are Easier than the Whole. Viruses 2019; 11:v11020096. [PMID: 30678377 PMCID: PMC6409994 DOI: 10.3390/v11020096] [Citation(s) in RCA: 103] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2018] [Revised: 01/16/2019] [Accepted: 01/22/2019] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
The therapeutic potential of phages has been considered since their first identification more than a century ago. The evident concept of using a natural predator to treat bacterial infections has, however, since then been challenged considerably. Initially, the vast success of antibiotics almost eliminated the study of phages for therapy. Upon the renaissance of phage therapy research, the most provocative and unique properties of phages such as high specificity, self-replication and co-evolution prohibited a rapid preclinical and clinical development. On the one hand, the typical trajectory followed by small molecule antibiotics could not be simply translated into the preclinical analysis of phages, exemplified by the need for complex broad spectrum or personalized phage cocktails of high purity and the more complex pharmacokinetics. On the other hand, there was no fitting regulatory framework to deal with flexible and sustainable phage therapy approaches, including the setup and approval of adequate clinical trials. While significant advances are incrementally made to eliminate these hurdles, phage-inspired antibacterials have progressed in the slipstream of phage therapy, benefiting from the lack of hurdles that are typically associated with phage therapy. Most advanced are phage lytic enzymes that kill bacteria through peptidoglycan degradation and osmotic lysis. Both phages and their lytic enzymes are now widely considered as safe and have now progressed to clinical phase II to show clinical efficacy as pharmaceutical. Yet, more initiatives are needed to fill the clinical pipeline to beat the typical attrition rates of clinical evaluation and to come to a true evaluation of phages and phage lytic enzymes in the clinic.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karim Abdelkader
- Laboratory of Applied Biotechnology, Department of Biotechnology, Ghent University, Valentin Vaerwijckweg 1, B-9000 Ghent, Belgium.
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Beni-Suef University, Beni-Suef 62511, Egypt.
| | - Hans Gerstmans
- Laboratory of Applied Biotechnology, Department of Biotechnology, Ghent University, Valentin Vaerwijckweg 1, B-9000 Ghent, Belgium.
- MeBioS-Biosensors group, Department of Biosystems, KU Leuven, Willem de Croylaan 42, B-3001 Leuven, Belgium.
- Laboratory of Gene Technology, Department of Biosystems, KU Leuven, Kasteelpark Arenberg 21, B-3001 Leuven, Belgium.
| | - Amal Saafan
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Beni-Suef University, Beni-Suef 62511, Egypt.
- Department of Pharmaceutical Microbiology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Menoufia University, Shebin ElKoum 51132, Egypt.
| | - Tarek Dishisha
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Beni-Suef University, Beni-Suef 62511, Egypt.
| | - Yves Briers
- Laboratory of Applied Biotechnology, Department of Biotechnology, Ghent University, Valentin Vaerwijckweg 1, B-9000 Ghent, Belgium.
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Abstract
Antibiotics have saved millions of lives. However, the overuse and misuse of antibiotics have contributed to a rapid emergence of antibiotic resistance worldwide. In addition, there is an unprecedented void in the development of new antibiotic classes by the pharmaceutical industry since the first introduction of antibiotics. This antibiotic crisis underscores the urgent and increasing necessity of new, innovative antibiotics. Enzybiotics are such a promising class of antibiotics. They are derived from endolysins, bacteriophage-encoded enzymes that degrade the bacterial cell wall of the infected cell at the end of the lytic replication cycle. Enzybiotics are featured by a rapid and unique mode-of-action, a high specificity to kill pathogens, a low probability for bacterial resistance development and a proteinaceous nature. (Engineered) endolysins have been demonstrated to be effective in a variety of animal models to combat both Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria and have entered different phases of preclinical and clinical trials. In addition, mycobacteriophage-encoded endolysins have been successfully used to inhibit mycobacteria in vitro. In this chapter we focus on the (pre)clinical progress of enzybiotics as potent therapeutic agent against human pathogenic bacteria.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dorien Dams
- Laboratory of Applied Biotechnology, Department of Biotechnology, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Yves Briers
- Laboratory of Applied Biotechnology, Department of Biotechnology, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium.
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Majkowska-Skrobek G, Latka A, Berisio R, Squeglia F, Maciejewska B, Briers Y, Drulis-Kawa Z. Phage-Borne Depolymerases Decrease Klebsiella pneumoniae Resistance to Innate Defense Mechanisms. Front Microbiol 2018; 9:2517. [PMID: 30405575 PMCID: PMC6205948 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2018.02517] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2018] [Accepted: 10/02/2018] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Klebsiella pneumoniae produces capsular polysaccharides that are a crucial virulence factor protecting bacteria against innate response mechanisms of the infected host. Simultaneously, those capsules are targeted by specific bacteriophages equipped with virion-associated depolymerases able to recognize and degrade these polysaccharides. We show that Klebsiella phage KP32 produces two capsule depolymerases, KP32gp37 and KP32gp38, with a high specificity for the capsular serotypes K3 and K21, respectively. Together, they determine the host spectrum of bacteriophage KP32, which is limited to strains with serotype K3 and K21. Both depolymerases form a trimeric β-structure, display moderate thermostability and function optimally under neutral to alkaline conditions. We show that both depolymerases strongly affect the virulence of K. pneumoniae with the corresponding K3 and K21 capsular serotypes. Capsule degradation renders the otherwise serum-resistant cells more prone to complement-mediated killing with up to four log reduction in serum upon exposure to KP32gp37. Decapsulated strains are also sensitized for phagocytosis with a twofold increased uptake. In addition, the intracellular survival of phagocytized cells in macrophages was significantly reduced when bacteria were previously exposed to the capsule depolymerases. Finally, depolymerase application considerably increases the lifespan of Galleria mellonella larvae infected with K. pneumoniae in a time- and strain-dependent manner. In sum, capsule depolymerases are promising antivirulence compounds that act by defeating a major resistance mechanism of K. pneumoniae against the innate immunity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Grazyna Majkowska-Skrobek
- Department of Pathogen Biology and Immunology, Institute of Genetics and Microbiology, University of Wrocław, Wrocław, Poland
| | - Agnieszka Latka
- Department of Pathogen Biology and Immunology, Institute of Genetics and Microbiology, University of Wrocław, Wrocław, Poland.,Laboratory of Applied Biotechnology, Department of Biotechnology, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Rita Berisio
- Institute of Biostructure and Bioimaging, Italian National Research Council, Naples, Italy
| | - Flavia Squeglia
- Institute of Biostructure and Bioimaging, Italian National Research Council, Naples, Italy
| | - Barbara Maciejewska
- Department of Pathogen Biology and Immunology, Institute of Genetics and Microbiology, University of Wrocław, Wrocław, Poland
| | - Yves Briers
- Laboratory of Applied Biotechnology, Department of Biotechnology, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Zuzanna Drulis-Kawa
- Department of Pathogen Biology and Immunology, Institute of Genetics and Microbiology, University of Wrocław, Wrocław, Poland
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32
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Maurício da Fonseca MJ, Jurak E, Kataja K, Master ER, Berrin JG, Stals I, Desmet T, Van Landschoot A, Briers Y. Analysis of the substrate specificity of α-L-arabinofuranosidases by DNA sequencer-aided fluorophore-assisted carbohydrate electrophoresis. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2018; 102:10091-10102. [PMID: 30267127 DOI: 10.1007/s00253-018-9389-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2018] [Revised: 09/04/2018] [Accepted: 09/09/2018] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
Carbohydrate-active enzyme discovery is often not accompanied by experimental validation, demonstrating the need for techniques to analyze substrate specificities of carbohydrate-active enzymes in an efficient manner. DNA sequencer-aided fluorophore-assisted carbohydrate electrophoresis (DSA-FACE) is utmost appropriate for the analysis of glycoside hydrolases that have complex substrate specificities. DSA-FACE is demonstrated here to be a highly convenient method for the precise identification of the specificity of different α-L-arabinofuranosidases for (arabino)xylo-oligosaccharides ((A)XOS). The method was validated with two α-L-arabinofuranosidases (EC 3.2.1.55) with well-known specificity, specifically a GH62 α-L-arabinofuranosidase from Aspergillus nidulans (AnAbf62A-m2,3) and a GH43 α-L-arabinofuranosidase from Bifidobacterium adolescentis (BaAXH-d3). Subsequently, application of DSA-FACE revealed the AXOS specificity of two α-L-arabinofuranosidases with previously unknown AXOS specificities. PaAbf62A, a GH62 α-L-arabinofuranosidase from Podospora anserina strain S mat+, was shown to target the O-2 and the O-3 arabinofuranosyl monomers as side chain from mono-substituted β-D-xylosyl residues, whereas a GH43 α-L-arabinofuranosidase from a metagenomic sample (AGphAbf43) only removes an arabinofuranosyl monomer from the smallest AXOS tested. DSA-FACE excels ionic chromatography in terms of detection limit for (A)XOS (picomolar sensitivity), hands-on and analysis time, and the analysis of the degree of polymerization and binding site of the arabinofuranosyl substituent.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Edita Jurak
- Department of Biotechnology and Chemical Technology, Aalto University, Espoo, Finland
| | - Kim Kataja
- Department of Biotechnology and Chemical Technology, Aalto University, Espoo, Finland
| | - Emma R Master
- Department of Biotechnology and Chemical Technology, Aalto University, Espoo, Finland
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Applied Chemistry, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Jean-Guy Berrin
- INRA, Aix Marseille Université, UMR1163 BBF, Marseille, France
| | - Ingeborg Stals
- Department of Materials, Textiles and Chemical Engineering, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Tom Desmet
- Department of Biotechnology, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
| | | | - Yves Briers
- Department of Biotechnology, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium.
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Mishra NM, Stolarzewicz I, Cannaerts D, Schuermans J, Lavigne R, Looz Y, Landuyt B, Schoofs L, Schols D, Paeshuyse J, Hickenbotham P, Clokie M, Luyten W, Van der Eycken EV, Briers Y. Iterative Chemical Engineering of Vancomycin Leads to Novel Vancomycin Analogs With a High in Vitro Therapeutic Index. Front Microbiol 2018; 9:1175. [PMID: 29930540 PMCID: PMC6001238 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2018.01175] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2018] [Accepted: 05/15/2018] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Vancomycin is a glycopeptide antibiotic that inhibits transpeptidation during cell wall synthesis by binding to the D-Ala-D-Ala termini of lipid II. For long, it has been used as a last resort antibiotic. However, since the emergence of the first vancomycin-resistant enterococci in 1987, vancomycin resistance has become widespread, especially in hospitals. We have synthesized and evaluated 110 vancomycin analogs modified at the C-terminal carboxyl group of the heptapeptide moiety with R2NHR1NH2 substituents. Through iterative optimizations of the substituents, we identified vancomycin analogs that fully restore (or even exceed) the original inhibitory activity against vancomycin-resistant enterococci (VRE), vancomycin-intermediate (VISA) and vancomycin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (VRSA) strains. The best analogs have improved growth inhibitory activity and in vitro therapeutic indices against a broad set of VRE and methicillin-resistant S. aureus (MRSA) isolates. They also exceed the activity of vancomycin against Clostridium difficile ribotypes. Vanc-39 and Vanc-42 have a low probability to provoke antibiotic resistance, and overcome different vancomycin resistance mechanisms (VanA, VanB, and VanC1).
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Affiliation(s)
- Nigam M. Mishra
- Laboratory for Organic and Microwave-Assisted Chemistry, Department of Chemistry, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Izabela Stolarzewicz
- Laboratory for Organic and Microwave-Assisted Chemistry, Department of Chemistry, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
- Department of Chemistry, Warsaw University of Life Sciences, Warsaw, Poland
| | - David Cannaerts
- Laboratory for Organic and Microwave-Assisted Chemistry, Department of Chemistry, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Joris Schuermans
- Laboratory of Gene Technology, Department of Biosystems, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Rob Lavigne
- Laboratory of Gene Technology, Department of Biosystems, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Yannick Looz
- Laboratory of Functional Genomics and Proteomics, Department of Biology, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Bart Landuyt
- Laboratory of Functional Genomics and Proteomics, Department of Biology, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Liliane Schoofs
- Laboratory of Functional Genomics and Proteomics, Department of Biology, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Dominique Schols
- Laboratory of Virology and Chemotherapy, Rega Institute, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Jan Paeshuyse
- Laboratory for Host Pathogen Interactions, Department of Biosystems, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Peter Hickenbotham
- Department of Infection, Immunity and Inflammation, University of Leicester, Leicester, United Kingdom
| | - Martha Clokie
- Department of Infection, Immunity and Inflammation, University of Leicester, Leicester, United Kingdom
| | - Walter Luyten
- Laboratory of Functional Genomics and Proteomics, Department of Biology, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
- Department of Pharmaceutical and Pharmacological Sciences, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Erik V. Van der Eycken
- Laboratory for Organic and Microwave-Assisted Chemistry, Department of Chemistry, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
- Department of Organic Chemistry, Peoples’ Friendship University of Russia (RUDN University), Moscow, Russia
| | - Yves Briers
- Laboratory of Gene Technology, Department of Biosystems, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
- Laboratory of Applied Biotechnology, Department of Biotechnology, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
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Gerstmans H, Criel B, Briers Y. Synthetic biology of modular endolysins. Biotechnol Adv 2018; 36:624-640. [DOI: 10.1016/j.biotechadv.2017.12.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 91] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2017] [Revised: 12/08/2017] [Accepted: 12/13/2017] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
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35
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Schirmeier E, Zimmermann P, Hofmann V, Biebl M, Gerstmans H, Maervoet VE, Briers Y. Inhibitory and bactericidal effect of Artilysin ® Art-175 against colistin-resistant mcr-1 -positive Escherichia coli isolates. Int J Antimicrob Agents 2018; 51:528-529. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijantimicag.2017.08.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2017] [Revised: 08/04/2017] [Accepted: 08/15/2017] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
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36
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Latka A, Maciejewska B, Majkowska-Skrobek G, Briers Y, Drulis-Kawa Z. Bacteriophage-encoded virion-associated enzymes to overcome the carbohydrate barriers during the infection process. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2017; 101:3103-3119. [PMID: 28337580 PMCID: PMC5380687 DOI: 10.1007/s00253-017-8224-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 190] [Impact Index Per Article: 27.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2017] [Revised: 02/23/2017] [Accepted: 03/04/2017] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Bacteriophages are bacterial viruses that infect the host after successful receptor recognition and adsorption to the cell surface. The irreversible adherence followed by genome material ejection into host cell cytoplasm must be preceded by the passage of diverse carbohydrate barriers such as capsule polysaccharides (CPSs), O-polysaccharide chains of lipopolysaccharide (LPS) molecules, extracellular polysaccharides (EPSs) forming biofilm matrix, and peptidoglycan (PG) layers. For that purpose, bacteriophages are equipped with various virion-associated carbohydrate active enzymes, termed polysaccharide depolymerases and lysins, that recognize, bind, and degrade the polysaccharide compounds. We discuss the existing diversity in structural locations, variable architectures, enzymatic specificities, and evolutionary aspects of polysaccharide depolymerases and virion-associated lysins (VALs) and illustrate how these aspects can correlate with the host spectrum. In addition, we present methods that can be used for activity determination and the application potential of these enzymes as antibacterials, antivirulence agents, and diagnostic tools.
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Affiliation(s)
- Agnieszka Latka
- Department of Pathogen Biology and Immunology, Institute of Genetics and Microbiology, University of Wroclaw, Przybyszewskiego 63/77, 51-148, Wroclaw, Poland.,Laboratory of Applied Biotechnology, Department of Applied Biosciences, Ghent University, Valentin Vaerwyckweg 1, 9000, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Barbara Maciejewska
- Department of Pathogen Biology and Immunology, Institute of Genetics and Microbiology, University of Wroclaw, Przybyszewskiego 63/77, 51-148, Wroclaw, Poland
| | - Grazyna Majkowska-Skrobek
- Department of Pathogen Biology and Immunology, Institute of Genetics and Microbiology, University of Wroclaw, Przybyszewskiego 63/77, 51-148, Wroclaw, Poland
| | - Yves Briers
- Laboratory of Applied Biotechnology, Department of Applied Biosciences, Ghent University, Valentin Vaerwyckweg 1, 9000, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Zuzanna Drulis-Kawa
- Department of Pathogen Biology and Immunology, Institute of Genetics and Microbiology, University of Wroclaw, Przybyszewskiego 63/77, 51-148, Wroclaw, Poland.
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Turner D, Wand ME, Briers Y, Lavigne R, Sutton JM, Reynolds DM. Characterisation and genome sequence of the lytic Acinetobacter baumannii bacteriophage vB_AbaS_Loki. PLoS One 2017; 12:e0172303. [PMID: 28207864 PMCID: PMC5313236 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0172303] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2016] [Accepted: 02/02/2017] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Acinetobacter baumannii has emerged as an important nosocomial pathogen in healthcare and community settings. While over 100 of Acinetobacter phages have been described in the literature, relatively few have been sequenced. This work describes the characterisation and genome annotation of a new lytic Acinetobacter siphovirus, vB_AbaS_Loki, isolated from activated sewage sludge. Sequencing revealed that Loki encapsulates a 41,308 bp genome, encoding 51 predicted open reading frames. Loki is most closely related to Acinetobacter phage IME_AB3 and more distantly related to Burkholderia phage KL1, Paracoccus phage vB_PmaS_IMEP1 and Pseudomonas phages vB_Pae_Kakheti25, vB_PaeS_SCH_Ab26 and PA73. Loki is characterised by a narrow host range, among the 40 Acinetobacter isolates tested, productive infection was only observed for the propagating host, A. baumannii ATCC 17978. Plaque formation was found to be dependent upon the presence of Ca2+ ions and adsorption to host cells was abolished upon incubation with a mutant of ATCC 17978 encoding a premature stop codon in lpxA. The complete genome sequence of vB_AbaS_Loki was deposited in the European Nucleotide Archive (ENA) under the accession number LN890663.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dann Turner
- Centre for Research in Biosciences, Department of Applied Sciences, Faculty of Health and Applied Sciences, University of the West of England, Coldharbour Lane, Bristol, United Kingdom
| | - Matthew E. Wand
- National Infections Service, Public Health England, Porton Down, Salisbury, Wiltshire, United Kingdom
| | - Yves Briers
- Laboratory of Applied Biotechnology, Department of Applied Biosciences, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
- Laboratory of Gene Technology, Biosystems Department, KU Leuven, Heverlee, Belgium
| | - Rob Lavigne
- Laboratory of Gene Technology, Biosystems Department, KU Leuven, Heverlee, Belgium
| | - J. Mark Sutton
- National Infections Service, Public Health England, Porton Down, Salisbury, Wiltshire, United Kingdom
| | - Darren M. Reynolds
- Centre for Research in Biosciences, Department of Applied Sciences, Faculty of Health and Applied Sciences, University of the West of England, Coldharbour Lane, Bristol, United Kingdom
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Roszniowski B, Latka A, Maciejewska B, Vandenheuvel D, Olszak T, Briers Y, Holt GS, Valvano MA, Lavigne R, Smith DL, Drulis-Kawa Z. The temperate Burkholderia phage AP3 of the Peduovirinae shows efficient antimicrobial activity against B. cenocepacia of the IIIA lineage. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2017; 101:1203-1216. [PMID: 27770178 PMCID: PMC5247547 DOI: 10.1007/s00253-016-7924-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2016] [Revised: 10/02/2016] [Accepted: 10/09/2016] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
Burkholderia phage AP3 (vB_BceM_AP3) is a temperate virus of the Myoviridae and the Peduovirinae subfamily (P2likevirus genus). This phage specifically infects multidrug-resistant clinical Burkholderia cenocepacia lineage IIIA strains commonly isolated from cystic fibrosis patients. AP3 exhibits high pairwise nucleotide identity (61.7 %) to Burkholderia phage KS5, specific to the same B. cenocepacia host, and has 46.7-49.5 % identity to phages infecting other species of Burkholderia. The lysis cassette of these related phages has a similar organization (putative antiholin, putative holin, endolysin, and spanins) and shows 29-98 % homology between specific lysis genes, in contrast to Enterobacteria phage P2, the hallmark phage of this genus. The AP3 and KS5 lysis genes have conserved locations and high amino acid sequence similarity. The AP3 bacteriophage particles remain infective up to 5 h at pH 4-10 and are stable at 60 °C for 30 min, but are sensitive to chloroform, with no remaining infective particles after 24 h of treatment. AP3 lysogeny can occur by stable genomic integration and by pseudo-lysogeny. The lysogenic bacterial mutants did not exhibit any significant changes in virulence compared to wild-type host strain when tested in the Galleria mellonella moth wax model. Moreover, AP3 treatment of larvae infected with B. cenocepacia revealed a significant increase (P < 0.0001) in larvae survival in comparison to AP3-untreated infected larvae. AP3 showed robust lytic activity, as evidenced by its broad host range, the absence of increased virulence in lysogenic isolates, the lack of bacterial gene disruption conditioned by bacterial tRNA downstream integration site, and the absence of detected toxin sequences. These data suggest that the AP3 phage is a promising potent agent against bacteria belonging to the most common B. cenocepacia IIIA lineage strains.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bartosz Roszniowski
- Institute of Genetics and Microbiology, University of Wroclaw, Przybyszewskiego 63/77, 51-148, Wroclaw, Poland
| | - Agnieszka Latka
- Institute of Genetics and Microbiology, University of Wroclaw, Przybyszewskiego 63/77, 51-148, Wroclaw, Poland
| | - Barbara Maciejewska
- Institute of Genetics and Microbiology, University of Wroclaw, Przybyszewskiego 63/77, 51-148, Wroclaw, Poland
| | - Dieter Vandenheuvel
- Laboratory of Gene Technology, KU Leuven, Kasteelpark Arenberg 21, box 2462, 3001, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Tomasz Olszak
- Institute of Genetics and Microbiology, University of Wroclaw, Przybyszewskiego 63/77, 51-148, Wroclaw, Poland
| | - Yves Briers
- Laboratory of Gene Technology, KU Leuven, Kasteelpark Arenberg 21, box 2462, 3001, Leuven, Belgium
- Department of Applied Biosciences, Ghent University, Valentin Vaerwyckweg 1, 9000, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Giles S Holt
- Applied Sciences, University of Northumbria, Ellison Building EBD222, Newcastle upon Tyne, NE1 8ST, UK
| | - Miguel A Valvano
- Center for Experimental Medicine, Queen's University of Belfast, 97 Lisburn Rd., Belfast, BT9 7BL, UK
| | - Rob Lavigne
- Laboratory of Gene Technology, KU Leuven, Kasteelpark Arenberg 21, box 2462, 3001, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Darren L Smith
- Applied Sciences, University of Northumbria, Ellison Building EBD222, Newcastle upon Tyne, NE1 8ST, UK
| | - Zuzanna Drulis-Kawa
- Institute of Genetics and Microbiology, University of Wroclaw, Przybyszewskiego 63/77, 51-148, Wroclaw, Poland.
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Maciejewska B, Roszniowski B, Espaillat A, Kęsik-Szeloch A, Majkowska-Skrobek G, Kropinski AM, Briers Y, Cava F, Lavigne R, Drulis-Kawa Z. Klebsiella phages representing a novel clade of viruses with an unknown DNA modification and biotechnologically interesting enzymes. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2016; 101:673-684. [PMID: 27766357 PMCID: PMC5219037 DOI: 10.1007/s00253-016-7928-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2016] [Revised: 10/02/2016] [Accepted: 10/09/2016] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Lytic bacteriophages and phage-encoded endolysins (peptidoglycan hydrolases) provide a source for the development of novel antimicrobial strategies. In the present study, we focus on the closely related (96 % DNA sequence identity) environmental myoviruses vB_KpnM_KP15 (KP15) and vB_KpnM_KP27 (KP27) infecting multidrug-resistant Klebsiella pneumoniae and Klebsiella oxytoca strains. Their genome organisation and evolutionary relationship are compared to Enterobacter phage phiEap-3 and Klebsiella phages Matisse and Miro. Due to the shared and distinct evolutionary history of these phages, we propose to create a new phage genus “Kp15virus” within the Tevenvirinae subfamily. In silico genome analysis reveals two unique putative homing endonucleases of KP27 phage, probably involved in unrevealed mechanism of DNA modification and resistance to restriction digestion, resulting in a broader host spectrum. Additionally, we identified in KP15 and KP27 a complete set of lysis genes, containing holin, antiholin, spanin and endolysin. By turbidimetric assays on permeabilized Gram-negative strains, we verified the ability of the KP27 endolysin to destroy the bacterial peptidoglycan. We confirmed high stability, absence of toxicity on a human epithelial cell line and the enzymatic specificity of endolysin, which was found to possess endopeptidase activity, cleaving the peptide stem between l-alanine and d-glutamic acid.
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Affiliation(s)
- Barbara Maciejewska
- Institute of Genetics and Microbiology, University of Wroclaw, S. Przybyszewskiego 63/77, 51-148, Wrocław, Poland
| | - Bartosz Roszniowski
- Institute of Genetics and Microbiology, University of Wroclaw, S. Przybyszewskiego 63/77, 51-148, Wrocław, Poland
| | - Akbar Espaillat
- Laboratory for Molecular Infection Medicine Sweden, Molecular Biology Department, Umeå University, SE-901 87, Umeå, Sweden
| | - Agata Kęsik-Szeloch
- Institute of Genetics and Microbiology, University of Wroclaw, S. Przybyszewskiego 63/77, 51-148, Wrocław, Poland
| | - Grazyna Majkowska-Skrobek
- Institute of Genetics and Microbiology, University of Wroclaw, S. Przybyszewskiego 63/77, 51-148, Wrocław, Poland
| | - Andrew M Kropinski
- Departments of Food Science, Molecular and Cellular Biology, and Pathobiology, University of Guelph, 50 Stone Road East, Guelph, ON, N1G 2W1, Canada
| | - Yves Briers
- Department Applied Biosciences, Ghent University, Valentin Vaerwyckweg 1, 9000, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Felipe Cava
- Laboratory for Molecular Infection Medicine Sweden, Molecular Biology Department, Umeå University, SE-901 87, Umeå, Sweden
| | - Rob Lavigne
- Laboratory of Gene Technology, KULeuven, Leuven Kasteelpark Arenberg 21 Box 2462, 3001, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Zuzanna Drulis-Kawa
- Institute of Genetics and Microbiology, University of Wroclaw, S. Przybyszewskiego 63/77, 51-148, Wrocław, Poland.
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Oliveira H, Pinto G, Oliveira A, Oliveira C, Faustino MA, Briers Y, Domingues L, Azeredo J. Characterization and genome sequencing of a Citrobacter freundii phage CfP1 harboring a lysin active against multidrug-resistant isolates. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2016; 100:10543-10553. [PMID: 27683211 DOI: 10.1007/s00253-016-7858-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2016] [Revised: 08/29/2016] [Accepted: 09/13/2016] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
Citrobacter spp., although frequently ignored, is emerging as an important nosocomial bacterium able to cause various superficial and systemic life-threatening infections. Considered to be hard-to-treat bacterium due to its pattern of high antibiotic resistance, it is important to develop effective measures for early and efficient therapy. In this study, the first myovirus (vB_CfrM_CfP1) lytic for Citrobacter freundii was microbiologically and genomically characterized. Its morphology, activity spectrum, burst size, and biophysical stability spectrum were determined. CfP1 specifically infects C. freundii, has broad host range (>85 %; 21 strains tested), a burst size of 45 PFU/cell, and is very stable under different temperatures (-20 to 50 °C) and pH (3 to 11) values. CfP1 demonstrated to be highly virulent against multidrug-resistant clinical isolates up to 12 antibiotics, including penicillins, cephalosporins, carbapenems, and fluroquinoles. Genomically, CfP1 has a dsDNA molecule with 180,219 bp with average GC content of 43.1 % and codes for 273 CDSs. The genome architecture is organized into function-specific gene clusters typical for tailed phages, sharing 46 to 94 % nucleotide identity to other Citrobacter phages. The lysin gene encoding a predicted D-Ala-D-Ala carboxypeptidase was also cloned and expressed in Escherichia coli and its activity evaluated in terms of pH, ionic strength, and temperature. The lysine optimum activity was reached at 20 mM HEPES, pH 7 at 37 °C, and was able to significantly reduce all C. freundii (>2 logs) as well as Citrobacter koseri (>4 logs) strains tested. Interestingly, the antimicrobial activity of this enzyme was performed without the need of pretreatment with outer membrane-destabilizing agents. These results indicate that CfP1 lysin is a good candidate to control problematic Citrobacter infections, for which current antibiotics are no longer effective.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hugo Oliveira
- CEB-Centre of Biological Engineering, University of Minho, Campus de Gualtar, 4710-057, Braga, Portugal
| | - Graça Pinto
- CEB-Centre of Biological Engineering, University of Minho, Campus de Gualtar, 4710-057, Braga, Portugal
| | - Ana Oliveira
- CEB-Centre of Biological Engineering, University of Minho, Campus de Gualtar, 4710-057, Braga, Portugal
| | - Carla Oliveira
- CEB-Centre of Biological Engineering, University of Minho, Campus de Gualtar, 4710-057, Braga, Portugal
| | | | - Yves Briers
- Department of Biosystems, KU Leuven, Kasteelpark Arenberg 21, Box 2462, 3001, Leuven, Belgium.,Department of Applied Biosciences, Ghent University, Valentin Vaerwijckweg 1, 9000, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Lucília Domingues
- CEB-Centre of Biological Engineering, University of Minho, Campus de Gualtar, 4710-057, Braga, Portugal
| | - Joana Azeredo
- CEB-Centre of Biological Engineering, University of Minho, Campus de Gualtar, 4710-057, Braga, Portugal.
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Abstract
The evolution of natural modular proteins and domain swapping by protein engineers have shown the disruptive potential of non-homologous recombination to create proteins with novel functions or traits. Bacteriophage endolysins, cellulosomes and polyketide synthases are 3 examples of natural modular proteins with each module having a dedicated function. These modular architectures have been created by extensive duplication, shuffling of domains and insertion/deletion of new domains. Protein engineers mimic these natural processes in vitro to create chimeras with altered properties or novel functions by swapping modules between different parental genes. Most domain swapping efforts are realized with traditional restriction and ligation techniques, which become particularly restrictive when either a large number of variants, or variants of proteins with multiple domains have to be constructed. Recent advances in homology-independent shuffling techniques increasingly address this need, but to realize the full potential of the synthetic biology of modular proteins a complete homology-independent method for both rational and random shuffling of modules from an unlimited number of parental genes is still needed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Veerle E T Maervoet
- a Laboratory of Applied Biotechnology, Department of Applied Biosciences , Ghent University , Ghent , Belgium
| | - Yves Briers
- a Laboratory of Applied Biotechnology, Department of Applied Biosciences , Ghent University , Ghent , Belgium
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Studer P, Borisova M, Schneider A, Ayala JA, Mayer C, Schuppler M, Loessner MJ, Briers Y. The Absence of a Mature Cell Wall Sacculus in Stable Listeria monocytogenes L-Form Cells Is Independent of Peptidoglycan Synthesis. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0154925. [PMID: 27149671 PMCID: PMC4858229 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0154925] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2015] [Accepted: 04/21/2016] [Indexed: 01/16/2023] Open
Abstract
L-forms are cell wall-deficient variants of otherwise walled bacteria that maintain the ability to survive and proliferate in absence of the surrounding peptidoglycan sacculus. While transient or unstable L-forms can revert to the walled state and may still rely on residual peptidoglycan synthesis for multiplication, stable L-forms cannot revert to the walled form and are believed to propagate in the complete absence of peptidoglycan. L-forms are increasingly studied as a fundamental biological model system for cell wall synthesis. Here, we show that a stable L-form of the intracellular pathogen Listeria monocytogenes features a surprisingly intact peptidoglycan synthesis pathway including glycosyl transfer, in spite of the accumulation of multiple mutations during prolonged passage in the cell wall-deficient state. Microscopic and biochemical analysis revealed the presence of peptidoglycan precursors and functional glycosyl transferases, resulting in the formation of peptidoglycan polymers but without the synthesis of a mature cell wall sacculus. In conclusion, we found that stable, non-reverting L-forms, which do not require active PG synthesis for proliferation, may still continue to produce aberrant peptidoglycan.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patrick Studer
- Institute for Food, Nutrition and Health, ETH Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Marina Borisova
- Department of Microbiology/Biotechnology, University of Tuebingen, Tuebingen, Germany
| | - Alexander Schneider
- Department of Microbiology/Biotechnology, University of Tuebingen, Tuebingen, Germany
| | - Juan A. Ayala
- Centro de Biología Molecular Severo Ochoa, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Madrid, Spain
| | - Christoph Mayer
- Department of Microbiology/Biotechnology, University of Tuebingen, Tuebingen, Germany
| | - Markus Schuppler
- Institute for Food, Nutrition and Health, ETH Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Martin J. Loessner
- Institute for Food, Nutrition and Health, ETH Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Yves Briers
- Institute for Food, Nutrition and Health, ETH Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
- Department of Applied Biosciences, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
- * E-mail:
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Mishra NM, Briers Y, Lamberigts C, Steenackers H, Robijns S, Landuyt B, Vanderleyden J, Schoofs L, Lavigne R, Luyten W, Van der Eycken EV. Evaluation of the antibacterial and antibiofilm activities of novel CRAMP-vancomycin conjugates with diverse linkers. Org Biomol Chem 2016; 13:7477-86. [PMID: 26068402 DOI: 10.1039/c5ob00830a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
We report the design, synthesis and antibacterial activity analysis of conjugates of vancomycin and cathelicidin-related antimicrobial peptides (CRAMP). Vancomycin inhibits the nascent peptidoglycan synthesis and is highly active against Gram-positive bacteria, whereas Gram-negative bacteria are generally insensitive due to a protective outer membrane. CRAMP is known to translocate across the Gram-negative outer membrane by a self-promoted uptake mechanism. Vancomycin-CRAMP conjugates were synthesized using click chemistry with diverse hydrophilic and hydrophobic linkers, with CRAMP functioning as a carrier peptide for the transfer of vancomycin through the outer membrane. Small hydrophobic linkers with an aromatic group result in the most active conjugates against planktonic Gram-negative bacteria, while maintaining the high activity of vancomycin against Gram-positive bacteria. These conjugates thus show a broad-spectrum activity, which is absent in CRAMP or vancomycin alone, and which is strongly improved compared to an equimolar mixture of CRAMP and vancomycin. In addition, these conjugates also show a strong inhibitory activity against S. Typhimurium biofilm formation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nigam M Mishra
- Laboratory for Organic & Microwave-Assisted Chemistry (LOMAC), Department of Chemistry, KU Leuven, Celestijnenlaan 200F, B-3001 Leuven, Belgium.
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Rombouts S, Volckaert A, Venneman S, Declercq B, Vandenheuvel D, Allonsius CN, Van Malderghem C, Jang HB, Briers Y, Noben JP, Klumpp J, Van Vaerenbergh J, Maes M, Lavigne R. Characterization of Novel Bacteriophages for Biocontrol of Bacterial Blight in Leek Caused by Pseudomonas syringae pv. porri. Front Microbiol 2016; 7:279. [PMID: 27014204 PMCID: PMC4791379 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2016.00279] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2015] [Accepted: 02/22/2016] [Indexed: 01/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Pseudomonas syringae pv. porri, the causative agent of bacterial blight in leek (Allium porrum), is increasingly frequent causing problems in leek cultivation. Because of the current lack of control measures, novel bacteriophages were isolated to control this pathogen using phage therapy. Five novel phages were isolated from infected fields in Flanders (vB_PsyM_KIL1, vB_PsyM_KIL2, vB_PsyM_KIL3, vB_PsyM_KIL4, and vB_PsyM_KIL5), and were complemented with one selected host range mutant phage (vB_PsyM_KIL3b). Genome analysis of the phages revealed genome sizes between 90 and 94 kb and an average GC-content of 44.8%. Phylogenomic networking classified them into a novel clade, named the "KIL-like viruses," related to the Felixounalikevirus genus, together with phage phiPsa374 from P. syringae pv. actinidiae. In vitro characterization demonstrated the stability and lytic potential of these phages. Host range analysis confirmed heterogeneity within P. syringae pv. porri, leading to the development of a phage cocktail with a range that covers the entire set of 41 strains tested. Specific bio-assays demonstrated the in planta efficacy of phages vB_PsyM_KIL1, vB_PsyM_KIL2, vB_PsyM_KIL3, and vB_PsyM_KIL3b. In addition, two parallel field trial experiments on three locations using a phage cocktail of the six phages showed variable results. In one trial, symptom development was attenuated. These data suggest some potential for phage therapy in controlling bacterial blight of leek, pending optimization of formulation and application methods.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sofie Rombouts
- Laboratory of Gene Technology, Department of Biosystems, KU LeuvenLeuven, Belgium
- Unit Plant— Crop Protection, Institute for Agricultural and Fisheries ResearchMerelbeke, Belgium
| | | | - Sofie Venneman
- Research Station for Vegetable ProductionSint-Katelijne-Waver, Belgium
| | | | - Dieter Vandenheuvel
- Laboratory of Applied Microbiology and Biotechnology, Department of Bioscience Engineering, University of AntwerpAntwerpen, Belgium
| | - Camille N. Allonsius
- Laboratory of Applied Microbiology and Biotechnology, Department of Bioscience Engineering, University of AntwerpAntwerpen, Belgium
| | - Cinzia Van Malderghem
- Unit Plant— Crop Protection, Institute for Agricultural and Fisheries ResearchMerelbeke, Belgium
| | - Ho B. Jang
- Laboratory of Gene Technology, Department of Biosystems, KU LeuvenLeuven, Belgium
| | - Yves Briers
- Laboratory of Gene Technology, Department of Biosystems, KU LeuvenLeuven, Belgium
- Laboratory of Applied Biotechnology, Department of Applied Biosciences, Ghent UniversityGhent, Belgium
| | - Jean P. Noben
- School of Life Sciences, Biomedical Research Institute and Transnational University Limburg, Hasselt UniversityDiepenbeek, Belgium
| | - Jochen Klumpp
- Institute of Food, Nutrition and Health, ETH ZurichZurich, Switzerland
| | - Johan Van Vaerenbergh
- Unit Plant— Crop Protection, Institute for Agricultural and Fisheries ResearchMerelbeke, Belgium
| | - Martine Maes
- Unit Plant— Crop Protection, Institute for Agricultural and Fisheries ResearchMerelbeke, Belgium
- Lab. of Microbiology, Department of Biochemistry and Microbiology, Ghent UniversityGent, Belgium
| | - Rob Lavigne
- Laboratory of Gene Technology, Department of Biosystems, KU LeuvenLeuven, Belgium
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Gutiérrez D, Briers Y, Rodríguez-Rubio L, Martínez B, Rodríguez A, Lavigne R, García P. Role of the Pre-neck Appendage Protein (Dpo7) from Phage vB_SepiS-phiIPLA7 as an Anti-biofilm Agent in Staphylococcal Species. Front Microbiol 2015; 6:1315. [PMID: 26635776 PMCID: PMC4658415 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2015.01315] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2015] [Accepted: 11/09/2015] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Staphylococcus epidermidis and Staphylococcus aureus are important causative agents of hospital-acquired infections and bacteremia, likely due to their ability to form biofilms. The production of a dense exopolysaccharide (EPS) matrix enclosing the cells slows the penetration of antibiotic down, resulting in therapy failure. The EPS depolymerase (Dpo7) derived from bacteriophage vB_SepiS-phiIPLA7, was overexpressed in Escherichia coli and characterized. A dose dependent but time independent response was observed after treatment of staphylococcal 24 h-biofilms with Dpo7. Maximum removal (>90%) of biofilm-attached cells was obtained with 0.15 μM of Dpo7 in all polysaccharide producer strains but Dpo7 failed to eliminate polysaccharide-independent biofilm formed by S. aureus V329. Moreover, the pre-treatment of polystyrene surfaces with Dpo7 reduced the biofilm biomass by 53–85% in the 67% of the tested strains. This study supports the use of phage-encoded EPS depolymerases to prevent and disperse staphylococcal biofilms, thereby making bacteria more susceptible to the action of antimicrobials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Diana Gutiérrez
- Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas - Instituto de Productos Lácteos de Asturias Villaviciosa, Spain
| | - Yves Briers
- Laboratory of Gene Technology, KU Leuven Heverlee, Belgium ; Laboratory of Applied Biotechnology, Ghent University Ghent, Belgium
| | - Lorena Rodríguez-Rubio
- Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas - Instituto de Productos Lácteos de Asturias Villaviciosa, Spain ; Laboratory of Gene Technology, KU Leuven Heverlee, Belgium
| | - Beatriz Martínez
- Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas - Instituto de Productos Lácteos de Asturias Villaviciosa, Spain
| | - Ana Rodríguez
- Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas - Instituto de Productos Lácteos de Asturias Villaviciosa, Spain
| | - Rob Lavigne
- Laboratory of Gene Technology, KU Leuven Heverlee, Belgium
| | - Pilar García
- Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas - Instituto de Productos Lácteos de Asturias Villaviciosa, Spain
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Danis-Wlodarczyk K, Olszak T, Arabski M, Wasik S, Majkowska-Skrobek G, Augustyniak D, Gula G, Briers Y, Jang HB, Vandenheuvel D, Duda KA, Lavigne R, Drulis-Kawa Z. Correction: Characterization of the Newly Isolated Lytic Bacteriophages KTN6 and KT28 and Their Efficacy against Pseudomonas aeruginosa Biofilm. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0137015. [PMID: 26305215 PMCID: PMC4549064 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0137015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
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Danis-Wlodarczyk K, Olszak T, Arabski M, Wasik S, Majkowska-Skrobek G, Augustyniak D, Gula G, Briers Y, Jang HB, Vandenheuvel D, Duda KA, Lavigne R, Drulis-Kawa Z. Characterization of the Newly Isolated Lytic Bacteriophages KTN6 and KT28 and Their Efficacy against Pseudomonas aeruginosa Biofilm. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0127603. [PMID: 25996839 PMCID: PMC4440721 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0127603] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2015] [Accepted: 04/16/2015] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
We here describe two novel lytic phages, KT28 and KTN6, infecting Pseudomonas aeruginosa, isolated from a sewage sample from an irrigated field near Wroclaw, in Poland. Both viruses show characteristic features of Pbunalikevirus genus within the Myoviridae family with respect to shape and size of head/tail, as well as LPS host receptor recognition. Genome analysis confirmed the similarity to other PB1-related phages, ranging between 48 and 96%. Pseudomonas phage KT28 has a genome size of 66,381 bp and KTN6 of 65,994 bp. The latent period, burst size, stability and host range was determined for both viruses under standard laboratory conditions. Biofilm eradication efficacy was tested on peg-lid plate assay and PET membrane surface. Significant reduction of colony forming units was observed (70-90%) in 24 h to 72 h old Pseudomonas aeruginosa PAO1 biofilm cultures for both phages. Furthermore, a pyocyanin and pyoverdin reduction tests reveal that tested phages lowers the amount of both secreted dyes in 48-72 h old biofilms. Diffusion and goniometry experiments revealed the increase of diffusion rate through the biofilm matrix after phage application. These characteristics indicate these phages could be used to prevent Pseudomonas aeruginosa infections and biofilm formation. It was also shown, that PB1-related phage treatment of biofilm caused the emergence of stable phage-resistant mutants growing as small colony variants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katarzyna Danis-Wlodarczyk
- Department of Pathogen Biology and Immunology, Institute of Genetics and Microbiology, University of Wroclaw, Wroclaw, Poland
- Division of Gene Technology, Catholic University of Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Tomasz Olszak
- Department of Pathogen Biology and Immunology, Institute of Genetics and Microbiology, University of Wroclaw, Wroclaw, Poland
| | - Michal Arabski
- Department of Microbiology, Institute of Biology, The Jan Kochanowski University in Kielce, Kielce, Poland
| | - Slawomir Wasik
- Department of Molecular Physics, Institute of Physics, The Jan Kochanowski University in Kielce, Kielce, Poland
| | - Grazyna Majkowska-Skrobek
- Department of Pathogen Biology and Immunology, Institute of Genetics and Microbiology, University of Wroclaw, Wroclaw, Poland
| | - Daria Augustyniak
- Department of Pathogen Biology and Immunology, Institute of Genetics and Microbiology, University of Wroclaw, Wroclaw, Poland
| | - Grzegorz Gula
- Department of Pathogen Biology and Immunology, Institute of Genetics and Microbiology, University of Wroclaw, Wroclaw, Poland
| | - Yves Briers
- Division of Gene Technology, Catholic University of Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Ho Bin Jang
- Division of Gene Technology, Catholic University of Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | | | - Katarzyna Anna Duda
- Division of Structural Biochemistry, Research Center Borstel, Leibniz-Center for Medicine and Biosciences, Borstel, Germany
| | - Rob Lavigne
- Division of Gene Technology, Catholic University of Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Zuzanna Drulis-Kawa
- Department of Pathogen Biology and Immunology, Institute of Genetics and Microbiology, University of Wroclaw, Wroclaw, Poland
- * E-mail:
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Briers Y, Lavigne R. Breaking barriers: expansion of the use of endolysins as novel antibacterials against Gram-negative bacteria. Future Microbiol 2015; 10:377-90. [DOI: 10.2217/fmb.15.8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 122] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
ABSTRACT The emergence and spread of antibiotic-resistant bacteria drives the search for novel classes of antibiotics to replenish our armamentarium against bacterial infections. This is particularly critical for Gram-negative pathogens, which are intrinsically resistant to many existing classes of antibiotics due to the presence of a protective outer membrane. In addition, the antibiotics development pipeline is mainly oriented to Gram-positive pathogens such as methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus. A promising novel class of antibacterials is endolysins. These enzymes encoded by bacterial viruses hydrolyze the peptidoglycan layer with high efficiency, resulting in abrupt osmotic lysis and cell death. Their potential as novel antibacterials to treat Gram-positive bacteria has been extensively demonstrated; however, the Gram-negative outer membrane has presented a formidable barrier for the use of endolysins against Gram-negatives until recently. This review reports on the most recent advances in the development of endolysins to kill Gram-negative species with a special focus on endolysin-engineered Artilysins®.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yves Briers
- Laboratory of Gene Technology, Department Biosystems, University of Leuven, Kasteelpark Arenberg 21, box 2462, B-3001 Leuven, Belgium
| | - Rob Lavigne
- Laboratory of Gene Technology, Department Biosystems, University of Leuven, Kasteelpark Arenberg 21, box 2462, B-3001 Leuven, Belgium
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Briers Y, Peeters LM, Volckaert G, Lavigne R. The lysis cassette of bacteriophage ϕKMV encodes a signal-arrest-release endolysin and a pinholin. Bacteriophage 2014; 1:25-30. [PMID: 21687532 DOI: 10.4161/bact.1.1.14868] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2010] [Revised: 01/11/2011] [Accepted: 01/17/2011] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
The lysis cassette of Pseudomonas aeruginosa phage ϕKMV encodes a holin, endolysin, Rz and Rz1 in the canonical order. It has a tight organization with a high degree of overlapping genes and is highly conserved (between 96 and 100% identity at the protein level) among several other members of the "phiKMV-like viruses." The endolysin KMV45 exhibits characteristics as expected for a signal-arrest-release (SAR) endolysin, whereas the holin KMV44 is a typical pinholin. KMV45 is initially secreted as an inactive, membrane-anchored endolysin, which is subsequently released by membrane depolarization driven by the pinholin KMV44. The SAR domain of KMV45 is necessary for its full enzymatic activity, suggesting a refolding of the catalytic cleft upon release from the membrane. The physical proximity of the catalytic glutamic acid residue close to SAR domain suggests an alternative activation mechanism compared to the SAR endolysin of phages P1, ERA103 and 21. Expression of KMV44 leads to a quick cell lysis when paired with SAR endolysin KMV45, but not with the cytoplasmic phage λ endolysin, indicating the membrane depolarizing function of KMV44 rather than the large hole-making function characteristic of classical holins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yves Briers
- Laboratory of Gene Technology; Division of Gene Technology; Department of Biosystems; Leuven, Belgium
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Cambré A, Zimmermann M, Sauer U, Vivijs B, Cenens W, Michiels CW, Aertsen A, Loessner MJ, Noben JP, Ayala JA, Lavigne R, Briers Y. Metabolite profiling and peptidoglycan analysis of transient cell wall-deficient bacteria in a new Escherichia coli model system. Environ Microbiol 2014; 17:1586-99. [PMID: 25142185 DOI: 10.1111/1462-2920.12594] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2014] [Accepted: 08/11/2014] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
Many bacteria are able to assume a transient cell wall-deficient (or L-form) state under favourable osmotic conditions. Cell wall stress such as exposure to β-lactam antibiotics can enforce the transition to and maintenance of this state. L-forms actively proliferate and can return to the walled state upon removal of the inducing agent. We have adopted Escherichia coli as a model system for the controlled transition to and reversion from the L-form state, and have studied these dynamics with genetics, cell biology and 'omics' technologies. As such, a transposon mutagenesis screen underscored the requirement for the Rcs phosphorelay and colanic acid synthesis, while proteomics show only little differences between rods and L-forms. In contrast, metabolome comparison reveals the high abundance of lysophospholipids and phospholipids with unsaturated or cyclopropanized fatty acids in E. coli L-forms. This increase of membrane lipids associated with increased membrane fluidity may facilitate proliferation through bud formation. Visualization of the residual peptidoglycan with a fluorescently labelled peptidoglycan binding protein indicates de novo cell wall synthesis and a role for septal peptidoglycan synthesis during bud constriction. The DD-carboxypeptidases PBP5 and PBP6 are threefold and fourfold upregulated in L-forms, indicating a specific role for regulation of crosslinking during L-form proliferation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexander Cambré
- Laboratory of Gene Technology, Department of Biosystems, KU Leuven, B-3001, Heverlee, Belgium; Laboratory of Food Microbiology, Department of Microbial and Molecular Systems, KU Leuven, B-3001, Heverlee, Belgium
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