High-pressure ultrasonic-assisted extraction of polysaccharides from Hovenia dulcis: Extraction, structure, antioxidant activity and hypoglycemic

Functional properties, structural characteristics, and anti-complementary activities of two degraded polysaccharides from strawberry fruits

Two low-molecular-weight polysaccharides (DPSP50 and DPSP70) were obtained using hydrogen peroxide-vitamin C (H2O2-Vc) treatment at 50 °C and 70 °C, respectively. Both DPSP50 and DPSP70 comprised the same six monosaccharides in different ratios, and their molecular weights (Mws) were 640 kDa and 346 kDa, respectively. Functional properties analyses demonstrated that DPSP50 and DPSP70 each had an excellent water holding capacity, oil absorption capacity, and emulsion properties, as well as shear-thinning characteristics and viscoelastic properties. Fourier transform infrared (FT-IR) and nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopic assays confirmed the existence of α-, β-pyranose rings and the same six sugar residues in DPSP50 and DPSP70. The results of Congo red test, scanning electron microscopy (SEM), and X-ray diffraction (XRD) demonstrated that DPSP50 and DPSP70 did not contain triple-helix conformations, but were amorphous aggregates with flake-like shape and rough surface. Additionally, both DPSP50 and DPSP70 showed strong anti-complementary activities through the classical pathway and the alternative pathway. The results support the potential utility of these degraded polysaccharides from strawberry fruits in functional foods and medicines.

Codonopsis radix: a review of resource utilisation, postharvest processing, quality assessment, and its polysaccharide composition

Codonopsis radix is the dried root of C. pilosula (Franch.) Nannf., C. pilosula Nannf. var. modesta (Nannf.) L. T. Shen, or C. tangshen Oliv., constitutes a botanical medicine with a profound historical lineage. It encompasses an array of bioactive constituents, including polyacetylenes, phenylpropanoids, alkaloids, triterpenoids, and polysaccharides, conferring upon it substantial medicinal and edible values. Consequently, it has garnered widespread attention from numerous scholars. In recent years, driven by advancements in modern traditional Chinese medicine, considerable strides have been taken in exploring resources utilization, traditional processing, quality evaluation and polysaccharide research of Codonopsis radix. However, there is a lack of systematic and comprehensive reporting on these research results. This paper provides a summary of recent advances in Codonopsis research, identifies existing issues in Codonopsis studies, and offers insights into future research directions. The aim is to provide insights and literature support for forthcoming investigations into Codonopsis.

Hovenia dulcis Fruit Peduncle Polysaccharides Reduce Intestinal Dysbiosis and Hepatic Fatty Acid Metabolism Disorders in Alcohol-Exposed Mice

Alcohol abuse can lead to alcoholic liver disease, becoming a major global burden. Hovenia dulcis fruit peduncle polysaccharides (HDPs) have the potential to alleviate alcoholic liver injury and play essential roles in treating alcohol-exposed liver disease; however, the hepatoprotective effects and mechanisms remain elusive. In this study, we investigated the hepatoprotective effects of HDPs and their potential mechanisms in alcohol-exposed mice through liver metabolomics and gut microbiome. The results found that HDPs reduced medium-dose alcohol-caused dyslipidemia (significantly elevated T-CHO, TG, LDL-C), elevated liver glycogen levels, and inhibited intestinal-hepatic inflammation (significantly decreased IL-4, IFN-γ and TNF-α), consequently reversing hepatic pathological changes. When applying gut microbiome analysis, HDPs showed significant decreases in Proteobacteria, significant increases in Firmicutes at the phylum level, increased Lactobacillus abundance, and decreased Enterobacteria abundance, maintaining the composition of gut microbiota. Further hepatic metabolomics analysis revealed that HDPs had a regulatory effect on hepatic fatty acid metabolism, by increasing the major metabolic pathways including arachidonic acid and glycerophospholipid metabolism, and identified two important metabolites-C00157 (phosphatidylcholine, a glycerophospholipid plays a central role in energy production) and C04230 (1-Acyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine, a lysophospholipid involved in the breakdown of phospholipids)-involved in the above metabolism. Overall, HDPs reduced intestinal dysbiosis and hepatic fatty acid metabolism disorders in alcohol-exposed mice, suggesting that HDPs have a beneficial effect on alleviating alcohol-induced hepatic metabolic disorders.

Plant polysaccharides extracted by high pressure: A review on yields, physicochemical, structure properties, and bioactivities

Polysaccharides are biologically essential macromolecules, widely exist in plants, which are used in food, medicine, bioactives' encapsulation, targeted delivery and other fields. Suitable extraction technology can not only improve the yield, but also regulate the physicochemical, improve the functional property, and is the basis for the research and application of polysaccharide. High pressure (HP) extraction (HPE) induces the breakage of raw material cells and tissues through rapid changes in pressure, increases extraction yield, reduces extraction time, and modifies structure of polysaccharides. However, thus far, literature review on the mechanism of extraction, improved yield and modified structure of HPE polysaccharide is lacking. Therefore, the present work reviews the mechanism of HPE polysaccharide, increasing extraction yield, regulating physicochemical and functional properties, modifying structure and improving activity. This review contributes to a full understanding of the HPE or development of polysaccharide production and modification methods and promotes the application of HP technology in polysaccharide production.

A review on extraction, purification, structural characteristics, biological activities, applications of polysaccharides from Hovenia dulcis Thunb. (Guai Zao)

Hovenia dulcis Thunb. (H. dulcis) is a widely distributed plant with a long history of cultivation and consumption. As a common plant, it has economic, edible and medicinal value. H. dulcis polysaccharides are one of their main bioactive ingredients and have many health benefits, such as anti-diabetes, antioxidation, anti-glycosylation, anti-fatigue, immune regulation activities and alcoholic liver disease protection activity. In this paper, the research progress of H. dulcis polysaccharides in extraction, purification, structural characteristics, biological activities, existing and potential applications were reviewed, which could provide new valuable insights for future studies.

Research progress in the preparation, structural characterization, and biological activities of polysaccharides from traditional Chinese medicine

Traditional Chinese medicines are tremendous sources of polysaccharides, which are of great interest in the human welfare system as natural medicines, food, and cosmetics. This review aims to highlight the recent trends in extraction (conventional and non-conventional), purification and analytic techniques of traditional Chinese medicine polysaccharides (TCMPs), and the chemical structure, biological activities (anti-tumor, hypoglycemic, antioxidant, intestinal flora regulation, immunomodulatory, anti-inflammatory, anti-aging, hypolipidemic, hepatoprotective, and other activities), and the underlying mechanisms of polysaccharides extracted from 76 diverse traditional Chinese medicines were compared and discussed. With this wide coverage, a total of 164 scientific articles were searched from the database including Google Scholar, PubMed, Web of Science, and China Knowledge Network. This comprehensive survey from previous reports indicates that TCMPs are non-toxic, highly biocompatible, and good biodegradability. Besides, this review highlights that TCMPs may be excellent functional factors and effective therapeutic drugs. Finally, the current problems and future research advances of TCMPs are also introduced. New valuable insights for the future researches regarding TCMPs are also proposed in the fields of therapeutic agents and functional foods.

Recent advances in medicinal and edible homologous plant polysaccharides: Preparation, structure and prevention and treatment of diabetes

Medicinal and edible homologs (MEHs) can be used in medicine and food. The National Health Commission announced that a total of 103 kinds of medicinal and edible homologous plants (MEHPs) would be available by were available in 2023. Diabetes mellitus (DM) has become the third most common chronic metabolic disease that seriously threatens human health worldwide. Polysaccharides, the main component isolated from MEHPs, have significant antidiabetic effects with few side effects. Based on a literature search, this paper summarizes the preparation methods, structural characterization, and antidiabetic functions and mechanisms of MEHPs polysaccharides (MEHPPs). Specifically, MEHPPs mainly regulate PI3K/Akt, AMPK, cAMP/PKA, Nrf2/Keap1, NF-κB, MAPK and other signaling pathways to promote insulin secretion and release, improve glycolipid metabolism, inhibit the inflammatory response, decrease oxidative stress and regulate intestinal flora. Among them, 16 kinds of MEHPPs were found to have obvious anti-diabetic effects. This article reviews the prevention and treatment of diabetes and its complications by MEHPPs and provides a basis for the development of safe and effective MEHPP-derived health products and new drugs to prevent and treat diabetes.

A New Method of Extracting Polygonatum sibiricum Polysaccharide with Antioxidant Function: Ultrasound-Assisted Extraction-Deep Eutectic Solvents Method

Polygonatum sibiricum Polysaccharide (PsP) with antioxidant function is the main active component of Polygonatum sibiricum (P.sibiricum). The currently poor extraction yield and extraction methods of PsP cannot meet the application of that in food industrial production. In this research, an ultrasound-assisted extraction-deep eutectic solvents (UAE-DESs) method, which has never been used in the PsP industry, was first used to extract PsP. The extraction conditions were optimized by the response surface method (RSM). Both the extraction yield and antioxidant function were simultaneously considered during the optimization process. The indicators of PsP's level and antioxidant activity in vitro were used to present the extraction yield of the UAE-DESs method, the purity, and the antioxidant effect of PsP. Under the optimal conditions, which included a liquid-solid ratio of 26:1 (mL:g), extraction temperature of 80 °C, ultrasonic time of 51 min, and ultrasonic power of 82 W, the PsP extraction yield could reach (43.61 ± 0.09)%, which was obviously higher than single DESs (33.81%) and UAE (5.83%), respectively, and the PsP appeared favorably antioxidant function. This research proposed an efficient extraction method for PsP, filled the basic research gap, and further improved the development of PsP as a dietary supplement with antioxidant function in the food industry.

Influence of Multi-Frequency Ultrasound Treatment on Conformational Characteristics of Beef Myofibrillar Proteins with Different Degrees of Doneness

This study evaluated the effect of multi-frequency sonication (20 kHz, 25 kHz, 28 kHz, 40 kHz, 50 kHz) on structural characteristics of beef myofibrillar proteins (MPs) with different degrees of doneness (Rare 52~55 °C, Medium Rare 55~60 °C, Medium 60~65 °C, Medium Well 65~69 °C, Well Down 70~80 °C, and Overcooked 90 °C). The results showed that surface hydrophobicity and sulfhydryl content increased with the increase in degree of doneness. At the same degree of doneness, the sulfhydryl group contents reached the maximum at a frequency of 28 kHz. In addition, the absolute value of ζ-potential was significantly decreased after ultrasonic treatment (p < 0.05). SDS gel electrophoresis showed that the bands of beef MPs were not significantly affected by various ultrasonic frequencies, but the bands became thinner when the degree of doneness reached overcooked. Fourier transform infrared spectrum showed that with the increase of ultrasonic frequency, α-helix content decreased, and random coil content significantly increased (p < 0.05). The results of atomic force microscopy indicated that the surface structure of beef MPs was damaged, and the roughness decreased by sonication, while the roughness significantly increased when the degree of doneness changed from medium to overripe (p < 0.05). In conclusion, multi-ultrasound combined with degree of doneness treatment alters the structural characteristics of beef MPs.

Plant type II arabinogalactan: Structural features and modification to increase functionality

Type II arabinogalactans (AGs) are a highly diverse class of plant polysaccharides generally encountered as the carbohydrate moieties of certain extracellular proteoglycans, the so-called arabinogalactan-proteins (AGPs), which are found on plasma membranes and in cell walls. The basic structure of type II AG is a 1,3-β-D-galactan main chain with 1,6-β-D-galactan side chains. The side chains are further decorated with other sugars such as α-l-arabinose and β-d-glucuronic acid. In addition, AGs with 1,6-β-D-galactan as the main chain, which are designated as 'type II related AG' in this review, can also be found in several plants. Due to their diverse and heterogenous features, the determination of carbohydrate structures of type II and type II related AGs is not easy. On the other hand, these complex AGs are scientifically and commercially attractive materials whose structures can be modified by chemical and biochemical approaches for specific purposes. In the current review, what is known about the chemical structures of type II and type II related AGs from different plant sources is outlined. After that, structural analysis techniques are considered and compared. Finally, structural modifications that enhance or alter functionality are highlighted.

Comparative analysis of the liver-protective effects of raw and stir-fried semen of Hovenia dulcis in rats via gas chromatography-mass spectrometry-based serum metabolomic profiling and chemometrics

In this study, we used a serum metabolomics methodology based on GC coupled with MS (GC-MS) to investigate the liver-protective effects of raw and stir-fried semen of Hovenia dulcis in rats models of carbon tetrachloride-induced liver injury. Multivariate statistical analysis, such as principal component analysis and orthogonal partial least squares discriminant analysis, were performed to examine changes in the metabolic state of rats with carbon tetrachloride-induced liver injury, as well as the recovery pattern of rats pretreated with the raw and stir-fried semen of H. dulcis. Liver tissues were subjected to histopathological examination. A total of 47 biomarkers were predicted to contribute to the dynamic pathological processes in the liver injury, such as phenylalanine, glutamic acid, glycine, arachidonic acid and linoleic acid. Further analysis revealed that pathways associated with phenylalanine, tyrosine and tryptophan biosynthesis, and linoleic acid metabolism were altered in the injured liver, and that pretreatment with raw and stir-fried semen of H. dulcis abolished the changes in the aforementioned metabolic pathways.

Mechanisms underlying the effects of ultrasound-assisted alkaline extraction on the structural properties and in vitro digestibility of Tenebrio molitor larvae protein

Edible insects have been considered as a sustainable and novel protein source to replace animal-derived proteins. The present study aimed to extract Tenebrio molitor larvae proteins (TMP) using ultrasound-assisted alkaline extraction (UAE). Effects of different UAE times (10, 20, 30, 40, and 50 min) on the structural properties and in vitro digestibility of TMP were comparatively investigated with the traditional alkaline extraction method. The results revealed that ultrasonication could effectively alter the secondary/tertiary structures and thermal stability of TMP during UAE. The molecular unfolding and subsequent aggregation of TMP during UAE were mainly attributed to the formation of disulfide bonds and hydrophobic interactions. Moreover, TMP extracted by UAE had higher in vitro digestibility and digestion kinetics than those extracted without ultrasound, and the intermediate UAE time (30 min) was the optimal ultrasound parameter. However, longer UAE times (40 and 50 min) lowered the digestibility of TMP due to severe protein aggregation. The present work provides a potential strategy for the extraction of TMP with higher nutritional values.

Efficient isolation of immunostimulatory polysaccharides from Lentinula edodes by autoclaving-ultrasonication extraction and fractional precipitation

A hyphenated process, autoclaving followed by ultrasonication (AU), was evaluated for efficient extraction of polysaccharides (PS) from Lentinula edodes (Shiitake) mushroom. The PS yield (w/w) was 8.44 % from hot-water extraction (HWE), 11.01 % by autoclaving extraction (AE), and 16.3 % by AUE. The AUE water extract was subject to fractional precipitation in four-steps with increasing ethanol concentration of 40 %, 50 %, 70 % and 80 % (v/v), yielding four PS fractions in descending molecular weight (MW), PS40 > PS50 > PS70 > PS80. All the four PS fractions were composed of four monosaccharide residues, mannose (Man), glucose (Glc) and galactose (Gal) but in different mole ratios. The PS40 fraction with the highest average MW (4.98 × 10⁶) was the most abundant fraction, accounting for 64.4 % of the total PS mass and also had the highest glucose molar ratio (~80 %). PS40 also most significantly enhanced the NO, and ROS generation and phagocytic activity in RAW 264.7 cells. The results proved that AUE followed by fractional ethanol precipitation is an efficient strategy with reduced solvent expenditure for isolation of the major immunostimulatory PS from L. edodes mushroom.

Isolation, Characterization, and Compositional Analysis of Polysaccharides from Pinot Noir Wines: An Exploratory Study

It has been reported that polysaccharides in wine can interact with tannins and other wine components and modify the sensory properties of the wine. Unfortunately, the contribution of polysaccharides to wine quality is poorly understood, mainly due to their complicated structure and varied composition. In addition, the composition and molecular structure of polysaccharides in different wines can vary greatly. In this study, the polysaccharides were isolated from pinot noir wine, then separated into high-molecular-weight (PNWP-H) and low-molecular-weight (PNWP-L) fractions using membrane-based ultrafiltration. Each polysaccharide fraction was further studied using size exclusion chromatography, UV-Vis, FT-IR, matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization-high-resolution mass spectrometry, and gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS). The results showed that PNWP-L and PNWP-H had different chemical properties and compositions. The FT-IR analysis showed that PNWPs were acidic polysaccharides with α- and β-type glycosidic linkages. PNWP-L and PNWP-H had different α- and β-type glycosidic linkage structures. FT-IR showed stronger antisymmetric and symmetric stretching vibrations of carboxylate anions of uronic acids in PNWP-L, suggesting more uronic acid in PNWP-L. The size exclusion chromatography results showed that over 72% of the PNWP-H fraction had molecular sizes from 25 kDa to 670 kDa. Only a small percentage of smaller molecular polysaccharides was found in the PNWP-H fraction. In comparison, all of the polysaccharides in the PNWP-L fraction were below 25 KDa, with a majority distributed approximately 6 kDa (95.1%). GC-MS sugar composition analysis showed that PNWP-L was mainly composed of galacturonic acid, rhamnose, galactose, and arabinose, while PNWP-H was mainly composed of mannose, arabinose, and galactose. The molecular size distribution and sugar composition analysis suggested that the PNWP-L primarily consisted of rhamnogalacturonans and polysaccharides rich in arabinose and galactose (PRAG). In comparison, PNWP-H were mostly mannoproteins and polysaccharides rich in arabinose and galactose (PRAG). Further research is needed to understand the impacts of these fractions on wine organoleptic properties.

Formation Optimization, Characterization and Antioxidant Activity of Auricularia auricula-judae Polysaccharide Nanoparticles Obtained via Antisolvent Precipitation

Auricularia auricula-judae polysaccharide (AAP)-based nanoparticles (NPs) prepared via an anti-solvent precipitation approach were studied. Response surface methodology (RSM) design was carried out on the basis of single factor experiments, using average size and polydispersity index (PDI) as indicators. The optimal preparation conditions were determined to include an AAP concentration of 1 mg/mL, a pH of 8, and an anti-solvent/solvent volume ratio of 6. The average particle sizes of the AAP-NPs, PDI and electrical characteristic (ζ-potential) were found to be 150.27 ± 3.21 nm, 0.135 ± 0.012 and -31.10 ± 0.52 mV, respectively. Furthermore, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) was used to determine the chemical structure of the AAP-NPs. It was observed that the intensity of AAP-NPs in the wide spectral band of 3000-3750 cm^-1 was significantly stronger than that of the AAP, as was the characteristic peak of carboxyl anion, and the characteristic band moved to shorter wavelengths. Subsequent thermogravimetric analysis showed that the antisolvent precipitation method improved the thermal stability of the AAP, while scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and X-ray diffraction (XRD) showed that the morphology of AAP-NPs was uniform and well-distributed, and that their single crystal structures had remained unaffected during the process. Moreover, the DPPH and ABTS scavenging activities of AAP-NPs were increased, and the IC50 values were 0.544 ± 0.241 mg/mL and 0.755 ± 0.226 mg/mL, respectively.

Use of Steaming Process to Improve Biochemical Activity of Polygonatum sibiricum Polysaccharides against D-Galactose-Induced Memory Impairment in Mice

Polysaccharide from Polygonatum sibiricum (PSP) possesses antioxidant, antiaging, and neuroprotective activities. However, whether and how the steaming process influences the biological activities of PSP, especially against aging-related memory impairment, is not yet known. In this study, Polygonatum sibiricum rhizome was subjected to a “nine steaming and nine drying” process, then PSPs with different steaming times were abstracted. Thereafter, the physicochemical properties were qualified; the antioxidant activities of PSPs were evaluated in a D-gal-induced HT-22 cell model, and the effects of PSPs (PSP0, PSP5 and PSP9) on memory was evaluated using D-gal-injured mice. Our results showed that while the steamed PSPs had a low pH value and a large negative charge, they shared similar main chains and substituents. Cellular experiments showed that the antioxidant activity of steamed PSPs increased. PSP0, PSP5, and PSP9 could significantly ameliorate the memory impairment of D-gal-injured mice, with PSP5 showing the optimal effect. Meanwhile, PSP5 demonstrated the best effect in terms of preventing cell death and synaptic injury in D-gal-injured mice. Additionally, the steamed PSPs increased anti-oxidative stress-related protein expression and decreased inflammation-related protein expression in D-gal-injured mice. Collectively, the steaming process improves the effects of PSPs against D-gal-induced memory impairment in mice, likely by increasing the antioxidant activity of PSPs.

Comparison of PSA to Moringa Oleifera Seed Protein as Sorbent in QuEChERS: A Response Surface Methodology Optimization for Extraction of Some Endocrine Disrupting Chemicals in Food

This work aimed at optimizing the QuEChERS method with PSA and then comparing it with Moringa Oleifera seed protein as a clean-up sorbent for the extraction of endocrine-disrupting chemicals. The response surface methodology approach was used in the optimization. A design of experiment (DoE) was used to investigate the effect of the sample mass (0.5–3 g), centrifuge speed (3400–4000 rpm) and time (5–20 min), the mass of $NaCl$ and ${\text{MgSO}}_4\left(1-3\hspace{0.17em}\text{g}\right)$ , and solvent extraction volume (5–10 mL). The analysis was done using GC-ECD and GC × GC TOFMS. The PSA method which was later replaced with Moringa Oleifera seed protein presented optimal values of 3 g of sample, 150 mg PSA, 4000 rpm for 6 min centrifuge conditions, including 2 g NaCl and 2 g ${\text{MgSO}}_4\hspace{0.17em}$ extracted in 10 mL methanol, respectively. Moringa Oleifera seed protein gave better selectivity, and the detection limits ranged between 0.16 and 1.77 $\mu {\text{g\hspace{0.17em}kg}}^{-1}$ with RSD values $\le 13.32\%,$ respectively. Moreover, recoveries were between 76.2  $\pm$  0.85% and 105.2  $\pm$  2.24%. Application of the developed method in food samples detected some EDCs. This study has shown that Moringa Oleifera seed protein is a promising alternative to PSA in the clean-up of food-related samples using the QuEChERS approach.

Therapeutic potential of non-starch polysaccharides on type 2 diabetes: from hypoglycemic mechanism to clinical trials

Non-starch polysaccharides (NSPs) have been reported to exert therapeutic potential on managing type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM). Various mechanisms have been proposed; however, several studies have not considered the correlations between the anti-T2DM activity of NSPs and their molecular structure. Moreover, the current understanding of the role of NSPs in T2DM treatment is mainly based on in vitro and in vivo data, and more human clinical trials are required to verify the actual efficacy in treating T2DM. The related anti-T2DM mechanisms of NSPs, including regulating insulin action, promoting glucose metabolism and regulating postprandial blood glucose level, anti-inflammatory and regulating gut microbiota (GM), are reviewed. The structure-function relationships are summarized, and the relationships between NSPs structure and anti-T2DM activity from clinical trials are highlighted. The development of anti-T2DM medication or dietary supplements of NSPs could be promoted with an in-depth understanding of the multiple regulatory effects in the treatment/intervention of T2DM.

Polysaccharide from Hovenia dulcis (Guaizao) improves pancreatic injury and regulates liver glycometabolism to alleviate STZ-induced type 1 diabetes mellitus in rats

Hovenia dulcis is a traditional medicinal and edible plant and has a major geographical presence in China. In this study, a polysaccharide purified from H. dulcis (HDPs-2A) was found to ameliorate type 1 diabetes mellitus (T1DM) in streptozotocin-induced diabetic rat. HDPs-2A treatment resulted in significantly lower fasting blood glucose levels, but higher body weight, plasma insulin, and liver glycogen levels. Moreover, HDPs-2A improved dyslipidemia, pancreatic oxidative stress, and reduced serum pro-inflammatory factors. In addition, HDPs-2A up-regulated PDX-1, activated and up-regulated IRS2 expression, and regulated apoptosis and regeneration of islet β cells to recover islet β-cell function injury in TIDM rats. HDPs-2A also up-regulated the expression of pancreatic GK and GLUT2 to improve insulin secretion ability of islet β-cells, ultimately improving the glucose metabolism disorder of T1DM rats. Moreover, HDPs-2A significantly up-regulated the expression of GK and down-regulated the expression of G6Pase in liver to improve liver glycogen synthesis, inhibit liver gluconiogenesis, and improve liver glucose metabolism disorder of T1DM rats. In summary, the hypoglycemic mechanisms of HDPs-2A may include regulating the regeneration and apoptosis of islet β-cells and activating liver glycometabolism-related signaling pathways in T1DM rats.

Ultrasound-assisted fabrication of biopolymer materials: A review

There is an urgent need to develop technologies that can physically manipulate the structure of biocompatible and green polymer materials in order to tune their performance in an efficient, repeatable, easy-to-operate, chemical-free, non-contact, and highly controllable manner. Ultrasound technology produces a cavitation effect that promotes the generation of free radicals, the fracture of chemical chain segments and a rapid change of morphology. The cavitation effects are accompanied by thermal, chemical, and biological effects that interact with the material being studied. With its high efficiency, cleanliness, and reusability applications, ultrasound has a vast range of opportunity within the field of natural polymer-based materials. This work expounds the basic principle of ultrasonic cavitation and analyzes the influence that ultrasonic strength, temperature, frequency and induced liquid surface tension on the physical and chemical properties of biopolymer materials. The mechanism and the influence that ultrasonic modification has on materials is discussed, with highlighted details on the agglomeration, degradation, morphology, structure, and the mechanical properties of these novel materials from naturally derived polymers.

High-Pressure Technologies for the Recovery of Bioactive Molecules from Agro-Industrial Waste

Large amounts of food waste are produced each year. These residues require appropriate management to reduce their environmental impact and, at the same time, economic loss. However, this waste is still rich in compounds (e.g., colorants, antioxidants, polyphenols, fatty acids, vitamins, and proteins) that can find potential applications in food, pharmaceutical, and cosmetic industries. Conventional extraction techniques suffer some drawbacks when applied to the exploitation of food residues, including large amounts of polluting solvents, increased time of extraction, possible degradation of the active molecules during extraction, low yields, and reduced extraction selectivity. For these reasons, advanced extraction techniques have emerged in order to obtain efficient residue exploitation using more sustainable processes. In particular, performing extraction under high-pressure conditions, such as supercritical fluids and pressurized liquid extraction, offers several advantages for the extraction of bioactive molecules. These include the reduced use of toxic solvents, reduced extraction time, high selectivity, and the possibility of being applied in combination in a cascade of progressive extractions. In this review, an overview of high-pressure extraction techniques related to the recovery of high added value compounds from waste generated in food industries is presented and a critical discussion of the advantages and disadvantages of each process is reported. Furthermore, the possibility of combined multi-stage extractions, as well as economic and environmental aspects, are discussed in order to provide a complete overview of the topic.

Isolation, purification, structural characterization, and hypoglycemic activity assessment of polysaccharides from Hovenia dulcis (Guai Zao)

Hovenia dulcis polysaccharides (HDPs) have a variety of important biological activities associated with potential applications in food engineering, pharmacy science, and health care. Herein, we isolated and purified polysaccharides from H. dulcis. Chemical composition analysis revealed that the purified polysaccharides (HDPs-2A) were composed of different molar ratios of mannose, Rha, GalA, GlcA, Glc, Gal, and Ara and had a molecular weight of 372.91 kDa. The structure of HDPs-2A was assessed by FT-IR, periodate oxidation, Smith degradation, methylation analysis, and NMR, allowing us to determine that the backbone of HDPs-2A is composed primarily of →5)-α-L-Araf-(1→, →5)-α-L-Araf-(1→, →3,5)-α-L-Araf-(1→, →6)-β-D-Galp-(1→, →3,6)-β-D-Galp-(1→, T-β-D-Galp, →3)-β-D-Galp-(1→, and T-α-D-Glcp. The results of atomic force microscopy (AFM) showed that HDPs-2A present an irregular polymer particle morphology in water. X-ray diffraction (XRD) results showed that HDPs-2A have a single crystal structure. Finally, we demonstrated that HDPs-2A have a good therapeutic effect on a rat model of type 2 diabetes.

Ultrasonic-Assisted Extraction of Codonopsis pilosula Glucofructan: Optimization, Structure, and Immunoregulatory Activity

In recent years, multiple edible polysaccharides from Codonopsis pilosula were mainly isolated with high average molecular weights and exhibited various bioactivities, but it was proven that low-molecular-weight polysaccharides could exert stronger activities due to the superior water solubility and permeability. In the present study, the water-soluble polysaccharide C. pilosula with low molecular weight was isolated under ultrasonic assistance at 30 °C, the extraction process was optimized via response surface method (RSM), and the structure and immunoregulatory activity were further investigated. The maximum yield (4.86%) for crude polysaccharides (cCPPs) was obtained under following parameters: ultrasonic power of 370 W, liquid/material ratio of 33 mL/g, ultrasonic time of 81 min. Subsequently, the cCPPs were further purified through dialysis and Sephadex G-25 column to acquire purified polysaccharide (CPPs). Structural analysis indicated that CPPs was a glucofructan (average molecular weight of 4.23 × 10³ Da) with (2→1)-β-D-Fruf and (1→)-α-D-Glcp as the backbone branched by (2→6)-β-D-Fruf. Additionally, CPPs could enhance immunoregulatory function by stimulating NO production and cytokine (IL-6 and TNF-α) secretion of RAW264.7 macrophages dose-dependently, which presented no cytotoxic effects. These data suggest that CPPs have the potential to be used as a nutritional dietary compound and natural immunostimulant supplement in the food industry.

Extraction kinetic model of polysaccharide from Codonopsis pilosula and the application of polysaccharide in wound healing

The crude polysaccharide (CPNP) of Codonopsis pilosula was obtained by hot-water extraction technology. The extraction kinetic model established according to Fick's first law of diffusion and related parameters of polysaccharide was studied. CPNP microcapsules were prepared by blending with sodium alginate, Ca2+ ions and crude CPNP. The quality control (Drug loading rate, embedding rate and release rate, etc) of CPNP microcapsules were analyzed by pharmacopeas standards. The structure feature of CPNP microcapsules also were determined with various methods. The wound healing ability of CPNP microcapsules loading with different concentration of CPNP was evaluated using the rat wound model. The activity of various enzymes and the expression levels of pro-inflammatory factors in the model skin tissue also were determined by enzyme linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). Hematoxylin-eosin staining (HE), Masson, immunohistochemistry were used to investigate the external application effect of CPNP microcapsules on skin wound repair. The extraction kinetics of CPNP was established with the linear correlation coefficient (R2) of 0.83-0.93, implied that the extraction process was fitted well with the Fick's first law of diffusion. The CPNP has good compatibility with sodium alginate and Ca2+ ions by SEM and TEM observation, and the particle size of CPNP microcapsules was 21.25±2.84 μm with the good degradation rate, loading rate (61.59%) and encapsulation rate (55.99%), maximum swelling rate (397.380 ±25.321%). Compared with control group, the redness, and swelling, bleeding, infection, and exudate of the damaged skin decreased significantly after CPNP microcapsules treatment, and the CPNP microcapsules groups exhibited good wound healing function with less inflammatory cell infiltration. The pathological structure showed that in the CPNP microcapsules group, more newborn capillaries, complete skin structure, and relatively tight and orderly arrangement of collagen fibers were observed in the skin of rats. CPNP microcapsules could effectively inhibit the high expression of pro-inflammatory factors in damaged skin, and significantly increase the contents of related enzymes (GSH-Px, T-AOC, LPO) and collagen fibers. The relative expression levels of genes (VEGF and miRNA21) in the CPNP microcapsules group were higher than those in the model group and the negative group. The above results suggested that the CPNP microcapsules could controlled-release the CPNP to the wound surface, and then played a better role in antibacterial, anti-inflammatory and skin wound repair.

Isolation, Structural Properties, and Bioactivities of Polysaccharides from Mushrooms Termitomyces: A Review

Termitomyces are well-known wild edible and medicinal basidiomycete mushrooms. The frequent consumption of Termitomyces stimulated studies on their health-promoting properties. Numerous health benefits of Termitomyces are associated with the main categories of components in Termitomyces, polysaccharides. Although the homopolysaccharides β-glucans are believed to be the major bioactive polysaccharides of Termitomyces, other heteropolysaccharides also possess biological activities. In this review, the extraction methods, chemical structures, and biological activities of polysaccharides from Termitomyces were thoroughly reviewed. The polysaccharides from different species of Termitomyces differ in molecular weight, monosaccharide composition, and linkages of constituent sugars. The health-promoting effects, including antioxidation, ulcer-healing and analgesic properties, immunomodulation, hypolipidemic and hepatoprotective effects, and antidiabetic properties of Termitomyces polysaccharides were summarized and discussed. Further studies were needed for a better understanding of the relationship between the fine chemical structure and health-promoting properties. This review provides a theoretical overview for future studies and utilization of Termitomyces polysaccharides.

Structural characterization of a polysaccharide from Abelmoschus esculentus L. Moench (okra) and its hypoglycemic effect and mechanism on type 2 diabetes mellitus

A novel acidic polysaccharide named AeP-P-1 was prepared from Abelmoschus esculentus L. Moench (okra).

Ultrasonic-assisted extraction of polysaccharides from coix seeds: Optimization, purification, and in vitro digestibility

To optimize the extraction of polysaccharides from coix seeds (CSP), an auxiliary method of ultrasound was developed by response surface methodology (RSM). The maximum extraction yield (8.340%) was obtained under 480 W power, 16 min ultrasound extraction (UE) time and 21.00 mL/g water to raw material ratio. Compared to hot water extraction (HE), UE-treated CSP led to a higher extraction efficiency and decreased average CSP molecular weight. FT-IR indicated that CSP extracted by UE and HE were neutral polysaccharides, and linkages between sugar units were mainly in the α-conformation. Furthermore, NMR spectra indicated that UE-treated CSP was a neutral polysaccharide with (1 → 6)-linked α-d-glucopyranose in the main chain. Two polysaccharide components (CSP-A and CSP-B) were purified by anion exchange chromatography, therein, CSP-A was more resistant to the digestion in stomach and intestine. These results suggest that CSP-A has the potential to be a functional agent utilized by gut microbes.

Changes in Physicochemical and Biological Properties of Polyphenolic-Protein-Polysaccharide Ternary Complexes from Hovenia dulcis after In Vitro Simulated Saliva-Gastrointestinal Digestion

The present study aimed to explore the impacts of in vitro simulated saliva-gastrointestinal digestion on physicochemical and biological properties of the polyphenolic-protein-polysaccharide ternary complex (PPP) extracted from Hovenia dulcis. The results revealed that the in vitro digestion did remarkably affect physicochemical properties of PPP, such as content of reducing sugar release, content of bound polyphenolics, and molecular weight distribution, as well as ratios of compositional monosaccharides and amino acids. In particular, the content of bound polyphenolics notably decreased from 281.93 ± 2.36 to 54.89 ± 0.42 mg GAE/g, which might be the major reason for the reduction of bioactivities of PPP after in vitro digestion. Molecular weight of PPP also remarkably reduced, which might be attributed to the destruction of glycosidic linkages and the disruption of aggregates. Moreover, although biological activities of PPP obviously decreased after in vitro digestion, the digested PPP (PPP-I) also exhibited remarkable in vitro antioxidant and antiglycation activities, as well as in vitro inhibitory effects against α-glucosidase. These findings can help to well understand the digestive behavior of PPP extracted from H. dulcis, and provide valuable and scientific supports for the development of PPP in the industrial fields of functional food and medicine.

Hypoglycemic effect of low-sugar juice derived from Hovenia dulcis on type 1 diabetes mellitus rats

BACKGROUND

Fruit juice is usually rich in monosaccharides and disaccharides. A reverse osmosis separation machine was used to remove monosaccharides and disaccharides from Hovenia dulcis fruit juice, leaving behind most of the bioactive substances in a low-sugar fruit juice (LSFJ), so as to provide a more effective treatment for diabetic patients.

METHOD

This study was carried out with type 1 diabetes mellitus model induced with high dose of streptozotocin (60 mg kg^-1 ), and oral administration of LSFJ for 4 weeks.

RESULTS

LSFJ treatment led to significant gain in body weight and increased serum insulin level, insulin-like growth factor-1 level, blood urea nitrogen level, creatinine level, and hepatic glycogen level. Meanwhile, fasting blood glucose, fructosamine level, and glucose tolerance were also observably enhanced. Additional, LSFJ treatment significantly improved lipid metabolism, islet quality, and islet oxidative stress. The messenger RNA levels of glucose metabolism genes in the pancreas of diabetic rats decreased in the diabetes model group, whereas messenger RNA expression of these genes was significantly increased with LSFJ treatment.

CONCLUSION

These findings indicate that LSFJ can improve symptoms associated with type 1 diabetes mellitus. The research also suggests new strategies for diabetes prevention and treatment. © 2021 Society of Chemical Industry.

Nuclear and mitochondrial genome instability induced by fractions of ethanolic extract from Hovenia dulcis Thunberg in Saccharomyces cerevisiae strains

Hovenia dulcis is a plant commonly used as a pharmaceutical supplement, having displayed important pharmacological properties such antigiardic, antineoplastic and hepatoprotective. The purpose of this work was investigate the cytotoxic, genotoxic and mutagenic potential from fractions of Hovenia dulcis ethanolic extract on Saccharomyces cerevisiae strains FF18733 (wild type) and CD138 (ogg1). Ethanolic extract from Hovenia dulcis leaves was fractioned using organic solvents according to increasing polarity: Hexane (1:1), dichlorometane (1:1), ethyl acetate (1:1) and butanol (1:1). Three experimental assays were performed, such as (i) inactivation of cultures; (ii) mutagenesis (canavanine resistance system) and (iii) loss of mitochondrial function (petites colonies). The findings shown a decrease in cell viability in FF18733 and CD138 strains; all fractions of the extract were mutagenic in CD138 strain; only ethyl acetate and butanol fractions increased the rate of petites colonies for CD138 strains. Ethyl acetate and n-butanol fractions induces mutagenicity, at the evaluated concentrations, in mitochondrial and genomic DNA in CD138 strain, mediated by oxidative lesions. In conclusion, it is possible to infer that the lesions caused by the extract fractions could be mediated by reactive oxygen species and might reach multiple molecular targets to cause cellular damage.

Extraction of natural products using supercritical fluids and pressurized liquids assisted by ultrasound: Current status and trends

Natural products are a source of a wide range of chemical compounds, from pigments to bioactive compounds, which can be extracted and used in different applications. Due to consumer awareness, the interest in natural compounds significantly increased in the last decades, prompting the search for more efficient and environmentally friendly extraction techniques and methods. Pressurized liquids and fluids (sub and supercritical) are being explored to extract natural compounds within the green process concept. The combination of these techniques with ultrasound has emerged as an alternative to intensify the extraction process efficiently. In this context, this work presents a comprehensive review and current insights into the use of high-pressure systems, specifically supercritical fluid extraction and pressurized liquid extraction assisted by ultrasound, as emerging technologies for extracting bioactive compounds from natural products. The extraction mechanisms, applications, and the influence of operational parameters in the process are addressed, in addition to an analysis of the main challenges to be overcome for widespread application.

Physicochemical and macromolecule properties of RG-I enriched pectin from citrus wastes by manosonication extraction

The properties of pectin extracted from mandarin citrus peels by manosonication extraction (MSp) were systematically studied and compared with pectin obtained by the conventional maceration method (CMp). The yield of MSp (25.5%) was significantly higher than that of CMp (18.3%), while MSp exhibited two Mw fraction distributions. Monosaccharide analysis demonstrated that MSp had more branched RG-I regions (78.3 mol%) than CMp (36.6 mol%) with a high content of arabinose and galactose. The branched-chain morphological characteristics of samples were directly imaged by atomic force microscopy. MSp exhibited a significantly lower degree of methoxylation than CMp by FT-IR and NMR analysis, but X-ray diffraction analysis showed little difference in the level of crystallinity. Moreover, MSp and CMp showed non-Newtonian behaviour, and the increasing order of apparent viscosities was 1.0 w/v% MSp < 1.0 w/v% CMp < 2.0 w/v% CMp < 2.0 w/v% MSp. Thermal analysis and weight loss measurements indicated MSp exhibited greater thermal stability. The results also indicated that both MSp and CMp significantly enhanced the emulsion activity at high concentrations; the emulsions containing 1.5 w/v% pectin showed no phase separation over 21 days, suggesting that MSp could be a potential effective stabiliser in the food and beverage industry.

Effects of different factors on friable callus induction and establishment of cell suspension culture of Hovenia dulcis (Rhamnaceae)

Abstract Medicinal plants are an important therapeutic option for a large share of the world’s population. To establish an in vitro culture system for the production of secondary metabolites from Hovenia dulcis, we studied the effect of auxins, cytokinins, absence of light, and silver nitrate on the development of friable callus. Callus cultures were established for the first time and used to obtain cell suspension cultures. Supplementation with KIN (Kinetin) produced calli with both compact and friable areas, while the addition of TDZ (Thidiazuron) only produced compact callus. The maintenance of cultures in the dark induced a slight enhancement on friability when the auxin PIC (Picloram) was present in the culture medium. The addition of silver nitrate promoted the formation of friable calli. Dry weight analysis showed no significant differences in biomass growth, and, therefore, 2.0 mg.L-1 was considered the most suitable treatment. The presence of silver nitrate was not required for the establishment of cell suspension cultures. Dry weight analysis of cell suspensions showed higher biomass production in the absence of silver nitrate. PIC promoted 100% of cell suspension culture formation in the absence of silver nitrate, and higher biomass production was observed with the lowest concentration (0.625 mg.L-1). No morphological differences were observed among the different concentrations of PIC. Phytochemical screening showed the presence of saponins, flavonoids, flavonols and catechins in the extracts obtained from H. dulcis calli. These results show that the cell cultures herein established are potential sources for the production of H. dulcis secondary metabolites of medicinal interest.

A Study of the Ionic Liquid-Based Ultrasonic-Assisted Extraction of Isoliquiritigenin from Glycyrrhiza uralensis

We successfully extracted isoliquiritigenin from Glycyrrhiza uralensis through the utilization of an ionic liquid-based ultrasonic-assisted extraction (ILUAE) approach. Briefly, we utilized the solution of 1-butyl-3-methylimidazolium bromide ([BMIM]Br) as solvent and optimized key ILUAE parameters such as solid-liquid ratios, concentrations of ionic liquids, and the times of ultrasonication. Based on a single-factor experiment, we utilized the response surface method (RSM) approach to optimize the extraction procedure. The approach revealed that the optimal energy consumption time was 120 min, with the ultrasonic extraction temperature of 60°C. Using these optimized parameters together with the solid-liquid ratio (dried G. uralensis powder: [BMIM]Br of 0.3 mol/L) of 1 : 16.163 and the [BMIM]Br of 0.3 mol/L, we achieved a 0.665 mg/g extraction yield. Overall, these findings thus indicate that we were able to effectively use ILUAE as an efficient approach to reliably extract isoliquiritigenin in a reproducible and environmentally friendly manner.

Polyphenolic-Protein-Polysaccharide Complexes from Hovenia dulcis: Insights into Extraction Methods on Their Physicochemical Properties and In Vitro Bioactivities

Seven extraction methods, including hot water extraction (HWE), pressurized water extraction (PWE), ultrasound-assisted extraction, microwave-assisted extraction, ultrasound-assisted enzymatic extraction, high-speed shearing homogenization extraction, and ultrasound-microwave-assisted extraction, were utilized to extract polyphenolic-protein-polysaccharide complexes (PPPs) from Hovenia dulcis. Next, their physicochemical properties and in vitro antioxidant activities, antiglycation effects, and inhibition activities on α-glucosidase and α-amylase were studied and compared. The findings from this study indicate that various extraction processes exhibit notable influences on the physicochemical properties and in vitro bioactivities of PPPs. Extraction yields, contents of polyphenolics and flavonoids, apparent viscosities, molecular weights, molar ratios of monosaccharide compositions, and ratios of amino acid compositions in PPPs varied in different extraction methods. Furthermore, 13 phenolic compounds in PPPs, including rutin, myricitrin, myricetin, quercetin, kaempferol, protocatechuic acid, gallocatechin, p-hydroxybenzoic acid, ampelopsin, quercetin-7,4'-diglucoside, dihydroquercetin, 5-methylmyricetin, and naringenin, were identified. The relatively strong in vitro antioxidant activities, antiglycation effects, and inhibition activities on α-glucosidase and α-amylase were determined in both PPP-W and PPP-P obtained by HWE and PWE, respectively. The high content of total polyphenolics may be one of the main contributors to their in vitro bioactivities. The findings have shown that the PWE method can be an appropriate method to prepare PPPs with strong bioactivities for application in the functional food industry.

Extraction Optimization of Galla Turcica Polysaccharides and Determination of Its Antioxidant Activities In Vitro

Though natural polysaccharides commonly show antioxidant activities, the current research on the isolation of polysaccharides from Galla Turcica and their antioxidant activities still remain as an ongoing challenge. In this work, response surface analysis was employed to optimize an ultrasonic-assisted extraction method for polysaccharides of Galla Turcica. Their antioxidant and free radical scavenging activities were then evaluated using 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl, 2,2′-azino-bis(3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulfonic acid), total antioxidant activity, and iron ion reduction assays. Moreover, the protective effects of polysaccharides of Galla Turcica were determined on human embryonic kidney fibroblast 293 and hepatoma 7721 cells by cell proliferation assay. Overall, the key parameters of Galla Turcica polysaccharides extraction were optimized as crushing degree 100 mesh, ultrasonic time 50 min, and materials–liquid ratio 1:50. The isolated polysaccharides presented dose-dependent antioxidant and free radical scavenging effects in vitro. It also demonstrated an effective protective effect for human cells under oxidative damage. The results firstly determined the antioxidant activities of polysaccharides from Galla Turcica, thus providing a new natural resource for future investigation and development of the polysaccharides-based antioxidant drugs, health products, or additives.

Manosonication extraction of RG-I pectic polysaccharides from citrus waste: Optimization and kinetics analysis

To better understanding the potential of manosonication to accelerate the extraction of RG-I pectic polysaccharides from citrus wastes, alkaline-mediated manosonication extraction (MSE) was optimized using a Box-Behnken design, and the extraction kinetics model was analyzed. The single-factor method revealed that NaOH significantly impacted on the yield and RG-I characterizations (Rha mol% and (Gal+Ara)/Rha ratio), whereas other factors were focused on influences of yields. In the developed quadratic polynomial model, the maximum extraction yield of 25.51 ± 0.81 % was obtained with sonication at 42 ℃, 40 % amplitude, and 250 kPa for 20 min. The kinetics study demonstrated that MSE facilitated the extractability, dissolution and degradation of pectin, resulting in the highest extractability of 27.83 % compared with ultrasonic extraction (22.86 %) and alkaline extraction at high (24.71 %) and low temperature (20.21 %). Rheology and thermal analyses verified the change in polymerization by MSE and the potential functional applications of the RG-I pectic polysaccharides.

Extraction, purification, hypoglycemic and antioxidant activities of red clover (Trifolium pratense L.) polysaccharides

Hot water extraction was applied to extract red clover (Trifolium pratense L.) polysaccharides (RCP) and the extraction conditions were optimized using the response surface methodology (RSM). An RCP yield of 12.72 ± 0.14% was achieved under the optimum extraction conditions: extracting time of 95 min, extracting temperature of 93 °C, and solvent-material ratio of 21 mL/g. A component named RCP-1.1 with the molecular weight of 7528.81 kDa was purified from RCP. RCP-1.1 was composed of glucose, galacturonic acid, arabinose, and galactose, with molar percentages of 52.54, 1.04, 16.31, and 30.11%, respectively. At the determination concentration of 10 mg/mL, the α-glucosidase inhibition ability of RCP-1.1 reached 86.72% of that of acarbose. The scavenging rates of RCP-1.1 (3.0 mg/mL) for DPPH and ABTS radicals reached 91.82% and 98.95% of that of ascorbic acid (3.0 mg/mL), respectively. Based on these results, RCP-1.1 possesses the potential to be used as a natural hypoglycemic agent or an antioxidant.

Hovenia dulcis polysaccharides: Influence of multi-frequency ultrasonic extraction on structure, functional properties, and biological activities

The directional effect of single-frequency ultrasonic was the cause of the low extraction yield of polysaccharide macromolecule. Thus, a possible solution was to use multi-frequency ultrasonic technology to improve the yield of polysaccharide. Single-frequency (SF), dual-frequency (DF), and three-frequency (TF) ultrasonic extraction were applied to extract polysaccharides of Hovenia dulcis (HDPs). A maximal polysaccharide extraction yield (9.02 ± 0.29%) was gat using the dual-frequency ultrasonic with optimized DF conditions comprising 58.00 °C, 33.00 min, 28&40 kHz. The three HDPs were compared for their physicochemical, rheological, and functional properties, and their antioxidant activities. DF-HDPs contain higher uronic acid than SF-HDPs and TF-HDPs. Rheological tests indicated that the HDPs had excellent colloid properties and a promising potential to serve as a thickener, gelatinizer, and stabilizing agent in the food industry. Moreover, the DF-HDPs exhibited a notable oil holding capacity (3.92 ± 0.04 g oil/g), foaming capacity (35.26 ± 0.47%), and emulsion capacity (43.96 ± 0.67%). Compared to the SF- and TF-HDPs, the DF-HDPs had superior antioxidant activities. In conclusion, a better extraction method (dual-frequency ultrasonic extraction) was achieved.