A critical review on marine serine protease and its inhibitors: A new wave of drugs?

Association of periodontitis with gastrointestinal tract disorders: A bidirectional Mendelian randomization study

BACKGROUND

The bidirectional link of periodontitis (PD) and gastrointestinal tract (GIT) disorders has been investigated in previous epidemiological studies; however, the conclusions still remain controversial. The aim of this study was to comprehensively explore the bidirectional causal effect between PD and various GIT diseases.

METHODS

Based on summary-level data of genome-wide association studies (GWASs), a two-sample bidirectional Mendelian randomization (MR) study was undertaken. Single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) associated with PD or GIT disorders (chronic gastritis [CG], gastric ulcer [GU], duodenal ulcer [DU], gastroesophageal reflux disease [GERD], irritable bowel syndrome [IBS], and diverticular disease of the intestine [DI]) in GWASs were applied as exposure. The primary method employed was the inverse-variance weighted (IVW) method, and several sensitivity analyses were performed to investigate potential pleiotropy.

RESULTS

With regard to the investigation of the causality between PD and GIT disorders, the IVW method revealed that there is a causal impact of PD on GU (odds ratio [OR] 1.088; 95% confidence interval [CI], 1.036-1.141; adjusted p = 0.004) and DI (OR 0.938; 95% CI, 0.911-0.965; adjusted p = 0.000). However, no significant genetic liability was observed for the causal effect of PD on CG, DU, GERD, and IBS. Furthermore, the primary analysis did not demonstrate a causal effect of GIT disorders on PD.

CONCLUSION

This MR study suggests that PD may be associated with an increased risk of GU and a reduced risk of DI, with possibly limited clinical relevance. Further studies are needed to support the conclusions of this MR study.

Purification and Characterization of a Novel Fibrinolytic Enzyme from Marine Bacterium Bacillus sp. S-3685 Isolated from the South China Sea

A novel fibrinolytic enzyme, BSFE1, was isolated from the marine bacterium Bacillus sp. S-3685 (GenBank No.: KJ023685) found in the South China Sea. This enzyme, with a molecular weight of approximately 42 kDa and a specific activity of 736.4 U/mg, exhibited its highest activity at 37 °C in a phosphate buffer at pH 8.0. The fibrinolytic enzyme remained stable over a pH range of 7.5 to 10.0 and retained about 76% of its activity after being incubated at 37 °C for 2 h. The Km and Vmax values of the enzyme at 37 °C were determined to be 2.1 μM and 49.0 μmol min-1 mg-1, respectively. The fibrinolytic activity of BSFE1 was enhanced by Na+, Ba2+, K+, Co2+, Mn2+, Al3+, and Cu2+, while it was inhibited by Fe3+, Ca2+, Mg2+, Zn2+, and Fe2+. These findings indicate that the fibrinolytic enzyme isolated in this study exhibits a strong affinity for fibrin. Moreover, the enzyme we have purified demonstrates thrombolytic enzymatic activity. These characteristics make BSFE1 a promising candidate for thrombolytic therapy. In conclusion, the results obtained from this study suggest that our work holds potential in the development of agents for thrombolytic treatment.

Diverse origins of fibrinolytic enzymes: A comprehensive review

Fibrinolytic enzymes cleave fibrin which plays a crucial role in thrombus formation which otherwise leads to cardiovascular diseases. While different fibrinolytic enzymes have been purified, only a few have been utilized as clinical and therapeutic agents; hence, the search continues for a fibrinolytic enzyme with high specificity, fewer side effects, and one that can be mass-produced at a lower cost with a higher yield. In this context, this review discusses the physiological mechanism of thrombus formation and fibrinolysis, and current thrombolytic drugs in use. Additionally, an overview of the optimization, production, and purification of fibrinolytic enzymes and the role of Artificial Intelligence (AI) in optimization and the patents granted is provided. This review classifies microbial as well as non-microbial fibrinolytic enzymes isolated from food sources, including fermented foods and non-food sources, highlighting their advantages and disadvantages. Despite holding immense potential for the discovery of novel fibrinolytic enzymes, only a few fermented food sources limited to Asian countries have been studied, necessitating the research on fibrinolytic enzymes from fermented foods of other regions. This review will aid researchers in selecting optimal sources for screening fibrinolytic enzymes and is the first one to provide insights and draw a link between the implication of source selection and in vivo application.

The identification of a serpin with immune defense role in oriental river prawn Macrobrachium nipponense

Serpins are a protein superfamily of serine protease inhibitors. One of their functions is to participate in immune responses by inhibiting the activation of prophenoloxidase. To elucidate the immune role of serpin in Macrobrachium nipponense, a serpin gene (Mnserpin) was cloned from M. nipponense in this study. Mnserpin protein has an N-terminal signal peptide and a serpin domain that contains a hinge region, a signature sequence of serpin and a P1(arginine)-P1' scissile bond, and evolutionally closely related to the crustacean serpins. Mnserpin highly expressed in the hepatopancreas and gill. Mnserpin expression increased first and then decreased after Vibrio parahaemolyticus and Aeromonas hydrophila infection, and was knocked down by dsMnserpin injection with a maximum knockdown efficiency of 92 %. Mnserpin knockdown increased the expression of the clip domain serine protease and prophenoloxidase genes and phenoloxidase activity of M. nipponense as well as its mortality rate after V. parahaemolyticus and A. hydrophila infection. The recombinant Mnserpin (rMnserpin) showed bacteria-binding and bacteriostatic activity in vitro. Moreover, rMnserpin injection decreased the bacterial number and the mortality rate of M. nipponense post V. parahaemolyticus and A. hydrophila infection. These results suggested that Mnserpin plays a major role in the innate immune response of M. nipponense.

Study of marine microorganism metabolites: new resources for bioactive natural products

The marine environment has remained a source of novel biological molecules with diversified applications. The ecological and biological diversity, along with a unique physical environment, have provided the evolutionary advantage to the plant, animals and microbial species thriving in the marine ecosystem. In light of the fact that marine microorganisms frequently interact symbiotically or mutualistically with higher species including corals, fish, sponges, and algae, this paper intends to examine the potential of marine microorganisms as a niche for marine bacteria. This review aims to analyze and summarize modern literature data on the biotechnological potential of marine fungi and bacteria as producers of a wide range of practically valuable products (surfactants, glyco-and lipopeptides, exopolysaccharides, enzymes, and metabolites with different biological activities: antimicrobial, antitumor, and cytotoxic). Hence, the study on bioactive secondary metabolites from marine microorganisms is the need of the hour. The scientific novelty of the study lies in the fact that for the first time, the data on new resources for obtaining biologically active natural products - metabolites of marine bacteria and fungi - were generalized. The review investigates the various kinds of natural products derived from marine microorganisms, specifically focusing on marine bacteria and fungi as a valuable source for new natural products. It provides a summary of the data regarding the antibacterial, antimalarial, anticarcinogenic, antibiofilm, and anti-inflammatory effects demonstrated by marine microorganisms. There is currently a great need for scientific and applied research on bioactive secondary metabolites of marine microorganisms from the standpoint of human and animal health.

Recent Advances in Pyrazole-based Protein Kinase Inhibitors as Emerging Therapeutic Targets

BACKGROUND

Pyrazole-scaffold protein kinase inhibitors (PKIs) have emerged as promising therapeutic agents for the treatment of various diseases, such as cancer, inflammatory disorders, and neurological diseases. This review article provides an overview of the pharmacological properties of pyrazole-scaffold PKIs, including their mechanism of action, selectivity, potency, and toxicity. The article also summarizes the recent developments in the design and synthesis of pyrazole-scaffold PKIs, highlighting the structural features and modifications that contribute to their pharmacological activity. In addition, the article discusses the preclinical and clinical studies of pyrazole-scaffold PKIs, including their efficacy, safety, and pharmacokinetic properties.

METHODS

A comprehensive search has been conducted on several online patent databases, including the United States Patent and Trademark Office (USPTO), the European Patent Office (EPO), and the World Intellectual Property Organization (WIPO). The search was conducted using pyrazole as the keyword. The search was limited to patents filed between 2015 and 2022. Patents were included if they involved articles in the fields of protein kinase inhibitors, and included literature on some pyrazoles and their pharmacological activities.

RESULTS

Data were extracted from each included patent on the following variables: patent title, patent number, inventors, assignee, filing date, publication date, patent type, and field of invention. Data were extracted from each patent using a standardized form to ensure consistency and accuracy.

CONCLUSION

The design and pharmacological evaluation of organic compounds containing pyrazole structure as biologically active substances have been done, and the key structures from the pharmacological data obtained as protein kinase inhibitors have been addressed in detail. The review concludes with a discussion on the current challenges and future directions for the development of pyrazole-scaffold PKIs as therapeutic agents. Overall, this review article provides a comprehensive summary of the pharmacological properties of pyrazole-scaffold PKIs, which will be of interest to researchers and clinicians in the field of drug discovery and development.

Venomous Noodles: The Evolution of Toxins in Nemertea through Positive Selection and Gene Duplication

Some, probably most and perhaps all, members of the phylum Nemertea are poisonous, documented so far from marine and benthic specimens. Although the toxicity of these animals has been long known, systematic studies on the characterization of toxins, mechanisms of toxicity, and toxin evolution for this group are scarce. Here, we present the first investigation of the molecular evolution of toxins in Nemertea. Using a proteo-transcriptomic approach, we described toxins in the body and poisonous mucus of the pilidiophoran Lineus sanguineus and the hoplonemertean Nemertopsis pamelaroeae. Using these new and publicly available transcriptomes, we investigated the molecular evolution of six selected toxin gene families. In addition, we also characterized in silico the toxin genes found in the interstitial hoplonemertean, Ototyphlonemertes erneba, a meiofaunal taxa. We successfully identified over 200 toxin transcripts in each of these species. Evidence of positive selection and gene duplication was observed in all investigated toxin genes. We hypothesized that the increased rates of gene duplications observed for Pilidiophora could be involved with the expansion of toxin genes. Studies concerning the natural history of Nemertea are still needed to understand the evolution of their toxins. Nevertheless, our results show evolutionary mechanisms similar to other venomous groups.

Immunostimulatory effects of marine algae extracts on in vitro antigen-presenting cell activation and in vivo immune cell recruitment

Marine algae are photosynthetic eukaryotic organisms that are widely used as sources of food, cosmetics, and drugs. However, their biological and immunological effects on immune cells have not been fully elucidated. To unravel their immunological activity and broaden their application, we generated antigen-presenting cells (APCs), including dendritic cells (DCs) and macrophages, from mouse bone marrow cells and treated them with six different marine algae extracts (MAEs). We evaluated cell viability, activation marker expression, and pro-inflammatory cytokine production by APCs after 2 days of MAE treatment. All six MAEs significantly induced cytokine production of APCs, among which Pyropia yezoensis (PY), Peyssonnelia caulifera (PC), and Meristotheca papulosa (MP) extracts exhibited the strongest effect. Cladophora wrightiana var. minor (CW) extract moderately upregulated cytokine levels but increased the expression of activation markers on DCs. Moreover, PY, PC, MP, Sargassum pectinifera (SP), and Caulerpa okamurae (CO) pre-treated APCs effectively stimulated T-cell proliferation and cytokine production. Furthermore, the mice injected with MAEs exhibited higher cytokine (TNF-α, IL-6, and IL-1β) production as well as enhanced innate immune cell recruitment capacities (DCs, monocytes, neutrophils, and natural killer cells) in the peritoneal cavity of the mice compared to those of the non-treated mice. Therefore, all MAEs exhibited immunostimulatory potential, with PY, PC, CW, and MP extracts being the most effective in stimulating immune responses and cell activation. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first study to determine the immunomodulatory activities of six MAEs both in vitro and in vivo.

Transcriptomic and proteomic analyses reveal the first occurrence of diverse toxin groups in Millepora alcicornis

Millepora alcicornis is a reef-forming cnidarian widely distributed in the Mexican Caribbean. Millepora species or "fire corals" inflict a painful stinging reaction in humans when touched. Even though hundreds of organic and polypeptide toxins have been characterized from sea anemones and jellyfish, there are few reports regarding the diversity of toxins synthesized by fire corals. Here, based on transcriptomic analysis of M. alcicornis, several predicted proteins that show amino acid sequence similarity to toxins were identified, including neurotoxins, metalloproteases, hemostasis-impairing toxins, serin proteases, cysteine-rich venom proteins, phospholipases, complement system-impairing toxins, phosphodiesterases, pore-forming toxins, and L-aminoacid oxidases. The soluble nematocyst proteome of this organism was shown to induce hemolytic, proteolytic, and phospholipase A2 effects by gel zymography. Protein bands or spots on 1D- and 2D-PAGE gels corresponding to zones of hemolytic and enzymatic activities were excised, subjected to in-gel digestion with trypsin, and analyzed by mass spectrometry. These proteins exhibited sequence homology to PLA2s, metalloproteinases, pore-forming toxins, and neurotoxins, such as actitoxins and CrTX-A. The complex array of venom-related transcripts that were identified in M. alcicornis, some of which are first reported in "fire corals", provide novel insight into the structural richness of Cnidarian toxins and their distribution among species. SIGNIFICANCE: Marine organisms are a promising source of bioactive compounds with valuable contributions in diverse fields such as human health, pharmaceuticals, and industrial application. Currently, not much attention has been paid to the study of fire corals, which possess a variety of molecules that exhibit diverse toxic effects and therefore have great pharmaceutical and biotechnological potential. The isolation and identification of novel marine-derived toxins by classical approaches are time-consuming and have low yields. Thus, next-generation strategies, like base-'omics technologies, are essential for the high-throughput characterization of venom compounds such as those synthesized by fire corals. This study moves the field forward because it provides new insights regarding the first occurrence of diverse toxin groups in Millepora alcicornis. The findings presented here will contribute to the current understanding of the mechanisms of action of Millepora toxins. This research also reveals important information related to the potential role of toxins in the defense and capture of prey mechanisms and for designing appropriate treatments for fire coral envenomation. Moreover, due to the lack of information on the taxonomic identification of Millepora, the insights presented here can advise the taxonomic classification of the species of this genus.

Characterization of digestive proteases in the gut of a basal deuterostome

Digestive systems are complex organs that allow organisms to absorb energy from their environment to fuel vital processes such as growth, development and the maintenance of homeostasis. A comprehensive understanding of digestive physiology is therefore essential to fully understand the energetics of an organism. The digestion of proteins is of particular importance because most heterotrophic organisms are not able to synthesize all essential amino acids. While Echinoderms are basal deuterostomes that share a large genetic similarity with vertebrates, their digestion physiology remains largely unexplored. Using a genetic approach, this work demonstrated that several protease genes including an enteropeptidase, aminopeptidase, carboxypeptidase and trypsin involved in mammalian digestive networks are also found in sea urchin larvae. Through characterization including perturbation experiments with different food treatments and pharmacological inhibition of proteases using specific inhibitors, as well as transcriptomic analysis, we conclude that the trypsin-2 gene codes for a crucial enzyme for protein digestion in Strongylocentrotus purpuratus. Measurements of in vivo digestion rates in the transparent sea urchin larva were not altered by pharmacological inhibition of trypsin (using soybean trypsin inhibitor) or serine proteases (aprotinin), suggesting that proteases are not critically involved in the initial step of microalgal breakdown. This work provides new insights into the digestive physiology of a basal deuterostome and allows comparisons from the molecular to the functional level in the digestive systems of vertebrates and mammals. This knowledge will contribute to a better understanding for conserved digestive mechanisms that evolved in close interaction with their biotic and abiotic environment.

Characteristics of the Intestine Extracts and Their Effect on the Crude Collagen Fibers of the Body Wall from Sea Cucumber Apostichopus japonicus

Sea cucumbers Apostichopus japonicus will vomit their intestines during certain stimulations, and the collagen of the body wall will then be degraded. To define the effect of the sea cucumber intestine extracts on the body wall, the intestinal extracts and crude collagen fibers (CCF) of sea cucumber A. japonicus were prepared. According to the gelatin zymography, the type of endogenous enzymes in intestinal extracts were mainly serine endopeptidases with optimal activities at pH 9.0 and 40 °C. According to the rheology results, the viscosity of 3% CCF decreased from 32.7 Pa·s to 5.3 Pa·s by adding intestine extracts. The serine protease inhibitor phenylmethanesulfonyl fluoride inhibited the activity of intestinal extracts and increased the viscosity of collagen fibers to 25.7 Pa·s. The results proved that serine protease in the intestinal extracts participated in the process of body wall softening in sea cucumbers.

Serine protease PRSS23 drives gastric cancer by enhancing tumor associated macrophage infiltration via FGF2

Serine proteases has been considered to be closely associated with the inflammatory response and tumor progression. As a novel serine protease, the biological function of PRSS23 is rarely studied in cancers. In this study, the prognostic significance of PRSS23 was analyzed in two-independent gastric cancer (GC) cohorts. PRSS23 overexpression was clinically correlated with poor prognosis and macrophage infiltration of GC patients. Loss-of-function study verified that PRSS23 plays oncogenic role in GC. RNA-seq, qRT-PCR, western blotting and ELISA assay confirmed that serine protease PRSS23 positively regulated FGF2 expression and secretion. Single-cell analysis and gene expression correlation analysis showed that PRSS23 and FGF2 were high expressed in fibroblasts, and highly co-expressed with the biomarkers of tumor associated macrophages (TAMs), cancer-associated fibroblasts (CAFs) and mesenchymal cells. Functional analysis confirmed PRSS23/FGF2 was required for TAM infiltration. Rescue assay further verified that PRSS23 promotes GC progression and TAM infiltration through FGF2. Survival analysis showed that high infiltration of M1-macrophage predicted favorable prognosis, while high infiltration level of M2-macrophage predicted poor prognosis in GC. Our finding highlights that PRSS23 promotes TAM infiltration through regulating FGF2 expression and secretion, thereby resulting in a poor prognosis.

Marine Bacterial Dextranases: Fundamentals and Applications

Dextran, a renewable hydrophilic polysaccharide, is nontoxic, highly stable but intrinsically biodegradable. The α-1, 6 glycosidic bonds in dextran are attacked by dextranase (E.C. 3.2.1.11) which is an inducible enzyme. Dextranase finds many applications such as, in sugar industry, in the production of human plasma substitutes, and for the treatment and prevention of dental plaque. Currently, dextranases are obtained from terrestrial fungi which have longer duration for production but not very tolerant to environmental conditions and have safety concerns. Marine bacteria have been proposed as an alternative source of these enzymes and can provide prospects to overcome these issues. Indeed, marine bacterial dextranases are reportedly more effective and suitable for dental caries prevention and treatment. Here, we focused on properties of dextran, properties of dextran—hydrolyzing enzymes, particularly from marine sources and the biochemical features of these enzymes. Lastly the potential use of these marine bacterial dextranase to remove dental plaque has been discussed. The review covers dextranase-producing bacteria isolated from shrimp, fish, algae, sea slit, and sea water, as well as from macro- and micro fungi and other microorganisms. It is common knowledge that dextranase is used in the sugar industry; produced as a result of hydrolysis by dextranase and have prebiotic properties which influence the consistency and texture of food products. In medicine, dextranases are used to make blood substitutes. In addition, dextranase is used to produce low molecular weight dextran and cytotoxic dextran. Furthermore, dextranase is used to enhance antibiotic activity in endocarditis. It has been established that dextranase from marine bacteria is the most preferable for removing plaque, as it has a high enzymatic activity. This study lays the groundwork for the future design and development of different oral care products, based on enzymes derived from marine bacteria.

Alginate Lyases from Marine Bacteria: An Enzyme Ocean for Sustainable Future

The cell wall of brown algae contains alginate as a major constituent. This anionic polymer is a composite of β-d-mannuronate (M) and α-l-guluronate (G). Alginate can be degraded into oligosaccharides; both the polymer and its products exhibit antioxidative, antimicrobial, and immunomodulatory activities and, hence, find many commercial applications. Alginate is attacked by various enzymes, collectively termed alginate lyases, that degrade glycosidic bonds through β-elimination. Considering the abundance of brown algae in marine ecosystems, alginate is an important source of nutrients for marine organisms, and therefore, alginate lyases play a significant role in marine carbon recycling. Various marine microorganisms, particularly those that thrive in association with brown algae, have been reported as producers of alginate lyases. Conceivably, the marine-derived alginate lyases demonstrate salt tolerance, and many are activated in the presence of salts and, therefore, find applications in the food industry. Therefore, this review summarizes the structural and biochemical features of marine bacterial alginate lyases along with their applications. This comprehensive information can aid in the expansion of future prospects of alginate lyases.

Mutation of Serine protease 1 Induces Male Sterility in Bombyx mori

Serine proteases are important in reproduction, embryonic development, cell differentiation, apoptosis, and immunity. The genes encoding some serine proteases are essential for male fertility in both humans and rodents and are functionally conserved among metazoan. For example, the Serine protease 1 (Ser1) gene determines male reproductive success in the model lepidopteran insect Bombyx mori. In this study, we explored the function of BmSer1 through transgenic CRISPR/Cas9 technology-mediated mutations in silkworm. We found that the mutation of BmSer1 gene resulted in male sterility but had no effect on female fertility. Male mutants produce normal eupyrene sperm bundles, but the sperm bundles do not dissociate into single sperm. Male sterility caused by the BmSer1 gene mutation was inherited stably through female individuals. Therefore, the serine protease encoded by BmSer1 is essential for male reproductive success in lepidopterans and is a potential target gene for biological reproductive regulation.

Marine Microbial Fibrinolytic Enzymes: An Overview of Source, Production, Biochemical Properties and Thrombolytic Activity

Cardiovascular diseases (CVDs) have emerged as a major threat to global health resulting in a decrease in life expectancy with respect to humans. Thrombosis is one of the foremost causes of CVDs, and it is characterized by the unwanted formation of fibrin clots. Recently, microbial fibrinolytic enzymes due to their specific features have gained much more attention than conventional thrombolytic agents for the treatment of thrombosis. Marine microorganisms including bacteria and microalgae have the significant ability to produce fibrinolytic enzymes with improved pharmacological properties and lesser side effects and, hence, are considered as prospective candidates for large scale production of these enzymes. There are no studies that have evaluated the fibrinolytic potential of marine fungal-derived enzymes. The current review presents an outline regarding isolation sources, production, features, and thrombolytic potential of fibrinolytic biocatalysts from marine microorganisms identified so far.

3D interaction homology: Hydropathic interaction environments of serine and cysteine are strikingly different and their roles adapt in membrane proteins

Atomic-resolution protein structural models are prerequisites for many downstream activities like structure-function studies or structure-based drug discovery. Unfortunately, this data is often unavailable for some of the most interesting and therapeutically important proteins. Thus, computational tools for building native-like structural models from less-than-ideal experimental data are needed. To this end, interaction homology exploits the character, strength and loci of the sets of interactions that define a structure. Each residue type has its own limited set of backbone angle-dependent interaction motifs, as defined by their environments. In this work, we characterize the interactions of serine, cysteine and S-bridged cysteine in terms of 3D hydropathic environment maps. As a result, we explore several intriguing questions. Are the environments different between the isosteric serine and cysteine residues? Do some environments promote the formation of cystine S-S bonds? With the increasing availability of structural data for water-insoluble membrane proteins, are there environmental differences for these residues between soluble and membrane proteins? The environments surrounding serine and cysteine residues are dramatically different: serine residues are about 50% solvent exposed, while cysteines are only 10% exposed; the latter are more involved in hydrophobic interactions although there are backbone angle-dependent differences. Our analysis suggests that one driving force for -S-S- bond formation is a rather substantial increase in burial and hydrophobic interactions in cystines. Serine and cysteine become less and more, respectively, solvent-exposed in membrane proteins. 3D hydropathic environment maps are an evolving structure analysis tool showing promise as elements in a new protein structure prediction paradigm.

Levels of SERPIN family proteins in peri-implant crevicular fluid in patients with peri-implantitis

Purpose

Serine protease inhibitors (SERPINs) family has been discovered in many disorders with proteolysis mechanisms. Our study determined the SERPINBs protein expression via public‐based GEO databases and further validated by peri‐implant crevicular fluid (PICF) of peri‐implantitis patients and healthy recruiters.

Methods

This study is a retrospective analysis. A total of 123 participants of Fujian Medical University Fujian Stomatological Hospital, consisting of 58 cases of peri‐implantitis and 65 samples of healthy control were retrospectively analyzed by ELISA assays and explored the gene enrichment pathways and clinical significance of SERPINBs expression accompanied by two different cytokines (IL‐6 and TNF‐α). Moreover, the clinical significance of SERPINBs was evaluated in peri‐implantitis patients with PICF samples by the receiver operating curve (ROC) using the area under the curve (AUC).

Results

KEGG database showed that Starch and sucrose metabolism, Retrograde endocannabinoid signaling, Prion diseases, Pentose phosphate pathways, and Olfactory pathways are up‐regulated; GO database showed that synapse organization, synapse assembly, sequestering of triglyceride, sensory perception of smell, and regulation of synapse organization pathways are up‐regulated. SERPINBs were overexpressed in peri‐implant tissues and peri‐implantitis patients with PICF. SERPINBs was positively correlated to IL‐6 and TNF‐α in peri‐implantitis patients with PICF. The ROC‐AUCs of SERPINBs achieved a significantly higher range from 0.895 to 0.939 in peri‐implantitis patients with PICF. Therefore, certain SERPINBs expressions were not only perceived through PICF and peri‐implant tissues but also showed potential significance in peri‐implantitis.

Conclusion

SERPINBs play an influential role in the pathogenesis of peri‐implantitis via binding with other inflammatory cytokines.

Marine microbial L-glutaminase: from pharmaceutical to food industry

Deamination of L-glutamine to glutamic acid with the concomitant release of ammonia by the activity of L-glutaminase (L-glutamine amidohydrolase EC 3.5.1.2) is a unique reaction that also finds potential applications in different sectors ranging from therapeutics to food industry. Owing to its cost-effectiveness, rapidity, and compatibility with downstream processes, microbial production of L-glutaminase is preferred over the production by other sources. Marine microorganisms including bacteria, yeasts, and moulds have manifested remarkable capacity to produce L-glutaminase and, therefore, are considered as prospective candidates for large-scale production of this enzyme. The main focus of this article is to provide an overview of L-glutaminase producing marine microorganisms, to discuss strategies used for the lab- and large-scale production of these enzyme and to review the application of L-glutaminase from marine sources so that the future prospects can be understood. KEY POINTS: • L-glutaminase has potential applications in different sectors ranging from therapeutics to food industry • Marine microorganisms are considered as prospective candidates for large-scale production of L-glutaminase • Marine microbial L-glutaminase have great potential in therapeutics and in the food industry.