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Bustamante MI, Elfar K, Kuzmenko J, Zaninovich T, Arreguin M, Carachure C, Zhuang G, Michailides TJ, Eskalen A. Reassessing the Etiology of Aspergillus Vine Canker and Summer Bunch Rot of Table Grapes in California. PLANT DISEASE 2024; 108:941-950. [PMID: 37845185 DOI: 10.1094/pdis-06-23-1137-re] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2023]
Abstract
Fungal taxonomy is in constant flux, and the advent of reliable DNA barcodes has enabled the enhancement of plant pathogen identification accuracy. In California, Aspergillus vine canker (AVC) and summer bunch rot (SBR) are economically important diseases that affect the wood and fruit of grapevines, respectively, and their causal agents are primarily species of black aspergilli (Aspergillus section Nigri). During the last decade, the taxonomy of this fungal group has been rearranged several times using morphological, physiological, and genetic analyses, which resulted in the incorporation of multiple cryptic species that are difficult to distinguish. Therefore, in this study, we aimed to reassess the etiology of AVC and SBR using a combination of morphological observations with phylogenetic reconstructions based on nucleotide sequences of the calmodulin (CaM) gene. Results revealed that the isolates causing AVC from recent isolations corresponded to A. tubingensis, whereas the isolates obtained from initial surveys when the disease was discovered were confirmed as A. niger and A. carbonarius. Similarly, the isolates obtained from table grapes with SBR symptoms and from spore traps placed in those vineyards were identified primarily as A. tubingensis, followed by A. niger and A. carbonarius. Notably, the A. niger isolates formed a subclade with strains previously known as A. welwitschiae, which is a species that was recently synonymized with A. niger. Overall, the most prevalent species was A. tubingensis, which was associated with both AVC and SBR, and representative isolates recovered from AVC-symptomatic wood, berries SBR symptoms, and spore traps were equally pathogenic in healthy wood and berries of 'Red Globe' grapevines. This study also constitutes the first report of A. tubingensis causing AVC and SBR of grapes in California and in the United States.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Karina Elfar
- Department of Plant Pathology, University of California, Davis, CA 95616
| | - Janet Kuzmenko
- Department of Plant Pathology, University of California, Davis, CA 95616
| | - Thomas Zaninovich
- Department of Plant Pathology, University of California, Davis, CA 95616
| | - Molly Arreguin
- Department of Plant Pathology, University of California, Davis, CA 95616
| | - Carlos Carachure
- Department of Plant Pathology, University of California, Davis, CA 95616
| | - George Zhuang
- University of California Cooperative Extension, Fresno, CA 93710
| | - Themis J Michailides
- Department of Plant Pathology, University of California, Davis, CA 95616
- Kearney Agricultural Research and Extension Center, Parlier, CA 93648
| | - Akif Eskalen
- Department of Plant Pathology, University of California, Davis, CA 95616
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From Grapes to Wine: Impact of the Vinification Process on Ochratoxin A Contamination. Foods 2023; 12:foods12020260. [PMID: 36673352 PMCID: PMC9858051 DOI: 10.3390/foods12020260] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2022] [Revised: 12/27/2022] [Accepted: 01/04/2023] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Ochratoxin A (OTA) is one of the major mycotoxins, classified as "potentially carcinogenic to humans" (Group 2B) by the International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC), and wine is one of its main sources of intake in human consumption. The main producer of this toxin is Aspergillus carbonarius, a fungus that contaminates grapes early in the growing season. The vinification process, as a whole, reduces the toxin content in wine compared to the grapes; however, not all vinification steps contribute equally to this reduction. During the maceration phase in red wines, toxin concentrations generally tend to increase. Based on previous studies, this review provides an overview of how each step of the vinification process influences the final OTA contamination in wine. Moreover, certain physical, chemical, and microbiological post-harvest strategies are useful in reducing OTA levels in wine. Among these, the use of fining agents, such as gelatin, egg albumin, and bentonite, must be considered. Therefore, this review describes the fate of OTA during the winemaking process, including quantitative data when available, and highlights actions able to reduce the final OTA level in wine.
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Prendes LP, Merín MG, Zachetti VGL, Pereyra A, Ramirez ML, Morata de Ambrosini VI. Impact of antagonistic yeasts from wine grapes on growth and mycotoxin production by Alternaria alternata. J Appl Microbiol 2021; 131:833-843. [PMID: 33420735 DOI: 10.1111/jam.14996] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2020] [Revised: 11/28/2020] [Accepted: 12/31/2020] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
AIMS Alternaria alternata is a major contaminant of wine grapes, meaning a health risk for wine consumers due to the accumulation of toxic metabolites. To develop a successful biofungicide, the effectiveness of epiphytic wine grape yeasts against A. alternata growth and toxin production was assessed in vitro under temperature and aW conditions that simulate those present in the field. METHODS AND RESULTS The effect of 14 antagonistic yeasts was evaluated on growth and alternariol (AOH), alternariol monomethyl ether (AME) and tenuazonic acid (TA) production by three A. alternata strains in a synthetic medium with composition similar to grape (SN) at three temperatures (15, 25 and 30°C). All Metschnikowia sp. yeast strains evaluated completely prevented A. alternata growth and mycotoxin production at all temperatures in SN medium. Meanwhile, the growth inhibition exerted by Starmerella bacillaris yeast strains was higher at 30°C, followed by 25 and 15°C, being able to show a stimulating or inhibiting effect. Hanseniaspora uvarum yeast strains showed a growth promoting activity higher at 15°C, followed by 25 and 30°C. Even at conditions where A. alternata growth was stimulated by the S. bacillaris and H. uvarum yeasts, high inhibitions of mycotoxin production (AOH, AME and TA) were observed, indicating a complex interaction between growth and mycotoxin production. CONCLUSION There is a significant influence of temperature on the effectiveness of biocontrol against A. alternata growth and mycotoxin production. Metschnikowia sp. strains are good candidates to compose a biofungicide against A. alternata. SIGNIFICANCE AND IMPACT OF THE STUDY Among the different antagonistic yeasts evaluated, only Metschnikowia sp. strains were equally effective reducing A. alternata growth and mycotoxin at different temperatures underlining the importance of considering environmental factors in the selection of the antagonists.
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Affiliation(s)
- L P Prendes
- Facultad de Ciencias Aplicadas a la Industria, Universidad Nacional de Cuyo, San Rafael, Argentina.,Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - M G Merín
- Facultad de Ciencias Aplicadas a la Industria, Universidad Nacional de Cuyo, San Rafael, Argentina.,Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - V G L Zachetti
- Instituto de Investigacion en Micología y Micotoxicología CONICET-Universidad Nacional de Río Cuarto, Río Cuarto, Argentina
| | - A Pereyra
- Instituto de Investigacion en Micología y Micotoxicología CONICET-Universidad Nacional de Río Cuarto, Río Cuarto, Argentina
| | - M L Ramirez
- Instituto de Investigacion en Micología y Micotoxicología CONICET-Universidad Nacional de Río Cuarto, Río Cuarto, Argentina
| | - V I Morata de Ambrosini
- Facultad de Ciencias Aplicadas a la Industria, Universidad Nacional de Cuyo, San Rafael, Argentina.,Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), Buenos Aires, Argentina
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Pest Management and Ochratoxin A Contamination in Grapes: A Review. Toxins (Basel) 2020; 12:toxins12050303. [PMID: 32392817 PMCID: PMC7290310 DOI: 10.3390/toxins12050303] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2020] [Revised: 04/29/2020] [Accepted: 05/04/2020] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Ochratoxin A (OTA) is the most toxic member of ochratoxins, a group of toxic secondary metabolites produced by fungi. The most relevant species involved in OTA production in grapes is Aspergillus carbonarius. Berry infection by A. carbonarius is enhanced by damage to the skin caused by abiotic and biotic factors. Insect pests play a major role in European vineyards, and Lepidopteran species such as the European grapevine moth Lobesia botrana are undoubtedly crucial. New scenarios are also emerging due to the introduction and spread of allochthonous pests as well as climate change. Such pests may be involved in the dissemination of OTA producing fungi even if confirmation is still lacking and further studies are needed. An OTA predicting model is available, but it should be integrated with models aimed at forecasting L. botrana phenology and demography in order to improve model reliability.
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Palumbo JD, O’Keeffe TL, Quejarro BJ, Yu A, Zhao A. Comparison of Aspergillus Section Nigri Species Populations in Conventional and Organic Raisin Vineyards. Curr Microbiol 2019; 76:848-854. [DOI: 10.1007/s00284-019-01697-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2018] [Accepted: 04/26/2019] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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Taniwaki MH, Pitt JI, Magan N. Aspergillus species and mycotoxins: occurrence and importance in major food commodities. Curr Opin Food Sci 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cofs.2018.05.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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Tonon KM, Reiter MGR, Savi GD, Scussel VM. Human milk AFM1
, OTA, and DON evaluation by liquid chromatography tandem mass specrometry and their relation to the Southern Brazil nursing mothers' diet. J Food Saf 2018. [DOI: 10.1111/jfs.12452] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Karina Merini Tonon
- Food Science and Technology Department; Federal University of Santa Catarina; Florianopolis Brazil
- Laelia purpurata Center for Research and Technological Development of Human Milk, Human Milk Bank of Blumenau, University of Blumenau; Blumenau Brazil
| | - Mercedes Gabriela Ratto Reiter
- Laelia purpurata Center for Research and Technological Development of Human Milk, Human Milk Bank of Blumenau, University of Blumenau; Blumenau Brazil
- Natural Sciences Department; University of Blumenau; Blumenau Brazil
| | - Geovana Dagostim Savi
- Food Science and Technology Department; Federal University of Santa Catarina; Florianopolis Brazil
| | - Vildes Maria Scussel
- Food Science and Technology Department; Federal University of Santa Catarina; Florianopolis Brazil
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10
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Maor U, Sadhasivam S, Zakin V, Prusky D, Sionov E. The effect of ambient pH modulation on ochratoxin A accumulation by Aspergillus carbonarius. WORLD MYCOTOXIN J 2017. [DOI: 10.3920/wmj2017.2200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Aspergillus carbonarius, the main cause of severe post-harvest decay of vine fruit, is considered the major source of ochratoxin A (OTA) contamination of grapes and derived products. The factors inducing OTA accumulation by A. carbonarius and its contribution to pathogenicity remain unclear. Present findings indicate that the production of organic acids, such as D-gluconic acid (GLA) and citric acid, by A. carbonarius in the growth medium or in the decayed fruit tissue was directly related to ambient pH reduction. Under these conditions, induced transcript expression of genes involved in OTA biosynthesis occurred concurrently with mycotoxin accumulation. The high accumulation of OTA during acidification process raised the question of its importance in host-pathogen interactions during the fungal colonisation. Treatment of colonised grapes with sodium bicarbonate reduced accumulation of organic acid and OTA with a concomitant reduction in decay development, suggesting that tissue acidification is a significant factor in A. carbonarius pathogenicity. The present findings suggest that ambient pH is a regulatory signal for induction of mycotoxin production by A. carbonarius under the dynamic nutritional growth conditions occurring in culture. Yet the molecular mechanisms of OTA biosynthesis induction during colonisation of the acidic host environment are still unclear and should be further investigated.
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Affiliation(s)
- U. Maor
- Department of Food Quality and Safety, Institute for Postharvest and Food Sciences, Agricultural Research Organization, The Volcani Center, Bet Dagan 50250, Israel
- Institute of Biochemistry, Food Science and Nutrition, The Robert H. Smith Faculty of Agriculture, Food and Environment, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Rehovot, Israel
| | - S. Sadhasivam
- Department of Food Quality and Safety, Institute for Postharvest and Food Sciences, Agricultural Research Organization, The Volcani Center, Bet Dagan 50250, Israel
| | - V. Zakin
- Department of Food Quality and Safety, Institute for Postharvest and Food Sciences, Agricultural Research Organization, The Volcani Center, Bet Dagan 50250, Israel
| | - D. Prusky
- Department of Food Quality and Safety, Institute for Postharvest and Food Sciences, Agricultural Research Organization, The Volcani Center, Bet Dagan 50250, Israel
| | - E. Sionov
- Department of Food Quality and Safety, Institute for Postharvest and Food Sciences, Agricultural Research Organization, The Volcani Center, Bet Dagan 50250, Israel
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Paterson RRM, Venâncio A, Lima N, Guilloux-Bénatier M, Rousseaux S. Predominant mycotoxins, mycotoxigenic fungi and climate change related to wine. Food Res Int 2017; 103:478-491. [PMID: 29389638 DOI: 10.1016/j.foodres.2017.09.080] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2017] [Revised: 09/22/2017] [Accepted: 09/25/2017] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Wine is a significant contributor to the economies of many countries. However, the commodity can become contaminated with mycotoxins produced by certain fungi. Most information on mycotoxins in wine is from Spain, Italy and France. Grapes can be infected by mycotoxigenic fungi, of which Aspergillus carbonarius producing ochratoxin A (OTA) is of highest concern. Climate is the most important factor in determining contamination once the fungi are established, with high temperatures being a major factor for OTA contamination: OTA in wine is at higher concentrations in warmer southern Europe than northern. Contamination by fumonisins is a particular concern, related to Aspergillus niger producing these compounds and the fungus being isolated frequently from grapes. Aflatoxins can be present in wine, but patulin is seldom detected. Alternaria mycotoxins (e.g. alternariol) have been frequently observed. There are indications that T-2 toxin may be common. Also, the combined effects of mycotoxins in wine require consideration. No other mycotoxins are currently of concern. Accurate fungal identifications and mycotoxin detection from the fungi are important and a consideration of practical methods are required. There is a diversity of wines that can be contaminated (e.g. red, white, sweet, dry and fortified). The occurrence of OTA is higher in red and sweet than white wines. Steps to control mycotoxins in wine involve good agriculture practices. The effect of climate change on vines and mycotoxins in wine needs urgent consideration by well-constructed modelling studies and expert interpretation of existing data. Reliable models of the effect of climate change on vines is a priority: the health of vines affects mycotoxin contamination. A modelling study of OTA in grapes at higher temperatures over 100years is required. Progress has been made in reducing OTA in wine. The other mycotoxins require consideration and the effects of climate change will become crucial.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Russell M Paterson
- Centre of Biological Engineering, Campus de Gualtar, University of Minho, 4710 057 Braga, Portugal.
| | - Armando Venâncio
- Centre of Biological Engineering, Campus de Gualtar, University of Minho, 4710 057 Braga, Portugal
| | - Nelson Lima
- Centre of Biological Engineering, Campus de Gualtar, University of Minho, 4710 057 Braga, Portugal
| | | | - Sandrine Rousseaux
- Université Bourgogne Franche-Comté, AgroSup Dijon, PAM UMR A 02.102, F-21000 Dijon, France
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Does the Host Contribute to Modulation of Mycotoxin Production by Fruit Pathogens? Toxins (Basel) 2017; 9:toxins9090280. [PMID: 28895896 PMCID: PMC5618213 DOI: 10.3390/toxins9090280] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2017] [Revised: 09/02/2017] [Accepted: 09/07/2017] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Storage of freshly harvested fruit is a key factor in modulating their supply for several months after harvest; however, their quality can be reduced by pathogen attack. Fruit pathogens may infect their host through damaged surfaces, such as mechanical injuries occurring during growing, harvesting, and packing, leading to increased colonization as the fruit ripens. Of particular concern are fungal pathogens that not only macerate the host tissue but also secrete significant amounts of mycotoxins. Many studies have described the importance of physiological factors, including stage of fruit development, biochemical factors (ripening, C and N content), and environmental factors (humidity, temperature, water deficit) on the occurrence of mycotoxins. However, those factors usually show a correlative effect on fungal growth and mycotoxin accumulation. Recent reports have suggested that host factors can induce fungal metabolism, leading to the synthesis and accumulation of mycotoxins. This review describes the new vision of host-factor impact on the regulation of mycotoxin biosynthetic gene clusters underlying the complex regulation of mycotoxin accumulation in ripening fruit.
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Pantelides IS, Aristeidou E, Lazari M, Tsolakidou MD, Tsaltas D, Christofidou M, Kafouris D, Christou E, Ioannou N. Biodiversity and ochratoxin A profile of Aspergillus section Nigri populations isolated from wine grapes in Cyprus vineyards. Food Microbiol 2017. [PMID: 28648287 DOI: 10.1016/j.fm.2017.06.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
The objective of this study was to evaluate the biodiversity of Aspergillus section Nigri populations from Cyprus vineyards by morphological, toxigenic and phylogenetic analysis. Aspergillus section Nigri populations were isolated from grapes of the varieties 'Maratheftiko' and 'Cabernet Sauvignon' originating from six growing regions of Cyprus during 2010 and 2011 years. The isolation frequency of Aspergillus section Nigri from grape samples was 43.3% and a total of 284 isolates were selected for further analyses based on the macroscopic characteristics of black aspergilli. The isolates were characterized by sequencing analysis of the calmodulin gene in order to identify species responsible for ochratoxin A (OTA) production. The phylogenetic analysis showed that the isolates were grouped in three major clusters. The A. tubingensis cluster included 262 isolates (92.25%), the A. niger cluster included 15 isolates identified as A. niger (5.3%) and 6 isolates identified as A. welwitschiae (2.1%). One isolate was classified as A. carbonarius (0.35%) and was grouped in a cluster together with the reference isolates of A. carbonarius, A. sclerotioniger, A. sclerotiocarbonarius and A. ibericus. All the isolates were evaluated for their ochratoxigenic ability by HPLC coupled with a fluorescence detector (HPLC-FLD) and the positive isolates were re-examined using ultra high-performance liquid chromatography with tandem mass spectrometry (UPLC-MS/MS). The Aspergillus carbonarius isolate produced an average quantity of 1436.1 ng OTA/g Czapek Yeast Agar (CYA); From the A. niger strains three isolates (20%) produced OTA and only one isolate from A. welwitschiae (16.7%) was proved ochratoxigenic with toxin production average at 23.9 ng/g and 9.1 ng/g CYA respectively. Grape must samples derived from the collected berries were also analyzed for OTA and none of the samples were found contaminated with the mycotoxin. The results showed that the geographic area and the meteorological conditions had no significant effect on the incidence and the distribution of black aspergilli in this 2-year project. However, absence of rainfall and low humidity during the harvesting period were critical for the low incidence of the ochratoxigenic A. carbonarius on grapes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Iakovos S Pantelides
- Department of Agricultural Sciences, Biotechnology and Food Science, Cyprus University of Technology, Limassol, Cyprus.
| | - Efi Aristeidou
- Department of Agricultural Sciences, Biotechnology and Food Science, Cyprus University of Technology, Limassol, Cyprus
| | - Maria Lazari
- Department of Agricultural Sciences, Biotechnology and Food Science, Cyprus University of Technology, Limassol, Cyprus
| | - Maria-Dimitra Tsolakidou
- Department of Agricultural Sciences, Biotechnology and Food Science, Cyprus University of Technology, Limassol, Cyprus
| | - Dimitris Tsaltas
- Department of Agricultural Sciences, Biotechnology and Food Science, Cyprus University of Technology, Limassol, Cyprus
| | | | | | | | - Nicolas Ioannou
- Department of Agricultural Sciences, Biotechnology and Food Science, Cyprus University of Technology, Limassol, Cyprus
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14
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Prendes L, Zachetti V, Pereyra A, Morata de Ambrosini V, Ramirez M. Water activity and temperature effects on growth and mycotoxin production byAlternaria alternatastrains isolated from Malbec wine grapes. J Appl Microbiol 2017; 122:481-492. [DOI: 10.1111/jam.13351] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2016] [Revised: 10/27/2016] [Accepted: 11/11/2016] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- L.P. Prendes
- Facultad de Ciencias Aplicadas a la Industria; Universidad Nacional de Cuyo; San Rafael Mendoza Argentina
- Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET); Sede Central Buenos Aires Argentina
| | - V.G.L. Zachetti
- Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET); Sede Central Buenos Aires Argentina
- Departamento de Microbiología e Inmunología; Facultad de Ciencias Exactas Físico-Químicas y Naturales; Universidad Nacional de Río Cuarto; Río Cuarto Córdoba Argentina
| | - A. Pereyra
- Departamento de Microbiología e Inmunología; Facultad de Ciencias Exactas Físico-Químicas y Naturales; Universidad Nacional de Río Cuarto; Río Cuarto Córdoba Argentina
| | - V.I. Morata de Ambrosini
- Facultad de Ciencias Aplicadas a la Industria; Universidad Nacional de Cuyo; San Rafael Mendoza Argentina
- Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET); Sede Central Buenos Aires Argentina
| | - M.L. Ramirez
- Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET); Sede Central Buenos Aires Argentina
- Departamento de Microbiología e Inmunología; Facultad de Ciencias Exactas Físico-Químicas y Naturales; Universidad Nacional de Río Cuarto; Río Cuarto Córdoba Argentina
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Oliveri C, Bella P, Tessitori M, Catara V, La Rosa R. Grape and environmental mycoflora monitoring in old, traditionally cultivated vineyards on Mount Etna, southern Italy. JOURNAL OF THE SCIENCE OF FOOD AND AGRICULTURE 2017; 97:65-73. [PMID: 26916978 DOI: 10.1002/jsfa.7683] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2015] [Revised: 02/11/2016] [Accepted: 02/19/2016] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Grape contamination by several fungal species occurs during a vineyard's preharvest and harvest. Agronomic management and microclimatic conditions can affect fungi occurrence and epidemiology, thus explaining qualitative differences in mycoflora composition, including the presence of phytopathogenic or mycotoxigenic fungi. In this study a two-year grape, air and soil mycoflora monitoring programme was undertaken in vineyards on Mount Etna (eastern Sicily, Italy). The mycoflora composition was investigated at pea berry and veraison phenological phases from air and soil and at ripening from sample grapes. RESULTS Mycoflora in air and soil varied according to the phenological stage. In the air samples, penicillia were dominant over aspergilli at the pea berry phase, but their ratio was inverted at early veraison. Black aspergilli (BA) were isolated from the vine environment and grape samples, where BA were represented mainly by Aspergillus niger aggregate, which showed no or low ochratoxin A (OTA) production. Aspergillus carbonarius was either not identified or identified at low frequency, although most of the isolates produced OTA. CONCLUSION Monitoring focused on the environmental mycoflora composition and highlighted the good health profile of various Sicilian autochthonous grape cultivars. In addition, data suggest that the lower relative humidity occurring at the highest altitudes reduces BA incidence. © 2016 Society of Chemical Industry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cinzia Oliveri
- Department of Agriculture, Food and Environment (Di3A), University of Catania, Santa Sofia 100, I-95123 Catania, Italy
| | - Patrizia Bella
- Department of Agriculture, Food and Environment (Di3A), University of Catania, Santa Sofia 100, I-95123 Catania, Italy
| | - Matilde Tessitori
- Department of Agriculture, Food and Environment (Di3A), University of Catania, Santa Sofia 100, I-95123 Catania, Italy
| | - Vittoria Catara
- Department of Agriculture, Food and Environment (Di3A), University of Catania, Santa Sofia 100, I-95123 Catania, Italy
| | - Rosa La Rosa
- Department of Agriculture, Food and Environment (Di3A), University of Catania, Santa Sofia 100, I-95123 Catania, Italy
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Hakobyan L, Grigoryan K, Trchounian A. The dynamics of ochratoxigenic fungi contents through different stages of dried grape production. BIO WEB OF CONFERENCES 2017. [DOI: 10.1051/bioconf/20170901029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
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17
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Effects of spray programs in vineyard and different type of sun-drying system on formation of ochratoxin A on raisins. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2016. [DOI: 10.17660/actahortic.2016.1144.24] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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18
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Palumbo JD, O'Keeffe TL, Fidelibus MW. Characterization of Aspergillus section Nigri species populations in vineyard soil using droplet digital PCR. Lett Appl Microbiol 2016; 63:458-465. [PMID: 27604045 DOI: 10.1111/lam.12667] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2015] [Revised: 05/12/2016] [Accepted: 09/02/2016] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Identification of populations of Aspergillus section Nigri species in environmental samples using traditional methods is laborious and impractical for large numbers of samples. We developed species-specific primers and probes for quantitative droplet digital PCR (ddPCR) to improve sample throughput and simultaneously detect multiple species in each sample. The ddPCR method was used to distinguish Aspergillus niger, Aspergillus welwitschiae, Aspergillus tubingensis and Aspergillus carbonarius in mixed samples of total DNA. Relative abundance of each species measured by ddPCR agreed with input ratios of template DNAs. Soil samples were collected at six time points over two growing seasons from two raisin vineyards in Fresno County, California. Aspergillus section Nigri strains were detected in these soils in the range of 102 -105 CFU g-1 . Relative abundance of each species varied widely among samples, but in 52 of 60 samples, A. niger was the most abundant species, ranging from 38 to 88% of the total population. In combination with total plate counts, this ddPCR method provides a high-throughput method for describing population dynamics of important potential mycotoxin-producing species in environmental samples. SIGNIFICANCE AND IMPACT OF THE STUDY This is the first study to demonstrate the utility of ddPCR as a means to quantify species of Aspergillus section Nigri in soil. This method eliminates the need for isolation and sequence identification of individual fungal isolates, and allows for greater throughput in measuring relative population sizes of important (i.e. mycotoxigenic) Aspergillus species within a population of morphologically indistinguishable species.
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Affiliation(s)
- J D Palumbo
- Foodborne Toxin Detection and Prevention Research Unit, U.S. Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, Albany, CA, USA
| | - T L O'Keeffe
- Foodborne Toxin Detection and Prevention Research Unit, U.S. Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, Albany, CA, USA
| | - M W Fidelibus
- Kearney Agricultural Research & Extension Center, University of California, Parlier, CA, USA
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19
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Terra MF, Lira NDA, Passamani FRF, Santiago WD, Cardoso MDG, Batista LR. Effect of Fungicides on Growth and Ochratoxin A Production by Aspergillus carbonarius from Brazilian Wine Grapes. J Food Prot 2016; 79:1508-1516. [PMID: 28221942 DOI: 10.4315/0362-028x.jfp-16-037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Prevention in the field of mycotoxin-producing fungi is the most effective strategy for controlling the presence of mycotoxins in foods. Chemical fungicides are widely used to protect crops, so their implications on mycotoxin production need to be considered. Therefore, the aim of this study was to evaluate the effect in vitro and on grapes of five fungicides commonly used on grape cultures in Brazil on Aspergillus carbonarius growth and ochratoxin A (OTA) production. At the doses recommended by manufacturers, most fungicides significantly reduced A. carbonarius growth and OTA production in vitro, whereas this effect was influenced by the type of fungicide, dose, and temperature. Temperature was the main factor that influenced the effectiveness of fungicides. In general, at 15°C, fungicides showed the greatest reduction on fungal growth and OTA production. Fungicide effect on grapes was different to that on a semisynthetic grape medium. All fungicide doses were not effective at controlling A. carbonarius in grapes. Thus, the direct effect of fungicides on grapes must be studied to obtain a better approximation of field conditions. The results indicate that the use of fungicides at the doses recommended by manufacturers is better than the application at low doses. This study showed that at the lowest doses, where fungal growth is not inhibited, fungicides positively stimulate OTA production.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michelle F Terra
- Department of Food Science, Federal University of Lavras, Lavras, Minas Gerais, 37200-000, Brazil
| | - Nathasha de A Lira
- Department of Food Science, Federal University of Lavras, Lavras, Minas Gerais, 37200-000, Brazil
| | - Fabiana R F Passamani
- Department of Food Science, Federal University of Lavras, Lavras, Minas Gerais, 37200-000, Brazil
| | - Wilder Douglas Santiago
- Department of Chemistry, Federal University of Lavras, Lavras, Minas Gerais, 37200-000, Brazil
| | | | - Luís Roberto Batista
- Department of Food Science, Federal University of Lavras, Lavras, Minas Gerais, 37200-000, Brazil
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20
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Control of ochratoxin A-producing fungi in grape berry by microbial antagonists: A review. Trends Food Sci Technol 2016. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tifs.2016.03.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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21
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Palumbo JD, O'Keeffe TL, Ho YS, Fidelibus MW. Population Dynamics of Aspergillus Section Nigri Species on Vineyard Samples of Grapes and Raisins. J Food Prot 2016; 79:448-53. [PMID: 26939655 DOI: 10.4315/0362-028x.jfp-15-437] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Several species of Aspergillus section Nigri, including potential mycotoxin producers, are common residents of grape vineyards, but the relative population size of individual species throughout the growing season is difficult to determine using traditional isolation and identification methods. Using a quantitative droplet digital PCR (ddPCR) method in combination with dilution plating, total Aspergillus section Nigri populations and relative proportions of A. niger, A. welwitschiae, A. carbonarius, and A. tubingensis were measured from vineyard samples without the need for identifying individual fungal isolates. Grapes were sampled from two raisin vineyards (vineyards A and B) at berry set, veraison, harvest, and raisin stages in two consecutive years. Plate counts showed that the total population of Aspergillus section Nigri present on the fruit increased from berry set to raisin and became a larger component of the total recovered fungal population in both vineyards in both years. Results from ddPCR analysis showed that the relative proportion of A. carbonarius among the four species assayed increased later in the season (harvest and raisin) in comparison to earlier in the season (berry set and veraison). Total fungal and Aspergillus section Nigri plate counts were not significantly different between vineyards in either year. However, vineyard A generally showed higher proportions of A. carbonarius in harvest and raisin samples than vineyard B. This coincided with higher incidence and levels of ochratoxin A in vineyard A harvest and raisin fruit than in vineyard B fruit. This work demonstrates that this ddPCR method is a useful tool for culture-independent monitoring of populations of mycotoxigenic Aspergillus species during grape and raisin production.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeffrey D Palumbo
- Foodborne Toxin Detection and Prevention Research Unit, U.S. Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, 800 Buchanan Street, Albany, California 94710, USA.
| | - Teresa L O'Keeffe
- Foodborne Toxin Detection and Prevention Research Unit, U.S. Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, 800 Buchanan Street, Albany, California 94710, USA
| | - Yvonne S Ho
- Foodborne Toxin Detection and Prevention Research Unit, U.S. Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, 800 Buchanan Street, Albany, California 94710, USA
| | - Matthew W Fidelibus
- University of California, Kearney Agricultural Research & Extension Center, 9240 South Riverbend Avenue, Parlier, California 93648, USA
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22
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OTA-Grapes: A Mechanistic Model to Predict Ochratoxin A Risk in Grapes, a Step beyond the Systems Approach. Toxins (Basel) 2015; 7:3012-29. [PMID: 26258791 PMCID: PMC4549737 DOI: 10.3390/toxins7083012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2015] [Revised: 07/28/2015] [Accepted: 07/31/2015] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Ochratoxin A (OTA) is a fungal metabolite dangerous for human and animal health due to its nephrotoxic, immunotoxic, mutagenic, teratogenic and carcinogenic effects, classified by the International Agency for Research on Cancer in group 2B, possible human carcinogen. This toxin has been stated as a wine contaminant since 1996. The aim of this study was to develop a conceptual model for the dynamic simulation of the A. carbonarius life cycle in grapes along the growing season, including OTA production in berries. Functions describing the role of weather parameters in each step of the infection cycle were developed and organized in a prototype model called OTA-grapes. Modelling the influence of temperature on OTA production, it emerged that fungal strains can be shared in two different clusters, based on the dynamic of OTA production and according to the optimal temperature. Therefore, two functions were developed, and based on statistical data analysis, it was assumed that the two types of strains contribute equally to the population. Model validation was not possible because of poor OTA contamination data, but relevant differences in OTA-I, the output index of the model, were noticed between low and high risk areas. To our knowledge, this is the first attempt to assess/model A. carbonarius in order to predict the risk of OTA contamination in grapes.
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23
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Palumbo JD, O'Keeffe TL, Ho YS, Santillan CJ. Occurrence of ochratoxin a contamination and detection of ochratoxigenic Aspergillus species in retail samples of dried fruits and nuts. J Food Prot 2015; 78:836-42. [PMID: 25836414 DOI: 10.4315/0362-028x.jfp-14-471] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Ochratoxin A (OTA) is a mycotoxin produced by several species of Aspergillus and Penicillium and is a potential contaminant of a wide variety of food products. To determine the incidence of OTA contamination in dried fruits and tree nuts, retail packaged and bulk raisins, dates, figs, prunes, almonds, pistachios, and walnuts were collected from small and large supermarkets in seven areas of the United States between 2012 and 2014. Of the 665 samples analyzed, OTA was detected in 48 raisin samples, 4 fig samples, 4 pistachio samples, and 1 date sample. OTA contamination levels ranged from 0.28 to 15.34 ng/g in dried fruits and 1.87 to 890 ng/g in pistachios; two raisin samples and one pistachio sample exceeded the European Union regulatory limit of 10 ng/g. PCR detection of potential OTA-producing Aspergillus species revealed the presence of A. niger, A. welwitschiae, and A. carbonarius in 20, 7, and 7 of the 57 OTA-contaminated samples, respectively. However, OTA-producing A. carbonarius was isolated from only one raisin sample, and no other OTA-producing Aspergillus species were found. These results suggest that raisins are more frequently contaminated with low levels of OTA than are other dried fruits and nuts and that Aspergillus species are the likely source of that contamination.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeffrey D Palumbo
- U.S. Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, Foodborne Toxin Detection and Prevention Research Unit, 800 Buchanan Street, Albany, California 94710, USA.
| | - Teresa L O'Keeffe
- U.S. Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, Foodborne Toxin Detection and Prevention Research Unit, 800 Buchanan Street, Albany, California 94710, USA
| | - Yvonne S Ho
- U.S. Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, Foodborne Toxin Detection and Prevention Research Unit, 800 Buchanan Street, Albany, California 94710, USA
| | - Carlo J Santillan
- U.S. Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, Foodborne Toxin Detection and Prevention Research Unit, 800 Buchanan Street, Albany, California 94710, USA
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24
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Kogkaki EA, Natskoulis PI, Nychas GJE, Panagou EZ. Effect of water activity, temperature, and mixed fungal spore interactions on ochratoxin A production by Aspergillus carbonarius. J Food Prot 2015; 78:376-82. [PMID: 25710154 DOI: 10.4315/0362-028x.jfp-14-341] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
The purpose of this work was to investigate the potential of two nontoxigenic Aspergillus section Nigri species (Aspergillus tubingensis and Aspergillus japonicus) to influence the in vitro ochratoxin A (OTA) production of three toxigenic Aspergillus carbonarius isolates (Ac-28, Ac-29, and Ac-33) from Greek vineyards of different geographical areas. OTA accumulation was evaluated by inoculation of 0:100, 25:75, 50:50, 75:25, and 100:0 ratios of mixed spore suspensions on a synthetic grape juice medium for up to 28 days at different temperatures (15, 20, and 25°C), water activity (aw) levels (0.95 and 0.98 aw) and incubation time (7, 14, 21, and 28 days). Results confirmed that environmental factors and fungal species had a significant effect on OTA production. Specifically, maximum OTA concentration for Ac-28 (3.21 μg g(-1)) and Ac-29 (7.69 μg g(-1)) was observed at 20°C/0.98 aw and for Ac-33 (9.13 μg g(-1)) at 15°C/0.95 aw, regardless of incubation time. Moreover, A. tubingensis had no significant influence on OTA concentration of all toxigenic isolates assayed, regardless of temperature, aw, and incubation time. On the other hand, the presence of A. japonicus slightly inhibited OTA production of Ac-29 and Ac-33, while for Ac-28, stimulation of OTA was observed in some cases. Overall, lower aw levels reduced OTA accumulation for Ac-28 and Ac-29, regardless of temperature, inoculum ratio, and time. On the contrary, for Ac-33, low aw increased OTA production, regardless of the investigated parameters. The importance of this study concerns the understanding of interspecific interactions on OTA diffusion by A. carbonarius in an attempt to find ways to prevent the presence of toxins in grapes and their derivatives.
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Affiliation(s)
- Efstathia A Kogkaki
- Laboratory of Microbiology and Biotechnology of Foods, Department of Food Science and Human Nutrition, Agricultural University of Athens, Iera Odos 75, 11855 Athens, Greece
| | - Pantelis I Natskoulis
- Laboratory of Microbiology and Biotechnology of Foods, Department of Food Science and Human Nutrition, Agricultural University of Athens, Iera Odos 75, 11855 Athens, Greece
| | - George-John E Nychas
- Laboratory of Microbiology and Biotechnology of Foods, Department of Food Science and Human Nutrition, Agricultural University of Athens, Iera Odos 75, 11855 Athens, Greece
| | - Efstathios Z Panagou
- Laboratory of Microbiology and Biotechnology of Foods, Department of Food Science and Human Nutrition, Agricultural University of Athens, Iera Odos 75, 11855 Athens, Greece.
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25
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An immunochemical method for the determination of Ochratoxine A in the wine and its applications. KVASNY PRUMYSL 2014. [DOI: 10.18832/kp2014021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
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26
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Taniwaki M, Teixeira A, Teixeira A, Copetti M, Iamanaka B. Ochratoxigenic fungi and ochratoxin A in defective coffee beans. Food Res Int 2014. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodres.2013.12.032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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27
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28
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Inhibition of Aspergillus carbonarius and fungal contamination in table grapes using Bacillus subtilis. Food Control 2014. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodcont.2013.06.054] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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29
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Rousseaux S, Diguta CF, Radoï-Matei F, Alexandre H, Guilloux-Bénatier M. Non-Botrytis grape-rotting fungi responsible for earthy and moldy off-flavors and mycotoxins. Food Microbiol 2013; 38:104-21. [PMID: 24290633 DOI: 10.1016/j.fm.2013.08.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2012] [Revised: 07/31/2013] [Accepted: 08/21/2013] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
The grape microflora is complex and includes filamentous fungi, yeasts and bacteria with different physiological characteristics and effects on wine production. Most studies have focused on the wine microbiota, but a few studies have reported the ecology of grape microorganisms. Some of these organisms - such as non-Botrytis bunch rotting fungi, which greatly influence the safety or sensory quality of wine, due to the production of mycotoxins and off-flavors, respectively - are considered to be spoilage agents. We review here the diversity of filamentous fungi on grapes and the factors influencing their development, such as grape ripening stage, environmental factors (climate, rain and cultivation practices), grape variety and grape health status. We also discuss the pathways by which mycotoxins and off-flavors are produced, the control of the population, the metabolites responsible for wine spoilage and the methods for detecting and characterizing the microorganisms involved.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sandrine Rousseaux
- UMR PAM Université de Bourgogne-AgroSup Dijon Laboratoire VALMiS Institut Universitaire de la Vigne et du Vin Jules Guyot, Université de Bourgogne, 21078 Dijon Cedex, France.
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30
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Malandrakis AA, Vattis KN, Doukas EG, Markoglou AN. Effect of phenylpyrrole-resistance on fitness parameters and ochratoxin production in Aspergillus carbonarius. Int J Food Microbiol 2013; 165:287-94. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijfoodmicro.2013.05.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2013] [Revised: 05/15/2013] [Accepted: 05/21/2013] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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31
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Biodiversity of Aspergillus section Nigri populations in Argentinian vineyards and ochratoxin A contamination. Food Microbiol 2013; 36:182-90. [PMID: 24010597 DOI: 10.1016/j.fm.2013.04.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2012] [Revised: 03/29/2013] [Accepted: 04/11/2013] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Aspergillus section Nigri are described as the main source of ochratoxin A (OTA) contamination in grapes and wine worldwide. The knowledge of the factors affecting grape contamination by species included in this section and OTA production is essential to be able to reduce their presence, not only to improve wine quality, but also to maintain their safety. Therefore, the aims of this study were to determine the incidence of Aspergillus section Nigri species harvested in different grape-growing regions from Argentina, their ability to produce OTA, to correlate with meteorological conditions and geographical coordinates with their prevalence and to evaluate the OTA natural occurrence in grapes and wines. The morphological identification showed that Aspergillus niger aggregate species were the most prevalent ones, followed by Aspergillus carbonarius and Aspergillus uniseriate. These populations were confirmed through using AFLP markers and sequencing and, Aspergillus tubingensis was separated from A. niger aggregate. Climatic factors, altitude, longitude and latitude have influenced on the distribution of species included in the section. A. carbonarius and A. niger were OTA producers but differed in their OTA producing ability. Temperature was the factor which influenced the most over the highest incidence of A. carbonarius in La Rioja and San Juan regions. The trellis system in vineyards and drip irrigation also influenced the species isolation. The OTA levels detected in grapes and wines were low, but grape variety was more important in susceptibility to fungal infection and OTA levels.
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32
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Jiang C, Shi J, Zhu C. Fruit spoilage and ochratoxin a production by Aspergillus carbonarius in the berries of different grape cultivars. Food Control 2013. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodcont.2012.07.039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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33
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34
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Cozzi G, Somma S, Haidukowski M, Logrieco AF. Ochratoxin A management in vineyards by Lobesia botrana biocontrol. Toxins (Basel) 2013; 5:49-59. [PMID: 23282670 PMCID: PMC3564067 DOI: 10.3390/toxins5010049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2012] [Revised: 12/19/2012] [Accepted: 12/21/2012] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Grape berries attacked by Lobesia botrana larvae are more easily infected by Aspergillus section Nigri (black aspergilli) ochratoxigenic species. Two-year field trials were carried out in Apulia (Italy) to evaluate a bioinsecticide control strategy against L. botrana and the indirect effect on reducing ochratoxin A (OTA) contamination in vineyards. A commercial Bacillus thuringiensis formulate and an experimental Beauveria bassiana (ITEM-1559) formulate were tested in two vineyards cultivated with the same grape variety, Negroamaro, but with two different training systems (espalier and little-arbor techniques). In both years and training systems the treatments by B. bassiana ITEM-1559 significantly controlled L. botrana larvae attacks with effectiveness similar to B. thuringensis (more than 20%). A significant reduction of OTA concentrations (up to 80% compared to untreated controls) was observed only in the first year in both training systems, when the metereological parameters prior to harvest were more favorable to the insect attack. Results of field trials showed that B. bassiana ITEM-1559 is a valid bioinsecticide against L. botrana and that grape moth biocontrol is a strategy to reduce OTA contamination in vineyard in seasons with heavy natural infestation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giuseppe Cozzi
- Institute of Sciences of Food Production, National Research Council, Bari 70126, Italy.
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35
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Armando MR, Dogi CA, Poloni V, Rosa CAR, Dalcero AM, Cavaglieri LR. In vitro study on the effect of Saccharomyces cerevisiae strains on growth and mycotoxin production by Aspergillus carbonarius and Fusarium graminearum. Int J Food Microbiol 2012; 161:182-8. [PMID: 23334096 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijfoodmicro.2012.11.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2012] [Revised: 10/18/2012] [Accepted: 11/11/2012] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
The effect of Saccharomyces cerevisiae RC008 and RC016 strains, previously selected based on their aflatoxin B₁ mycotoxin binding ability and beneficial properties, against Aspergillus carbonarius and Fusarium graminearum under different interacting environmental conditions was evaluated. In vitro studies on the lag phase, growth rate and ochratoxin A/zearalenone and DON production were carried out under different regimens of a(w) (0.95 and 0.99); pH (4 and 6); temperature (25 and 37 °C) and oxygen availability (normal and reduced). Both yeast strains showed antagonistic activity and decreasing growth rate compared to the control. In general, the RC016 strain showed the greatest inhibitory activity. Except at the interacting condition 0.95 a(W), normal oxygen availability and 37 °C, at both pH values, A. carbonarius and F. graminearum were able to produce large amounts of mycotoxins in vitro. In general, a significant decrease in levels of mycotoxins in comparison with the control was observed. S. cerevisiae RC008 and RC016 could be considered as effective agents to reduce growth and OTA, ZEA and DON production at different interacting environmental conditions, related to those found in stored feedstuff. The beneficial and biocontrol properties of these strains are important in their use as novel additives for the control of mycotoxigenic fungi in stored feedstuffs.
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Affiliation(s)
- M R Armando
- Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas-CONICET, Agencia Córdoba Ciencia-ACC, Argentina
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36
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37
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Lasram S, Oueslati S, Chebil S, Mliki A, Ghorbel A. Occurrence of ochratoxin A in domestic beers and wines from Tunisia by immunoaffinity clean-up and liquid chromatography. FOOD ADDITIVES & CONTAMINANTS PART B-SURVEILLANCE 2012; 6:1-5. [PMID: 24786617 DOI: 10.1080/19393210.2012.716453] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
Abstract
A survey on the occurrence of ochratoxin A (OTA) in wines and beers produced in Tunisia was carried out. Wines and beers were analysed using immunoaffinity column clean-up and high-performance liquid chromatography coupled to a fluorometric detector. OTA was detected in 29 wine samples, with an incidence of contamination of 85%. The OTA levels ranged between 0.09 and 1.5 µg/L. Neither of the studied samples showed levels above the European regulatory limit (2 µg/L). OTA was detected in 17 beer samples with an incidence of contamination of 45%. The OTA levels ranged between 0.04 and 0.35 µg/L. The OTA dietary intake by the consumption of wine and beer may be considered as negligible. The obtained results showed high incidence of OTA in Tunisian wines and beers; however, there are no toxicological risks for Tunisian consumers through their consumption of such processed products using cereals and grapes.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Lasram
- a Laboratory of Molecular Physiology of Plants , Center of Biotechnology of Borj-Cedria , Hammam-Lif , Tunisia
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38
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Development of a Quantitative Multi-Mycotoxin Method in Rice, Maize, Wheat and Peanut Using UPLC-MS/MS. FOOD ANAL METHOD 2012. [DOI: 10.1007/s12161-012-9473-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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39
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A review on the occurrence and control of ochratoxigenic fungal species and ochratoxin A in dehydrated grapes, non-fortified dessert wines and dried vine fruit in the Mediterranean area. Food Control 2012. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodcont.2012.01.044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 86] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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40
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Anli RE, Vural N, Bayram M. Removal of Ochratoxin A (OTA) from Naturally Contaminated Wines During the Vinification Process. JOURNAL OF THE INSTITUTE OF BREWING 2012. [DOI: 10.1002/j.2050-0416.2011.tb00493.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
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41
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Lasram S, Oueslati S, Mliki A, Ghorbel A, Silar P, Chebil S. Ochratoxin A and ochratoxigenic black Aspergillus species in Tunisian grapes cultivated in different geographic areas. Food Control 2012. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodcont.2011.10.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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42
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Gashgari RM, Shebany YM, Gherbawy YA. Molecular Characterization of Ochratoxigenic Fungi Associated with Raisins. Foodborne Pathog Dis 2011; 8:1221-7. [DOI: 10.1089/fpd.2011.0920] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Rukaia M. Gashgari
- Girls Branch, Science College, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
| | - Yassmin M. Shebany
- Botany Department, Faculty of Science, South Valley University, Qena, Egypt
| | - Youssuf A. Gherbawy
- Botany Department, Faculty of Science, South Valley University, Qena, Egypt
- Biological Sciences Department, Faculty of Science, Taif University, Taif, Saudi Arabia
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43
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Khalesi M, Khatib N. The effects of different ecophysiological factors on ochratoxin A production. ENVIRONMENTAL TOXICOLOGY AND PHARMACOLOGY 2011; 32:113-121. [PMID: 21843789 DOI: 10.1016/j.etap.2011.05.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2011] [Revised: 05/09/2011] [Accepted: 05/27/2011] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
Mycotoxin biosynthesis is affected by peculiar agro-ecosystem dependent conditions. Accordingly, the correlation between mycotoxin contamination and environmental condition change scenarios should be carefully considered. This is because fungal colonization and mycotoxin contamination could critically impair the availability of food products, especially in poor countries. At any time, the agricultural products might become susceptible to fungal contamination and mycotoxin production in uncontrolled storage. From 2000 to 2010, many studies were carried out in the case of the effects of different parameters on ochratoxin A (OTA) production by fungi in order to avoid providing the appropriate conditions for producing OTA. Water activity (a(w)), temperature, type of species and the substrates were introduced as the most important in these articles. This paper reviews the major published articles regarding the different ecophysiological factors influencing on OTA production.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohammadreza Khalesi
- Food Science and Nutrition Research Centre (LFoRCe-MaltBeerSci), Department of Microbial and Molecular Systems (M(2)S), Katholic University of Leuven, Heverlee 3001, Belgium.
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44
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Palumbo JD, O'Keeffe TL, McGarvey JA. Incidence of fumonisin B2 production within Aspergillus section Nigri populations isolated from California raisins. J Food Prot 2011; 74:672-5. [PMID: 21477486 DOI: 10.4315/0362-028x.jfp-10-412] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Fungi belonging to Aspergillus section Nigri occur frequently and in high populations on grapes. Species within this section include Aspergillus niger, A. tubingensis, and A. carbonarius, and they are potential sources for mycotoxins including ochratoxin A and fumonisin B(2) (FB(2)) in grapes and grape products. Aspergillus section Nigri strains were isolated from California raisins to examine the frequency and extent of FB(2) production. Of 392 strains isolated, 197 strains were identified as A. niger, 131 of which produced FB(2). These strains produced from 1.2 to 27 μg/ml FB(2) in culture. PCR amplification of fum1 and fum19 gene fragments showed that all FB(2)-producing strains and nearly all nonproducing strains of A. niger contain these genes. An additional 175 strains were identified as A. tubingensis, none of which produced FB(2). PCR with fum1 and fum19 primers amplified gene fragments of 14 and 25% of A. tubingensis strains, respectively, suggesting that putative orthologs of A. niger fumonisin biosynthetic genes might occur in A. tubingensis. These results indicate that FB(2) production is common among field isolates of A. niger and suggest that the potential for FB(2) contamination of California raisins should be addressed further.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeffrey D Palumbo
- Plant Mycotoxin Research Unit, U.S. Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, 800 Buchanan Street, Albany, California 94710, USA.
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Palumbo J, O’Keeffe T, Vasquez S, Mahoney N. Isolation and identification of ochratoxin A-producing Aspergillus section Nigri strains from California raisins. Lett Appl Microbiol 2011; 52:330-6. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1472-765x.2011.03004.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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Chiotta M, Reynoso M, Torres A, Combina M, Chulze S. Molecular characterization and toxigenic profile of Aspergillus section Nigri populations isolated from the main grape-growing regions in Argentina. J Appl Microbiol 2010; 110:445-54. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2672.2010.04898.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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Chiotta ML, Ponsone ML, Torres AM, Combina M, Chulze SN. Influence of Planococcus ficus on Aspergillus section Nigri and ochratoxin A incidence in vineyards from Argentina. Lett Appl Microbiol 2010; 51:212-8. [PMID: 20672440 DOI: 10.1111/j.1472-765x.2010.02884.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
AIM The aim of this work was to evaluate the effect of Planococcus ficus infection in red wine grapes on Aspergillus section Nigri and ochratoxin A (OTA) contamination. METHODS AND RESULTS During 2006/2007 and 2008/2009 vintages, Merlot, Malbec and Cabernet Sauvignon varieties divided into two categories of grape samples (undamaged and damaged by P. ficus) were evaluated. Regardless of the grape variety and the harvest season evaluated, Aspergillus section Nigri incidence and the mean OTA concentration in damaged berries were significantly higher than that in the undamaged ones (P < 0.05; P < 0.001). The Merlot variety showed the highest level of black aspergilli contamination in damaged grapes during the 2006/2007 vintage (53.5% of infection), whereas Malbec presented the highest incidence during the 2008/2009 vintage (57.6% of infection). The Cabernet Sauvignon variety showed the highest OTA levels, ranging from 0.1 to 140 microg kg(-1). CONCLUSIONS The presence of P. ficus in vineyards increased the risk of OTA occurrence in grapes, suggesting the need to implement insect control at preharvest stage to reduce the entry of OTA in the wine production chain. SIGNIFICANCE AND IMPACT OF THE STUDY This study is the first report on the influence of P. ficus on the potential risk of OTA contamination in grapes.
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Affiliation(s)
- M L Chiotta
- Departamento de Microbiología e Inmunología, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas Físico-Químicas y Naturales, Universidad Nacional de Río Cuarto, Río Cuarto, Córdoba, Argentina
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Al-Hazmi N. Determination of Patulin and Ochratoxin A using HPLC in apple juice samples in Saudi Arabia. Saudi J Biol Sci 2010; 17:353-359. [PMID: 30323713 PMCID: PMC6181151 DOI: 10.1016/j.sjbs.2010.06.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2010] [Revised: 06/17/2010] [Accepted: 06/21/2010] [Indexed: 10/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Although, Patulin and Ochratoxin are produced by the same genera of molds, however, Patulin was the most extensively studied mycotoxins in apple juice and no reports have explored the presence of Ochratoxin A in the apple juice. Therefore, the objective of this study was to explore the presence of Patulin and Ochratoxin A in apple juice in Saudi Arabian market of Jeddah. Potato dextrose agar(PDA) was used to detect fungal contamination. Patulin was determined using HPLC equipped with a UV detector set at 276 nm. Also, HPLC with fluorescence detector was set at 333 and 420 nm as excitation and emission wavelength, respectively,was used for Ochratoxin A separation. All samples of apple juice were free from fungi and yeasts. The Patulin (PAT) was detected in only one type out of 17 types (5.88%) with a concentration of 152.5 ppb, (305%) increased compared with the maximum permitted level (50 ppb). However the occurrence of Ochratoxin A (OTA) in apple juice samples was discovered in 5 types out of 17 types (29.41%). The concentration of OTA ranged from 100 to 200 ppb reaching 5-10-folds compared with the permissible limits (20 ppb).
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Affiliation(s)
- N.A. Al-Hazmi
- King Abdulaziz University, Faculty of Education, Science Dept., P.O. BOX 51972, Jeddah 21553, Saudi Arabia
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Copetti MV, Pereira JL, Iamanaka BT, Pitt JI, Taniwaki MH. Ochratoxigenic fungi and ochratoxin A in cocoa during farm processing. Int J Food Microbiol 2010; 143:67-70. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijfoodmicro.2010.07.031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2010] [Revised: 07/23/2010] [Accepted: 07/28/2010] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
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Ponsone ML, Chiotta ML, Combina M, Torres A, Knass P, Dalcero A, Chulze S. Natural occurrence of ochratoxin A in musts, wines and grape vine fruits from grapes harvested in Argentina. Toxins (Basel) 2010; 2:1984-96. [PMID: 22069669 PMCID: PMC3153286 DOI: 10.3390/toxins2081984] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2010] [Accepted: 07/28/2010] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
In this study, ochratoxin A (OTA) occurrence in Argentinean musts, wines and dried vine fruits was evaluated, alongside with the performance of OchraStarTM columns for OTA extraction. In all the three matrices analyzed, the OchraStarTM columns showed good performance. The analysis of natural occurrence of OTA in the red must and the red wine samples showed low incidence with low levels of mean OTA contamination (0.12 ng/mL and 0.37 ng/mL, respectively), while 60% of the dried vine fruit samples were contaminated with OTA, in levels ranging from 0.26 to 20.28 ng/g.
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Affiliation(s)
- María Lorena Ponsone
- Departamento de Microbiología e Inmunología, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas, Físico, Químicas y Naturales, Universidad Nacional de Río Cuarto, Ruta Nacional N 36 Km. 601, (5800) Río Cuarto, Córdoba, Argentina; (M.L.P.); (M.L.C.); (A.T.); (A.D.)
| | - María Laura Chiotta
- Departamento de Microbiología e Inmunología, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas, Físico, Químicas y Naturales, Universidad Nacional de Río Cuarto, Ruta Nacional N 36 Km. 601, (5800) Río Cuarto, Córdoba, Argentina; (M.L.P.); (M.L.C.); (A.T.); (A.D.)
| | - Mariana Combina
- Instituto Nacional de Tecnología Agropecuaria (INTA), Luján de Cuyo, Mendoza, Argentina;
- Members of the Research Career of CONICET, Argentina
| | - Adriana Torres
- Departamento de Microbiología e Inmunología, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas, Físico, Químicas y Naturales, Universidad Nacional de Río Cuarto, Ruta Nacional N 36 Km. 601, (5800) Río Cuarto, Córdoba, Argentina; (M.L.P.); (M.L.C.); (A.T.); (A.D.)
- Members of the Research Career of CONICET, Argentina
| | - Patricia Knass
- Facultad de Ciencias Exactas, Químicas y Naturales, Universidad Nacional de Misiones, Posadas, Misiones, Argentina;
| | - Ana Dalcero
- Departamento de Microbiología e Inmunología, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas, Físico, Químicas y Naturales, Universidad Nacional de Río Cuarto, Ruta Nacional N 36 Km. 601, (5800) Río Cuarto, Córdoba, Argentina; (M.L.P.); (M.L.C.); (A.T.); (A.D.)
- Members of the Research Career of CONICET, Argentina
| | - Sofía Chulze
- Departamento de Microbiología e Inmunología, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas, Físico, Químicas y Naturales, Universidad Nacional de Río Cuarto, Ruta Nacional N 36 Km. 601, (5800) Río Cuarto, Córdoba, Argentina; (M.L.P.); (M.L.C.); (A.T.); (A.D.)
- Members of the Research Career of CONICET, Argentina
- Author to whom correspondence should be addressed; ; Tel.: +54-0358-4676-429; Fax: +54-0358-4676-231
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