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Du Y, Hao D, Liu W, Liu W, Li D, Lei Q, Zhou Y, Liu J, Cao D, Wang J, Sun Y, Chen F, Han H, Li F. Plasma Biochemistry, Intestinal Health, and Transcriptome Analysis Reveal Why Laying Hens Produce Translucent Eggs. Animals (Basel) 2024; 14:2593. [PMID: 39272378 PMCID: PMC11394436 DOI: 10.3390/ani14172593] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2024] [Revised: 08/24/2024] [Accepted: 09/02/2024] [Indexed: 09/15/2024] Open
Abstract
Producing translucent eggs has been found to reduce the quality and safety of the eggs, as well as the demand from consumers. However, the intestinal function and the molecular mechanism for the production of translucent eggs remain uncertain. A total of 120 eggs from 276-day-old Jining Bairi were divided into two groups based on eggshell translucence: the translucent egg group (group T) and the normal group (group C). Group T exhibited thicker eggshells and a lower egg yolk color. Subsequently, we divided the chickens into translucent and normal groups based on their egg quality. We then assessed the plasma biochemical index, intestinal morphology and structure, enzyme activity, and antioxidant capacity of the hens producing translucent eggs compared to those producing normal eggs. The results showed that the ratio of duodenal villus length to crypt depth, succinate dehydrogenase (SDH) activity, chymotrypsin, total ATPase (T-ATPase), alkaline phosphatase (AKP), and glutathione peroxidase (GSH-Px) activities were decreased in the hens produced translucent eggs (p < 0.05), but malondialdehyde (MDA) content was increased (p < 0.05); jejunal lipase activity, Na+K+-ATPase activity, total antioxidant capacity (T-AOC), and GSH-Px activities were decreased (p < 0.05) in group T; ileal amylase and Ca2+Mg2+-ATPase activities were also decreased (p < 0.05) in group T. In addition, we identified a total of 471 differentially expressed genes (DEGs) in duodenal tissue, with 327 up-regulated genes and 144 down-regulated genes (|log2FC| ≥ 1 and p < 0.05). Enrichment analysis showed that the up-regulated genes, such as GSTT1, GSTO2, and GSTA3, were mostly enriched in metabolism of xenobiotics by cytochrome P450, drug metabolism-cytochrome P450, and oxidative phosphorylation pathways. The results of our study indicate that plasma lipid metabolism disorder, decreased intestinal antioxidant capacity, and altered intestinal metabolism capabilities may influence the formation of translucent eggs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuanjun Du
- Jinan Key Laboratory of Poultry Germplasm Resources Innovation and Healthy Breeding, Shandong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Poultry Institute, Jinan 250100, China
- Shandong Technology Innovation Center of Laying Hens, Jinan 250102, China
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao 266109, China
| | - Dan Hao
- Jinan Key Laboratory of Poultry Germplasm Resources Innovation and Healthy Breeding, Shandong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Poultry Institute, Jinan 250100, China
| | - Wei Liu
- Jinan Key Laboratory of Poultry Germplasm Resources Innovation and Healthy Breeding, Shandong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Poultry Institute, Jinan 250100, China
| | - Wei Liu
- Shandong Technology Innovation Center of Laying Hens, Jinan 250102, China
| | - Dapeng Li
- Jinan Key Laboratory of Poultry Germplasm Resources Innovation and Healthy Breeding, Shandong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Poultry Institute, Jinan 250100, China
| | - Qiuxia Lei
- Jinan Key Laboratory of Poultry Germplasm Resources Innovation and Healthy Breeding, Shandong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Poultry Institute, Jinan 250100, China
| | - Yan Zhou
- Jinan Key Laboratory of Poultry Germplasm Resources Innovation and Healthy Breeding, Shandong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Poultry Institute, Jinan 250100, China
| | - Jie Liu
- Jinan Key Laboratory of Poultry Germplasm Resources Innovation and Healthy Breeding, Shandong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Poultry Institute, Jinan 250100, China
| | - Dingguo Cao
- Jinan Key Laboratory of Poultry Germplasm Resources Innovation and Healthy Breeding, Shandong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Poultry Institute, Jinan 250100, China
| | - Jie Wang
- Jinan Key Laboratory of Poultry Germplasm Resources Innovation and Healthy Breeding, Shandong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Poultry Institute, Jinan 250100, China
| | - Yan Sun
- Jinan Key Laboratory of Poultry Germplasm Resources Innovation and Healthy Breeding, Shandong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Poultry Institute, Jinan 250100, China
| | - Fu Chen
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao 266109, China
| | - Haixia Han
- Jinan Key Laboratory of Poultry Germplasm Resources Innovation and Healthy Breeding, Shandong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Poultry Institute, Jinan 250100, China
| | - Fuwei Li
- Jinan Key Laboratory of Poultry Germplasm Resources Innovation and Healthy Breeding, Shandong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Poultry Institute, Jinan 250100, China
- Shandong Blue Horizon Ecological Agriculture Co., Ltd., Jinan 250100, China
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Xuan L, Zheng J. Translucent eggs of laying hens: a review. Poult Sci 2024; 103:103983. [PMID: 38954901 PMCID: PMC11266994 DOI: 10.1016/j.psj.2024.103983] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2024] [Revised: 06/10/2024] [Accepted: 06/11/2024] [Indexed: 07/04/2024] Open
Abstract
Eggshell quality is a significant characteristic that influences consumer preferences. Eggshell translucency is a common defect in the appearance of eggshells, which are characterized by gray spots that are visible to the naked eye under natural light. The presence of various defects resulting from eggshell translucency has caused a decrease in consumer willingness to purchase eggs, leading to considerable economic losses in the egg industry. Although the impact of eggshell translucency on food safety, egg quality, and hatchability has been extensively investigated, the classification and causes of eggshell translucency remain unclear and lack a systematic summary. In recent studies, new interpretations of evaluation methods and causes of eggshell translucency have been proposed, along with numerous innovative solutions. Therefore, this paper aims to provide a comprehensive review of the evaluation methods, classification, causes, effects, and influencing factors of eggshell translucency and to summarize the treatments for translucent eggs. We believe that this review will serve as a valuable reference for researchers involved in the study of translucent eggs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lin Xuan
- National Engineering Laboratory for Animal Breeding and MOA Key Laboratory of Animal Genetics and Breeding, College of Animal Science and Technology, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, China
| | - Jiangxia Zheng
- National Engineering Laboratory for Animal Breeding and MOA Key Laboratory of Animal Genetics and Breeding, College of Animal Science and Technology, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, China.
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Liu GY, Chen XY, Liu XL, Zhou RY, Zhao XY, Xu LJ, Ning ZH, Wang DH. Further screening of SNP loci of eggshell translucency related genes and evaluation of genetic effects. Poult Sci 2024; 103:103963. [PMID: 39013295 DOI: 10.1016/j.psj.2024.103963] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2024] [Revised: 06/03/2024] [Accepted: 06/04/2024] [Indexed: 07/18/2024] Open
Abstract
Eggshell translucency is a widespread issue in the field of egg quality. Previous research has established that the heritability of eggshell translucency is relatively low or moderate. Scientists have also successfully identified SNP loci related to eggshell translucency on different chromosomes by using gene chips and single-variant GWAS. However, the specific impact of single or multiple genes on the trait of eggshell translucency remains unknown. In an effort to investigate this, we examined 170 SNPs associated with eggshell translucency obtained by our research group. We selected 966 half-sibling laying hens from 2 generations in 3 pure lines: Dwarf Layer-White, Rhode Island Red-White Strain, and Rhode Island Red. Eggs were collected from each hen over a period of 5 consecutive days, and eggshell translucency was measured using a grading method in which the hens were divided into 2 groups: an opaque group and a translucent group. We collected blood samples from the laying hens and extracted DNA. Time of flight mass spectrometry (TOF-MS) was used for genotyping to identify SNP loci that influence the trait of eggshell translucency. The results of our analysis revealed that using TOF-MS in 3 chicken strains, we were able to eliminate loci with low gene polymorphism, genetic effect contribution less than 1%, and deviation from Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium. Ultimately, 5 SNPs (Affx-50362599, rs15050262, rs312943734, rs316121113, and rs317389181) were identified on chromosomes 1, 5, and 19. Additionally, nine candidate genes (DCN, BTG1, ZFP92, POU2F1, NUCB2, FTL, GGNBP2, ACACA, and TADA2A) were found to be associated with these SNPs. No linkage disequilibrium relationship was observed between the 2 pairs of SNP loci on chromosomes 1 and 19. Based on previous studies on the formation mechanism of eggshell translucency, we hypothesize that NUCB2, FTL, and ACACA genes may be affecting the eggshell structure through different mechanisms, such as increase the water permeability or make thin of eggshell membrane, which promote moisture or part of other egg contents and ultimately lead to the formation of eggshell translucency. These findings validate and identify five SNP loci that regulate the translucency trait, and provide molecular markers for breeding non-translucent populations. Furthermore, this study serves as a reference for further investigation of the genetic regulatory mechanisms underlying eggshell translucency.
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Affiliation(s)
- Geng-Yun Liu
- Department of Animal Science and Technology, Hebei Agricultural University, Baoding, 071001, China
| | - Xiang-Yu Chen
- Department of Animal Science and Technology, Hebei Agricultural University, Baoding, 071001, China; Baoding livestock husbandry workstation, Baoding, Hebei 071001, China
| | - Xue-Lu Liu
- Department of Animal Science and Technology, Hebei Agricultural University, Baoding, 071001, China
| | - Rong-Yan Zhou
- Department of Animal Science and Technology, Hebei Agricultural University, Baoding, 071001, China
| | - Xiao-Yu Zhao
- Baoding Xingrui Agriculture and Animal Husbandry Technology Co., Ltd., Baoding, 072550, China
| | - Li-Jun Xu
- Baoding livestock husbandry workstation, Baoding, Hebei 071001, China
| | - Zhong-Hua Ning
- College of Animal Science and Technology, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, China
| | - De-He Wang
- Department of Animal Science and Technology, Hebei Agricultural University, Baoding, 071001, China.
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Ma Y, Luo Y, Li W, Wang D, Ning Z. White Isthmus Transcriptome Analysis Reveals the Mechanism of Translucent Eggshell Formation. Animals (Basel) 2024; 14:1477. [PMID: 38791694 PMCID: PMC11117225 DOI: 10.3390/ani14101477] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2024] [Revised: 05/08/2024] [Accepted: 05/09/2024] [Indexed: 05/26/2024] Open
Abstract
The presence of translucent eggshells is a type of egg quality issue that impacts egg sales. While many researchers have studied them, the exact mechanisms behind their formation remain unclear. In this study, we conducted a transcriptomic differential expression analysis of the isthmus region of the oviduct in both normal egg- and translucent egg-laying hens. The analysis revealed that differentially expressed gene pathways were predominantly concentrated in the synthesis, modification, and transport of eggshell membrane proteins, particularly collagen proteins, which provide structural support. These findings suggest that variations in the physical structure of the eggshell membrane, resulting from changes in its chemical composition, are the fundamental cause of translucent eggshell formation. This research provides a theoretical reference for reducing the occurrence of translucent eggs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ying Ma
- National Engineering Laboratory for Animal Breeding, Key Laboratory of Animal Genetics, Breeding and Reproduction, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, College of Animal Science and Technology, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China; (Y.M.); (Y.L.); (W.L.)
| | - Yuxing Luo
- National Engineering Laboratory for Animal Breeding, Key Laboratory of Animal Genetics, Breeding and Reproduction, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, College of Animal Science and Technology, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China; (Y.M.); (Y.L.); (W.L.)
| | - Wen Li
- National Engineering Laboratory for Animal Breeding, Key Laboratory of Animal Genetics, Breeding and Reproduction, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, College of Animal Science and Technology, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China; (Y.M.); (Y.L.); (W.L.)
| | - Dehe Wang
- Department of Animal Science and Technology, Hebei Agricultural University, Baoding 071001, China;
| | - Zhonghua Ning
- National Engineering Laboratory for Animal Breeding, Key Laboratory of Animal Genetics, Breeding and Reproduction, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, College of Animal Science and Technology, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China; (Y.M.); (Y.L.); (W.L.)
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Neto FLK, Barbosa BB, Novaes GA, Blank MH, Fireman AKAT, Junior ÁB, Pereira RJG. Eggshell translucency: its relationship with specific gravity and eggshell color and its influence on broiler egg weight loss, hatchability, and embryonic mortalities. Poult Sci 2024; 103:103528. [PMID: 38417303 PMCID: PMC10909899 DOI: 10.1016/j.psj.2024.103528] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2023] [Revised: 01/02/2024] [Accepted: 01/28/2024] [Indexed: 03/01/2024] Open
Abstract
Eggshell quality is among the most important factors affecting hatchability in broiler breeders, and therefore several methods for its assessment are available in the poultry industry. Among them, eggshell translucency has received special attention in recent years due to its connection with ultrastructural disorganization of the shell layers. However, there is very limited data on the impact of translucency on hatching eggs and on the possible links between this trait and specific gravity (SG) or shell color. Thus, our study investigated associations and interactions between eggshell translucency, SG, and color on incubation parameters of eggs from the same breeding flock (Ross 308AP, 51 wk of age). To this end, light and dark eggs within 5 different SG categories (≥1.065, 1.070, 1.075, 1.080, and ≤1.085) were selected from 15,976 eggs, graded into 3 translucency scores, and later incubated to evaluate egg weight loss, hatchability and embryonic mortalities. In general, translucency scores were evenly distributed within SG categories (χ2 [8, N = 1,138] = 13.67, P = 0.090) and color (χ2 [2, N = 1,138] = 4.93, P = 0.084). No interactions between eggshell translucency and SG or between translucency and color were found for the analyzed variables. An interaction was observed between SG and eggshell color for the variable egg weight loss, where the light-shelled eggs, in most SG categories lost more weight throughout incubation than dark eggs. Eggshell translucency affected egg weight loss, hatchability, and embryonic mortality on 11 to 18 d of incubation, with highly translucent eggs showing the worst results. At the same time, eggs with SG lower than 1.070 displayed the greatest weight loss, lowest hatchability, and highest contamination. We found no influence of eggshell color on weight loss or hatchability, but light-shelled eggs exhibited higher late embryonic mortality. Together, these data suggest that despite its effects on certain hatching parameters, shell translucency bears no relationship to SG or color.
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Affiliation(s)
- Felipe Lino Kroetz Neto
- Grupo de Estudos para Multiplicação de Aves (GEMA), Departmento de Reprodução Animal, Faculdade de Medicina Veterinária e Zootecnia, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, SP, 13635-900, Brazil; Aviagen America Latina Ltda, Campinas, SP, 13100-055, Brazil
| | - Bianca Barreto Barbosa
- Grupo de Estudos para Multiplicação de Aves (GEMA), Departmento de Reprodução Animal, Faculdade de Medicina Veterinária e Zootecnia, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, SP, 13635-900, Brazil; Aviagen America Latina Ltda, Campinas, SP, 13100-055, Brazil
| | - Gabriel Augusto Novaes
- Grupo de Estudos para Multiplicação de Aves (GEMA), Departmento de Reprodução Animal, Faculdade de Medicina Veterinária e Zootecnia, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, SP, 13635-900, Brazil; Cobb-Vantress Brasil Ltda, Guapiaçu, SP, 15110-000, Brazil
| | - Marcel Henrique Blank
- Grupo de Estudos para Multiplicação de Aves (GEMA), Departmento de Reprodução Animal, Faculdade de Medicina Veterinária e Zootecnia, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, SP, 13635-900, Brazil
| | | | - Álvaro Burin Junior
- Zinpro Animal Nutrition (Brasil) Comercial Ltda, Piracicaba, SP, 13400-765, Brazil
| | - Ricardo José Garcia Pereira
- Grupo de Estudos para Multiplicação de Aves (GEMA), Departmento de Reprodução Animal, Faculdade de Medicina Veterinária e Zootecnia, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, SP, 13635-900, Brazil.
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Yue C, Bai Y, Li T, Deng H, Lu L, Lin W, Cui X, Lv L, Gao G, Liu JH, Liu YY. Emergence of tet(X4)-positive Enterobacterales in retail eggs and the widespread of IncFIA(HI1)-HI1A-HI1B(R27) plasmids carrying tet(X4). Int J Food Microbiol 2024; 414:110574. [PMID: 38325259 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijfoodmicro.2024.110574] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2023] [Revised: 01/04/2024] [Accepted: 01/07/2024] [Indexed: 02/09/2024]
Abstract
The proliferation of antimicrobial-resistant microbes and resistance genes in various foods poses a serious hazard to public health. The plasmid-mediated tigecycline resistance gene tet(X4) has been detected in Enterobacterales from various niches but has not yet been reported in eggs. This study aimed to investigate the occurrence and characteristics of tigecycline-resistant strains from retail eggs. A total of 144 eggs were purchased from farmers' markets in Guangdong province, China, and eggshell (n = 144) and egg content (n = 96) samples were used to screen for tigecycline-resistant strains. Eight Escherichia coli strains (two ST195, one ST48, ST8165, ST752, ST93, ST189, and ST224) and one Klebsiella pneumoniae strain (ST252) recovered from eight (5.56 %, 8/144) egg samples (eggshells, n = 6; egg content, n = 2) were positive for tet(X4). Notably, the two E. coli ST195 strains were closely (15-54 SNPs) related to all the tet(X4)-positive E. coli ST195 from various origins (food animals, foods, migratory birds, human, and environment) deposited in GenBank. The E. coli ST224 showed a close phylogenetic relationship (9-12 SNPs) with two tet(X4)-positive E. coli strains from chicken feces and retail chicken in Guangdong province. The hybrid plasmid IncFIA(HI1)-HI1A-HI1B(R27) constitutes the predominant tet(X4) vector both herein (7/9, 77.78 %) and in the GenBank database (32/160, 20 %). The tet(X4)-positive IncFIA(HI1)-HI1A-HI1B(R27) plasmids, sharing highly similar structures, have been widely disseminated across China. However, the IncFIA(HI1)-HI1A-HI1B(R27) plasmids exhibit poor stability and low conjugation frequency. The contamination of tet(X4)-positive bacteria internally and externally in retail eggs poses a prospective food safety threat. More attention should be paid to the spread of the tet(X4) gene via epidemic clone E. coli ST195 and the plasmid IncFIA(HI1)-HI1A-HI1B(R27).
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Affiliation(s)
- Chao Yue
- State Key Laboratory for Animal Disease Control and Prevention, Guangdong Laboratory for Lingnan Modern Agriculture, College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China; Key Laboratory of Zoonosis of Ministry of Agricultural and Rural Affairs, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Veterinary Pharmaceutics Development and Safety Evaluation, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510642, China
| | - Yuman Bai
- State Key Laboratory for Animal Disease Control and Prevention, Guangdong Laboratory for Lingnan Modern Agriculture, College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China; Key Laboratory of Zoonosis of Ministry of Agricultural and Rural Affairs, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Veterinary Pharmaceutics Development and Safety Evaluation, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510642, China
| | - Tong Li
- State Key Laboratory for Animal Disease Control and Prevention, Guangdong Laboratory for Lingnan Modern Agriculture, College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China; Key Laboratory of Zoonosis of Ministry of Agricultural and Rural Affairs, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Veterinary Pharmaceutics Development and Safety Evaluation, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510642, China
| | - Haotian Deng
- State Key Laboratory for Animal Disease Control and Prevention, Guangdong Laboratory for Lingnan Modern Agriculture, College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China; Key Laboratory of Zoonosis of Ministry of Agricultural and Rural Affairs, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Veterinary Pharmaceutics Development and Safety Evaluation, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510642, China
| | - Litao Lu
- State Key Laboratory for Animal Disease Control and Prevention, Guangdong Laboratory for Lingnan Modern Agriculture, College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China; Key Laboratory of Zoonosis of Ministry of Agricultural and Rural Affairs, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Veterinary Pharmaceutics Development and Safety Evaluation, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510642, China
| | - Wannan Lin
- State Key Laboratory for Animal Disease Control and Prevention, Guangdong Laboratory for Lingnan Modern Agriculture, College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China; Key Laboratory of Zoonosis of Ministry of Agricultural and Rural Affairs, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Veterinary Pharmaceutics Development and Safety Evaluation, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510642, China
| | - Xiaoxiao Cui
- State Key Laboratory for Animal Disease Control and Prevention, Guangdong Laboratory for Lingnan Modern Agriculture, College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China; Key Laboratory of Zoonosis of Ministry of Agricultural and Rural Affairs, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Veterinary Pharmaceutics Development and Safety Evaluation, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510642, China
| | - Luchao Lv
- State Key Laboratory for Animal Disease Control and Prevention, Guangdong Laboratory for Lingnan Modern Agriculture, College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China; Key Laboratory of Zoonosis of Ministry of Agricultural and Rural Affairs, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Veterinary Pharmaceutics Development and Safety Evaluation, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510642, China
| | - Guolong Gao
- State Key Laboratory for Animal Disease Control and Prevention, Guangdong Laboratory for Lingnan Modern Agriculture, College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China; Key Laboratory of Zoonosis of Ministry of Agricultural and Rural Affairs, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Veterinary Pharmaceutics Development and Safety Evaluation, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510642, China
| | - Jian-Hua Liu
- State Key Laboratory for Animal Disease Control and Prevention, Guangdong Laboratory for Lingnan Modern Agriculture, College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China; Key Laboratory of Zoonosis of Ministry of Agricultural and Rural Affairs, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Veterinary Pharmaceutics Development and Safety Evaluation, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510642, China.
| | - Yi-Yun Liu
- State Key Laboratory for Animal Disease Control and Prevention, Guangdong Laboratory for Lingnan Modern Agriculture, College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China; Key Laboratory of Zoonosis of Ministry of Agricultural and Rural Affairs, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Veterinary Pharmaceutics Development and Safety Evaluation, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510642, China.
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Oliveira GDS, McManus C, Dos Santos VM. Control of Escherichia coli in Poultry Using the In Ovo Injection Technique. Antibiotics (Basel) 2024; 13:205. [PMID: 38534640 DOI: 10.3390/antibiotics13030205] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2024] [Revised: 02/18/2024] [Accepted: 02/20/2024] [Indexed: 03/28/2024] Open
Abstract
Pathogens, such as Escherichia coli (E. coli), have been identified as significant causes of poultry mortality. Poultry can serve as potential sources of E. coli transmission, even when asymptomatic, posing a substantial threat to food safety and human health. The in ovo administration of antimicrobials is crucial for preventing and/or effectively combating acute and chronic infections caused by poultry pathogens. To achieve this goal, it is critical that antimicrobials are properly injected into embryonic fluids, such as the amnion, to reach target tissues and trigger robust antimicrobial responses. Several protocols based on antimicrobials were evaluated to meet these requirements. This review analyzed the impacts of antimicrobial substances injected in ovo on the control of E. coli in poultry. The reduction in infection rates, resulting from the implementation of in ovo antimicrobials, combined with efforts aimed at hygienic-sanitary action plans in poultry sheds, reinforces confidence that E. coli can be contained before causing large scale damage. For example, antimicrobial peptides and probiotics have shown potential to provide protection to poultry against infections caused by E. coli. Issues related to the toxicity and bacterial resistance of many synthetic chemical compounds represent challenges that need to be overcome before the commercial application of in ovo injection protocols focused on microbiological control.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Concepta McManus
- Faculty of Agronomy and Veterinary Medicine, University of Brasília, Brasília 70910-900, Brazil
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Orellana L, Neves D, Krehling J, Burin R, Soster P, Almeida L, Urrutia A, Munoz L, Escobar C, Bailey M, Chaves-Cordoba B, Williams C, Rebollo M, Macklin K. Effect of translucency and eggshell color on broiler breeder egg hatchability and hatch chick weight. Poult Sci 2023; 102:102866. [PMID: 37390557 PMCID: PMC10466248 DOI: 10.1016/j.psj.2023.102866] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2023] [Revised: 06/07/2023] [Accepted: 06/08/2023] [Indexed: 07/02/2023] Open
Abstract
A successful hatch has a considerable economic impact on all poultry companies. The aim of the current study was to describe the possible effects of shell translucency (T score) and coloration lightness (L* value) on shell thickness, hatchability, and chick weight. A total of 4,320 eggs from 4 commercial Ross 708 breeder flocks (50-55-wk old) were used. Eggs were selected for T score and L* value. A 3-point subjective scoring system was used for T score (1 = low, 2 = medium, 3 = high), and an electronic colorimeter for L* value, sorting the eggs as light (avg. L* = 80.7) or dark (avg. L* = 76.0). Data were analyzed using the GLIMMIX procedure of SAS (V9.4) and Tukey's HSD test was performed to separate means, a significant difference was considered when P ≤ 0.05. Results suggest that the color of the eggshell was related to the egg weight on the day of collection (P = 0.0056) and at transfer (P = 0.0211), in both cases dark eggs were 0.6 g heavier than light eggs. Dark eggs had a 3.8% increased hatchability of egg set (P = 0.0481) and yielded 6 µm thicker shells (P = 0.0019) when compared to light eggs. Regarding translucency, egg weight at transfer was 0.8 g heavier for T score 1 eggs compared to T score 3 (P = 0.0358). The translucency score of 1 had a 6.9% higher hatchability of eggs set (P = 0.0127) and 0.7 g heavier chick weight (P = 0.0385) compared to T score 3. However, T score 1 eggs had shells 28 µm thinner than the T score 2 and 34 µm thinner than T score 3 (P < 0.0001). An interaction effect was observed for eggshell thickness, L* value, and T score, where eggs classified as light with T score 1 had thinner eggshells compared to those that were dark with T score 3 (P = 0.0292). These results suggest that eggshell translucency and coloration lightness can be good noninvasive indicators of eggshell thickness, hatchability, and chick weight in broiler breeder flocks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leticia Orellana
- Department of Poultry Science, Auburn University, Auburn, AL 36849, USA
| | | | - James Krehling
- Department of Poultry Science, Auburn University, Auburn, AL 36849, USA
| | | | - Patricia Soster
- Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil
| | | | - Andrea Urrutia
- Department of Poultry Science, Auburn University, Auburn, AL 36849, USA
| | - Luis Munoz
- Department of Poultry Science, Auburn University, Auburn, AL 36849, USA
| | - Cesar Escobar
- Department of Poultry Science, Auburn University, Auburn, AL 36849, USA
| | - Matthew Bailey
- Department of Poultry Science, Auburn University, Auburn, AL 36849, USA
| | | | | | | | - Ken Macklin
- Department of Poultry Science, Mississippi State University, Mississippi State, MS 39762, USA.
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9
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Shi X, Liang Q, Wang E, Jiang C, Zeng L, Chen R, Li J, Xu G, Zheng J. A Method to Reduce the Occurrence of Egg Translucency and Its Effect on Bacterial Invasion. Foods 2023; 12:2538. [PMID: 37444276 DOI: 10.3390/foods12132538] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2023] [Revised: 06/27/2023] [Accepted: 06/28/2023] [Indexed: 07/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Translucent egg consumption is low due to consumer acceptance and quality concerns, which is a problem that egg producers need to address. This study was performed to evaluate the reasons for the high occurrence of egg translucency in summer, as well as whether the addition of mono-dicalcium phosphate (MDCP) to the diet can relieve eggshell translucency and whether eggshell translucency is associated with the risk of bacterial invasion. A total of 72 laying hens that were 36 weeks old were randomly divided into control (CON) and MDCP groups and fed in the same environment. Results showed that the number of translucent eggs increases in July and August as the temperature and humidity increase. Compared with the CON group, in July, August, and October, the translucent egg grade (TEG) of the MDCP group was lower than that of the CON group (p < 0.05). TEG was correlated with mastoid space height (MSH), width (MSW), and area (MSA) (correlation coefficients 0.63, 0.59, and 0.68, respectively, p ≤ 0.05). There was no significant difference in the invasion rate of E. coli between translucent and non-translucent egg groups (47.2% vs. 39.33%), and translucent area and non-translucent area (13.49% vs. 15.08%). In conclusion, our results show that dietary MDCP may alleviate eggshell translucency and that eggshell translucency would not increase the probability of E. coli cross-shell penetration rate.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xuefeng Shi
- College of Animal Science and Technology, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Qianni Liang
- College of Animal Science and Technology, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Enling Wang
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China
| | - Caiyun Jiang
- College of Animal Science and Technology, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Lingsen Zeng
- College of Animal Science and Technology, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Ruochen Chen
- College of Animal Science and Technology, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Junying Li
- College of Animal Science and Technology, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Guiyun Xu
- College of Animal Science and Technology, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Jiangxia Zheng
- College of Animal Science and Technology, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China
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10
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Ren HL, Zhao XY, Di KQ, Li LH, Hao EY, Chen H, Zhou RY, Nie CS, Wang DH. Eggshell translucency in late-phase laying hens and its effect on egg quality and physiological indicators. Front Vet Sci 2023; 10:1133752. [PMID: 37275613 PMCID: PMC10233096 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2023.1133752] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2022] [Accepted: 05/02/2023] [Indexed: 06/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Eggshell translucency severely affects external egg quality, and variations in the eggshell or eggshell membrane are considered the structural basis of the trait. Research has shown that 1.85% additional mixed fatty acids in the diet would greatly decrease the occurrence of eggshell translucency. Only a few studies have examined the phenotypic regularity of eggshell translucency with the increasing age of hens. Therefore, two strains, 1139 Rhode Island Red-White (RIR-White) and 836 Dwarf Layer-White (DWL-White), were used, and from each strain, 30 hens each that consecutively laid translucent or opaque eggs at 67 wks of age were selected. Subsequently, eggshell translucency, internal quality and external quality of eggs, and total cholesterol, albumin, calcium binding protein and other physiological indicators related to lipid, lipoprotein, and calcium metabolisms at the 75th, 79th, and 83rd wks of age in the late phase of the laying cycle were determined. Results: (1) In terms of flocks, for both strains, the translucency scores of the translucent groups were significantly higher than those of the opaque groups (P < 0.05); in terms of individuals, 81.1% RIR-White and 82.8% DWL-White hens consecutively laid eggs of the same or similar translucency, indicating the stability of the trait with increasing hen age; (2) In RIR-White, the eggshell strength of the translucent group at 75 weeks was significantly higher than that of the opaque group (P < 0.05); in DWL-White, the eggshell membrane thickness of the translucent group at the 75th and 83rd weeks was significantly lower than that of the opaque group (P < 0.05); (3) Compared to the opaque groups, the translucent groups had lower total cholesterol content in both RIR-White and DWL-White, lower albumin content in DWL-White at the 79th weeks (P < 0.05), and higher calcium-binding protein (CALB1) in RIR-White at the 83rd weeks (P < 0.05). In summary, this study illustrates the stability of eggshell translucency in late-phase laying hens and provides a reference of physiological indicators for exploring the formation of translucent eggs.
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Affiliation(s)
- He-Ling Ren
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Hebei Agricultural University, Baoding, China
| | - Xiao-Yu Zhao
- Baoding Xingrui Agriculture and Animal Husbandry Development Co., Ltd., Baoding, China
| | - Ke-Qian Di
- School of Basic Medical Sciences, Hebei University, Baoding, China
| | - Lan-Hui Li
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Hebei Agricultural University, Baoding, China
| | - Er-Ying Hao
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Hebei Agricultural University, Baoding, China
| | - Hui Chen
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Hebei Agricultural University, Baoding, China
| | - Rong-Yan Zhou
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Hebei Agricultural University, Baoding, China
| | - Chang-Sheng Nie
- National Engineering Laboratory for Animal Breeding and MOA Key Laboratory of Animal Genetics and Breeding, College of Animal Science and Technology, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - De-He Wang
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Hebei Agricultural University, Baoding, China
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11
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van den Brand H, Hubers T, van den Anker I, Torres CA, Frehen E, Ooms M, Arts J, Laurenssen BFA, Heetkamp MJW, Kemp B, Molenaar R. Effects of trace minerals source in the broiler breeder diet and eggshell translucency on embryonic development of the offspring. Poult Sci 2023; 102:102455. [PMID: 36638758 PMCID: PMC9842929 DOI: 10.1016/j.psj.2022.102455] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2022] [Revised: 12/16/2022] [Accepted: 12/25/2022] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
In 2 experiments, interactions between trace mineral (Zn, Mn, Cu, Se) source (organic or inorganic) in the broiler breeder diet and egg translucency (high or low) on egg characteristics and embryonic development were investigated. In the first experiment, eggs from old breeders (55-57 wk) and in the second experiment, eggs from prime breeders (34-36 wk) were used. Egg composition and bacterial load on the eggshell were analyzed in fresh eggs. During incubation, metabolic heat production of the embryos (d 8 (E8) to 19 of incubation) and tibia ossification (E8.5-E14.5) were determined daily. At hatch, chicken quality was assessed, including tibia biophysical characteristic. Egg quality was not affected by breeder trace minerals source or egg translucency in both experiments. In both experiments, an interaction between trace minerals source and translucency score was found for egg weight loss during incubation. In inorganic trace minerals fed breeders, a high egg translucency resulted in a higher egg weight loss than a low egg translucency, whereas this difference was not seen in organic trace minerals fed breeders. Embryonic heat production and tibia ossification were not affected by trace minerals source or egg translucency. Chicken quality showed ambiguous results between experiment 1 and 2 regarding trace minerals source in the breeder diet. In experiment 2, high translucent eggs from organic fed breeders hatched later than eggs from the other three treatment groups and additionally, high egg translucency resulted in lower residual yolk weight and higher heart and liver percentage of YFBM compared to low egg translucency. Tibia biophysical characteristics at hatch were not affected by trace minerals source or egg translucency. It can be concluded that organic trace minerals source in broiler breeder diet affects eggshell conductance, particularly in low translucent eggs, but effects on chicken quality and tibia characteristics appears to be limited.
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Affiliation(s)
- Henry van den Brand
- Adaptation Physiology Group, Wageningen University and Research, Wageningen, the Netherlands.
| | - Timo Hubers
- Adaptation Physiology Group, Wageningen University and Research, Wageningen, the Netherlands
| | - Ilona van den Anker
- Adaptation Physiology Group, Wageningen University and Research, Wageningen, the Netherlands
| | | | | | - Monique Ooms
- Adaptation Physiology Group, Wageningen University and Research, Wageningen, the Netherlands
| | - Joop Arts
- Adaptation Physiology Group, Wageningen University and Research, Wageningen, the Netherlands
| | - Bjorge F A Laurenssen
- Adaptation Physiology Group, Wageningen University and Research, Wageningen, the Netherlands
| | - Marcel J W Heetkamp
- Adaptation Physiology Group, Wageningen University and Research, Wageningen, the Netherlands
| | - Bas Kemp
- Adaptation Physiology Group, Wageningen University and Research, Wageningen, the Netherlands
| | - Roos Molenaar
- Adaptation Physiology Group, Wageningen University and Research, Wageningen, the Netherlands
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12
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Hsu SC, Chen HL, Chou CF, Liu WC, Wu CT. Characterization of microbial contamination of retail washed and unwashed shell eggs in Taiwan. Food Control 2023. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodcont.2023.109718] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/02/2023]
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13
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Liu GY, Shi L, Chen YF, Chen H, Zhang C, Wang YT, Ning ZH, Wang DH. Estimation of genetic parameters of eggshell translucency and production traits in different genotypes of laying hens. Poult Sci 2023; 102:102616. [PMID: 37004251 PMCID: PMC10091017 DOI: 10.1016/j.psj.2023.102616] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2022] [Revised: 02/16/2023] [Accepted: 02/22/2023] [Indexed: 03/03/2023] Open
Abstract
The translucency of eggshells is a ubiquitous appearance problem caused by moisture translocation and the accumulation of egg contents into the eggshell ultrastructure. Previous studies have mainly investigated the causes of eggshell translucency from nutritional and environmental perspectives. However, little is known of the effect of genetics the causes of eggshell translucency on hen production performance. To evaluate the genetic parameters of eggshell translucency and other production performance indicators, we performed an experiment on 3 pure hen lines: 624 Dwarf Layer-White, 1,612 Rhode Island Red, and 813 Rhode Island Red-White. We collected eggs from each hen over 5 d and measured eggshell translucent level (TL) using the grading method. Additionally we measured indicators of each hen during the laying period, including age at laying of the first egg (AFE), body weight at laying of the first egg (BWFE), weight of the first egg (FEW), body weight at 40 wk (BW40), egg weight at 40 wk (EW40), egg production up to 40 wk of age (EN), and calculated the genetic parameters among the indicators. The results showed that the estimated heritability of TL in the 3 genotypes were 0.30, 0.24, and 0.20, respectively, suggesting a low or moderate level of heritability. We found a positive correlation between TL and AFE, with genetic correlation coefficients 0.19 to 0.41, and negative genetic correlation between TL and EN, with correlation coefficient -0.36 to -0.19. Additionally, we observed positive correlation exists between AFE and FEW, BWFE and FEW, and BW40 and EW40; and negative correlation between AFE and EN in the 3 pure lines. These results enriched the research on heritability of eggshell translucency in different hen breeds and demonstrated moderate or low heritability of the indicator. Furthermore, eggshell translucency was negatively affected by AFE and EN. Our results provide a valuable reference for predicting selection response of eggshell translucency and production performance in brood hens, and locating the genes regulating eggshell translucency.
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14
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Cheng X, Ning Z. Research progress on bird eggshell quality defects: a review. Poult Sci 2023; 102:102283. [PMID: 36399932 PMCID: PMC9673113 DOI: 10.1016/j.psj.2022.102283] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2022] [Revised: 10/18/2022] [Accepted: 10/18/2022] [Indexed: 11/05/2022] Open
Abstract
The eggshell quality declined with extending of chicken laying cycles. Eggshell quality is a crucial feature that not only affects consumer preference, but also influences producers' economic profitability. The eggshell ultrastructure consists of mammillary, palisade, and vertical crystal layers. Any defect in shell structure results in a reduction in eggshell quality. Speckled, translucent, pimpled, and soft eggshells are common defects that cause significant financial losses for farmers and food security concerns for consumers. Therefore, reducing the faulty eggshells is critical for poultry production. Defective eggshell quality has been attributed to hereditary factors and external environmental stimuli. As such, improvements can be carried out through selective breeding and environmental control of components such as temperature, moisture, and diet formula balance. In this review, the molecular mechanisms of the main eggshell quality defects (speckled, translucent, pimpled, broken, and soft-shell eggs) and the relevant improvement methods are detailed. We hope this review will serve as a useful resource for poultry production management and effectively increasing eggshell quality.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xue Cheng
- National Engineering Laboratory for Animal Breeding, College of Animal Science and Technology, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Zhonghua Ning
- National Engineering Laboratory for Animal Breeding, College of Animal Science and Technology, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China.
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15
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Siriphap A, Suwancharoen C, Laenoi W, Kraivuttinun P, Suthienkul O, Prapasawat W. First study on virulence genes, antimicrobial resistance, and integrons in Escherichia coli isolated from cage, free-range, and organic commercial eggs in Phayao Province, Thailand. Vet World 2022; 15:2293-2301. [PMID: 36341073 PMCID: PMC9631383 DOI: 10.14202/vetworld.2022.2293-2301] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2022] [Accepted: 08/02/2022] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Background and Aim: Antimicrobial resistance (AMR) is a global problem that affects human and animal health, and eggs can act as a vehicle for pathogenic and non-pathogenic resistant bacteria in the food chain. Escherichia coli is an indicator of food contamination with fecal materials as well as the occurrence and levels of AMR. This study aimed to investigate the presence of AMR, integrons, and virulence genes in E. coli isolated from eggshell samples of three egg production systems, from supermarkets in Thailand. Materials and Methods: A total of 750 hen’s egg samples were purchased from supermarkets in Phayao Province: Cage eggs (250), free-range eggs (250), and organic eggs (250). Each sample was soaked in buffered peptone water (BPW), and the BPW samples were incubated at 37°C for 18–24 h. All samples were tested for E. coli by the standard conventional culture method. Then, all identified E. coli were tested for antimicrobial susceptibility to 15 antimicrobial agents by the agar disk diffusion method. All E. coli strains were subsequently found to have virulence genes and Classes 1 and 2 integrons by polymerase chain reaction. Results: Among the eggshell samples, 91 samples were identified as having E. coli (cage eggs, 24 strains; free-range eggs, 27 strains; and organic eggs, 40 strains). Then, among the E. coli strains, 47 (51.6%) were positive for at least one virulence gene. The proportion of AMR in the eggshell samples was 91.2% (83/91), and streptomycin (STR), ampicillin (AMP), and tetracycline (TET) had a high degree of resistance. Among the E. coli strains, 27 (29.7%) strains were positive for class 1 or 2 integrons, and integron-positive strains were commonly found in STR-, AMP-, and TET-resistant strains. Multidrug resistance (MDR) was detected in 57.1% (52/91) of the E. coli strains, with STR-AMP-TET (5.5%) as the most frequent pattern. The proportion of MDR in cage eggs was 75.0% (18/24), which was higher than in both free-range and organic eggs. On the other hand, 53.2% (25/47) of E. coli carrying virulence genes had MDR, distributed across the production systems as follows: Cage eggs, 76.9% (10/13); free-range eggs, 63.6% (7/11); and organic eggs, 34.8% (8/23). Conclusion: Escherichia coli was detected in eggshell samples from all three egg production systems. The high level of virulence genes, AMR, and integrons indicated the possibility of dissemination of AMR among pathogenic and commensal E. coli through eggshells. These findings could be a major concern to farmers, food handlers, and consumers, especially regarding raw egg consumption.
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Affiliation(s)
- Achiraya Siriphap
- Division of Microbiology and Parasitology, School of Medical Sciences, University of Phayao, Phayao 56000, Thailand
| | - Chittakun Suwancharoen
- Division of Microbiology and Parasitology, School of Medical Sciences, University of Phayao, Phayao 56000, Thailand
| | - Watchara Laenoi
- Division of Animal Science, School of Agriculture and Natural Resources, University of Phayao, Phayao 56000, Thailand
| | - Parinya Kraivuttinun
- Program in Environment, Faculty of Science and Technology, Uttaradit Rajabhat University, Uttaradit 53000, Thailand
| | - Orasa Suthienkul
- Faculty of Public Health, Mahidol University, Bangkok 10400, Thailand
| | - Watsawan Prapasawat
- Department of Clinic, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Mahanakorn University of Technology, Bangkok 10530, Thailand
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16
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Grudlewska-Buda K, Wiktorczyk-Kapischke N, Wałecka-Zacharska E, Kwiecińska-Piróg J, Gryń G, Skowron KJ, Korkus J, Gospodarek-Komkowka E, Bystroń J, Budzyńska A, Kruszewski S, Paluszak Z, Andrzejewska M, Wilk M, Skowron K. Effect of Radiant Catalytic Ionization and Ozonation on Salmonella spp. on Eggshells. Foods 2022; 11:foods11162452. [PMID: 36010451 PMCID: PMC9407475 DOI: 10.3390/foods11162452] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2022] [Revised: 08/09/2022] [Accepted: 08/12/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Three Salmonella enterica strains were used in the study (serovars: S. enteritidis, S. typhimurim and S. virchow). This study evaluated the efficacy of radiant catalytic ionization (RCI) and ozonation against Salmonella spp. on eggshell (expressed as log CFU/egg). The egg surface was contaminated three different bacterial suspension (103 CFU/mL, 105 CFU/mL and 108 CFU/mL) with or without poultry manure. Experiments were conducted at 4 °C and 20 °C in three different time period: 30 min, 60 min and 120 min. Treatment with RCI reduced Salmonella numbers from 0.26 log CFU/egg in bacterial suspension 108 CFU/mL, 4 °C and 20 °C, with manure for 30 min to level decrease in bacteria number below the detection limit (BDL) in bacterial suspension 105 CFU/mL, 20 °C, with or without manure for 120 min. The populations of Salmonella spp. on eggs treated by ozonizer ranged from 0.20 log CFU/egg in bacteria suspension 108 CFU/mL, 20 °C, with manure for 30 min to 2.73 log CFU/egg in bacterial suspension 105 CFU/mL, 20 °C, with manure for 120 min. In all treatment conditions contamination with poultry manure decrease effectiveness the RCI and ozonation. In summary, RCI technology shows similar effectiveness to the ozonation, but it is safer for poultry plant workers and consumers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katarzyna Grudlewska-Buda
- Department of Microbiology, Nicolaus Copernicus University in Toruń, Ludwik Rydygier Collegium Medicum, 85-094 Bydgoszcz, Poland
| | - Natalia Wiktorczyk-Kapischke
- Department of Microbiology, Nicolaus Copernicus University in Toruń, Ludwik Rydygier Collegium Medicum, 85-094 Bydgoszcz, Poland
| | - Ewa Wałecka-Zacharska
- Department of Food Hygiene and Consumer Health, Wrocław University of Environmental and Life Sciences, 50-375 Wrocław, Poland
| | - Joanna Kwiecińska-Piróg
- Department of Microbiology, Nicolaus Copernicus University in Toruń, Ludwik Rydygier Collegium Medicum, 85-094 Bydgoszcz, Poland
| | - Grzegorz Gryń
- Plant Breeding and Acclimatization Institute–National Research Institute, 85-090 Bydgoszcz, Poland
| | - Karolina Jadwiga Skowron
- Institute of Telecommunications and Computer Science, Jan and Jędrzej Śniadecki University of Technology in Bydgoszcz, 85-094 Bydgoszcz, Poland
| | - Jakub Korkus
- Department of Food Hygiene and Consumer Health, Wrocław University of Environmental and Life Sciences, 50-375 Wrocław, Poland
| | - Eugenia Gospodarek-Komkowka
- Department of Microbiology, Nicolaus Copernicus University in Toruń, Ludwik Rydygier Collegium Medicum, 85-094 Bydgoszcz, Poland
| | - Jarosław Bystroń
- Department of Food Hygiene and Consumer Health, Wrocław University of Environmental and Life Sciences, 50-375 Wrocław, Poland
| | - Anna Budzyńska
- Department of Microbiology, Nicolaus Copernicus University in Toruń, Ludwik Rydygier Collegium Medicum, 85-094 Bydgoszcz, Poland
| | - Stefan Kruszewski
- Biophysics Department, Nicolaus Copernicus University in Toruń, Ludwik Rydygier Collegium Medicum, 85-067 Bydgoszcz, Poland
| | - Zbigniew Paluszak
- Department of Microbiology and Food Technology, Jan and Jędrzej Śniadecki University of Technology in Bydgoszcz, 85-094 Bydgoszcz, Poland
| | - Małgorzata Andrzejewska
- Department of Hygiene, Epidemiology, Ergonomy and Postgraduate Education, Ludwik Rydygier Collegium Medicum in Bydgoszcz, Nicolaus Copernicus University in Toruń, 95-094 Bydgoszcz, Poland
| | - Monika Wilk
- Department of Microbiology, Nicolaus Copernicus University in Toruń, Ludwik Rydygier Collegium Medicum, 85-094 Bydgoszcz, Poland
| | - Krzysztof Skowron
- Department of Microbiology, Nicolaus Copernicus University in Toruń, Ludwik Rydygier Collegium Medicum, 85-094 Bydgoszcz, Poland
- Correspondence:
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17
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Pan D, Li R, Li Y, Gao X, Fan X, Du Q, Zhou C. Effects of manual washing with three alkaline sterilizing agent solutions on egg quality during storage. Food Chem 2022; 396:133733. [PMID: 35872500 DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2022.133733] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2022] [Revised: 06/16/2022] [Accepted: 07/15/2022] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
Abstract
This study aimed to investigate the abundance of microorganisms and quality of eggs washed with different washings (tap water, 0.03% calcium hypochlorite solution, 0.25% hydrogen peroxide solution, or 1% sodium percarbonate solution) and unwashed for 28-day storage. The results showed that the washing significantly decreased the abundance of microorganisms in all cases. Washing with one of the three alkaline sterilizing agent solutions significantly inhibited the deterioration of egg quality (evidenced by lower weight loss, air cell depth, albumen pH, yolk pH, and total volatile base nitrogen, but higher Haugh unit and yolk index) during storage, while washing with tap water showed opposite effects. The texture profile analysis and high-resolution scanning electron microscopy observation showed that all washings had slight negative effects on eggshell quality (eggshell breaking strength and microstructure), and washing with the alkaline sterilizing agent solution had no additional effects. The results might be attractive to egg preservation industry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dongmei Pan
- Engineering Research Center of Bio-Process, Ministry of Education, Hefei University of Technology, Hefei 230009, Anhui, China; School of Food and Biological Engineering, Hefei University of Technology, Hefei 230009, China; China Light Industry Key Laboratory of Meat Microbial Control and Utilization, Hefei University of Technology, Hefei 230009, China
| | - Rui Li
- Engineering Research Center of Bio-Process, Ministry of Education, Hefei University of Technology, Hefei 230009, Anhui, China; School of Food and Biological Engineering, Hefei University of Technology, Hefei 230009, China; China Light Industry Key Laboratory of Meat Microbial Control and Utilization, Hefei University of Technology, Hefei 230009, China
| | - Yakai Li
- Engineering Research Center of Bio-Process, Ministry of Education, Hefei University of Technology, Hefei 230009, Anhui, China; School of Food and Biological Engineering, Hefei University of Technology, Hefei 230009, China; China Light Industry Key Laboratory of Meat Microbial Control and Utilization, Hefei University of Technology, Hefei 230009, China
| | - Xun Gao
- Engineering Research Center of Bio-Process, Ministry of Education, Hefei University of Technology, Hefei 230009, Anhui, China; School of Food and Biological Engineering, Hefei University of Technology, Hefei 230009, China; China Light Industry Key Laboratory of Meat Microbial Control and Utilization, Hefei University of Technology, Hefei 230009, China
| | - Xiaokang Fan
- Engineering Research Center of Bio-Process, Ministry of Education, Hefei University of Technology, Hefei 230009, Anhui, China; School of Food and Biological Engineering, Hefei University of Technology, Hefei 230009, China; China Light Industry Key Laboratory of Meat Microbial Control and Utilization, Hefei University of Technology, Hefei 230009, China
| | - Qiang Du
- Anhui Sundaily Farm Ecological Food Co., Ltd, Tongling, 244000, China
| | - Cunliu Zhou
- Engineering Research Center of Bio-Process, Ministry of Education, Hefei University of Technology, Hefei 230009, Anhui, China; School of Food and Biological Engineering, Hefei University of Technology, Hefei 230009, China; China Light Industry Key Laboratory of Meat Microbial Control and Utilization, Hefei University of Technology, Hefei 230009, China.
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18
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Dai D, Qi GH, Wang J, Zhang HJ, Qiu K, Wu SG. Intestinal microbiota of layer hens and its association with egg quality and safety. Poult Sci 2022; 101:102008. [PMID: 35841638 PMCID: PMC9289868 DOI: 10.1016/j.psj.2022.102008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2022] [Revised: 06/05/2022] [Accepted: 06/08/2022] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
The intestinal microbiota has attracted tremendous attention in the field of the poultry industry due to its critical role in the modulation of nutrient utilization, immune system, and consequently the improvement of the host health and production performance. Accumulating evidence implies intestinal microbiota of laying hens is a potential mediator to improve the prevalent issues in terms of egg quality decline in the late phase of laying production. However, the regulatory effect of intestinal microbiota on egg quality in laying hens remains elusive, which requires consideration of microbial baseline composition and succession during their long lifespans. Notable, although Firmicutes, Bacteroidetes, and Proteobacteria form the vast majority of intestinal microbiota in layer hens, dynamic intestinal microbiota succession occurs throughout all laying periods. In addition to the direct effects on egg safety, intestinal microbiota and its metabolites such as short-chain fatty acids, bile acids, and tryptophan derivatives, are suggested to indirectly modulate egg quality through the microbiota-gut-liver/brain-reproductive tract axis. These findings can extend our understanding of the crosstalk between intestinal microbiota and the host to improve egg quality and safety. This paper reviews the compositions of intestinal microbiota in different physiological stages of laying hens and their effects on egg quality and proposes that intestinal microbiota may become a potential target for modulating egg quality and safety by nutritional strategies in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dong Dai
- Laboratory of Quality & Safety Risk Assessment for Animal Products on Feed Hazards (Beijing) of the Ministry of Agriculture & Rural Affairs, Institute of Feed Research, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100081, China
| | - Guang-Hai Qi
- Laboratory of Quality & Safety Risk Assessment for Animal Products on Feed Hazards (Beijing) of the Ministry of Agriculture & Rural Affairs, Institute of Feed Research, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100081, China
| | - Jing Wang
- Laboratory of Quality & Safety Risk Assessment for Animal Products on Feed Hazards (Beijing) of the Ministry of Agriculture & Rural Affairs, Institute of Feed Research, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100081, China.
| | - Hai-Jun Zhang
- Laboratory of Quality & Safety Risk Assessment for Animal Products on Feed Hazards (Beijing) of the Ministry of Agriculture & Rural Affairs, Institute of Feed Research, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100081, China
| | - Kai Qiu
- Laboratory of Quality & Safety Risk Assessment for Animal Products on Feed Hazards (Beijing) of the Ministry of Agriculture & Rural Affairs, Institute of Feed Research, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100081, China
| | - Shu-Geng Wu
- Laboratory of Quality & Safety Risk Assessment for Animal Products on Feed Hazards (Beijing) of the Ministry of Agriculture & Rural Affairs, Institute of Feed Research, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100081, China
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Rachtanapun P, Homsaard N, Kodsangma A, Phongthai S, Leksawasdi N, Phimolsiripol Y, Seesuriyachan P, Chaiyaso T, Chotinan S, Jantrawut P, Ruksiriwanich W, Wangtueai S, Sommano SR, Tongdeesoontorn W, Sringarm K, Jantanasakulwong K. Effects of storage temperature on the quality of eggs coated by cassava starch blended with carboxymethyl cellulose and paraffin wax. Poult Sci 2022; 101:101509. [PMID: 34788715 PMCID: PMC8591495 DOI: 10.1016/j.psj.2021.101509] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2021] [Revised: 09/11/2021] [Accepted: 09/22/2021] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
A blend of cassava starch (CS), carboxymethyl cellulose (CMC), and paraffin was prepared as a coating material to maintain the quality of eggs during 4 wk of storage at different temperatures. The efficacy of the CS/CMC/paraffin (6/1/0.5% w/v) coating was investigated in terms of the Haugh unit (HU), weight loss, pH, and microbial load at the end of storage. The best egg storage temperature was 4°C, which maintained an HU of grade AA in coated and uncoated eggs for 4 wk. Lower weight loss (2.14%) was observed in coated eggs at 4°C storage than at 30°C storage (3.26%). The pH in the albumen of coated and uncoated eggs at 4°C increased from 6.84 to 6.88 and 7.01 to 7.03, respectively, after 4 wk of storage. No microbes were detected in the coated and uncoated eggs at 4°C. The maximum microbial count was 728 ± 35 cfu/mL in uncoated eggs at 30°C storage. Egg coating prevented microbial contamination of eggs stored at 30°C for 4 wk. The freshness of the eggs did not affect the nutrient content. The egg-coating material effectively maintained egg quality, prevented microbial contamination of eggs, and increased the shelf life of eggs at storage temperatures of 25 and 30°C.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pornchai Rachtanapun
- School of Agro‒Industry, Faculty of Agro‒Industry, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai 50100, Thailand; Center of Excellence in Materials Science and Technology, Faculty of Science, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai, 50200, Thailand
| | - Nattagarn Homsaard
- School of Agro‒Industry, Faculty of Agro‒Industry, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai 50100, Thailand
| | - Araya Kodsangma
- School of Agro‒Industry, Faculty of Agro‒Industry, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai 50100, Thailand
| | - Suphat Phongthai
- School of Agro‒Industry, Faculty of Agro‒Industry, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai 50100, Thailand
| | - Noppol Leksawasdi
- School of Agro‒Industry, Faculty of Agro‒Industry, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai 50100, Thailand; Center of Excellence in Materials Science and Technology, Faculty of Science, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai, 50200, Thailand
| | - Yuthana Phimolsiripol
- School of Agro‒Industry, Faculty of Agro‒Industry, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai 50100, Thailand; Center of Excellence in Materials Science and Technology, Faculty of Science, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai, 50200, Thailand
| | - Phisit Seesuriyachan
- School of Agro‒Industry, Faculty of Agro‒Industry, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai 50100, Thailand
| | - Thanongsak Chaiyaso
- School of Agro‒Industry, Faculty of Agro‒Industry, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai 50100, Thailand
| | - Suwit Chotinan
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai, Thailand
| | - Pensak Jantrawut
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Faculty of Pharmacy, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai 50200, Thailand
| | - Warintorn Ruksiriwanich
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Faculty of Pharmacy, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai 50200, Thailand
| | - Sutee Wangtueai
- College of Maritime Studies and Management, Chiang Mai University, Samut Sakhon, 74000, Thailand
| | - Sarana Rose Sommano
- Plant Bioactive Compound Laboratory (BAC), Department of Plant and Soil Sciences, Faculty of Agriculture, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai, 50200, Thailand
| | | | - Korawan Sringarm
- Center of Excellence in Materials Science and Technology, Faculty of Science, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai, 50200, Thailand; Department of Animal and Aquatic Sciences, Faculty of Agriculture, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai, 50200, Thailand
| | - Kittisak Jantanasakulwong
- School of Agro‒Industry, Faculty of Agro‒Industry, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai 50100, Thailand; Center of Excellence in Materials Science and Technology, Faculty of Science, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai, 50200, Thailand.
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20
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Effect of 25-hydroxyvitamin D and essential oil complex on productive performance, egg quality, and uterus antioxidant capacity of laying hens. Poult Sci 2021; 100:101410. [PMID: 34587537 PMCID: PMC8482040 DOI: 10.1016/j.psj.2021.101410] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2021] [Revised: 06/03/2021] [Accepted: 07/06/2021] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
This study was conducted to determine the effect of 25-hydroxyvitamin D (HDV) and essential oils (EO) on the uterus antioxidant capacity, egg quality, and eggshell ultrastructure in laying hens. A total of 400 48-wk-old Lohmann laying hens were randomly allocated into 2 groups and fed a basal diet (control) or a basal diet supplemented with a combination of 69 μg/kg HDV and EO (including 200 mg/kg thymol and 50 mg/kg carvacrol) for 12 wk. There are 10 replicates of 20 hens each. Compared with the control, dietary HDV+EO supplementation improved (P < 0.05) egg production rate, feed efficiency, eggshell thickness and strength, and decreased (P < 0.05) the translucent egg score. Ultrastructural changes indicated that dietary HDV+EO supplementation decreased (P < 0.05) mammillary knob width, mammillary thickness and the proportion of mammillary thickness, and increased (P < 0.05) the proportion of effective thickness and total thickness of the eggshells compared with the control. Supplementation with HDV+EO complex led to higher serum HDV concentration and increased antioxidant capacity in the uterus, indicated by higher (P < 0.05) antioxidant enzyme activities (catalase [CAT], total antioxidant capacity [T-AOC], and glutathione S-transferases [GST]) and lower malondialdehyde (MDA) content. Therefore, dietary HDV and EO complex (including thymol and carvacrol) supplementation can improve the productive performance and the eggshell quality in laying hens, and the improving effect on eggshell quality may through enhancing eggshell ultrastructure and antioxidant capacity of uterus.
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Gigilashvili D, Thomas JB, Hardeberg JY, Pedersen M. Translucency perception: A review. J Vis 2021; 21:4. [PMID: 34342646 PMCID: PMC8340651 DOI: 10.1167/jov.21.8.4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2021] [Accepted: 05/26/2021] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Translucency is an optical and a perceptual phenomenon that characterizes subsurface light transport through objects and materials. Translucency as an optical property of a material relates to the radiative transfer inside and through this medium, and translucency as a perceptual phenomenon describes the visual sensation experienced by humans when observing a given material under given conditions. The knowledge about the visual mechanisms of the translucency perception remains limited. Accurate prediction of the appearance of the translucent objects can have a significant commercial impact in the fields such as three-dimensional printing. However, little is known how the optical properties of a material relate to a perception evoked in humans. This article overviews the knowledge status about the visual perception of translucency and highlights the applications of the translucency perception research. Furthermore, this review summarizes current knowledge gaps, fundamental challenges and existing ambiguities with a goal to facilitate translucency perception research in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Davit Gigilashvili
- Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Department of Computer Science, Gjøvik, Norway
- https://www.ntnu.no
| | - Jean-Baptiste Thomas
- Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Department of Computer Science, Gjøvik, Norway
- https://www.ntnu.no
| | - Jon Yngve Hardeberg
- Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Department of Computer Science, Gjøvik, Norway
- https://www.ntnu.no
| | - Marius Pedersen
- Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Department of Computer Science, Gjøvik, Norway
- https://www.ntnu.no
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22
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Tomar O, Akarca G, Istek Ö, Ataseven M. Investigation of quality properties of chicken eggs collected periodically from different poultry systems depending on the season. J FOOD PROCESS PRES 2021. [DOI: 10.1111/jfpp.15225] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Oktay Tomar
- Faculty of Agriculture and Natural Science Kocaeli University Kocaeli Turkey
| | - Gökhan Akarca
- Faculty of Engineering Department of Food Engineering Afyon Kocatepe University Afyonkarahisar Turkey
| | - Ömer Istek
- Faculty of Engineering Department of Food Engineering Afyon Kocatepe University Afyonkarahisar Turkey
| | - Murat Ataseven
- Faculty of Engineering Department of Food Engineering Afyon Kocatepe University Afyonkarahisar Turkey
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23
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Antimicrobial resistance and genomic characterisation of Escherichia coli isolated from caged and non-caged retail table eggs in Western Australia. Int J Food Microbiol 2021; 340:109054. [PMID: 33465549 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijfoodmicro.2021.109054] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2020] [Revised: 01/05/2021] [Accepted: 01/07/2021] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
Foodborne exposure to antimicrobial-resistant bacteria is a growing global health concern. Escherichia coli (E. coli) is well recognised as an indicator of food contamination with faecal materials. In the present study, we investigated the occurrence of E. coli in table eggs sold at retail supermarkets in Western Australia (WA). A total of 2172 visually clean and intact retail eggs were purchased between October 2017 and June 2018. A single carton containing a dozen eggs was considered as a single sample resulting a total of 181 samples. The shells and contents of each sample were separately pooled and tested using standard culture-based methods. Overall, generic E. coli was detected in 36 (19.8%; 95% confidence interval: 14.3; 26.4) of the 181 tested retail egg samples. We characterised 100 of the recovered E. coli isolates for their phenotypic antimicrobial resistance using minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC). A subset of E. coli isolates (n = 14) were selected on the basis of their MIC patterns, and were further characterised using whole genome sequencing (WGS). Fifty-seven (57%) of the recovered generic E. coli isolates (n = 100) were resistant to at least one of the 14 antimicrobials included in the MIC testing panel, of which 22 isolates (22%) showed multi-class resistance. The highest frequencies of non-susceptibility of E. coli isolated from WA retailed eggs were against tetracycline (49%) and ampicillin (36%). WGS revealed that tet(A) and blaTEM-1B genes were present in most of the isolates exhibiting phenotypic resistance to tetracycline and ampicillin, respectively. The majority (98%) of the characterised E. coli isolates were susceptible to ciprofloxacin and azithromycin, and none were resistant to the cephalosporin antimicrobials included in the MIC panel. Two isolates demonstrated reduced susceptibility to ciprofloxacin, with MICs of 0.125 and 0.25 mg/L, and WGS revealed the presence of plasmid mediated qnrs1 gene in both isolates. This is the first report on detection of non-wild-type resistance to fluoroquinolones in supermarket eggs in Australia; one of the two isolates was from a cage-laid eggs sample while the other was from a barn-laid retail eggs sample. Fluoroquinolones have never been permitted for use in poultry farms in Australia. Thus, the detection of low-level ciprofloxacin-resistant E. coli in the absence of local antimicrobial selection pressure at the Australian layer farms warrants further research on the potential role of the environment or human-related factors in the transmission of antimicrobial resistance. The results of this study add to the local and global understanding of antimicrobial resistance spread in foods of animal origin.
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25
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Sodagari HR, Wang P, Robertson I, Habib I, Sahibzada S. Non-Typhoidal Salmonella at the Human-Food-of-Animal-Origin Interface in Australia. Animals (Basel) 2020; 10:E1192. [PMID: 32674371 PMCID: PMC7401514 DOI: 10.3390/ani10071192] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2020] [Accepted: 07/08/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Non-typhoidal Salmonella is a major zoonotic pathogen that plays a significant role in foodborne human salmonellosis worldwide through the consumption of contaminated foods, particularly those of animal origin. Despite a considerable reduction in human salmonellosis outbreaks in developed countries, Australia is experiencing a continuous rise of such outbreaks in humans. This review of the literature highlights the reported non-typhoidal Salmonella outbreaks in humans as well as the occurrence of the pathogen in foods from animal sources throughout Australia. Non-typhoidal Salmonella infections from food animals are more often associated with at-risk people, such as immunocompromised and aged people or children. Although several animal-sourced foods were recognised as the catalysts for salmonellosis outbreaks in Australia, egg and egg-based products remained the most implicated foods in the reported outbreaks. This review further highlights the antimicrobial resistance trends of non-typhoidal Salmonella isolates at the human-food interface, with a focus on clinically important antimicrobials in humans, by collating evidence from previous investigations in Australia. The rise in antimicrobial-resistant Salmonella, especially to antimicrobials commonly prescribed to treat human salmonellosis, has become a significant global public health concern. However, the overall prevalence of antimicrobial resistance in Australia is considerably lower than in other parts of the world, particularly in terms of critically important antimicrobials for the treatment of human salmonellosis. The present review adds to our understanding of the global epidemiology of non-typhoidal Salmonella with emphasis on the past few decades in Australia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hamid Reza Sodagari
- School of Veterinary Medicine, College of Science, Health, Education and Engineering, Murdoch University, Perth 6150, Australia; (H.R.S.); (P.W.); (I.R.)
| | - Penghao Wang
- School of Veterinary Medicine, College of Science, Health, Education and Engineering, Murdoch University, Perth 6150, Australia; (H.R.S.); (P.W.); (I.R.)
| | - Ian Robertson
- School of Veterinary Medicine, College of Science, Health, Education and Engineering, Murdoch University, Perth 6150, Australia; (H.R.S.); (P.W.); (I.R.)
| | - Ihab Habib
- School of Veterinary Medicine, College of Science, Health, Education and Engineering, Murdoch University, Perth 6150, Australia; (H.R.S.); (P.W.); (I.R.)
- Veterinary Medicine Department, College of Food and Agriculture, United Arab Emirates University (UAEU), Al Ain P.O. Box 1555, UAE
| | - Shafi Sahibzada
- School of Veterinary Medicine, College of Science, Health, Education and Engineering, Murdoch University, Perth 6150, Australia; (H.R.S.); (P.W.); (I.R.)
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26
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Wang DH, Chen H, Zhou RY, Huang CX, Gao HX, Fan BL, Liu GJ, Ning ZH. Study of measurement methods on phenotype of translucent eggs. Poult Sci 2020; 98:6677-6683. [PMID: 31579910 PMCID: PMC8913975 DOI: 10.3382/ps/pez539] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2019] [Accepted: 09/26/2019] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Scoring is a common method to evaluate eggshell translucency, and it mainly depends on the area and the density of translucent spots in eggshells. However, the lack of common scoring criteria and the difficulty of quantitatively measuring spots in eggshells impede effective comparisons between research papers and greatly hinder the progress of research on translucent eggshell. To make measurement of translucent eggshells more objective, we optimized the scoring method and compared it with 2 new methods: grayscale recognition and the colorimeter method. Briefly, a total of 354 eggs from 600, 395-day-old dwarf brown laying hens were collected and classified into 4 score groups according to their degree of translucency. This subjective process was repeated 5 times. Then, we captured the profile side of each egg using a camera and measured spot characteristics using grayscale recognition, which involved measuring the quantity of spots (QS), diameter of each spot (DS), average area of each spot (AAES), sum of spot areas (SUSA), sum of shell area (SUSHA), and ratio of SUSA to SUSHA (RSS) on the eggshell. Furthermore, the L, A, and B values of each egg at the sharp, middle, and blunt ends were separately measured using a colorimeter. As a result, average values of 31.31, 29.78, 29.81, and 9.08% of all eggs were divided into score levels 1, 2, 3, and 4 (from opaque to translucent), which correspond with RSS values of 1.34, 3.23, 6.21, and 11.89%, respectively. By grayscale recognition, QS, DS, AAES, SUSA, SUSHA, and RSS all increased along with increased translucency scores (P < 0.05). Using scoring, an egg with a specific RSS value was more easily assigned to a specific score level (50%) or adjacent score levels (50%). The L, A, and B values of eggshells in score level 1 were significantly different from those of eggshells in levels 3 or 4; however, there were no significant differences between any adjacent score levels. In summary, the present study explored objective reference metrics to measure eggshell translucency.
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Affiliation(s)
- De-He Wang
- Department of Animal Science and Technology, Hebei Agricultural University, Baoding 071001, China
| | - Hui Chen
- Department of Animal Science and Technology, Hebei Agricultural University, Baoding 071001, China
| | - Rong-Yan Zhou
- Department of Animal Science and Technology, Hebei Agricultural University, Baoding 071001, China
| | - Chen-Xuan Huang
- Department of Animal Science and Technology, Hebei Agricultural University, Baoding 071001, China
| | - Hui-Xian Gao
- College of Foreign Languages, Hebei Agricultural University, Baoding 071001, China
| | - Bao-Liang Fan
- Department of Animal Science and Technology, Hebei Agricultural University, Baoding 071001, China
| | - Guo-Jia Liu
- Department of Animal Science and Technology, Hebei Agricultural University, Baoding 071001, China
| | - Zhong-Hua Ning
- National Engineering Laboratory for Animal Breeding and MOA Key Laboratory of Animal Genetics and Breeding, College of Animal Science and Technology, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China
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Adesiyun AA, Nkuna C, Mokgoatlheng‐Mamogobo M, Malepe K, Simanda L. Food safety risk posed to consumers of table eggs from layer farms in Gauteng Province, South Africa: Prevalence of
Salmonella
species and
Escherichia coli
, antimicrobial residues, and antimicrobial resistant bacteria. J Food Saf 2020. [DOI: 10.1111/jfs.12783] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Abiodun A. Adesiyun
- Department of Production Animal Studies, Faculty of Veterinary ScienceUniversity of Pretoria Onderstepoort South Africa
| | - Charlotte Nkuna
- Poultry Disease Management AgencySouth African Poultry Association (SAPA) Johannesburg South Africa
| | | | - Keleabetswe Malepe
- Veterinary Public Health UnitDepartment of Agriculture Forestry and Fisheries (DAFF), Pretoria South Africa
| | - Liberty Simanda
- Residue LaboratoryOndersterpoort Veterinary Research Onderstepoort South Africa
- Randox Food Diagnostics, Ltd. London UK
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Karunarathna R, Ahmed KA, Liu M, Yu C, Popowich S, Goonewardene K, Gunawardana T, Kurukulasuriya S, Gupta A, Ayalew LE, Willson P, Ngeleka M, Gomis S. Non-viable chicken embryos: an overlooked niche harbouring a significant source of multidrug resistant bacteria in the poultry production. Int J Vet Sci Med 2020; 8:9-17. [PMID: 32083117 PMCID: PMC7006802 DOI: 10.1080/23144599.2019.1698145] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2019] [Revised: 11/06/2019] [Accepted: 11/14/2019] [Indexed: 01/25/2023] Open
Abstract
Antimicrobial resistance (AMR) is a global issue, posing a grave threat to the public, animal, and environmental health. The AMR surveillance at the level of the hatchery is crucial to develop an AMR control strategy in the poultry industry. The objective of this study was to investigate the AMR profiles of bacteria isolated from yolk material of non-viable broiler chicken embryos at hatch from commercial hatcheries in western Canada. Antimicrobial susceptibility testing was done using the Kirby–Bauer disk diffusion method focusing on Escherichia coli (n = 170) and Enterococcus (n = 256) species, which are commonly used as indicators of AMR evolution. E. coli isolates were resistant to tetracycline, ampicillin, amoxycillin-clavulanic acid, triple sulpha, ceftiofur, gentamycin, and spectinomycin at the rate of 52.9%, 50.6%, 40.0% 31.8%, 29.4%, 29.4%, 21.8% respectively. Among those, 37.1% of E. coli were multidrug resistant. The descending order of antimicrobial resistance of E. faecalis was; tetracycline (61.9%), ceftiofur (46.2%), bacitracin (43.9%), erythromycin (31.4%) and tylosin (27.4%). Multidrug resistance was detected in 40.4% of E. faecalis isolates, and 85.7% of E. faecium isolates. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first report on AMR surveillance of non-viable chicken embryos. Overall, the present study revealed that non-viable chicken embryos, an overlooked niche for AMR surveillance, harbour multidrug-resistant E. coli, and enterococci that can be a substantial source of superbugs in the environment. Our data also highlight the urgency of including non-viable chicken embryos in AMR surveillance programme to understand AMR dissemination and its control.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruwani Karunarathna
- Department of Veterinary Pathology, Western College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, Canada
| | - Khawaja Ashfaque Ahmed
- Department of Veterinary Pathology, Western College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, Canada
| | - Mengying Liu
- Department of Veterinary Pathology, Western College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, Canada
| | - Chenfang Yu
- Department of Veterinary Pathology, Western College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, Canada
| | - Shelly Popowich
- Department of Veterinary Pathology, Western College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, Canada
| | - Kalhari Goonewardene
- Department of Veterinary Pathology, Western College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, Canada
| | - Thushari Gunawardana
- Department of Veterinary Pathology, Western College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, Canada
| | - Shanika Kurukulasuriya
- Department of Veterinary Pathology, Western College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, Canada
| | - Ashish Gupta
- Department of Veterinary Pathology, Western College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, Canada
| | - Lisanework E Ayalew
- Department of Veterinary Pathology, Western College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, Canada
| | - Philip Willson
- Canadian Centre for Health and Safety in Agriculture, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, Canada
| | - Musangu Ngeleka
- Department of Veterinary Microbiology, Western College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, Canada.,Clinical Microbiology, Prairie Diagnostic Services, Saskatoon, Canada
| | - Susantha Gomis
- Department of Veterinary Pathology, Western College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, Canada
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29
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Kingsbury JM, Thom K, Soboleva T. Effect of Storage Temperature on the Survival of New Zealand Egg-Associated Salmonella Isolates in and on Eggs. J Food Prot 2019; 82:2161-2168. [PMID: 31742444 DOI: 10.4315/0362-028x.jfp-19-251] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
The influence of egg storage temperature on Salmonella contamination of eggs is a key consideration in determining storage and shelf life recommendations for eggs. In this study, experiments assessed the survival of Salmonella isolates on and in eggs at storage temperatures (15 and 22°C) currently used in New Zealand. Eggshell surfaces were inoculated with a cocktail of 10 Salmonella isolates comprising five serotypes, at a concentration of ∼106 CFU per egg (for determining shell surface survival) or ∼103 CFU per egg (for determining internalization). Additionally, a subset of eggs was artificially contaminated with sterile chicken feces prior to Salmonella inoculation. Inoculated eggs were incubated at 15 and 22°C. At 0, 21, and 35 days of incubation, eggshells were enumerated for Salmonella, and egg contents were tested for Salmonella presence or absence (yolk) or most probable number (albumen). Higher levels of Salmonella were recovered from eggshells following incubation at 15°C (31% relative humidity [RH]) compared with 22°C (45% RH) after both 21 and 35 days of incubation. Recoverable numbers of Salmonella from visibly clean eggshell surfaces declined over time at both storage temperatures and were at, or below, the limit of detection from eggs stored at 22°C and 45% RH for 35 days. A substantially higher concentration of viable Salmonella was recovered from eggshells that were experimentally contaminated with chicken feces compared with those without, particularly from eggs stored at 15°C and 31% RH for 35 days (2.38 log higher CFU from eggs containing feces). No Salmonella was detected in egg contents (albumen or yolk) at any incubation temperature or time point, regardless of the presence of feces. Findings emphasize the importance of current regulations that require eggs sold at retail to be visibly clean and will inform risk management decisions regarding egg storage times and temperatures with respect to Salmonella control in and on New Zealand eggs at retail.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joanne M Kingsbury
- Institute of Environmental Science and Research, P.O. Box 29181, Christchurch 8540, New Zealand (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5939-7255 [J.M.K.])
| | - Kirstin Thom
- Institute of Environmental Science and Research, P.O. Box 29181, Christchurch 8540, New Zealand (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5939-7255 [J.M.K.])
| | - Tanya Soboleva
- New Zealand Food Safety, Ministry for Primary Industries, P.O. Box 2526, Wellington 6140, New Zealand
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30
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Zang YT, Bing S, Li YJ, Shu DQ, Huang AM, Wu HX, Lan LT, Wu HD. Efficacy of slightly acidic electrolyzed water on the microbial safety and shelf life of shelled eggs. Poult Sci 2019; 98:5932-5939. [DOI: 10.3382/ps/pez373] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2019] [Accepted: 06/25/2019] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
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Sodagari HR, Mohammed AB, Wang P, O'Dea M, Abraham S, Robertson I, Habib I. Non-typhoidal Salmonella contamination in egg shells and contents from retail in Western Australia: Serovar diversity, multilocus sequence types, and phenotypic and genomic characterizations of antimicrobial resistance. Int J Food Microbiol 2019; 308:108305. [PMID: 31476731 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijfoodmicro.2019.108305] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2019] [Revised: 07/30/2019] [Accepted: 08/09/2019] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
In recent years, the number of human salmonellosis cases in Western Australia (WA) has increased more dramatically than in any other Australian state. In 2017, the number of cases in WA was more than double the five-year average, and eggs had emerged as the key culprit for several Salmonella foodborne disease outbreaks. To better understand such an epidemiologically intriguing situation, our research goal was to investigate the prevalence, serovar diversity, multilocus sequence types, and antimicrobial resistance of non-typhoidal Salmonella contamination in retail eggs produced and sold in WA. A total of 200 visually clean and intact retail egg samples (each containing a dozen eggs) were purchased for one year (2017-2018) from supermarkets in metropolitan Perth, the capital of WA. For each sample, the contents and shells of the 12 eggs were separately pooled and cultured according to standard methods. Overall, Salmonella was detected in 11.5% (23/200) of the tested egg samples. Salmonella was isolated from 4.5% (9/200) and 3% (6/200) of eggshells and egg contents, respectively. In 4% (8/200) of the samples, Salmonella was recovered from both eggshell and egg contents. Isolates from positive retail egg samples were serotyped as either S. Typhimurium (52.2% [12/23]) or S. Infantis (39.1% [9/23]). Both serotypes were concurrently recovered from two different retail egg samples. We retained a set of both S. Typhimurium (n = 29) and S. Infantis (n = 12) isolates from all Salmonella-positive retail packs (n = 23) for further characterization. Only two (S. Typhimurium) isolates showed resistance to ampicillin, of which one carried β-lactamase resistance gene blaTEM-1b. The remaining isolates (39/41) were susceptible to all 14 antimicrobials included in the minimum inhibitory concentrations (MICs) testing panel. Multilocus sequence typing and serotyping were perfectly mirrored, as all S. Typhimurium isolates were characterized as sequence type (ST)-19, and all S. Infantis isolates were ST-32. This study points to the noteworthy Salmonella prevalence rate in retail egg samples in WA. Our results illustrate minimal public health risks arising from antimicrobial resistance Salmonella from Australian eggs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hamid Reza Sodagari
- School of Veterinary Medicine, College of Science, Health, Engineering and Education, Murdoch University, Perth, Australia
| | - Arkan Baraa Mohammed
- School of Veterinary Medicine, College of Science, Health, Engineering and Education, Murdoch University, Perth, Australia
| | - Penghao Wang
- School of Veterinary Medicine, College of Science, Health, Engineering and Education, Murdoch University, Perth, Australia
| | - Mark O'Dea
- School of Veterinary Medicine, College of Science, Health, Engineering and Education, Murdoch University, Perth, Australia
| | - Sam Abraham
- School of Veterinary Medicine, College of Science, Health, Engineering and Education, Murdoch University, Perth, Australia
| | - Ian Robertson
- School of Veterinary Medicine, College of Science, Health, Engineering and Education, Murdoch University, Perth, Australia
| | - Ihab Habib
- School of Veterinary Medicine, College of Science, Health, Engineering and Education, Murdoch University, Perth, Australia; Veterinary Medicine Department, College of Food and Agriculture, United Arab of Emirates University (UAEU), Al Ain, United Arab Emirates.
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Fenollar A, Doménech E, Ferrús MA, Jiménez-Belenguer A. Risk Characterization of Antibiotic Resistance in Bacteria Isolated from Backyard, Organic, and Regular Commercial Eggs. J Food Prot 2019; 82:422-428. [PMID: 30794464 DOI: 10.4315/0362-028x.jfp-18-355] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
This study was conducted to assess the risk due to antimicrobial-resistant strains of Salmonella spp., Listeria monocytogenes, and Escherichia coli isolated from the eggshell and the contents of eggs bought in markets in Valencia (Spain). Thirty-four samples from three different production styles were analyzed: standard ( n = 34), organic ( n = 16), and backyard ( n = 10) eggs. L. monocytogenes was not isolated in any style of production. Only one strain of Salmonella was isolated from standard production, which was resistant to ciprofloxacin and amoxicillin. E. coli strains were resistant in 22% of the isolates from organic production, 12.25% from standard production, and 11.23% from backyard production. In all cases, the highest resistance was observed for amoxicillin-clavulanate. None of the isolates from standard and backyard eggs were resistant to chloramphenicol, ciprofloxacin, gentamycin, and streptomycin, while only ceftriaxone was found to be effective against all E. coli isolates from organic eggs. β-Lactamase genes blaTEM , blaSHV, and blaCMY-2 and the resistance genes for tetracycline tetA, tetB, and tetC were tested. The most commonly detected antimicrobial resistance genes among the E. coli isolates were tetA (49.30%), blaTEM (47.89%), and tetB (36.62%). Overall, a maximum public health risk is associated with β-lactam antibiotics.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Eva Doménech
- 2 Institute of Food Engineering for Development, Food Technology Department
| | - María Antonia Ferrús
- 3 Biotechnology Department, Centro Avanzado de Microbiología de Alimentos Universitat Politècnica de Valencia, Camino de Vera 14, P.O. Box 46022, Valencia, Spain (ORCID: http://orcid.org/0000-0002-3329-7221 [A.J.-B.])
| | - Ana Jiménez-Belenguer
- 3 Biotechnology Department, Centro Avanzado de Microbiología de Alimentos Universitat Politècnica de Valencia, Camino de Vera 14, P.O. Box 46022, Valencia, Spain (ORCID: http://orcid.org/0000-0002-3329-7221 [A.J.-B.])
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Ruhnke I, Boshoff J, Cristiani IV, Schneider D, Welch M, Sibanda TZ, Kolakshyapati M. Free-range laying hens: using technology to show the dynamics and impact of hen movement. ANIMAL PRODUCTION SCIENCE 2019. [DOI: 10.1071/an19256] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Free-range laying hens are provided with the opportunity to access various structural areas, including open floor space, feed areas, water lines, next boxes, perches, aviary tiers, winter gardens and ranges. Different individual location preferences can lead to the development of hen subpopulations that are characterised by various health, welfare and performance parameters. Understanding the complexity of hen movement and hen interactions within their environment provides an opportunity to limit the disadvantages that are associated with housing in loose husbandry systems and aids in decision-making. Monitoring hen movement using modern technologies such as radio-frequency identification (RFID), optical flow patterns, image analysis and three-dimensional (3D) cameras allows the accumulation of big data for data mining, clustering and machine learning. Integrating individual-based management systems into modern flock management will not only help improve the care of under-performing hens, but also ensure that elite hens are able to use their full genetic potential, allowing an ethical, sustainable and welfare friendly egg production. This review highlights the dynamics and impact of hen movement in free-range systems, reviews existing knowledge relevant for feeding hens in non-cage systems, and outlines recent technological advances and strategies to improve the management of free-range laying hens.
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Benameur Q, Tali-Maamar H, Assaous F, Guettou B, Tahrat N, Aggoune N, Rahal K, Ben-Mahdi MH. Isolation of Escherichia coli carrying the bla CTX-M-1 and qnrS1 genes from reproductive organs of broiler breeders and internal contents of hatching eggs. J Vet Med Sci 2018; 80:1540-1543. [PMID: 30175752 PMCID: PMC6207526 DOI: 10.1292/jvms.18-0283] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
This study aimed to characterize two third-generation cephalosporins- and
quinolone-resistant Escherichia coli (TGCs- and Q-R-Ec)
isolates recovered from the ovaries of a broiler breeder flock and the internal contents
of hatching eggs produced by the broiler breeder flock. Clonal relatedness was determined
by multilocus sequence typing (MLST). The isolates displayed the same multidrug resistance
profile, with resistance to ampicillin, ticarcillin, piperacillin, cefazollin,
cephalothin, cefotaxime, nalidixic acid, tetracycline and sulfonamides. Double disk
synergy test demonstrated that the two isolates presented an ESBL phenotype. PCR and
sequencing results showed that both the isolates harbored the
blaCTX-M-1 and qnrS1 genes. MLST revealed a
novel allele combination, designated as ST461, in these isolates. This study would
contribute to the molecular epidemiological understanding of TGCs- and/or
Q-R-Ec.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qada Benameur
- Faculté des Sciences de la Nature et de la vie, Université Abdelhamid Ibn Badis, Mostaganem 27000, Algeria.,Laboratoire de Recherche, Santé et Productions Animales, Ecole Nationale Supérieure Vétérinaire, Algiers 16000, Algeria
| | - Hassiba Tali-Maamar
- Laboratoire de Bactériologie Médicale, Institut Pasteur d'Algérie, Algiers 16000, Algeria
| | - Farida Assaous
- Laboratoire de Bactériologie Médicale, Institut Pasteur d'Algérie, Algiers 16000, Algeria
| | - Badia Guettou
- Laboratoire de Bactériologie Médicale, Institut Pasteur d'Algérie, Algiers 16000, Algeria
| | - Naϊma Tahrat
- Laboratoire de Bactériologie Médicale, Institut Pasteur d'Algérie, Algiers 16000, Algeria
| | - Nadjet Aggoune
- Laboratoire de Microbiologie, Hôpital Central de l'Armé, Algiers 16000, Algeria
| | - Kheira Rahal
- Laboratoire de Bactériologie Médicale, Institut Pasteur d'Algérie, Algiers 16000, Algeria
| | - Meriem-Hind Ben-Mahdi
- Laboratoire de Recherche, Santé et Productions Animales, Ecole Nationale Supérieure Vétérinaire, Algiers 16000, Algeria.,Ecole Supérieure des Sciences de l'Aliment et des Industries Agro-alimentaires, Algiers 16000, Algeria
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Chung H, Kim H, Myeong D, Kim S, Choe NH. Effect of Chlorine Dioxide Gas Application to Egg Surface: Microbial Reduction Effect, Quality of Eggs, and Hatchability. Korean J Food Sci Anim Resour 2018; 38:487-497. [PMID: 30018493 PMCID: PMC6048379 DOI: 10.5851/kosfa.2018.38.3.487] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2018] [Revised: 04/21/2018] [Accepted: 04/24/2018] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Controlling of microorganisms in the industrial process is important for production and distribution of hatching and table eggs. In the previous study, we reported that chlorine dioxide (ClO2) gas of a proper concentration and humidity can significantly reduce the load of Salmonella spp. on eggshells. In this study, we compared microbial reduction efficacy on egg's surface using hatching eggs and table eggs, internal quality of table eggs, and hatchability after both the conventional method (washing and UV expose, fumigation with formalin) and ClO2 gas disinfection. Application of 40 ppm ClO2 gas to the table and hatching eggs, respectively, reduced the aerobic plate count (APC) with no statistical difference compared with the conventional methods. Additionally, we didn't observed that any significant difference in albumin height, Haugh unit (HU), and yolk color, this result confirms that 40 ppm ClO2 had no effect on the internal quality of the table eggs, when comparing with the UV treatment method. The hatchability of hatching eggs was not statistical different between formaldehyde fumigation and 80 ppm ClO2 gas treatment, though the value was decreased at high concentration of 160 ppm ClO2 gas. From these results, we recommend that ClO2 gas can be used as a safe disinfectant to effectively control egg surface microorganisms without affecting egg quality.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hansung Chung
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Konkuk
University, Seoul 05029, Korea
| | - Hyobi Kim
- Animal and Plant Quarantine
Agency, Gimcheon 39660, Korea
| | - Donghoon Myeong
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Konkuk
University, Seoul 05029, Korea
| | - Seongjoon Kim
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Konkuk
University, Seoul 05029, Korea
| | - Nong-Hoon Choe
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Konkuk
University, Seoul 05029, Korea
- Veterinary Science Research Institute, Konkuk
University, Seoul 05029, Korea
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Transmission and pathogenicity of Gallibacterium anatis and Escherichia coli in embryonated eggs. Vet Microbiol 2018; 217:76-81. [PMID: 29615261 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetmic.2018.03.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2018] [Revised: 03/01/2018] [Accepted: 03/09/2018] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
In laying hens, Escherichia coli (E. coli) and Gallibacterium anatis (G. anatis) are considered the two major pathogens causing reproductive tract disorders, either as single infections or as co-infections. Vertical transmission has been confirmed for E. coli but remains to be clearly demonstrated for G. anatis. The aim of the present study was to investigate the ability of both G. anatis and E. coli at eggshell transmission using an embryonated egg dipping model, and to investigate the possible interaction between the two organisms in an embryonated egg injection model. Embryonated eggs were dipped into brain heart infusion broth containing 108 CFU/ml either of G. anatis 12656-12 liver, E. coli ST95 or E. coli ST141, respectively. E. coli ST95 and ST141 were re-isolated from the interior egg contents in 60% (12/20) and 85% (17/20) of the eggs, respectively, while G. anatis 12656-12 was only re-isolated from the interior egg contents in 6.7% (3/45) eggs. Eggs were injected with 10-1000 CFU of either G. anatis 12656-12, E. coli ST95 or ST141 into the allantoic cavity. As few as 10 CFU of G. anatis 12656-12 resulted in 100% mortality within 24 h post injection whereas the E. coli injected embryos all died at 48 h post injection. Significant difference in CFU counts were observed for G. anatis when compared G. anatis injection group with either of the two G. anatis - E. coli co-injection groups. Sixteen hours post injection, a significant difference in embryo mortality could be observed when comparing co-injected embryonated eggs (G. anatis and E. coli) and single-injected (G. anatis or E. coli) embryonated eggs. In conclusion, bacterial transmission via the eggshell was demonstrated for both G. anatis and E. coli although at different magnitudes. The embryonated egg injection model revealed that G. anatis in particular was highly pathogenic when exposed directly to the developing embryo.
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Long M, Yu H, Chen L, Wu G, Zhao S, Deng W, Chen S, Zhou K, Liu S, He L, Ao X, Yan Y, Ma M, Wang H, Davis MA, Jones L, Li B, Zhang A, Zou L. Recovery of Salmonella isolated from eggs and the commercial layer farms. Gut Pathog 2017; 9:74. [PMID: 29255489 PMCID: PMC5729242 DOI: 10.1186/s13099-017-0223-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2017] [Accepted: 12/05/2017] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Salmonella is recognized as a common bacterial cause of foodborne diarrheal illness worldwide, and animal or its food products have been the most common vehicles of the Salmonella infections. This study aimed to investigate the distribution of Salmonella in two commercial layer farms and to determine the genetic relatedness between these strains. The Salmonella isolates were serotyped by slide agglutination using commercial antisera and analyzed for genetic relatedness using pulsed-field gel electrophoresis (PFGE). RESULTS The internal environment had the highest prevalence of Salmonella (14/15, 93.3%), followed by external environment (60/96, 62.5%) and egg samples (23/84, 27.3%). The prevalence of Salmonella in the environment was significantly higher than that in egg samples (p < 0.05). The occurrence of Salmonella in the internal environment (93.3%) was relatively higher than in the external environment (55.6-77.2%). The 111 isolates were distributed among 15 PFGE types, and the PFGE results suggested that there existed cross-contamination between these strains not only from eggs, but also from the environments. CONCLUSIONS The findings indicated ongoing Salmonella cross-contamination inside or outside of the layer farms, and that Salmonella could also spread along the egg production line.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mei Long
- College of Resources, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, 611130 People’s Republic of China
| | - Hua Yu
- Sichuan Entry-Exit Inspection and Quarantine Bureau, Chengdu, 610041 People’s Republic of China
| | - Li Chen
- National Quality Supervision and Inspection Center of Liquor Products (Sichuan), Yibin, 644000 People’s Republic of China
| | - Guoyan Wu
- College of Resources, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, 611130 People’s Republic of China
| | - Siyue Zhao
- College of Resources, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, 611130 People’s Republic of China
| | - Wenwen Deng
- College of Resources, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, 611130 People’s Republic of China
| | - Shujuan Chen
- College of Food Science, Sichuan Agricultural University, Ya’an, 625014 People’s Republic of China
| | - Kang Zhou
- College of Food Science, Sichuan Agricultural University, Ya’an, 625014 People’s Republic of China
| | - Shuliang Liu
- College of Food Science, Sichuan Agricultural University, Ya’an, 625014 People’s Republic of China
| | - Li He
- College of Food Science, Sichuan Agricultural University, Ya’an, 625014 People’s Republic of China
| | - Xiaoling Ao
- College of Food Science, Sichuan Agricultural University, Ya’an, 625014 People’s Republic of China
| | - Yubao Yan
- Sichuan Entry-Exit Inspection and Quarantine Bureau, Chengdu, 610041 People’s Republic of China
| | - Menggen Ma
- College of Resources, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, 611130 People’s Republic of China
| | - Hongning Wang
- College of Food Science, Sichuan Agricultural University, Ya’an, 625014 People’s Republic of China
| | - Margaret A. Davis
- College of Life Sciences, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610065 People’s Republic of China
| | - Lisa Jones
- College of Life Sciences, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610065 People’s Republic of China
| | - Bei Li
- Dujiangyan Campus, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, 611830 People’s Republic of China
| | - Anyun Zhang
- College of Life Sciences, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610065 People’s Republic of China
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Washington State University, Pullman, USA
| | - Likou Zou
- College of Resources, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, 611130 People’s Republic of China
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Vinayananda CO, Fairoze N, Madhavaprasad CB, Byregowda SM, Nagaraj CS, Bagalkot P, Karabasanavar N. Studies on occurrence, characterisation and decontamination of emerging pathogenic Escherichia coli (STEC, ETEC and EIEC) in table eggs. Br Poult Sci 2017; 58:664-672. [DOI: 10.1080/00071668.2017.1373387] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- C. O Vinayananda
- Department of Livestock Products and Technology, Veterinary College, Bengaluru, India
| | - Nadeem Fairoze
- Department of Livestock Products and Technology, Veterinary College, Bengaluru, India
| | - C. B Madhavaprasad
- Department of Veterinary Public Health & Epidemiology, Veterinary College, Shivamogga, India
| | - S. M Byregowda
- Institution of Animal Health and Veterinary Biologicals, Bengaluru, India
| | - C. S Nagaraj
- AICRP on Poultry (Meat), Veterinary College, Bengaluru, India
| | - Prashanth Bagalkot
- Department of Veterinary Public Health & Epidemiology, Veterinary College, Shivamogga, India
| | - Nagappa Karabasanavar
- Department of Veterinary Public Health & Epidemiology, Veterinary College, Shivamogga, India
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40
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Chousalkar KK, Sexton M, McWhorter A, Hewson K, Martin G, Shadbolt C, Goldsmith P. Salmonella typhimurium in the Australian egg industry: Multidisciplinary approach to addressing the public health challenge and future directions. Crit Rev Food Sci Nutr 2017; 57:2706-2711. [DOI: 10.1080/10408398.2015.1113928] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Kapil K. Chousalkar
- School of Animal and Veterinary Science, The University of Adelaide, Roseworthy, South Australia, Australia
| | - Margaret Sexton
- Primary Industries and Regions, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia
| | - Andrea McWhorter
- School of Animal and Veterinary Science, The University of Adelaide, Roseworthy, South Australia, Australia
| | - Kylie Hewson
- Australian Egg Corporation Limited, North Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Glen Martin
- Food and Controlled Drugs Branch, SA Health, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia
| | - Craig Shadbolt
- NSW Food Authority, Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
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41
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Virulence factors and antimicrobial resistance in Escherichia coli strains isolated from hen egg shells. Int J Food Microbiol 2016; 238:89-95. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijfoodmicro.2016.08.037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2016] [Revised: 08/14/2016] [Accepted: 08/28/2016] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
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42
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Wang DH, Li YJ, Liu L, Liu JS, Bao M, Yang N, Zhuo-Cheng H, Ning ZH. Traits of eggshells and shell membranes of translucent eggs. Poult Sci 2016; 96:351-358. [PMID: 27665004 DOI: 10.3382/ps/pew328] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Revised: 02/01/2016] [Accepted: 08/07/2016] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Translucent eggshells negatively affect the appearance of eggs and decrease their economic value. Translocation and accumulation of water from the contents to the shells of eggs are frequent occurrences. Causes of translucent eggshell formation have been investigated, but the primary reason is uncertain. In previous studies, scientists have found that the thickness of the eggshell membrane was significantly different between translucent and opaque eggs. However, there are some conflicts among studies. We performed 2 experiments with 3 breeding flocks of chickens to target the reasons for egg translucence. In experiment 1, eggs of 1,024 Brown-Egg Dwarf Layers (DWL) were used. Approximately 1,600 eggs were collected over 2 consecutive days. They were stored for 3 days, and then 120 translucent and 120 opaque eggs were selected for measurement of egg quality traits and weight loss over several weeks. In experiment 2, we used DWL and White Leghorn pure line (WLL) for assessment of eggshell ultrastructure and membrane traits. We chose 120 translucent and 120 opaque eggs from 3,500 DWL eggs and 125 translucent and 125 opaque eggs from 5,028 WLL eggs. The results are as follows: (1) translucent eggs had greater eggshell strength and lower ultimate failure stress of shell membrane than opaque eggs in both DWL and WLL groups, (2) translucent eggs had thicker shells and thinner shell membranes than opaque eggs in DWL, (3) no significant differences were found in either gas pore or bubble pore traits between translucent and opaque eggs in either line, and (4) no significant differences were detected in internal egg quality or weight loss between translucent and opaque eggs in either line. In summary, the present study suggests that variations in both eggshells and shell membrane structures are implicated in the formation of translucent eggs.
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Affiliation(s)
- De-He Wang
- National Engineering Laboratory for Animal Breeding and MOA Key Laboratory of Animal Genetics and Breeding, College of Animal Science and Technology, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Ya-Jie Li
- National Engineering Laboratory for Animal Breeding and MOA Key Laboratory of Animal Genetics and Breeding, College of Animal Science and Technology, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Long Liu
- Department of Animal Sciences, Wageningen University, Gelderland, 338, 6700, Netherlands
| | - Jing-Shou Liu
- National Engineering Laboratory for Animal Breeding and MOA Key Laboratory of Animal Genetics and Breeding, College of Animal Science and Technology, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Man Bao
- Department of Animal Science and Technology, YIangzhou University, Jiangsu, 225009, China
| | - Ning Yang
- National Engineering Laboratory for Animal Breeding and MOA Key Laboratory of Animal Genetics and Breeding, College of Animal Science and Technology, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Hou Zhuo-Cheng
- National Engineering Laboratory for Animal Breeding and MOA Key Laboratory of Animal Genetics and Breeding, College of Animal Science and Technology, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Zhong-Hua Ning
- National Engineering Laboratory for Animal Breeding and MOA Key Laboratory of Animal Genetics and Breeding, College of Animal Science and Technology, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China
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Huijbers PM, Graat EA, van Hoek AH, Veenman C, de Jong MC, van Duijkeren E. Transmission dynamics of extended-spectrum β-lactamase and AmpC β-lactamase-producing Escherichia coli in a broiler flock without antibiotic use. Prev Vet Med 2016; 131:12-19. [DOI: 10.1016/j.prevetmed.2016.07.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2015] [Revised: 06/09/2016] [Accepted: 07/01/2016] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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44
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Mezhoud H, Chantziaras I, Iguer-Ouada M, Moula N, Garmyn A, Martel A, Touati A, Smet A, Haesebrouck F, Boyen F. Presence of antimicrobial resistance in coliform bacteria from hatching broiler eggs with emphasis on ESBL/AmpC-producing bacteria. Avian Pathol 2016; 45:493-500. [DOI: 10.1080/03079457.2016.1167837] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- H. Mezhoud
- Laboratoire d’Ecologie Microbienne, Faculté des Sciences de la Nature et de la Vie, Université de Bejaia, Bejaia, Algeria
| | - I. Chantziaras
- Veterinary Epidemiology Unit, Department of Reproduction, Obstetrics and Herd Health, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, Merelbeke, Belgium
- Department of Pathology, Bacteriology and Avian Diseases, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, Merelbeke, Belgium
| | - M. Iguer-Ouada
- Laboratoire Associé en Ecosystèmes Marin et Aquacole, Faculté des Sciences de la Nature et de la Vie, Université de Bejaia, Bejaia, Algeria
| | - N. Moula
- Department of Animal Production, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Liege, Liege, Belgium
- Tropical Veterinary Institute, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Liege, Liege, Belgium
| | - A. Garmyn
- Department of Pathology, Bacteriology and Avian Diseases, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, Merelbeke, Belgium
| | - A. Martel
- Department of Pathology, Bacteriology and Avian Diseases, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, Merelbeke, Belgium
| | - A. Touati
- Laboratoire d’Ecologie Microbienne, Faculté des Sciences de la Nature et de la Vie, Université de Bejaia, Bejaia, Algeria
| | - A. Smet
- Department of Pathology, Bacteriology and Avian Diseases, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, Merelbeke, Belgium
| | - F. Haesebrouck
- Department of Pathology, Bacteriology and Avian Diseases, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, Merelbeke, Belgium
| | - F. Boyen
- Department of Pathology, Bacteriology and Avian Diseases, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, Merelbeke, Belgium
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Kim H, Yum B, Yoon SS, Song KJ, Kim JR, Myeong D, Chang B, Choe NH. Inactivation of Salmonella on Eggshells by Chlorine Dioxide Gas. Korean J Food Sci Anim Resour 2016; 36:100-8. [PMID: 27499670 PMCID: PMC4973950 DOI: 10.5851/kosfa.2016.36.1.100] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2015] [Revised: 01/06/2016] [Accepted: 01/07/2016] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Microbiological contamination of eggs should be prevented in the poultry industry, as poultry is one of the major reservoirs of human Salmonella. ClO2 gas has been reported to be an effective disinfectant in various industry fields, particularly the food industry. The aims of this study were to evaluate the antimicrobial effect of chlorine dioxide gas on two strains of Salmonella inoculated onto eggshells under various experimental conditions including concentrations, contact time, humidity, and percentage organic matter. As a result, it was shown that chlorine dioxide gas under wet conditions was more effective in inactivating Salmonella Enteritidis and Salmonella Gallinarum compared to that under dry conditions independently of the presence of organic matter (yeast extract). Under wet conditions, a greater than 4 log reduction in bacterial populations was achieved after 30 min of exposure to ClO2 each at 20 ppm, 40 ppm, and 80 ppm against S. Enteritidis; 40 ppm and 80 ppm against S. Gallinarum. These results suggest that chlorine dioxide gas is an effective agent for controlling Salmonella, the most prevalent contaminant in the egg industry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hyobi Kim
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Konkuk University, Seoul 05029, Korea
| | - Bora Yum
- Division of Biological Science and Technology, Yonsei University, Wonju 26493, Korea
| | - Sung-Sik Yoon
- Division of Biological Science and Technology, Yonsei University, Wonju 26493, Korea
| | | | | | - Donghoon Myeong
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Konkuk University, Seoul 05029, Korea
| | - Byungjoon Chang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Konkuk University, Seoul 05029, Korea
| | - Nong-Hoon Choe
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Konkuk University, Seoul 05029, Korea
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Ray A, Roberts J, Flavel R, Chousalkar K. Eggshell penetration by Salmonella Typhimurium in table eggs: Examination of underlying eggshell structures by micro-computed tomography and scanning electron microscopy. Food Res Int 2015; 78:34-40. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodres.2015.11.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2015] [Revised: 11/12/2015] [Accepted: 11/14/2015] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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Pathogenicity of Salmonella strains isolated from egg shells and the layer farm environment in australia. Appl Environ Microbiol 2014; 81:405-14. [PMID: 25362057 DOI: 10.1128/aem.02931-14] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
In Australia, the egg industry is periodically implicated during outbreaks of Salmonella food poisoning. Salmonella enterica serovar Typhimurium and other nontyphoidal Salmonella spp., in particular, are a major concern for Australian public health. Several definitive types of Salmonella Typhimurium strains, but primarily Salmonella Typhimurium definitive type 9 (DT9), have been frequently reported during egg-related food poisoning outbreaks in Australia. The aim of the present study was to generate a pathogenicity profile of nontyphoidal Salmonella isolates obtained from Australian egg farms. To achieve this, we assessed the capacity of Salmonella isolates to cause gastrointestinal disease using both in vitro and in vivo model systems. Data from in vitro experiments demonstrated that the invasion capacity of Salmonella serovars cultured to stationary phase (liquid phase) in LB medium was between 90- and 300-fold higher than bacterial suspensions in normal saline (cultured in solid phase). During the in vivo infection trial, clinical signs of infection and mortality were observed only for mice infected with either 10(3) or 10(5) CFU of S. Typhimurium DT9. No mortality was observed for mice infected with Salmonella serovars with medium or low invasive capacity in Caco-2 cells. Pathogenicity gene profiles were also generated for all serovars included in this study. The majority of serovars tested were positive for selected virulence genes. No relationship between the presence or absence of virulence genes by PCR and either in vitro invasive capacity or in vivo pathogenicity was detected. Our data expand the knowledge of strain-to-strain variation in the pathogenicity of Australian egg industry-related Salmonella spp.
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Gole VC, Roberts JR, Sexton M, May D, Kiermeier A, Chousalkar KK. Effect of egg washing and correlation between cuticle and egg penetration by various Salmonella strains. Int J Food Microbiol 2014; 182-183:18-25. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijfoodmicro.2014.04.030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2014] [Revised: 04/17/2014] [Accepted: 04/30/2014] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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Effect of egg washing and correlation between eggshell characteristics and egg penetration by various Salmonella Typhimurium strains. PLoS One 2014; 9:e90987. [PMID: 24621821 PMCID: PMC3951326 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0090987] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2013] [Accepted: 02/06/2014] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Salmonella is an important foodborne pathogen, causing an estimated 11,992 cases of infection in Australia per year. Egg or egg product related salmonellosis is a major concern for the egg industry. Worldwide, S. Typhimurium is one of the most common serovars identified in Salmonella food poisoning cases. The current study investigated the ability of five S. Typhimurium strains to penetrate washed and unwashed eggs using whole egg and agar egg penetration methods. All S. Typhimurium strains were able to penetrate eggshells and survive in egg albumen (at 20°C) according to whole egg penetration results. Polymerase Chain Reaction results demonstrated that S. Typhimurium strain 2 (103 and 105 CFU/mL), and strain 5 (103 and 105 CFU/mL) egg penetration was significantly higher (p<0.05) in washed eggs when compared to unwashed eggs. Statistical analysis of the agar penetration experiment indicated that S. Typhimurium was able to penetrate washed eggs at a significantly higher rate when compared to unwashed eggs (p<0.05). When compared to unwashed eggs, washed eggs also had significantly damaged cuticles. Statistical analysis also indicated that eggshell penetration by S. Typhimurium was related to various eggshell ultrastructural features such as cap quality, alignment, erosion, confluence, Type B bodies and cuticle cover.
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Gole V, Chousalkar K, Roberts J. Survey of Enterobacteriaceae contamination of table eggs collected from layer flocks in Australia. Int J Food Microbiol 2013; 164:161-5. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijfoodmicro.2013.04.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2012] [Revised: 04/03/2013] [Accepted: 04/05/2013] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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