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Santos Gusmão A, Silva Conceição JC, Moreira de Queiros Santos S, Lima Sampaio Pereira C, Siqueira de Almeida Chaves D, de Jesus Nicácio K, Aparecida Chagas-Paula D, de Oliveira Silva E. Untargeted Metabolomic to Access Chemical Differences Induced by Dual Endophyte Cultures Isolated from Euphorbia Umbellata. Chem Biodivers 2024; 21:e202400395. [PMID: 38623912 DOI: 10.1002/cbdv.202400395] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2024] [Revised: 04/15/2024] [Accepted: 04/16/2024] [Indexed: 04/17/2024]
Abstract
Endophytic fungi live asymptomatically inside vegetal tissues, and such uncommon habitat contributes to their exceptional chemical diversity. Isolating natural products from endophytic fungi could fail due to silent biosynthetic gene clusters under ordinary in vitro culture conditions, and co-culturing has been assayed to trigger their metabolism. We carried out single and dual cultures with 13 endophyte strains isolated from Euphorbia umbellata leaves. Multivariate statistics applied to untargeted metabolomics compared the chemical profiles of all endophyte cultures. PCA analysis guided the selection of the Aspergillus pseudonomiae J1 - Porogramme brasiliensis J9 dual culture for its most significant chemical differentiation: Five compounds were putatively annotated in the J1-J9 culture according to UHPLC-HRMS data, kojic acid, haliclonol and its diastereoisomer, caffeic acid, and 2-(3,4-dihydroxyphenyl)acetaldehyde. Analysis by PLS-DA using VIP score showed that kojic acid displayed the most significative importance in discriminating single and dual J1-J9 cultures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amanda Santos Gusmão
- Departament of Organic Chemistry, Institute of Chemistry, Federal University of Bahia, Salvador, 40170-115, Brazil
| | - João Carlos Silva Conceição
- Departament of Organic Chemistry, Institute of Chemistry, Federal University of Bahia, Salvador, 40170-115, Brazil
| | | | - Cecilia Lima Sampaio Pereira
- Departament of Organic Chemistry, Institute of Chemistry, Federal University of Bahia, Salvador, 40170-115, Brazil
| | - Douglas Siqueira de Almeida Chaves
- Pharmaceutical Science Department, Health and Biological Science Institute, Federal Rural University of Rio de Janeiro, Seropédica, 23897-000, Brazil
| | | | | | - Eliane de Oliveira Silva
- Departament of Organic Chemistry, Institute of Chemistry, Federal University of Bahia, Salvador, 40170-115, Brazil
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Esperança VJR, Moreira PIO, Chávez DWH, Freitas-Silva O. Evaluation of the safety and quality of Brazil nuts ( Bertholletia excelsa) using the tools of dna sequencing technology and aflatoxin profile. Front Nutr 2024; 11:1357778. [PMID: 38665301 PMCID: PMC11044678 DOI: 10.3389/fnut.2024.1357778] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2023] [Accepted: 03/18/2024] [Indexed: 04/28/2024] Open
Abstract
Introduction Brazil nuts (BNs) result from sustainable extraction and are widely exploited in the Amazon region. Due to the production characteristics in the forest and the nutritional characteristics of these nuts, the occurrence of fungal contamination and the presence of aflatoxins are extensively discussed in the literature as a great aspect of interest and concern. This study aims to evaluate the microbial profile through DNA sequencing and amplification of 16S and ITS genes for bacterial and fungal analysis, respectively, and the presence of mycotoxins using high-performance liquid chromatography with fluorescence detection (HPLC-FD) from different fractions of the nuts processed. Methods The BN samples, harvest A (HA) and harvest B (HB), from two different harvests were collected in an extractive cooperative in the Amazon region for microbiological analysis (from DNA extraction and amplification of 16S genes, bacteria analysis, and ITS for fungi) and mycotoxins (aflatoxins AFB1, AFB2, AFG1, and AFG2) using HPLC-FD/KobraCell®. Results and discussion The samples showed a very different microbiome and aflatoxin profile. Genera such as Rothia (HA) and Cronobacter (HB) were abundant during the analysis of bacteria; as for fungi, the genera Aspergillus, Fusarium, Penicillium, and Alternaria were also considered prevalent in these samples. Soil microorganisms, including those pathogenic and related to inadequate hygienic-sanitary production practices, as well as aflatoxins, were found in the samples. However, they were within the established limits permitted by Brazilian legislation. Nuts have a diverse microbiota and are not restricted to fungi of the genus Aspergillus. The microbiological and toxicological profile can vary significantly within the same nut in the same extraction region and can be exacerbated by global climate changes. Therefore, it is necessary to advance sanitary educational actions by applying good production practices and inspection programs to ensure the sustainability and quality of the BN production chain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Victor J. R. Esperança
- Food and Nutrition Graduate Program, Federal University of State of Rio de Janeiro (PPGAN/UNIRIO), Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Paula I. O. Moreira
- Food and Nutrition Graduate Program, Federal University of State of Rio de Janeiro (PPGAN/UNIRIO), Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Davy W. H. Chávez
- Post Graduate Program in Food Science and Technology, Federal Rural University of Rio de Janeiro, Seropédica, Brazil
| | - Otniel Freitas-Silva
- Embrapa Food Technology, Office of Research and Development (Sector: Operational Units – Plan V), Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
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Nemadodzi LE, Prinsloo G. A New Proposed Symbiotic Plant-Herbivore Relationship between Burkea africana Trees, Cirina forda Caterpillars and Their Associated Fungi Pleurostomophora richardsiae and Aspergillus nomius. Microorganisms 2023; 11:1864. [PMID: 37513036 PMCID: PMC10383216 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms11071864] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2023] [Revised: 07/20/2023] [Accepted: 07/20/2023] [Indexed: 07/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Burkea africana is a tree found in savannah and woodland in southern Africa, as well as northwards into tropical African regions as far as Nigeria and Ethiopia. It is used as fuel wood, medicinally to treat various conditions, such as toothache, headache, migraine, pain, inflammation, and sexually transmitted diseases, such as gonorrhoea, but also an ornamental tree. The current study investigated the possible symbiotic relationship between B. africana trees and the C. forda caterpillars and the mutual role played in ensuring the survival of B. africana trees/seedlings in harsh natural conditions and low-nutrient soils. Deoxyribonucleic acid isolation and sequencing results revealed that the fungal species Pleurostomophora richardsiae was highly predominant in the leaves of B. africana trees and present in the caterpillars. The second most prominent fungal species in the caterpillars was Aspergillus nomius. The latter is known to be related to a Penicillium sp. which was found to be highly prevalent in the soil where B. africana trees grow and is suggested to play a role in enhancing the effective growth of B. africana trees in their natural habitat. To support this, a phylogenetic analysis was conducted, and a tree was constructed, which shows a high percentage similarity between Aspergillus and Penicillium sp. The findings of the study revealed that B. africana trees not only serve as a source of feed for the C. forda caterpillar but benefit from C. forda caterpillars which, after dropping onto the soil, is proposed to inoculate the soil surrounding the trees with the fungus A. nomius which suggests a symbiotic and/or synergistic relationship between B. africana trees and C. forda caterpillars.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lufuno Ethel Nemadodzi
- Department of Agriculture and Animal Health, University of South Africa, Private Bag X6, Johannesburg 1710, South Africa
- ABBERU, Science Campus, University of South Africa, Johannesburg 1710, South Africa
| | - Gerhard Prinsloo
- Department of Agriculture and Animal Health, University of South Africa, Private Bag X6, Johannesburg 1710, South Africa
- ABBERU, Science Campus, University of South Africa, Johannesburg 1710, South Africa
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Ribeiro SR, Garcia MV, Copetti MV, Brackmann A, Both V, Wagner R. Effect of controlled atmosphere, vacuum packaging and different temperatures on the growth of spoilage fungi in shelled pecan nuts during storage. Food Control 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodcont.2021.108173] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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Gusmão AS, Abreu LS, Tavares JF, de Freitas HF, Silva da Rocha Pita S, Dos Santos EG, Caldas IS, Vieira AA, Silva EO. Computer-Guided Trypanocidal Activity of Natural Lactones Produced by Endophytic Fungus of Euphorbia umbellata. Chem Biodivers 2021; 18:e2100493. [PMID: 34403573 DOI: 10.1002/cbdv.202100493] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2021] [Accepted: 08/17/2021] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Hundreds of millions of people worldwide are affected by Chagas' disease caused by Trypanosoma cruzi. Since the current treatment lack efficacy, specificity, and suffers from several side-effects, novel therapeutics are mandatory. Natural products from endophytic fungi have been useful sources of lead compounds. In this study, three lactones isolated from an endophytic strain culture were in silico evaluated for rational guidance of their bioassay screening. All lactones displayed in vitro activity against T. cruzi epimastigote and trypomastigote forms. Notably, the IC50 values of (+)-phomolactone were lower than benznidazole (0.86 vs. 30.78 μM against epimastigotes and 0.41 vs. 4.88 μM against trypomastigotes). Target-based studies suggested that lactones displayed their trypanocidal activities due to T. cruzi glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase (TcGAPDH) inhibition, and the binding free energy for all three TcGAPDH-lactone complexes suggested that (+)-phomolactone has a lower score value (-3.38), corroborating with IC50 assays. These results highlight the potential of these lactones for further anti-T. cruzi drug development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amanda Santos Gusmão
- Organic Chemistry Department, Chemistry Institute, Federal University of Bahia, Barão de Jeremoabo 147, Salvador, 40170115, Bahia, Brazil
| | - Lucas Silva Abreu
- Institute for Research in Pharmaceuticals and Medications, Federal University of Paraíba, Campus I, João Pessoa, 58051900, Paraíba, Brazil
| | - Josean Fechine Tavares
- Institute for Research in Pharmaceuticals and Medications, Federal University of Paraíba, Campus I, João Pessoa, 58051900, Paraíba, Brazil
| | - Humberto Fonseca de Freitas
- Laboratory of Bioinformatics and Molecular Modeling (LaBiMM), Pharmacy College, Federal University of Bahia, Barão de Jeremoabo 147, Salvador, 40170115, Bahia, Brazil
| | - Samuel Silva da Rocha Pita
- Laboratory of Bioinformatics and Molecular Modeling (LaBiMM), Pharmacy College, Federal University of Bahia, Barão de Jeremoabo 147, Salvador, 40170115, Bahia, Brazil
| | - Elda Gonçalves Dos Santos
- Pathology and Parasitology Department, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Federal University of Alfenas, Gabriel Monteiro da Silva 500, Alfenas, 37130001, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Ivo Santana Caldas
- Pathology and Parasitology Department, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Federal University of Alfenas, Gabriel Monteiro da Silva 500, Alfenas, 37130001, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - André Alexandre Vieira
- Organic Chemistry Department, Chemistry Institute, Federal University of Bahia, Barão de Jeremoabo 147, Salvador, 40170115, Bahia, Brazil
| | - Eliane Oliveira Silva
- Organic Chemistry Department, Chemistry Institute, Federal University of Bahia, Barão de Jeremoabo 147, Salvador, 40170115, Bahia, Brazil
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da Silva JJ, Iamanaka BT, Ferranti LS, Massi FP, Taniwaki MH, Puel O, Lorber S, Frisvad JC, Fungaro MHP. Diversity within Aspergillus niger Clade and Description of a New Species: Aspergillus vinaceus sp. nov. J Fungi (Basel) 2020; 6:jof6040371. [PMID: 33348541 PMCID: PMC7767288 DOI: 10.3390/jof6040371] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2020] [Revised: 12/13/2020] [Accepted: 12/14/2020] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Diversity of species within Aspergillus niger clade, currently represented by A. niger sensu stricto and A. welwitshiae, was investigated combining three-locus gene sequences, Random Amplified Polymorphic DNA, secondary metabolites profile and morphology. Firstly, approximately 700 accessions belonging to this clade were investigated using calmodulin gene sequences. Based on these sequences, eight haplotypes were clearly identified as A. niger (n = 247) and 17 as A. welwitschiae (n = 403). However, calmodulin sequences did not provide definitive species identities for six haplotypes. To elucidate the taxonomic position of these haplotypes, two other loci, part of the beta-tubulin gene and part of the RNA polymerase II gene, were sequenced and used to perform an analysis of Genealogical Concordance Phylogenetic Species Recognition. This analysis enabled the recognition of two new phylogenetic species. One of the new phylogenetic species showed morphological and chemical distinguishable features in comparison to the known species A. welwitschiae and A. niger. This species is illustrated and described as Aspergillus vinaceus sp. nov. In contrast to A. niger and A. welwitschiae, A. vinaceus strains produced asperazine, but none of them were found to produce ochratoxin A and/or fumonisins. Sclerotium production on laboratory media, which does not occur in strains of A. niger and A. welwitschiae, and strictly sclerotium-associated secondary metabolites (14-Epi-hydroxy-10,23-dihydro-24,25-dehydroaflavinine; 10,23-Dihydro-24,25-dehydroaflavinine; 10,23-Dihydro-24,25-dehydro-21-oxo-aflavinine) were found in A. vinaceus. The strain type of A. vinaceus sp. nov. is ITAL 47,456 (T) (=IBT 35556).
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Affiliation(s)
- Josué J. da Silva
- Centro de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Estadual de Londrina, Londrina, Paraná 86057-970, Brazil; (J.J.d.S.); (L.S.F.); (F.P.M.)
| | - Beatriz T. Iamanaka
- Centro de Ciência e Qualidade de Alimentos, Instituto de Tecnologia de Alimentos, Campinas, São Paulo 13070-178, Brazil; (B.T.I.); (M.H.T.)
| | - Larissa S. Ferranti
- Centro de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Estadual de Londrina, Londrina, Paraná 86057-970, Brazil; (J.J.d.S.); (L.S.F.); (F.P.M.)
| | - Fernanda P. Massi
- Centro de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Estadual de Londrina, Londrina, Paraná 86057-970, Brazil; (J.J.d.S.); (L.S.F.); (F.P.M.)
| | - Marta H. Taniwaki
- Centro de Ciência e Qualidade de Alimentos, Instituto de Tecnologia de Alimentos, Campinas, São Paulo 13070-178, Brazil; (B.T.I.); (M.H.T.)
| | - Olivier Puel
- Toxalim (Research Centre in Food Toxicology), INRAE, ENVT, INP-Purpan, 31027 Toulouse, France; (O.P.); (S.L.)
| | - Sophie Lorber
- Toxalim (Research Centre in Food Toxicology), INRAE, ENVT, INP-Purpan, 31027 Toulouse, France; (O.P.); (S.L.)
| | - Jens C. Frisvad
- Department of Biotechnology and Biomedicine, Technical University of Denmark, 2800 Lyngby, Denmark;
| | - Maria Helena P. Fungaro
- Centro de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Estadual de Londrina, Londrina, Paraná 86057-970, Brazil; (J.J.d.S.); (L.S.F.); (F.P.M.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +55-4399-955-4100
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Valencia-Quintana R, Milić M, Jakšić D, Šegvić Klarić M, Tenorio-Arvide MG, Pérez-Flores GA, Bonassi S, Sánchez-Alarcón J. Environment Changes, Aflatoxins, and Health Issues, a Review. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2020; 17:ijerph17217850. [PMID: 33120863 PMCID: PMC7672603 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph17217850] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2020] [Revised: 09/28/2020] [Accepted: 10/04/2020] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Crops contaminated by aflatoxins (AFs), the toxic and carcinogenic mycotoxins produced namely by Aspergillus flavus and Aspergillus parasiticus, have severe impacts on human health. Changes in temperature and water availability related to actual climate changes (increased temperature, heavy rainfalls, and droughts) are modulating factors of mould growth and production of mycotoxins. To protect human and animal health from the harmful effects caused by AFs, the development of a safe and effective multifaceted approach in combating food and feed contamination with AFs is necessary. This review aims to collect and analyze the available information regarding AF presence in food and feed to reinforce AF management and to prevent health issues related to the AF exposure in the light of actual climate changes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rafael Valencia-Quintana
- Facultad de Agrobiología, Universidad Autónoma de Tlaxcala, Tlaxcala 90120, Mexico; (R.V.-Q.); (G.A.P.-F.)
| | - Mirta Milić
- Mutagenesis Unit, Institute for Medical Research and Occupational Health, Ksaverska cesta 2, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia;
| | - Daniela Jakšić
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Pharmacy and Biochemistry, University of Zagreb, Schrottova 39, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia; (D.J.); (M.Š.K.)
| | - Maja Šegvić Klarić
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Pharmacy and Biochemistry, University of Zagreb, Schrottova 39, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia; (D.J.); (M.Š.K.)
| | - María Guadalupe Tenorio-Arvide
- Departamento de Investigación en Ciencias Agrícolas, Benemérita Universidad Autónoma de Puebla, Puebla 72570, Mexico
- Correspondence: (M.G.T.-A.); (J.S.-A.)
| | | | - Stefano Bonassi
- Department of Human Sciences and Quality of Life Promotion, San Raffaele University, 00166 Rome, Italy;
- Unit of Clinical and Molecular Epidemiology IRCCS San Raffaele Pisana, 00166 Rome, Italy
| | - Juana Sánchez-Alarcón
- Facultad de Agrobiología, Universidad Autónoma de Tlaxcala, Tlaxcala 90120, Mexico; (R.V.-Q.); (G.A.P.-F.)
- Correspondence: (M.G.T.-A.); (J.S.-A.)
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de Oliveira JM, de Alencar ER, Blum LEB, de Souza Ferreira WF, Botelho SDCC, Racanicci AMC, Santos Leandro ED, Mendonça MA, Moscon ES, Bizerra LVADS, da Silva CR. Ozonation of Brazil nuts: Decomposition kinetics, control of Aspergillus flavus and the effect on color and on raw oil quality. Lebensm Wiss Technol 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.lwt.2020.109106] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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Effect of temperature on growth, gene expression, and aflatoxin production by Aspergillus nomius isolated from Brazil nuts. Mycotoxin Res 2019; 36:173-180. [PMID: 31828531 DOI: 10.1007/s12550-019-00380-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2019] [Revised: 11/21/2019] [Accepted: 11/27/2019] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
Aspergillus nomius is a potent producer of aflatoxins B and G and is one of the most common species of fungi found in Brazil nuts. Temperature is considered a major abiotic factor that influences fungal colonization and aflatoxin production in nuts during pre- and post-harvest. Therefore, assessment of the response of aflatoxigenic species to different temperatures is important to add information about the understanding of aflatoxin production by Aspergillus nomius and may help in the development of new strategies to prevent aflatoxin contamination. The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of temperature (25, 30, and 35 °C) on the radial growth, aflatoxin production (B and G), and aflatoxin gene expression of seven A. nomius strains isolated from Brazil nuts. The optimal temperature for growth was 30 °C and was also the best condition for the expression of the aflR, aflD, and aflQ genes. However, maximum production of aflatoxins B and G occurred at 25 °C. Interestingly, high expression of the structural gene aflQ was observed in the maximum aflatoxin production condition (25 °C). The present study demonstrates that temperature may influence aflatoxin production by A. nomius. The combination of molecular and physiological data aids the understanding of the aflatoxigenic species response to different temperatures and can assist in predicting the driving environmental factors that influence aflatoxin contamination of Brazil nuts.
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Abstract
Aflatoxins and ochratoxins are among the most important mycotoxins of all and producers of both types of mycotoxins are present in Aspergillus section Flavi, albeit never in the same species. Some of the most efficient producers of aflatoxins and ochratoxins have not been described yet. Using a polyphasic approach combining phenotype, physiology, sequence and extrolite data, we describe here eight new species in section Flavi. Phylogenetically, section Flavi is split in eight clades and the section currently contains 33 species. Two species only produce aflatoxin B1 and B2 (A. pseudotamarii and A. togoensis), and 14 species are able to produce aflatoxin B1, B2, G1 and G2: three newly described species A. aflatoxiformans, A. austwickii and A. cerealis in addition to A. arachidicola, A. minisclerotigenes, A. mottae, A. luteovirescens (formerly A. bombycis), A. nomius, A. novoparasiticus, A. parasiticus, A. pseudocaelatus, A. pseudonomius, A. sergii and A. transmontanensis. It is generally accepted that A. flavus is unable to produce type G aflatoxins, but here we report on Korean strains that also produce aflatoxin G1 and G2. One strain of A. bertholletius can produce the immediate aflatoxin precursor 3-O-methylsterigmatocystin, and one strain of Aspergillus sojae and two strains of Aspergillus alliaceus produced versicolorins. Strains of the domesticated forms of A. flavus and A. parasiticus, A. oryzae and A. sojae, respectively, lost their ability to produce aflatoxins, and from the remaining phylogenetically closely related species (belonging to the A. flavus-, A. tamarii-, A. bertholletius- and A. nomius-clades), only A. caelatus, A. subflavus and A. tamarii are unable to produce aflatoxins. With exception of A. togoensis in the A. coremiiformis-clade, all species in the phylogenetically more distant clades (A. alliaceus-, A. coremiiformis-, A. leporis- and A. avenaceus-clade) are unable to produce aflatoxins. Three out of the four species in the A. alliaceus-clade can produce the mycotoxin ochratoxin A: A. alliaceus s. str. and two new species described here as A. neoalliaceus and A. vandermerwei. Eight species produced the mycotoxin tenuazonic acid: A. bertholletius, A. caelatus, A. luteovirescens, A. nomius, A. pseudocaelatus, A. pseudonomius, A. pseudotamarii and A. tamarii while the related mycotoxin cyclopiazonic acid was produced by 13 species: A. aflatoxiformans, A. austwickii, A. bertholletius, A. cerealis, A. flavus, A. minisclerotigenes, A. mottae, A. oryzae, A. pipericola, A. pseudocaelatus, A. pseudotamarii, A. sergii and A. tamarii. Furthermore, A. hancockii produced speradine A, a compound related to cyclopiazonic acid. Selected A. aflatoxiformans, A. austwickii, A. cerealis, A. flavus, A. minisclerotigenes, A. pipericola and A. sergii strains produced small sclerotia containing the mycotoxin aflatrem. Kojic acid has been found in all species in section Flavi, except A. avenaceus and A. coremiiformis. Only six species in the section did not produce any known mycotoxins: A. aspearensis, A. coremiiformis, A. lanosus, A. leporis, A. sojae and A. subflavus. An overview of other small molecule extrolites produced in Aspergillus section Flavi is given.
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Mazokopakis EE, Liontiris MI. Commentary: Health Concerns of Brazil Nut Consumption. J Altern Complement Med 2018; 24:3-6. [DOI: 10.1089/acm.2017.0159] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
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LAMP-based group specific detection of aflatoxin producers within Aspergillus section Flavi in food raw materials, spices, and dried fruit using neutral red for visible-light signal detection. Int J Food Microbiol 2017; 266:241-250. [PMID: 29272724 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijfoodmicro.2017.12.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2017] [Revised: 12/13/2017] [Accepted: 12/14/2017] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
Aflatoxins can be produced by 21 species within sections Flavi (16 species), Ochraceorosei (2), and Nidulantes (3) of the fungal genus Aspergillus. They pose risks to human and animal health due to high toxicity and carcinogenicity. Detecting aflatoxin producers can help to assess toxicological risks associated with contaminated commodities. Species specific molecular assays (PCR and LAMP) are available for detection of major producers, but fail to detect species of minor importance. To enable rapid and sensitive detection of several aflatoxin producing species in a single analysis, a nor1 gene-specific LAMP assay was developed. Specificity testing showed that among 128 fungal species from 28 genera, 15 aflatoxigenic species in section Flavi were detected, including synonyms of A. flavus and A. parasiticus. No cross reactions were found with other tested species. The detection limit of the assay was 9.03pg of A. parasiticus genomic DNA per reaction. Visual detection of positive LAMP reactions under daylight conditions was facilitated using neutral red to allow unambiguous distinction between positive and negative assay results. Application of the assay to the detection of A. parasiticus conidia revealed a detection limit of 211 conidia per reaction after minimal sample preparation. The usefulness of the assay was demonstrated in the analysis of aflatoxinogenic species in samples of rice, nuts, raisins, dried figs, as well as powdered spices. Comparison of LAMP results with presence/absence of aflatoxins and aflatoxin producing fungi in 50 rice samples showed good correlation between these parameters. Our study suggests that the developed LAMP assay is a rapid, sensitive and user-friendly tool for surveillance and quality control in our food industry.
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Hassan SM, Sultana B, Atta A, Qureshi N, Iqbal M, Abbas M. Aflatoxin, proximate composition and mineral profile of stored broiler feed treated with medicinal plant leaves. J Mycol Med 2017; 27:325-333. [PMID: 28483450 DOI: 10.1016/j.mycmed.2017.03.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2016] [Revised: 01/30/2017] [Accepted: 03/02/2017] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES In the present investigation, the Morus alba (M. alba), Vitis vinifera (V. vinifera), Ficus religiosa (F. religiosa) and Citrus paradisi (C. paradisi) leaves anti-aflatoxigenic activities were evaluated in Aspergillus flavus (A. flavus) inoculated feed. METHODS The broiler feed inoculated with A. flavus was treated with selected medicinal plant leaf powder (5%, 10% and 15% w/w) and stored for the period of six months at 28°C and 16% moisture. The aflatoxins (AFTs) were estimated at the end of each month by Reversed Phase High Performance Liquid Chromatography (RP-HPLC) method along with proximate composition and mineral contents. RESULTS Plant leaves controlled AFTs efficiently without affecting the feed proximate composition and mineral contents. The M. alba leaves completely inhibition (100%) the AFTs (B1 and B2) in feed at very low concentration (5%). Other plants also showed significant (P<0.05) inhibition of AFTs production without affecting the feed quality over the storage period of six months. CONCLUSION Based on promising efficiency of selected medicinal plant leaves, A. flavus produced AFTs could possibly be controlled in stored poultry feed.
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Affiliation(s)
- S M Hassan
- Department of Chemistry, Lahore Garrison University, Lahore, Pakistan
| | - B Sultana
- Department of Chemistry, University of Agriculture, Faisalabad 38040, Pakistan.
| | - A Atta
- Department of Biochemistry, Bahauddin Zakariya University, Multan 60800, Pakistan
| | - N Qureshi
- Department of Chemistry, Karakoram International University, Gilgit 15100 Pakistan
| | - M Iqbal
- Department of Chemistry, The University of Lahore, Lahore, Pakistan.
| | - M Abbas
- Institute of Molecular Biology and Biotechnology, The University of Lahore, 54000 Lahore, Pakistan
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14
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Affiliation(s)
- Ariane Kluczkovski
- Faculty of pharmaceutical Sciences; Av. Gen. Rodrigo Otávio, 6200 Manaus 69067005 Brazil
| | - Natacha Lima
- Faculty of pharmaceutical Sciences; Av. Gen. Rodrigo Otávio, 6200 Manaus 69067005 Brazil
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15
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Taniwaki MH, Frisvad JC, Ferranti LS, de Souza Lopes A, Larsen TO, Fungaro MHP, Iamanaka BT. Biodiversity of mycobiota throughout the Brazil nut supply chain: From rainforest to consumer. Food Microbiol 2016; 61:14-22. [PMID: 27697164 DOI: 10.1016/j.fm.2016.08.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2015] [Revised: 08/08/2016] [Accepted: 08/09/2016] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
A total of 172 Brazil nut samples (114 in shell and 58 shelled) from the Amazon rainforest region and São Paulo state, Brazil was collected at different stages of the Brazil nut production chain: rainforest, street markets, processing plants and supermarkets. The mycobiota of the Brazil nut samples were evaluated and also compared in relation to water activity. A huge diversity of Aspergillus and Penicillium species were found, besides Eurotium spp., Zygomycetes and dematiaceous fungi. A polyphasic approach using morphological and physiological characteristics, as well as molecular and extrolite profiles, were studied to distinguish species among the more important toxigenic ones in Aspergillus section Flavi and A. section Nigri. Several metabolites and toxins were found in these two sections. Ochratoxin A (OTA) was found in 3% of A. niger and 100% of A. carbonarius. Production of aflatoxins B and G were found in all isolates of A. arachidicola, A. bombycis, A. nomius, A. pseudocaelatus and A. pseudonomius, while aflatoxin B was found in 38% of A. flavus and all isolates of A. pseudotamarii. Cyclopiazonic acid (CPA) was found in A. bertholletius (94%), A. tamarii (100%), A. caelatus (54%) and A. flavus (41%). Tenuazonic acid, a toxin commonly found in Alternaria species was produced by A. bertholletius (47%), A. caelatus (77%), A. nomius (55%), A. pseudonomius (75%), A. arachidicola (50%) and A. bombycis (100%). This work shows the changes of Brazil nut mycobiota and the potential of mycotoxin production from rainforest to consumer, considering the different environments which exist until the nuts are consumed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marta H Taniwaki
- Instituto de Tecnologia de Alimentos - ITAL, C.P. 139, CEP 13070-178, Campinas, SP, Brazil.
| | - Jens C Frisvad
- Department of Biotechnology and Biomedicine, Technical University of Denmark, Lyngby, Denmark
| | - Larissa S Ferranti
- Instituto de Tecnologia de Alimentos - ITAL, C.P. 139, CEP 13070-178, Campinas, SP, Brazil
| | - Aline de Souza Lopes
- Instituto de Tecnologia de Alimentos - ITAL, C.P. 139, CEP 13070-178, Campinas, SP, Brazil
| | - Thomas O Larsen
- Department of Biotechnology and Biomedicine, Technical University of Denmark, Lyngby, Denmark
| | | | - Beatriz T Iamanaka
- Instituto de Tecnologia de Alimentos - ITAL, C.P. 139, CEP 13070-178, Campinas, SP, Brazil
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16
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Taniwaki MH, Pitt JI, Iamanaka BT, Massi FP, Fungaro MHP, Frisvad JC. Penicillium excelsum sp. nov from the Brazil Nut Tree Ecosystem in the Amazon Basin'. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0143189. [PMID: 26717519 PMCID: PMC4696661 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0143189] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2015] [Accepted: 11/02/2015] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
A new Penicillium species, P. excelsum, is described here using morphological characters, extrolite and partial sequence data from the ITS, β-tubulin and calmodulin genes. It was isolated repeatedly using samples of nut shells and flowers from the brazil nut tree, Bertolletia excelsa, as well as bees and ants from the tree ecosystem in the Amazon rainforest. The species produces andrastin A, curvulic acid, penicillic acid and xanthoepocin, and has unique partial β-tubulin and calmodulin gene sequences. The holotype of P. excelsum is CCT 7772, while ITAL 7572 and IBT 31516 are cultures derived from the holotype.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marta Hiromi Taniwaki
- Centro de Ciência e Qualidade de Alimentos, Instituto de Tecnologia de Alimentos, Campinas, São Paulo, Brazil
- * E-mail:
| | - John I. Pitt
- CSIRO Food and Nutrition, North Ryde, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Beatriz T. Iamanaka
- Centro de Ciência e Qualidade de Alimentos, Instituto de Tecnologia de Alimentos, Campinas, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Fernanda P. Massi
- Centro de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Estadual de Londrina, Londrina, Paraná, Brazil
| | | | - Jens C. Frisvad
- Department of Systems Biology, Technical University of Denmark, Lyngby, Denmark
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Massi FP, Penha RES, Cavalcante MC, Viaro HP, da Silva JJ, de Souza Ferranti L, Fungaro MHP. Identification of Aspergillus nomius in Bees Visiting Brazil Nut Flowers. Microbes Environ 2015; 30:273-5. [PMID: 26063353 PMCID: PMC4567567 DOI: 10.1264/jsme2.me14146] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
We designed a primer pair (BtubNomF/BtubNomR) specifically for amplifying Aspergillus nomius DNA. In vitro assays confirmed BtubNomF/BtubNomR specificity, corroborating its usefulness in detecting and identifying A. nomius. We then investigated the occurrence of A. nomius in floral visitors of Bertholletia excelsa trees by means of PCR, and A. nomius was detected in the following bees: Xylocopa frontalis, Bombus transversalis, Centris denudans, C. ferruginea, and Epicharis flava. The presence of A. nomius in bees visiting Brazil nuts opens up new avenues for obtaining novel insights into the process whereby Brazil nuts are contaminated by aflatoxin-producing fungi.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fernanda Pelisson Massi
- Centro de Ciências Biológicas, Departamento de Biologia Geral, Universidade Estadual de Londrina
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Frisvad JC. Taxonomy, chemodiversity, and chemoconsistency of Aspergillus, Penicillium, and Talaromyces species. Front Microbiol 2015; 5:773. [PMID: 25628613 PMCID: PMC4290622 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2014.00773] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2014] [Accepted: 12/17/2014] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Aspergillus, Penicillium, and Talaromyces are among the most chemically inventive of all fungi, producing a wide array of secondary metabolites (exometabolites). The three genera are holophyletic in a cladistic sense and polythetic classes in an anagenetic or functional sense, and contain 344, 354, and 88 species, respectively. New developments in classification, cladification, and nomenclature have meant that the species, series, and sections suggested are natural groups that share many extrolites, including exometabolites, exoproteins, exocarbohydrates, and exolipids in addition to morphological features. The number of exometabolites reported from these species is very large, and genome sequencing projects have shown that a large number of additional exometabolites may be expressed, given the right conditions (“cryptic” gene clusters for exometabolites). The exometabolites are biosynthesized via shikimic acid, tricarboxylic acid cycle members, nucleotides, carbohydrates or as polyketides, non-ribosomal peptides, terpenes, or mixtures of those. The gene clusters coding for these compounds contain genes for the biosynthetic building blocks, the linking of these building blocks, tailoring enzymes, resistance for own products, and exporters. Species within a series or section in Aspergillus, Penicillium, and Talaromyces have many exometabolites in common, seemingly acquired by cladogenesis, but some the gene clusters for autapomorphic exometabolites may have been acquired by horizontal gene transfer. Despite genome sequencing efforts, and the many breakthroughs these will give, it is obvious that epigenetic factors play a large role in evolution and function of chemodiversity, and better methods for characterizing the epigenome are needed. Most of the individual species of the three genera produce a consistent and characteristic profile of exometabolites, but growth medium variations, stimulation by exometabolites from other species, and variations in abiotic intrinsic and extrinsic environmental factors such as pH, temperature, redox potential, and water activity will add significantly to the number of biosynthetic families expressed in anyone species. An example of the shared exometabolites in a natural group such as Aspergillus section Circumdati series Circumdati is that most, but not all species produce penicillic acids, aspyrones, neoaspergillic acids, xanthomegnins, melleins, aspergamides, circumdatins, and ochratoxins, in different combinations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jens C Frisvad
- Section of Eukaryotic Biotechnology, Department of Systems Biology, Technical University of Denmark Kongens Lyngby, Denmark
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