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Lu C, Wang L, Jiang Y, Lan M, Wang F. Preconceptional, pregnant, and postnatal exposure to outdoor air pollution and indoor environmental factors: Effects on childhood parasitic infections. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2024; 912:169234. [PMID: 38101631 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2023.169234] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2023] [Revised: 11/26/2023] [Accepted: 12/07/2023] [Indexed: 12/17/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Parasitic infections (PIs) are common and pose substantial health hazards in children globally, but the fundamental environmental variables exposure during crucial time window(s) are unclear. OBJECTIVES To identify key indoor and outdoor environmental factors leading to childhood PIs throughout critical time window(s). METHODS A combined cross-sectional and retrospective cohort study was performed on 8689 children residing in Changsha, China. Data was acquired pertaining to the health status and environmental exposure of the children in their homes. Personal exposure to outdoor air pollutants at the residential address during the preconceptional, perinatal, and postnatal periods was computed using data from ten air quality monitoring stations. An analysis of the relationships between childhood PIs and both indoor and outdoor factors was conducted using a multiple logistic regression model. RESULTS Childhood PIs were associated with outdoor CO and ozone (O3) exposure during the 10th-12th months prior to pregnancy, with ORs (95 % CI) of 1.68 (1.24-2.27) and 1.60 (1.15-2.22), respectively; childhood PIs were also associated with CO exposure during one year prior to pregnancy and the first trimester in utero [ORs = 1.57 (1.14-2.15) and 1.52 (1.17-1.97)]. Childhood PIs were found to be associated with PM2.5 exposure during pregnancy and the first year, with odds ratios of 1.51 (1.14-2.00) and 1.95 (1.22-3.12) per IQR increase in pollutant exposure, respectively. Exposures to smoke, renovation-related indoor air pollution (IAP), dampness and plant-related indoor allergens in the early life and past year were all associated with childhood PI, with odds ratios (95 % CI) ranging from 1.40 (1.01-1.95) for environmental tobacco smoke (ETS) during pregnancy to 1.63 (1.12-2.37) for mold/damp stains in the past year. In terms of PI risk, the early life and present periods were critical time windows for outdoor and indoor exposures, respectively. Certain individuals were more vulnerable to the PI risk associated with both indoor and outdoor exposures. Antibiotic use during child's lifetime and early years increased and decreased the PI risk of exposure to outdoor and indoor environments, respectively. CONCLUSIONS Exposure to outdoor air pollution in early life and indoor environments in the past year were found to be associated with childhood PI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chan Lu
- XiangYa School of Public Health, Central South University, Changsha, China.
| | - Lin Wang
- XiangYa School of Public Health, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Ying Jiang
- XiangYa School of Public Health, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Mengju Lan
- XiangYa School of Public Health, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Faming Wang
- Division of Animal and Human Health Engineering, Department of Biosystems, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
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Chaves CF, Sabino-Santos G, Cedraz FMA, Santos-Muccillo P, Filho JR, Zanardi VS, Moretto VT, Santos APC, Simões F, Barbosa LM, Silva LK, Reis MG, Blanton RE. Evidence for local transmission and maintenance of schistosomiasis in an urban neighbourhood in Northeast Brazil. Transbound Emerg Dis 2022; 69:3153-3159. [PMID: 36057790 PMCID: PMC11013574 DOI: 10.1111/tbed.14692] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2022] [Revised: 08/14/2022] [Accepted: 08/29/2022] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Schistosomiasis is a tropical neglected disease commonly associated with rural areas; however, urban schistosomiasis has been reported worldwide, and increasing urbanization is one of the most important demographic shifts of the 20th and now 21st centuries. The pattern of urbanization is not uniform so that within the same city the rates and sources of population increase vary. Here, we report on the parasite composition in one neighbourhood in the metropolitan area of Salvador, Bahia, Brazil. Using epidemiological data and population genetics, we find evidence for local transmission and maintenance of Schistosoma mansoni infection within an urban population and little contribution from rural-urban migration. Our findings provide direction for local mitigation strategies and to assist the public living in this neighbourhood to interrupt the local transmission cycle.
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Affiliation(s)
- Camila F. Chaves
- Gonçalo Moniz Research Centre, Oswaldo Cruz Foundation, Salvador, Bahia, Brazil
| | - Gilberto Sabino-Santos
- Department of Tropical Medicine, Tulane University School of Public Health and Tropical Medicine, New Orleans, Louisiana, United States
- Centre for Virology Research, Ribeirao Preto Medical School, University of Sao Paulo, Ribeirao Preto, Sao Paulo, Brazil
| | | | | | - João Ricardo Filho
- Gonçalo Moniz Research Centre, Oswaldo Cruz Foundation, Salvador, Bahia, Brazil
| | - Vanessa S. Zanardi
- Gonçalo Moniz Research Centre, Oswaldo Cruz Foundation, Salvador, Bahia, Brazil
| | - Vanessa T. Moretto
- Gonçalo Moniz Research Centre, Oswaldo Cruz Foundation, Salvador, Bahia, Brazil
| | | | - Fabiano Simões
- Gonçalo Moniz Research Centre, Oswaldo Cruz Foundation, Salvador, Bahia, Brazil
- Centre for Zoonoses Control, Salvador, Bahia, Brazil
| | - Lucio M. Barbosa
- Gonçalo Moniz Research Centre, Oswaldo Cruz Foundation, Salvador, Bahia, Brazil
- Bahiana School of Medicine and Public Health, Salvador, Bahia, Brazil
| | - Luciano K. Silva
- Gonçalo Moniz Research Centre, Oswaldo Cruz Foundation, Salvador, Bahia, Brazil
| | - Mitermayer G. Reis
- Gonçalo Moniz Research Centre, Oswaldo Cruz Foundation, Salvador, Bahia, Brazil
- School of Medicine, Federal University of Bahia, Salvador, Bahia, Brazil
- Yale School of Public Health, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut, United States
| | - Ronald E. Blanton
- Department of Tropical Medicine, Tulane University School of Public Health and Tropical Medicine, New Orleans, Louisiana, United States
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Senkwe MN, Berta KK, Yibi SM, Sube J, Bidali A, Abe A, Onyeze A, Ajo JPH, Pascale JR, Ndenzako F, Olu OO. Prevalence and factors associated with transmission of schistosomiasis in school-aged children in South Sudan: a cross-sectional study. Pan Afr Med J 2022; 42:2. [PMID: 36158934 PMCID: PMC9475048 DOI: 10.11604/pamj.supp.2022.42.1.34006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2022] [Accepted: 05/25/2022] [Indexed: 11/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Introduction South Sudan is affected by a high burden of Neglected Tropical Diseases (NTDs). The country is very vulnerable to NTDs due to its favourable tropical climate and multiple risk factors. However, the distribution of the diseases and the populations at risk for the various NTDs is unknown. This paper described the distribution of schistosomiasis in 58 counties and 261 schools in South Sudan. Methods a descriptive quantitative cross-sectional study of schistosomiasis in 58 counties in 8 states of South Sudan recruited school-aged children. Using different laboratory techniques, the children were tested for Schistosoma mansoni (S. mansoni) and Schistosoma haematobium (S. haematobium). A quantitative descriptive statistical was performed to determine the prevalence rates and the endemicity of schistosomiasis among 13,286 school-aged children. Results the overall prevalence of S. mansoni and S. haematobium were 6.1% and 3.7% using Kato Katz and urine filtration concentration testing techniques. The highest state prevalence was reported in Western Equatoria for both S. mansoni (14.7%) and S. haematobium (7.3%). The age of the participants varied from 4 to 18 years; of these, children 10 to 12 years old had the highest prevalence of S. mansoni (6.8%) and S. haematobium (3.7%). The prevalence of S. mansoni (7% male vs 5% female) and S. haematobium (3.6% male vs 3.1% female) were higher in males than females. The likelihood of the prevalence of S. mansoni in males was 1.42 (95% CI:1.23, 1.64) higher than in females, while for S. haematobium, 1.36 (95% CI:1.12, 1.65) higher than in females. The prevalence of S. mansoni and S. haematobium showed a statistically significant gender difference (P< 0.05). Conclusion the study had provided evidence of the distribution of schistosomiasis in South Sudan for policy direction and recommended annual preventive chemotherapy with praziquantel in all endemic areas.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mutale Nsakashalo Senkwe
- World Health Organization, Country Office, Juba, South Sudan,,Corresponding author Mutale Nsakashalo Senkwe, World Health Organization, Country Office, Juba, South Sudan,
| | | | | | - Julia Sube
- World Health Organization, Country Office, Juba, South Sudan
| | - Alex Bidali
- World Health Organization, Country Office, Juba, South Sudan
| | - Abias Abe
- National Public Health Laboratory, Ministry of Health, Juba, South Sudan
| | - Adiele Onyeze
- Multicountry Assignment Team, World Health Organisation, Nairobi, Kenya
| | | | | | - Fabian Ndenzako
- World Health Organization, Country Office, Juba, South Sudan
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Ogongo P, Nyakundi RK, Chege GK, Ochola L. The Road to Elimination: Current State of Schistosomiasis Research and Progress Towards the End Game. Front Immunol 2022; 13:846108. [PMID: 35592327 PMCID: PMC9112563 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.846108] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2021] [Accepted: 03/21/2022] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
The new WHO Roadmap for Neglected Tropical Diseases targets the global elimination of schistosomiasis as a public health problem. To date, control strategies have focused on effective diagnostics, mass drug administration, complementary and integrative public health interventions. Non-mammalian intermediate hosts and other vertebrates promote transmission of schistosomiasis and have been utilized as experimental model systems. Experimental animal models that recapitulate schistosomiasis immunology, disease progression, and pathology observed in humans are important in testing and validation of control interventions. We discuss the pivotal value of these models in contributing to elimination of schistosomiasis. Treatment of schistosomiasis relies heavily on mass drug administration of praziquantel whose efficacy is comprised due to re-infections and experimental systems have revealed the inability to kill juvenile schistosomes. In terms of diagnosis, nonhuman primate models have demonstrated the low sensitivity of the gold standard Kato Katz smear technique. Antibody assays are valuable tools for evaluating efficacy of candidate vaccines, and sera from graded infection experiments are useful for evaluating diagnostic sensitivity of different targets. Lastly, the presence of Schistosomes can compromise the efficacy of vaccines to other infectious diseases and its elimination will benefit control programs of the other diseases. As the focus moves towards schistosomiasis elimination, it will be critical to integrate treatment, diagnostics, novel research tools such as sequencing, improved understanding of disease pathogenesis and utilization of experimental models to assist with evaluating performance of new approaches.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paul Ogongo
- Division of Experimental Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, United States.,Department of Tropical and Infectious Diseases, Institute of Primate Research, Nairobi, Kenya
| | - Ruth K Nyakundi
- Department of Tropical and Infectious Diseases, Institute of Primate Research, Nairobi, Kenya
| | - Gerald K Chege
- Primate Unit & Delft Animal Centre, South African Medical Research Council, Cape Town, South Africa.,Department of Pathology, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Lucy Ochola
- Department of Tropical and Infectious Diseases, Institute of Primate Research, Nairobi, Kenya.,Department of Environmental Health, School of Behavioural and Lifestyle Sciences, Faculty of Health Sciences, Nelson Mandela University, Gqeberha, South Africa
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Gomes ECDS, Silva IEPD, Nascimento WRCD, Loyo RM, Domingues ALC, Barbosa CS. Urban schistosomiasis: An ecological study describing a new challenge to the control of this neglected tropical disease. LANCET REGIONAL HEALTH. AMERICAS 2021; 8:100144. [PMID: 36778731 PMCID: PMC9904042 DOI: 10.1016/j.lana.2021.100144] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Background Social and environmental vulnerabilities contribute to the persistence and increase of Schistosomiasis, which has been a public health problem in Brazil and worldwide. In this study, we aimed to monitor the entry, installation, and maintenance of schistosomiasis transmission in an urban area on the Brazilian coast over two decades (2000-2010/2010-2020). Methods This population-based cross-sectional study was conducted in Porto de Galinhas, state of Pernambuco, Brazil, to investigate the dynamics of schistosomiasis transmission in the urban area. Through 3 malacological and parasitological surveys and using geoprocessing technologies, schistosomiasis transmission foci (STF), as well as cases of the disease were identified and quantified. Statistical and geoprocessing tools were used to analyse the data. Findings Overall, the number of STF decreased from 15 (2000) to 11 (2010) and then to 9 (2020). Although the infection ratio of snails in 2000 has decreased from 16·1% to 5·8% in 2010, we observed an increase to 7·2% in 2020. Additionally, 6,499 individuals were analysed (2012 in 2000; 2459 in 2010, and 2028 in 2020) and the prevalence of human infection has decreased over years, from 32·5% (2000), 16·6% (2010) to 8·8% (2020). The disorderly urbanization process was directly related to the spatial distribution of STF and schistosomiasis cases, causing a new scenario where people became infected by walking on unpaved and flooded streets. Interpretation Although we observed a decreasing in schistosomiasis cases and STF, this NTD became a health problem related to urbanization in the study area. The challenge to overcome this new sort of transmission will require a greater understanding of the disorderly migration, spatial occupation, and degradation of the environment. Funding National Council for Scientific and Technological Development (CNPq), Ministry of Science, Technology, Innovations and Communications, Brazil.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elainne Christine de Souza Gomes
- Schistosomiasis Reference Laboratory, Department of Parasitology, Aggeu Magalhães Institute, Fiocruz - Ministry of Health, Recife, PE, Brazil.,Corresponding author.
| | - Iris Edna Pereira da Silva
- Schistosomiasis Reference Laboratory, Department of Parasitology, Aggeu Magalhães Institute, Fiocruz - Ministry of Health, Recife, PE, Brazil
| | - Wheverton Ricardo Correia do Nascimento
- Schistosomiasis Reference Laboratory, Department of Parasitology, Aggeu Magalhães Institute, Fiocruz - Ministry of Health, Recife, PE, Brazil.,Department of Tropical Medicine, Federal University of Pernambuco, Recife, PE, Brazil
| | - Rodrigo Moraes Loyo
- Schistosomiasis Reference Laboratory, Department of Parasitology, Aggeu Magalhães Institute, Fiocruz - Ministry of Health, Recife, PE, Brazil
| | | | - Constança Simões Barbosa
- Schistosomiasis Reference Laboratory, Department of Parasitology, Aggeu Magalhães Institute, Fiocruz - Ministry of Health, Recife, PE, Brazil
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Kovach JD, Long JC, Barbosa LM, Moura ARSS, Silva LK, Reis MG, Blanton RE. A Schistosoma mansoni tri- and tetramer microsatellite catalog for genetic population diversity and differentiation. Int J Parasitol 2021; 51:1007-1014. [PMID: 34022195 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpara.2021.04.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2021] [Revised: 04/20/2021] [Accepted: 04/28/2021] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
All Schistosoma mansoni tri- and tetranucleotide repeat microsatellites published as of December 2018 were identified. All 52 were evaluated for autosomal location, strength of amplification, scorability and behavior as single-copy loci by polyacrylamide and capillary gel electrophoresis. Of these, 27 were unique, autosomal, polymorphic, easily scored and single copy as assessed on pooled adult worm DNA from two different continental origins and adult worm clones. These microsatellites were distributed across all seven autosomal chromosomes. On laboratory strains their heterozygosity ranged from 0.22 to 0.77. Individual markers had 5-13 alleles, allelic richness of 2-10 and an effective allele number of 1.3-8.14. Those infected by Schistosoma mansoni carry many genetically distinct, sexually reproducing parasites, therefore, for an individual infection the complete allele frequency profile of their progeny consists of a pool of DNA from multiple diploid eggs. Using a set of 25 microsatellites, we calculated allele frequency profiles of eggs in fecal samples from people in two Brazilian communities separated by 6 km: Jenipapo (n = 80) and Volta do Rio (n = 38). There were no a priori characteristics that could predict the performance of markers in natural infections based on their performance with laboratory strains. Increasing marker number did not change accuracy for differentiation and diversity but did improve precision. Our data suggest that using a random set of 10-20 microsatellites appears to result in values that exhibit low standard deviations for diversity and differentiation indices. All identified microsatellites as well as PCR conditions, allele size, primer sequences and references for all tri- and tetramer microsatellites markers presented in this work are available at: https://sites.google.com/case.edu/cwru-and-fiocruz-wdrc/home.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeffrey D Kovach
- Center for Global Health and Diseases, Case Western Reserve University, Biomedical Research Building, 2109 Adelbert Rd., Cleveland, OH 44106, USA
| | - Jeffrey C Long
- University of New Mexico, Department of Anthropology, Albuquerque, 1 University of New Mexico, NM 87131, USA
| | - Lúcio M Barbosa
- Bahiana School of Medicine and Public Health, Av. Silveira Martins, n° 3386, Salvador, Bahia 41150-100, Brazil; Gonçalo Moniz Research Centre, Oswaldo Cruz Foundation, Rua Waldemar Falcão, 121 Brotas, Salvador, Bahia 40296-710, Brazil
| | - Ana Rafaela Silva Simões Moura
- Gonçalo Moniz Research Centre, Oswaldo Cruz Foundation, Rua Waldemar Falcão, 121 Brotas, Salvador, Bahia 40296-710, Brazil
| | - Luciano K Silva
- Gonçalo Moniz Research Centre, Oswaldo Cruz Foundation, Rua Waldemar Falcão, 121 Brotas, Salvador, Bahia 40296-710, Brazil
| | - Mitermayer G Reis
- Gonçalo Moniz Research Centre, Oswaldo Cruz Foundation, Rua Waldemar Falcão, 121 Brotas, Salvador, Bahia 40296-710, Brazil; School of Medicine, Federal University of Bahia, Salvador, Bahia, Brazil; Yale School of Public Health, Yale University, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Ronald E Blanton
- Department of Tropical Medicine, Tulane School of Public Health and Tropical Medicine, Tidewater Building, 1440 Canal Street, New Orleans, LA 70112, USA.
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Abstract
BACKGROUND Schistosomiasis is a parasitic disease caused by trematode worms of the genus Schistosoma and belongs to the neglected tropical diseases. The disease has been reported in 78 countries, with around 290.8 million people in need of treatment in 2018. Schistosomiasis is predominantly considered a rural disease with a subsequent focus of research and control activities in rural settings. Over the past decades, occurrence and even expansion of schistosomiasis foci in peri-urban and urban settings have increasingly been observed. Rural-urban migration in low- and middle-income countries and subsequent rapid and unplanned urbanization are thought to explain these observations. Fifty-five percent (55%) of the world population is already estimated to live in urban areas, with a projected increase to 68% by 2050. In light of rapid urbanization and the efforts to control morbidity and ultimately achieve elimination of schistosomiasis, it is important to deepen our understanding of the occurrence, prevalence, and transmission of schistosomiasis in urban and peri-urban settings. A systematic literature review looking at urban and peri-urban schistosomiasis was therefore carried out as a first step to address the research and mapping gap. METHODOLOGY Following the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA) guidelines, a systematic computer-aided literature review was carried out using PubMed, ScienceDirect, and the World Health Organization Database in November 2019, which was updated in March 2020. Only papers for which at least the abstract was available in English were used. Relevant publications were screened, duplicates were removed, guidelines for eligibility were applied, and eligible studies were reviewed. Studies looking at human Schistosoma infections, prevalence, and intensity of infection in urban and peri-urban settings were included as well as those focusing on the intermediate host snails. PRINCIPAL FINDINGS A total of 248 publications met the inclusion criteria. The selected studies confirm that schistosomiasis is prevalent in peri-urban and urban areas in the countries assessed. Earlier studies report higher prevalence levels in urban settings compared to data extracted from more recent publications, yet the challenge of migration, rapid uncontrolled urbanization, and resulting poor living conditions highlight the potential for continuous or even newly established transmission to take place. CONCLUSIONS The review indicates that schistosomiasis has long existed in urban and peri-urban areas and remains a public health problem. There is, however, a challenge of comparability of settings due to the lack of a clear definition of what constitutes urban and peri-urban. There is a pressing need for improved monitoring of schistosomiasis in urban communities and consideration of treatment strategies.
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