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Achatz TJ, Gasperetti RM, Orlofske SA, Tkach VV. Phylogenetic Analysis of Pseudapatemon spp. (Digenea: Diplostomoidea) Reveals a Lineage Specific to Scolopacid Shorebirds. Acta Parasitol 2025; 70:115. [PMID: 40423729 DOI: 10.1007/s11686-025-01047-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2024] [Accepted: 04/30/2025] [Indexed: 05/28/2025]
Abstract
PURPOSE Pseudapatemon Dubois, 1936 is a small genus of diplostomoidean digeneans parasitic as adults in the intestines of scolopacid birds in the Holarctic and Indomalaya. Until now, no DNA sequences of any member of the genus were available and its phylogenetic affinities remained unknown. Herein, we sequenced 2 Pseudapatemon spp. from American woodcock in the United States and conducted molecular phylogenetic analysis to examine their relationships with other diplostomoideans. METHODS Two species of diplostomids belonging to Pseudapatemon were collected from American woodcock in Wisconsin (USA). Partial nuclear 28S ribosomal rDNA and mitochondrial CO1 genes were sequenced. Phylogenetic analysis based on 28S ribosomal data was used for phylogenetic inference. RESULTS In the phylogenetic tree, both species of Pseudapatemon spp. formed a strongly supported cluster in a 100% supported clade with another diplostomoidean parasitic in scolopacid birds, Pulvinifer macrostomum (Jägerskiöld, 1900). Very low intergeneric difference in 28S sequences (2.5%) was detected between Pulvinifer and Pseudapatemon spp. The 2 Pseudapatemon spp. in our analysis differed by 1.2% in partial 28S sequences and 13.5-13.7% in CO1 sequences. CONCLUSION Representatives of the 2 currently sequenced genera of diplostomoideans from scolopacids proved to form a monophyletic clade. This provides evidence of an evolutionary host switch to scolopacid birds with subsequent radiation. Sequencing of other diplostomoideans from the Scolopacidae is needed to learn more about their phylogenetic relationships and address the question of the potential synonymy of Pseudapatemon and Pulvinifer Yamaguti, 1933.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tyler J Achatz
- Department of Natural Sciences, Middle Georgia State University, Macon, GA, USA
| | - Roxanne M Gasperetti
- Department of Biology and Museum of Natural History, University of Wisconsin - Stevens Point, Stevens Point, Wisconsin, USA
| | - Sarah A Orlofske
- Department of Biology and Museum of Natural History, University of Wisconsin - Stevens Point, Stevens Point, Wisconsin, USA
| | - Vasyl V Tkach
- Department of Biology, University of North Dakota, Grand Forks, ND, USA.
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Cribb TH, Barton DP, Blair D, Bott NJ, Bray RA, Corner RD, Cutmore SC, De Silva MLI, Duong B, Faltýnková A, Gonchar A, Hechinger RF, Herrmann KK, Huston DC, Johnson PTJ, Kremnev G, Kuchta R, Louvard C, Luus-Powell WJ, Martin SB, Miller TL, Pérez-Ponce de León G, Smit NJ, Tkach VV, Truter M, Waki T, Vermaak A, Wee NQX, Yong RQY, Achatz TJ. Challenges in the recognition of trematode species: Consideration of hypotheses in an inexact science. J Helminthol 2025; 99:e54. [PMID: 40260497 DOI: 10.1017/s0022149x25000367] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/23/2025]
Abstract
The description and delineation of trematode species is a major ongoing task. Across the field there has been, and currently still is, great variation in the standard of this work and in the sophistication of the proposal of taxonomic hypotheses. Although most species are relatively unambiguously distinct from their congeners, many are either morphologically very similar, including the major and rapidly growing component of cryptic species, or are highly variable morphologically despite little to no molecular variation for standard DNA markers. Here we review challenges in species delineation in the context provided to us by the historical literature, and the use of morphological, geographical, host, and molecular data. We observe that there are potential challenges associated with all these information sources. As a result, we encourage careful proposal of taxonomic hypotheses with consideration for underlying species concepts and frank acknowledgement of weaknesses or conflict in the data. It seems clear that there is no single source of data that provides a wholly reliable answer to our taxonomic challenges but that nuanced consideration of information from multiple sources (the 'integrated approach') provides the best possibility of developing hypotheses that will stand the test of time.
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Affiliation(s)
- T H Cribb
- Queensland Museum, Biodiversity and Geosciences Program, South Brisbane, Queensland4101, Australia
| | - D P Barton
- School of Agricultural, Environmental and Veterinary Sciences, Charles Sturt University, Wagga Wagga, New South Wales2658, Australia
| | - D Blair
- College of Science and Engineering, James Cook University, Australia
| | - N J Bott
- School of Science, RMIT University, PO Box 71, BundooraVIC 3083
| | - R A Bray
- Department of Life Sciences, Natural History Museum, Cromwell Road, LondonSW7 5BD, UK
| | - R D Corner
- Department of Primary Industries, Ecosciences Precinct, Dutton Park, Queensland4102, Australia
| | - S C Cutmore
- Queensland Museum, Biodiversity and Geosciences Program, South Brisbane, Queensland4101, Australia
| | - M L I De Silva
- Centre for Sustainable Aquatic Ecosystems, Harry Butler Institute, Murdoch University, Western Australia
| | - B Duong
- School of the Environment, The University of Queensland, 4072Australia
| | - A Faltýnková
- Department of Forest Ecology, Faculty of Forestry and Wood Technology, Mendel University in Brno, Zemedelská 3, Brno, 613 00, Czech Republic
| | - A Gonchar
- Department of Invertebrate Zoology, St Petersburg University, Universitetskaya emb. 7-9, Saint Petersburg199034, Russia
- Laboratory of Parasitic Worms and Protists, Zoological Institute of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Universitetskaya emb. 1, Saint Petersburg199034, Russia
| | - R F Hechinger
- Scripps Insitution of Oceanography, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California, USA
| | - K K Herrmann
- Tarleton State University, Stephenville, Texas, USA
| | - D C Huston
- Australian National Insect Collection, National Research Collections Australia, CSIRO, PO Box 1700, Canberra, ACT2601, Australia
| | - P T J Johnson
- Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of Colorado, Boulder, CO80309, USA
| | - G Kremnev
- Laboratory of Parasitic Worms and Protists, Zoological Institute of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Universitetskaya emb. 1, Saint Petersburg199034, Russia
| | - R Kuchta
- Institute of Parasitology, Biology Centre, Czech Academy of Sciences, Branišovská 31, 370 05Ceské Budejovice, Czech Republic
| | - C Louvard
- Water Research Group, Unit for Environmental Science and Management, North-West University - Potchefstroom campus, 11 Hoffman St, Potchefstroom 2531, North West, South Africa
| | - W J Luus-Powell
- DSI-NRF SARChI Chair (Ecosystem Health), Department of Biodiversity, University of Limpopo, 0727, South Africa
| | - S B Martin
- Centre for Sustainable Aquatic Ecosystems, Harry Butler Institute, Murdoch University, 90 South Street, Murdoch, 6150, Western Australia, Australia
| | - T L Miller
- Queensland Museum, Biodiversity and Geosciences Program, South Brisbane, Queensland4101, Australia
| | - G Pérez-Ponce de León
- Escuela Nacional de Estudios Superiores Unidad Mérida, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Mérida, Yucatán, C.P. 97357, Mexico
| | - N J Smit
- Water Research Group, Unit for Environmental Science and Management, North-West University - Potchefstroom campus, 11 Hoffman St, Potchefstroom 2531, North West, South Africa
| | - V V Tkach
- Department of Biology, University of North Dakota, Grand Forks, North Dakota, USA
| | - M Truter
- Water Research Group, Unit for Environmental Science and Management, North-West University - Potchefstroom campus, 11 Hoffman St, Potchefstroom 2531, North West, South Africa
| | - T Waki
- Faculty of Science, Toho University, 2-2-1 Miyama, Funabashi, Chiba274-8510, Japan
| | - A Vermaak
- Water Research Group, Unit for Environmental Science and Management, North-West University - Potchefstroom campus, 11 Hoffman St, Potchefstroom 2531, North West, South Africa
| | - N Q-X Wee
- Queensland Museum, Biodiversity and Geosciences Program, South Brisbane, Queensland4101, Australia
| | - R Q-Y Yong
- Water Research Group, Unit for Environmental Science and Management, North-West University - Potchefstroom campus, 11 Hoffman St, Potchefstroom 2531, North West, South Africa
| | - T J Achatz
- Department of Natural Sciences, Middle Georgia State University, Macon, Georgia, USA
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Singh K, Nayal AS, Chiary HR, Chaudhary A, Kumar S, Sharma B, Singh B, Singh HS, Chaudhary A. Molecular data reveal diversity of Tylodelphys spp. (Trematoda: Diplostomidae) in India: with evidence of new lineages, morphology and statistical analysis. Mol Biol Rep 2025; 52:336. [PMID: 40138082 DOI: 10.1007/s11033-025-10456-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2025] [Accepted: 03/19/2025] [Indexed: 03/29/2025]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Diplostomidae is a family of widespread digenean parasites distributed globally. The diplostomid genus Tylodelphys is frequently distributed worldwide and most published data originated from larval stages. Morphology-based identification of these parasites is typical and hard to use to identify at the species level, therefore, molecular data is needed. We cannot name these two species of Tylodelphys metacercariae yet because the adults are unknown. ITS1-5.8S-ITS2 and COX1 sequences were used for phylogenetic inference to establish the position of Tylodelphys sp. IND_ACBR1 and Tylodelphys sp. IND_ACVH1 spp. within the Diplostomoidea and to study their interrelationships with other closely related congeners. METHODS AND RESULTS Tylodelphys metacercariae, infecting Ailia coila in India were collected to identify the species based on the morphology, molecular and statistical analysis. For morphology, live and stained fixed specimens were used. For molecular analysis, we have generated ITS cluster sequences (ITS1-5.8S-ITS2) of nuclear ribosomal RNA and mitochondrial cytochrome c oxidase subunit 1 (COX1) genes of Tylodelphys metacercariae. Principal component analysis (PCA) was run using R- software. Our results demonstrate that two diplostomids from India, i.e., Tylodelphys sp. IND_ACBR1 and Tylodelphys sp. IND_ACVH1 are likely undescribed taxons that belong within Diplostomidae. The results of morphology and phylogenetic analysis of both genes confirmed the status of Tylodelphys sp. IND_ACBR1 and Tylodelphys sp. IND_ACVH1 as separate species from previously published Tylodelphys species from India. The results of the statistical analysis of Tylodelphys spp. supported two distinct species status. CONCLUSIONS The novel DNA data from this study make available chances for future appraisals of larval diplostomids, especially in India. The present study also improves our understanding of the diversity of diplostomid metacercariae larval form and offers an opportunity to study their phylogenies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Komal Singh
- Molecular Taxonomy Laboratory, Department of Zoology, Chaudhary Charan Singh University, Meerut, Uttar Pradesh, 250004, India
| | - Amit Singh Nayal
- Department of Statistics, Chaudhary Charan Singh University, Meerut, Uttar Pradesh, 250004, India
| | - Haren Ram Chiary
- Department of Zoology, Kirori Mal College, University of Delhi, Delhi, 110007, India
| | - Ashu Chaudhary
- Department of Microbiology, Chaudhary Charan Singh University, Meerut, 250004, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Sourabh Kumar
- Department of Genetics and Plant Breeding, Chaudhary Charan Singh University, Meerut, 250004, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Bindu Sharma
- Molecular Parasitology Laboratory, Chaudhary Charan Singh University, Meerut, Uttar Pradesh, 250004, India
| | - Bhupendra Singh
- Department of Statistics, Chaudhary Charan Singh University, Meerut, Uttar Pradesh, 250004, India
| | - Hridaya Shanker Singh
- Molecular Taxonomy Laboratory, Department of Zoology, Chaudhary Charan Singh University, Meerut, Uttar Pradesh, 250004, India
- Maa Shakumbhari University, Punwarka, Saharanpur, Uttar Pradesh, 247120, India
| | - Anshu Chaudhary
- Molecular Taxonomy Laboratory, Department of Zoology, Chaudhary Charan Singh University, Meerut, Uttar Pradesh, 250004, India.
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Faltýnková A, Kudlai O, Jouet D, O'Dwyer K, Pantoja C, Skírnisson K. Freshwater trematodes in Iceland and the surrounding north - current advances and questions. J Helminthol 2025; 99:e33. [PMID: 39988806 DOI: 10.1017/s0022149x25000215] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/25/2025]
Abstract
Iceland is an isolated, sub-Arctic, oceanic island of volcanic origin in the northern North Atlantic. With a limited faunal diversity and being the most northern point in the distributional range for some species, it is an intriguing model region to study parasite biodiversity and biogeography. Since 2006, there has been a history of intense biodiversity discoveries of freshwater trematodes (Trematoda, Digenea), thanks to the use of integrative taxonomic methods. The majority of digeneans (28 out of 41 known) were characterised with molecular genetic methods and morphological analyses, with some of their life-cycle stages and geographical distribution assessed. A surprising diversity has been discovered, comprising species of the families Allocreadiidae, Cyclocoeliidae, Diplostomidae, Echinostomatidae, Gorgoderidae, Plagiorchiidae, Notocotylidae, Schistosomatidae, and Strigeidae. Many of the recorded species complete their life cycles within Iceland, with three snail species (Ampullaceana balthica, Gyraulus parvus, Physa acuta) known as intermediate hosts. No trematodes endemic for Iceland were found; they appear to be generalists with wide geographical ranges dispersed mainly by migratory birds. Interestingly, fish trematodes recorded in Iceland were found in mainland Europe, indicating that they might be dispersed by anadromous fishes, by human activity, or by migratory birds carrying intermediate hosts. The trematode fauna is mainly Palaearctic, with few species recorded in North America. We highlight the ongoing need for precise species identification via integrative taxonomic methods, which is a baseline for any further ecological studies and adequate epidemiological and conservation measures. Also, there is still a need of obtaining well-preserved vouchers of adults for definite species delimitation.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Faltýnková
- Department of Forest Ecology, Faculty of Forestry and Wood Technology, Mendel University in Brno, Zemědělská 3, Brno, 613 00, Czech Republic
| | - O Kudlai
- Institute of Ecology, Nature Research Centre, Akademijos 2, 08412, Vilnius, Lithuania
| | - D Jouet
- ESCAPE UR7510, USC ANSES PETARD, University of Reims Champagne-Ardenne, Faculty of Pharmacy, 51 rue Cognacq-Jay, 51096, Reims Cedex, France
| | - K O'Dwyer
- Marine and Freshwater Research Centre, Atlantic Technological University, Old Dublin Road, Galway, H91 T8NW, Ireland
| | - C Pantoja
- Institute of Parasitology, Biology Centre of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Branišovská 31, 370 05České Budějovice, Czech Republic
| | - K Skírnisson
- Laboratory of Parasitology, Institute for Experimental Pathology, Keldur, University of Iceland, IS-112 Reykjavík, Iceland
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Franceschini L, Dias FGC, Miguel BS, Zago AC, Orsi ML, Vitule JRS, de Almeida FS, Porto-Foresti F, Balbuena JA, Ramos IP, Casatti L. Eye metacercariae in invasive pirarucu Arapaima gigas (Pisces: Arapaimidae): A potential ecological sink interaction? J Helminthol 2025; 99:e30. [PMID: 39957305 DOI: 10.1017/s0022149x25000045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/18/2025]
Abstract
Biological invasions are among the main threats to global biodiversity and present the potential to disrupt host-parasite dynamics. In Brazil, the scientific reports of the occurrence of the Amazonian fish 'pirarucu' (Arapaima gigas) in the upper Paraná River basin, São Paulo state, were made in 2015. However, the effects of its introduction are still unknown, including those associated to its host-parasite relationships. As part of our studies on the possible effects of A. gigas introduction into this basin, the parasites from the eyes of 60 specimens of A. gigas were evaluated. We reported the occurrence of Austrodiplostomum compactum metacercariae (Trematoda, Diplostomidae) parasitizing the eyes of A. gigas supported by morphological and molecular data (COI mtDNA). The new partial sequences had a similarity of 100% to other sequences of Au. compactum previously deposited in Genbank. Five hosts (Prevalence = 8.33%) with a standard length between 69 and 116 cm were infected, with a mean intensity of infection of 31.8 ± 17.2 (1-93). Large infected hosts are unlikely to be a significant prey item for the definitive hosts (medium-sized piscivorous birds), and could act as an 'ecological sink', disrupting the transmission of this metacercariae. Hosts with high infection rates by these metacercariae may present cataracts, exophthalmos, and blindness, resulting in loss of visual acuity. Considering that A. gigas is a carnivorous and visual predator, the low infection observed possibly does not act as a biological filter to hinder or contain the invasion, probably presenting a low negative effect on the visual acuity of hosts.
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Affiliation(s)
- L Franceschini
- São Paulo State University (UNESP), Institute of Biosciences, Humanities and Exact Sciences, Department of Biological Science, São José do Rio Preto, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - F G C Dias
- São Paulo State University (UNESP), Department of Biology and Zootechny, Ilha Solteira, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - B S Miguel
- São Paulo State University (UNESP), Institute of Biosciences of Botucatu, Botucatu, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - A C Zago
- São Paulo State University (UNESP), School of Sciences, Bauru, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - M L Orsi
- State University of Londrina (UEL), Department of Animal and Vegetal Biology, Londrina, Paraná, Brazil
| | - J R S Vitule
- Federal University of Paraná (UFPR), Department of Environmental Engineering, Polytechnic Center, Curitiba, Paraná, Brazil
| | - F S de Almeida
- State University of Londrina (UEL), Department of Biology, Londrina, Paraná, Brazil
| | - F Porto-Foresti
- São Paulo State University (UNESP), School of Sciences, Bauru, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - J A Balbuena
- Universitat de València (UV), Cavanilles Institute of Biodiversity and Evolutionary Biology, Valencia, Comunitat Valenciana, Spain
| | - I P Ramos
- São Paulo State University (UNESP), Department of Biology and Zootechny, Ilha Solteira, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - L Casatti
- São Paulo State University (UNESP), Institute of Biosciences, Humanities and Exact Sciences, Department of Biological Science, São José do Rio Preto, São Paulo, Brazil
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Sokolov SG, Vlasenkov SA, Bugmyrin SV, Kalmykov AP, Lebedeva DI. Phylogeny and morphology of some European cyathocotylid digeneans (Trematoda: Diplostomoidea). J Helminthol 2024; 98:e44. [PMID: 38818780 DOI: 10.1017/s0022149x24000348] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/01/2024]
Abstract
The Cyathocotylidae Mühling, 1898 is a family of primitive diplostomoid trematodes important for understanding the evolution of the superfamily Diplostomoidea. However, cyathocotylids remain poorly studied with the use of molecular techniques. In this study we sequenced the 5.8S + ITS2 region, 28S rRNA, and cox1 genes of two cyathocotylid species and obtained new morphological data on them. We propose Georduboisia nom. nov. instead of the preoccupied name Duboisia Szidat, 1936 (junior homonym of Duboisia Stremme, 1911). Adults of Georduboisia cf. teganuma (Ishii, 1935) and Paracoenogonimus ovatus Katsurada, 1914 were collected from fish-eating birds in the south of the European part of Russia. Georduboisia cf. teganuma was very similar to G.teganuma but differed from it in the shape of the testes. The 28S rRNA gene dataset provided the best-resolved phylogeny of the Cyathocotylidae to date. In the phylogram based on partial sequences of this gene, P. ovatus was close to members of Holostephanoides Dubois, 1983, Neogogatea Chandler & Rausch, 1947 and Gogatea Szidat, 1936. Georduboisia cf. teganuma clustered with members of Cyathocotyle Mühling, 1896 and Holostephanus Szidat, 1936. Phylogenetic analysis based on the 5.8S + ITS2 dataset showed that adults of P. ovatus examined in our study were conspecific with the metacercariae from the musculature of fish collected in Hungary and Italy. It also revealed probable misidentifications of larvae and adults of cyathocotylids whose sequences are deposited in GenBank NCBI.
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Affiliation(s)
- S G Sokolov
- A.N. Severtsov Institute of Ecology and Evolution, Moscow119071, Russia
| | - S A Vlasenkov
- Institute of Biology, Karelian Research Centre, RAS, Petrozavodsk185000, Russia
| | - S V Bugmyrin
- Institute of Biology, Karelian Research Centre, RAS, Petrozavodsk185000, Russia
| | - A P Kalmykov
- Astrakhan State Natural Biosphere Reserve, Astrakhan414021, Russia
- Astrakhan Museum-Reserve, Astrakhan414000, Russia
| | - D I Lebedeva
- Institute of Biology, Karelian Research Centre, RAS, Petrozavodsk185000, Russia
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Yu M, Li W, He X, He G, Yao Y, Wang Y, Shao M, Xiong T, Xu H, Zhao J. Metabarcoding of protozoa and helminth in black-necked cranes: a high prevalence of parasites and free-living amoebae. Parasite 2024; 31:28. [PMID: 38819296 PMCID: PMC11141520 DOI: 10.1051/parasite/2024028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2023] [Accepted: 05/04/2024] [Indexed: 06/01/2024] Open
Abstract
Parasites and free-living amoebae (FLA) are common pathogens that pose threats to wildlife and humans. The black-necked crane (Grus nigricollis) is a near-threatened species and there is a shortage of research on its parasite diversity. Our study aimed to use noninvasive methods to detect intestinal parasites and pathogenic FLA in G. nigricollis using high-throughput sequencing (HTS) based on the 18S rDNA V9 region. A total of 38 fresh fecal samples were collected in Dashanbao, China, during the overwintering period (early-, middle I-, middle II-, and late-winter). Based on the 18S data, eight genera of parasites were identified, including three protozoan parasites: Eimeria sp. (92.1%) was the dominant parasite, followed by Tetratrichomonas sp. (36.8%) and Theileria sp. (2.6%). Five genera of helminths were found: Echinostoma sp. (100%), Posthodiplostomum sp. (50.0%), Euryhelmis sp. (26.3%), Eucoleus sp. (50.0%), and Halomonhystera sp. (2.6%). Additionally, eight genera of FLA were detected, including the known pathogens Acanthamoeba spp. (n = 13) and Allovahlkampfia spp. (n = 3). Specific PCRs were used to further identify the species of some parasites and FLA. Furthermore, the 18S data indicated significant changes in the relative abundance and genus diversity of the protozoan parasites and FLA among the four periods. These results underscore the importance of long-term monitoring of pathogens in black-necked cranes to protect this near-endangered species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mengshi Yu
- College of Agronomy and Life Sciences, Zhaotong University Zhaotong 657000 PR China
- College of Life Science, Sichuan Agricultural University Ya’an 625014 PR China
| | - Wenhao Li
- College of Agronomy and Life Sciences, Zhaotong University Zhaotong 657000 PR China
- College of Life Science, Sichuan Agricultural University Ya’an 625014 PR China
| | - Xin He
- Sichuan Academy of Grassland Sciences Chengdu 610000 PR China
| | - Guiwen He
- College of Agronomy and Life Sciences, Zhaotong University Zhaotong 657000 PR China
- Yunnan Key Laboratory of Gastrodia and Fungi Symbiotic Biology, Zhaotong University Zhaotong 657000 PR China
| | - Yonfang Yao
- College of Life Science, Sichuan Agricultural University Ya’an 625014 PR China
| | - Yuanjian Wang
- Management Bureau of Dashanbao Black-Necked Crane National Nature Reserve, Yunnan Province Zhaotong 657000 Yunnan PR China
| | - Mingcui Shao
- Management Bureau of Dashanbao Black-Necked Crane National Nature Reserve, Yunnan Province Zhaotong 657000 Yunnan PR China
| | - Tingsong Xiong
- Management Bureau of Dashanbao Black-Necked Crane National Nature Reserve, Yunnan Province Zhaotong 657000 Yunnan PR China
| | - Huailiang Xu
- College of Life Science, Sichuan Agricultural University Ya’an 625014 PR China
| | - Junsong Zhao
- College of Agronomy and Life Sciences, Zhaotong University Zhaotong 657000 PR China
- Yunnan Key Laboratory of Gastrodia and Fungi Symbiotic Biology, Zhaotong University Zhaotong 657000 PR China
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Maraganga JM, Rindoria NM, Morara GM, Kimani VN, Wyk CV, Dumbo JC, Smit NJ, Luus-Powell WJ. Tegumental topography and molecular characterisation of two trematodes (Platyhelminthes: Digenea) from Clarias gariepinus (Burchell, 1822) in Kenya. Int J Parasitol Parasites Wildl 2024; 23:100897. [PMID: 38179236 PMCID: PMC10765301 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijppaw.2023.100897] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2023] [Revised: 12/10/2023] [Accepted: 12/10/2023] [Indexed: 01/06/2024]
Abstract
The discoveries of new taxonomic features of digenean species through the application of contemporary techniques, such as scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and molecular analysis are still growing. Two species of trematodes Glossidium pedatum and Tylodelphys mashonensis from the intestine and vitreous humour of Clarias gariepinus were recovered from Lake Ol'Bolossat, Kenya. The two endo-helminths were prepared for morphological examination using SEM and molecular characterisation. Additional morphological features were observed for G. pedatum such as domed papillae in the anterior extremity and a protruding cirrus which was unarmed, laterally folded and with a blunt tip as the first such observation for the genus and led to additional characteristics of the diagnosis of the genus. Tylodelphys mashonensis was characterised by a round oral sucker and tribocytic organ rounded with rows of papillae symmetrically arranged. The molecular analyses using ribosomal marker 28S large subunit (LSU) rDNA and mitochondrial (mtDNA) cytochrome c oxidase subunit 1 (cox1) for both G. pedatum and T. mashonensis confirmed the identity of the species and their phylogenetic relationship within the subclass Digenea. This study provides the first mitochondrial (mt)DNA sequence for G. pedatum and also extends the geographical record of two parasites to Kenya.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joan M. Maraganga
- Department of Environment, Natural Resources and Aquatic Sciences, Kisii University, P.O. Box 408, Kisii, 40200, Kenya
| | - Nehemiah M. Rindoria
- Department of Biological Sciences, School of Pure and Applied Sciences, Kisii University, P.O Box 408, Kisii, 40200, Kenya
- DSI-NRF SARChI Chair in Ecosystem Health, Department of Biodiversity, University of Limpopo, Private Bag X1106, Sovenga, 0727, South Africa
| | - George M. Morara
- Kenya Marine and Fisheries Research Institute, P.O Box 837, Naivasha, 20117, Kenya
| | - Veronica N. Kimani
- Department of Earth Sciences, Laikipia University, P. O Box 1100, Nyahururu, 20300, Kenya
| | - Coret van Wyk
- Water Research Group, Unit for Environmental Sciences and Management, Potchefstroom Campus, North-West University, Private Bag X6001, Potchefstroom, 2520, South Africa
| | - José C. Dumbo
- Department of Biological Science, Faculty of Science, Eduardo Mondlane University, Maputo, Mozambique
- Marine Biology Research Station of Inhaca, Eduardo Mondlane University, Av, Julius Nyerere, 3453, Campus Principal, Maputo, 257, Mozambique
| | - Nico J. Smit
- Water Research Group, Unit for Environmental Sciences and Management, Potchefstroom Campus, North-West University, Private Bag X6001, Potchefstroom, 2520, South Africa
| | - Wilmien J. Luus-Powell
- DSI-NRF SARChI Chair in Ecosystem Health, Department of Biodiversity, University of Limpopo, Private Bag X1106, Sovenga, 0727, South Africa
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9
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Presswell B, Bennett J. Gastrointestinal helminths of the Australasian harrier ( Circus approximans Peale, 1848) in New Zealand, and description of a new species of nematode, Procyrnea fraseri n. sp. (Habronematidae). J Helminthol 2024; 98:e6. [PMID: 38213187 DOI: 10.1017/s0022149x23000883] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2024]
Abstract
The Australasian harrier Circus approximans, a native of Australia, New Zealand and the South Pacific, is an opportunistic hunter of small prey, although a large part of its diet consists of carrion, mainly from roadkill. Besides a record of a single, unnamed species of capillariid nematode there have been no investigations into the parasites of Australasian harriers in New Zealand. In this study, a helminthological survey of sixty-five deceased harriers from southern New Zealand uncovered a gastrointestinal helminth fauna consisting of six parasite species. Porrocaecum circinum (Nematoda) was previously described only from fragmented females, and a redescription is presented here. Procyrnea fraseri n. sp. (Nematoda) is described, and distinguished from its congeners by its slender body shape and shorter spicules. Strigea falconis (Trematoda) is reported for the first time in New Zealand. Cladotaenia anomalis (Cestoda) and Polymorphus circi (Acanthocephala) were previously described as new species elsewhere. An unnamed species of capillariid appears to be mainly confined to North Island and is rare in South Island. Prevalence and intensity metrics are given, and DNA sequences provided to accompany new re/descriptions. Potential intermediate hosts are discussed, and the origins of the helminths and their potential for pathogenicity are considered.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bronwen Presswell
- Department of Zoology, University of Otago, PO Box 56, Dunedin, New Zealand
| | - Jerusha Bennett
- Department of Zoology, University of Otago, PO Box 56, Dunedin, New Zealand
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10
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Kostadinova A, Pérez-Del-Olmo A. The Systematics of the Trematoda. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2024; 1454:47-72. [PMID: 39008263 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-031-60121-7_2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/16/2024]
Abstract
The platyhelminth class Trematoda comprises two subclasses with largely disparate species diversity, with the small Aspidogastrea with c.80 species and the speciose Digenea with c.18,000 species, which has attracted much effort towards our understanding of evolutionary relationships among suprageneric taxa. This chapter focuses on insights into the classification of the Digenea, that have become apparent from our advanced understanding of both morphological and molecular data. The field of molecular systematics of the Digenea has experienced significant advances over the past 15 years. Phylogenetic analyses of sequence data predominantly from the 18S and 28S rRNA genes have incorporated a considerable diversity of taxa, thus increasing the accuracy of phylogenetic inferences at higher taxonomic levels. As a result, the status of long-standing supraspecific taxa has been revised, new higher-level taxa have been defined, and inferences made in association with morphological and life-cycle evidence. A substantial effort has been made towards a classification reflecting a natural system of the Digenea by considering morphological evidence in conjunction with phylogenies inferred from molecular data; this has resulted in considerable congruence. However, limited taxon sampling in the phylogeny of the Digenea still remains relevant, especially in relation to some higher-level taxa, and an outline of these omissions is presented. A framework that has led to robust estimates of phylogeny is outlined, and the application of advanced morphological and molecular approaches in digenean taxonomy and systematics is illustrated using the most comprehensively studied digenean superfamilies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aneta Kostadinova
- Institute of Biodiversity and Ecosystem Research, Bulgarian Academy of Sciences, Sofia, Bulgaria.
| | - Ana Pérez-Del-Olmo
- Unitat de Zoologia Marina, Institut Cavanilles de Biodiversitat i Biologia Evolutiva, Parc Científic, Universitat de València, Valencia, Spain
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11
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Horák P, Bulantová J, Mikeš L. Other Schistosomatoidea and Diplostomoidea. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2024; 1454:107-155. [PMID: 39008265 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-031-60121-7_4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/16/2024]
Abstract
Trematodes of the order Diplostomida are well known as serious pathogens of man, and both farm and wild animals; members of the genus Schistosoma (Schistosomatidae) are responsible for human schistosomosis (schistosomiasis) affecting more than 200 million people in tropical and subtropical countries, and infections of mammals and birds by animal schistosomes are of great veterinary importance. The order Diplostomida is also rich in species parasitizing other major taxa of vertebrates. The "Aporocotylidae" sensu lato are pathogenic in fish, "Spirorchiidae" sensu lato in reptiles. All these flukes have two-host life cycles, with asexually reproducing larvae usually in mollusks and occasionally in annelids, and adults usually live in the blood vessels of their vertebrate hosts. Pathology is frequently associated with inflammatory reactions to eggs trapped in various tissues/organs. On the other hand, the representatives of Diplostomidae and Strigeidae have three- or four-host life cycles in which vertebrates often serve not only as definitive but also as intermediate or paratenic hosts. Pathology is usually associated with migration of metacercariae and mesocercariae within the host tissues. The impact of these trematode infections on both farm and wild animals may be significant.
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Affiliation(s)
- Petr Horák
- Department of Parasitology, Faculty of Science, Charles University, Prague, Czech Republic.
| | - Jana Bulantová
- Department of Parasitology, Faculty of Science, Charles University, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Libor Mikeš
- Department of Parasitology, Faculty of Science, Charles University, Prague, Czech Republic
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12
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Diaz-Suarez A, Noreikiene K, Kahar S, Ozerov MY, Gross R, Kisand V, Vasemägi A. DNA metabarcoding reveals spatial and temporal variation of fish eye fluke communities in lake ecosystems. Int J Parasitol 2024; 54:33-46. [PMID: 37633409 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpara.2023.07.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2023] [Revised: 07/09/2023] [Accepted: 07/11/2023] [Indexed: 08/28/2023]
Abstract
Eye flukes (Diplostomidae) are diverse and abundant trematode parasites that form multi-species communities in fish with negative effects on host fitness and survival. However, the environmental factors and host-related characteristics that determine species diversity, composition, and coexistence in such communities remain poorly understood. Here, we developed a cost-effective cox1 region-specific DNA metabarcoding approach to characterize parasitic diplostomid communities in two common fish species (Eurasian perch and common roach) collected from seven temperate lakes in Estonia. We found considerable inter- and intra-lake, as well as inter-host species, variation in diplostomid communities. Sympatric host species characterization revealed that parasite communities were typically more diverse in roach than perch. Additionally, we detected five positive and two negative diplostomid species associations in roach, whereas only a single negative association was observed in perch. These results indicate that diplostomid communities in temperate lakes are complex and dynamic systems exhibiting both spatial and temporal heterogeneity. They are influenced by various environmental factors and by host-parasite and inter-parasite interactions. We expect that the described methodology facilitates ecological and biodiversity research of diplostomid parasites. It is also adaptable to other parasite groups where it could serve to improve current understanding of diversity, distribution, and interspecies interactions of other understudied taxa.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alfonso Diaz-Suarez
- Chair of Aquaculture, Institute of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Sciences, Estonian University of Life Sciences, Kreutzwaldi 46, 51006 Tartu, Estonia.
| | - Kristina Noreikiene
- Chair of Aquaculture, Institute of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Sciences, Estonian University of Life Sciences, Kreutzwaldi 46, 51006 Tartu, Estonia. https://twitter.com/snaudale
| | - Siim Kahar
- Chair of Aquaculture, Institute of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Sciences, Estonian University of Life Sciences, Kreutzwaldi 46, 51006 Tartu, Estonia
| | - Mikhail Y Ozerov
- Biodiversity Unit, University of Turku, 20014 Turku, Finland; Department of Biology, University of Turku, 20014 Turku, Finland; Department of Aquatic Resources, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Stångholmsvägen 2, 17893 Drottningholm, Sweden
| | - Riho Gross
- Chair of Aquaculture, Institute of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Sciences, Estonian University of Life Sciences, Kreutzwaldi 46, 51006 Tartu, Estonia
| | - Veljo Kisand
- Institute of Technology, University of Tartu, 50411 Tartu, Estonia
| | - Anti Vasemägi
- Chair of Aquaculture, Institute of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Sciences, Estonian University of Life Sciences, Kreutzwaldi 46, 51006 Tartu, Estonia; Department of Aquatic Resources, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Stångholmsvägen 2, 17893 Drottningholm, Sweden
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13
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Achatz TJ, Burkman CA, Fecchio A, Pulis EE, Tkach VV. Description and Phylogenetic Relationships of Anhingatrema n. gen. (Digenea: Diplostomidae) with Two New Species from New World Anhingas (Aves: Anhingidae). Acta Parasitol 2023; 68:159-171. [PMID: 36456776 DOI: 10.1007/s11686-022-00643-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2022] [Accepted: 11/08/2022] [Indexed: 12/04/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE The Diplostomidae is a globally distributed family of digeneans that parasitize a wide variety of tetrapod definitive hosts. Recent molecular phylogenetic studies have revealed unknown diplostomid diversity in avian hosts throughout the New World. Herein, we provide descriptions of a novel genus of diplostomids with two new species. METHODS Two species of diplostomids belonging to the new genus were collected from anhinga birds in Mississippi (USA) and Brazil. Partial nuclear 28S ribosomal and mitochondrial cox1 genes were sequenced. Ribosomal data were used for phylogenetic inference. RESULTS Both species of Anhingatrema n. gen. were positioned in a 100% supported, monophyletic clade in the phylogenetic tree. The molecular phylogenetic position and a combination of morphological features (e.g., presence of pseudosuckers, testes shape and orientation) supported erection of the new genus. Anhingatrema overstreeti n. sp. and Anhingatrema cararai n. sp. are morphologically similar, but differ in size of and ratios associated with pseudosuckers. The two species differ by 2% of 28S sequences and 13.8% of cox1 sequences. Comparison of DNA sequences revealed that Diplostomidae gen. sp. in GenBank (MZ314151) is conspecific with An. overstreeti n. sp. CONCLUSION Anhingatrema n. gen. is the sixth genus of diplostomids known from anhingas worldwide. Anhingatrema cararai n. sp. is the first diplostomid to be reported from anhingas in South America. Combined with previous studies, the molecular phylogenies revealed at least two host switches to anhingas from other birds during the evolutionary history of the Diplostomidae.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tyler J Achatz
- Department of Natural Sciences, Middle Georgia State University, Macon, GA, 31206, USA
| | - Clara A Burkman
- Department of Biology, University of North Dakota, Grand Forks, ND, 58202, USA
| | - Alan Fecchio
- Centro de Investigación Esquel de Montaña y Estepa Patagónica (CIEMEP), CONICET-Universidad Nacional de la Patagonia San Juan Bosco, Esquel, Chubut, Argentina
| | - Eric E Pulis
- Department of Science and Mathematics, Northern State University, Aberdeen, SD, 57401, USA
| | - Vasyl V Tkach
- Department of Biology, University of North Dakota, Grand Forks, ND, 58202, USA.
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14
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Phylogenetic relationships and further unknown diversity of diplostomids (Diplostomida: Diplostomidae) parasitic in kingfishers. J Helminthol 2023; 97:e8. [PMID: 36636864 DOI: 10.1017/s0022149x22000852] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
Kingfishers (Alcedinidae Rafinesque) are common inhabitants of wetlands and are known to be definitive hosts to a wide range of digeneans that parasitize fish as second intermediate hosts. Among these digeneans, members of the Diplostomidae Poirier, 1886 (diplostomids) are particularly common. Recent studies of diplostomids collected from kingfishers have revealed that they are probably more diverse than currently known. This particularly concerns the genera Crassiphiala Van Haitsma, 1925 and Uvulifer Yamaguti, 1934. In the present work, we studied seven diplostomid taxa from kingfishers in Brazil, the USA and the Philippines. Partial DNA sequences of the nuclear large ribosomal subunit (28S) and mitochondrial cytochrome c oxidase I (cox1) genes were obtained, and 28S sequences were used to study the phylogenetic interrelationships of these diplostomids. We provide the first DNA sequences from Uvulifer semicircumcisus Dubois et Rausch, 1950 and a member of Subuvulifer Dubois, 1952. Pseudocrassiphiala n. gen. is erected for a previously recognized species-level lineage of Crassiphiala and a new generic diagnosis of Crassiphiala is provided. Crassiphiala jeffreybelli n. sp., Crassiphiala wecksteini n. sp. and Pseudocrassiphiala tulipifera n. sp. are described, and a description of newly collected, high-quality specimens of Crassiphiala bulboglossa Van Haitsma, 1925 (the type-species of the genus) is provided.
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15
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Sokolov SG, Yang P, Lebedeva DI. New record of Tylodelphys metacercariae (Diplostomidae) from Perccottus glenii (Odontobutidae) and their phylogenetic assessment. Acta Vet Hung 2022; 70:274-281. [PMID: 36227717 DOI: 10.1556/004.2022.00031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2022] [Accepted: 09/15/2022] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
Metacercariae of Tylodelphys sp. were found in the abdominal cavity of the Chinese sleeper (Perccottus glenii) collected in Liaoning Province and Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region of China. The sequences of the mitochondrial cox1 gene and ribosomal ITS1-5.8S rDNA-ITS2 region were obtained and used for molecular identification and phylogenetic assessment of this parasite species. Results of phylogenetic analyses based on ITS and cox1 markers showed that the metacercariae of Tylodelphys sp. ex P. glenii from China were conspecific with specimens of Tylodelphys sp. collected by Sokolov et al. (2013) from the same fish-host species captured earlier in West Siberia, Russia. The examined Tylodelphys sp. ex. P. glenii is the only member of the genus whose metacercariae parasitise the abdominal cavity of fish in northern Eurasia. Tylodelphys sp. ex P. glenii clustered with T. darbyi, T. immer, T. podicipina, and Tylodelphys sp. of Soldánová et al., 2017 based on mitochondrial DNA markers, and with T. darbyi, T. immer, T. kuerepus, and T. schreuringi using nuclear DNA markers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sergey G Sokolov
- 1A. N. Severtsov Institute of Ecology and Evolution, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, Russia
| | - Peimin Yang
- 2Liaoning Institute of Freshwater Fisheries, Liaoyang, China
| | - Daria I Lebedeva
- 3Institute of Biology, Karelian Research Centre, Russian Academy of Sciences, Petrozavodsk, Russia
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16
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Achatz TJ, Martens JR, Kudlai O, Junker K, Boe NW, Tkach VV. A New Genus of Diplostomids (Digenea: Diplostomoidea) from the Nile Crocodile in South Africa with a Key to Diplostomid Genera. J Parasitol 2022; 108:453-466. [DOI: 10.1645/22-23] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Tyler J. Achatz
- Department of Biology, University of North Dakota, Grand Forks, North Dakota 58202
| | - Jakson R. Martens
- Department of Biology, University of North Dakota, Grand Forks, North Dakota 58202
| | - Olena Kudlai
- Institute of Ecology, Nature Research Centre, Akademijos, 2, 08412 Vilnius, Lithuania
| | - Kerstin Junker
- Epidemiology, Parasites and Vectors, ARC-Onderstepoort Veterinary Institute, Onderstepoort 0110, South Africa
| | - Nicholas W. Boe
- Department of Biology, University of North Dakota, Grand Forks, North Dakota 58202
| | - Vasyl V. Tkach
- Department of Biology, University of North Dakota, Grand Forks, North Dakota 58202
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17
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No strict host specificity: Brain metacercariae Diplostomum petromyzifluviatilis Müller (Diesing, 1850) are conspecific with Diplostomum sp. Lineage 4 of Blasco-Costa et al. (2014). Parasitol Int 2022; 91:102654. [PMID: 36038057 DOI: 10.1016/j.parint.2022.102654] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2022] [Revised: 08/17/2022] [Accepted: 08/19/2022] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Metacercariae of Diplostomum petromyzifluviatilis (Digenea, Diplostomidae) from the brain of European river lamprey Lampetra fluviatilis from the Baltic Sea basin and Arctic lamprey Lethenteron camtschaticum from the White Sea basin were studied with the use of genetic and morphological methods. Phylogenetic analysis based on cox1 marker showed that the parasites of both lamprey species were conspecific with Diplostomum sp. Lineage 4 of Blasco-Costa et al. (2014). The name Diplostomum petromyzifluviatilis Müller (Diesing, 1850) has historical precedence as a species described from the brain of lampreys and should be used in genus nomenclature. There were no morphological qualitative differences between the metacercariae from the two lamprey species but those from L. fluviatilis were larger than those from L. camtschaticum. We expanded the data on the second intermediate hosts and the localization of D. petromyzifluviatilis, showing that its metacercariae occur not only in the brain of lampreys but also in the brain and the retina of three-spined stickleback Gasterosteus aculeatus and the vitreous humour of the perch Perca fluviatilis across the European part of the Palearctic.
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18
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Pyrka E, Kanarek G, Gabrysiak J, Jeżewski W, Cichy A, Stanicka A, Żbikowska E, Zaleśny G, Hildebrand J. Life history strategies of Cotylurus spp. Szidat, 1928 (Trematoda, Strigeidae) in the molecular era – Evolutionary consequences and implications for taxonomy. Int J Parasitol Parasites Wildl 2022; 18:201-211. [PMID: 35733618 PMCID: PMC9207058 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijppaw.2022.06.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2022] [Revised: 06/07/2022] [Accepted: 06/07/2022] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
Species of Cotylurus Szidat, 1928 (Diplostomoidea: Strigeidae) are highly specialized digeneans that parasitize the gastrointestinal tract and bursa of Fabricius of water and wading birds. They have a three-host life cycle; the role of first intermediate host is played by pulmonate snails, while a wide range of water snails (both pulmonate and prosobranch) and leeches are reported as second intermediate hosts. Unfortunately, species richness, molecular diversity and phylogeny of metacercariae of Cotylurus spp. (tetracotyle) occurring in snails remain poorly understood. Thus, we have performed the parasitological and taxonomical examination of tetracotyles form freshwater snails from Poland, supplemented with adult Strigeidae specimens sampled from water birds. In this study we report our use of recently obtained sequences of two molecular markers (28S nuclear large ribosomal subunit gene (28S rDNA) and the cytochrome c oxidase subunit 1 (CO1) fragment), supplemented by results of a method of species delimitation (GMYC) and haplotype analysis to analyse some aspects of the ecology, taxonomy, and phylogeny of members of the genus Cotylurus. The provided phylogenetic reconstructions discovered unexpectedly high molecular diversity within Cotylurus occurring in snails, with clearly expressed evidence of cryptic diversity and the existence of several novel-species lineages. The obtained results revealed the polyphyletic character of C. syrius Dubois, 1934 (with three separate molecular species-level lineages) and C. cornutus (Rudolphi, 1809) Szidat, 1928 (with four separate molecular species-level lineages). Moreover, we demonstrated the existence of two divergent phylogenetical and ecological lineages within Cotylurus (one using leeches and other snails as second intermediate hosts), differing significantly in their life history strategies. Within Cotylurus existed two divergent phylogenetical and ecological lineages. The lineages within Cotylurus sp. differing significantly in their routes of transmission. Molecular analysis revealed high genetic diversity with evidence of cryptic species.
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de Fátima Cracco A, Lehun AL, Takemoto RM. Composition and structure of the parasitic fauna of Hypostomus spp. (Loricariidae: Hypostominae) from a Neotropical river in Brazil. Parasitol Res 2022; 121:2253-2262. [PMID: 35624383 DOI: 10.1007/s00436-022-07551-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2021] [Accepted: 05/13/2022] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Hypostomus are abundant in Brazilian rivers and streams. In the Ivaí River, the loricariids represent 20.3% of the total species of the basin. Of these 13 species belong to Hypostomus. However, to date, there are no studies on these fish parasitic fauna. Thus, this research aimed to analyze the distribution of the parasitic infracommunity of six species of Hypostomus from the Ivaí River and investigate how the infracommunity is structured in these hosts. One hundred and twenty-eight fish were analyzed, belonging to six sympatric species of Hypostomus (Hypostomus hermanni, H. cochliodon, H. albopunctatus, H. regani, Hypostomus sp.1, and Hypostomus sp.2); of these, 92.9% were parasitized with at least one taxon, totaling 1478 specimens of parasites. The parasitic fauna was composed of the ectoparasites Trinigyrus anthus, T. carvalhoi, Unilatus unilatus (monogeneans), and Placobdella spp. (hirudinea), and the endoparasites Austrodiplostomum compactum (digenean) and Procamallanus annipetterae (nematode). The parasites exhibited similar patterns of infection in all hosts, including a low number of species, low diversity, and numerical dominance of a group of parasites. However, permutational multivariate analysis of variance (PERMANOVA) showed different parasite species compositions among the hosts. Hypostomus cochliodon and H. regani had the highest parasite richness, while Hypostomus sp.1 and Hypostomus sp.2 showed low abundance and intensity of parasitic infections. However, Hypostomus sp.1 showed the highest values of evenness, although the parasite composition in both species did not differ. The results presented herein contribute to increasing the knowledge about the parasitic fauna of Hypostomus spp. from the Ivaí River by presenting new hosts and locality records.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aparecida de Fátima Cracco
- Programa de Pós-Graduação Em Biologia Comparada, Universidade Estadual de Maringá, Maringá, Paraná, Brazil.
| | - Atsler Luana Lehun
- Programa Em Ecologia de Ambientes Aquáticos Continentais, Universidade Estadual de Maringá, Maringá, Paraná, Brazil
| | - Ricardo Massato Takemoto
- Programa de Pós-Graduação Em Biologia Comparada, Universidade Estadual de Maringá, Maringá, Paraná, Brazil.,Programa Em Ecologia de Ambientes Aquáticos Continentais, Universidade Estadual de Maringá, Maringá, Paraná, Brazil.,Núcleo de Pesquisas Em Limnologia, Ictiologia E Aquicultura, NUPELIA, Universidade Estadual de Maringá, Maringá, Paraná, Brazil
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Presswell B. New specimens and molecular data provide validation of Apatemon jamiesoni n. sp. (Trematoda: Strigeidae) from water birds in New Zealand. Syst Parasitol 2022; 99:535-543. [PMID: 35610530 PMCID: PMC9402731 DOI: 10.1007/s11230-022-10043-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2022] [Accepted: 05/03/2022] [Indexed: 12/04/2022]
Abstract
A study published in 2016 reported on an undescribed species of Apatemon (Strigeidae) from New Zealand that was previously well known from its larval stages. Only a single specimen from a mallard duck was available at the time, which was described and given the provisional name Apatemon sp. “jamiesoni”. Specimens also obtained from a spotted shag were not in good enough condition to form the basis of a new species description. A black-backed gull has since been discovered with specimens of this strigeid, their identity confirmed by genetic similarity, allowing formal description and naming of this species. This paper provides a description of the new specimens from the black-backed gull, along with a comparison with the specimens from other bird hosts, reprises some data from Blasco-Costa et al. (Parasitol Res 115:271–289, 2016) and presents formally the name Apatemon jamiesonin. sp. This species differs from all other species of Apatemon in its small size, particularly that of the ovary and testes. It is most similar to A. jamesi from which it differs in the size of the oral and ventral suckers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bronwen Presswell
- Department of Zoology, University of Otago, PO Box 56, Dunedin, New Zealand.
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21
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Achatz TJ, Chermak TP, Junker K, Tkach VV. Integration of morphological and molecular data reveals further unknown diversity of the Proterodiplostomidae in crocodilians. SYST BIODIVERS 2022; 20:1-18. [PMID: 36970113 PMCID: PMC10035586 DOI: 10.1080/14772000.2022.2051212] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
The Proterodiplostomidae Dubois, 1936 is a family of digeneans within the superfamily Diplostomoidea Poirier, 1886. Members of the family are distributed mostly in the tropics and subtropics, primarily in crocodilians, although some species are known from other reptiles. Despite their broad geographical distribution, the knowledge of proterodiplostomid diversity remains limited, mostly because a number of potential host species and regions of the world have not been sufficiently explored for these parasites. In this study, we use morphological and molecular data to describe four new genera (Afroproterodiplostomum gen. nov., Dungalabatrema gen. nov., Australiadiplostomum gen. nov. and Nattererodiplostomum gen. nov.) and five new species (Afroproterodiplostomum ingwenyae sp. nov., Australiadiplostomum blairi sp. nov., Dungalabatrema kostadinovae sp. nov., Dungalabatrema snyderi sp. nov. and Pseudoneodiplostomum angustus sp. nov.) of proterodiplostomids from crocodilians in Australia, South Africa and South America. Nattererodiplostomum gen. nov. has been established upon re-evaluation of the status of Proterodiplostomum medusae (Dubois, 1936) from caimans in Brazil using combined morphological and molecular evidence. Only a few previous studies provided DNA sequence data of proterodiplostomids. We generated partial 28S rDNA and cytochrome c subunit (cox1) mtDNA for three previously undescribed proterodiplostomids collected from Crocodylus spp. in Australia and South Africa. The newly generated 28S sequences were used to examine phylogenetic affinities of these taxa. All three newly sequenced proterodiplostomid species appeared in the phylogenetic tree in a strongly supported monophyletic clade comprising exclusively parasites of Crocodylus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tyler J. Achatz
- Department of Biology, University of North Dakota, Starcher Hall, 10 Cornell Street Stop 9019, Grand Forks, 58202, North Dakota, USA
- Department of Natural Sciences, Middle Georgia State University, Macon, 31206, Georgia, USA
| | - Taylor P. Chermak
- Department of Biology, University of North Dakota, Starcher Hall, 10 Cornell Street Stop 9019, Grand Forks, 58202, North Dakota, USA
| | - Kerstin Junker
- National Collection of Animal Helminths, Epidemiology, Parasites and Vectors, ARC‐Onderstepoort Veterinary Institute, Onderstepoort, 0110, South Africa
| | - Vasyl V. Tkach
- Department of Biology, University of North Dakota, Starcher Hall, 10 Cornell Street Stop 9019, Grand Forks, 58202, North Dakota, USA
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Achatz TJ, Pulis EE, Woodyard ET, Rosser TG, Martens JR, Weinstein SB, Fecchio A, McAllister CT, Carrión Bonilla C, Tkach VV. Molecular phylogenetic analysis of Neodiplostomum and Fibricola (Digenea, Diplostomidae) does not support host-based systematics. Parasitology 2022; 149:542-554. [PMID: 35042575 PMCID: PMC8976946 DOI: 10.1017/s003118202100216x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2021] [Revised: 12/21/2021] [Accepted: 12/29/2021] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
Fibricola and Neodiplostomum are diplostomid genera with very similar morphology that are currently separated based on their definitive hosts. Fibricola spp. are normally found in mammals, while Neodiplostomum spp. typically parasitize birds. Previously, no DNA sequence data was available for any member of Fibricola. We generated nuclear ribosomal and mtDNA sequences of Fibricola cratera (type-species), Fibricola lucidum and 6 species of Neodiplostomum. DNA sequences were used to examine phylogenetic interrelationships among Fibricola and Neodiplostomum and re-evaluate their systematics. Molecular phylogenies and morphological study suggest that Fibricola should be considered a junior synonym of Neodiplostomum. Therefore, we synonymize the two genera and transfer all members of Fibricola into Neodiplostomum. Specimens morphologically identified as Neodiplostomum cratera belonged to 3 distinct phylogenetic clades based on mitochondrial data. One of those clades also included sequences of specimens identified morphologically as Neodiplostomum lucidum. Further study is necessary to resolve the situation regarding the morphology of N. cratera. Our results demonstrated that some DNA sequences of N. americanum available in GenBank originate from misidentified Neodiplostomum banghami. Molecular phylogentic data revealed at least 2 independent host-switching events between avian and mammalian hosts in the evolutionary history of Neodiplostomum; however, the directionality of these host-switching events remains unclear.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tyler J. Achatz
- Department of Biology, University of North Dakota, Starcher Hall, 10 Cornell Street Stop 9019, Grand Forks, North Dakota58202, USA
- Department of Natural Sciences, Middle Georgia State University, Macon, Georgia31206, USA
| | - Eric E. Pulis
- Department of Science and Mathematics, Northern State University, Aberdeen, South Dakota57401, USA
| | - Ethan T. Woodyard
- Department of Pathobiology and Population Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Mississippi State University, Mississippi State, Mississippi39762, USA
| | - Thomas G. Rosser
- Department of Comparative Biomedical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Mississippi State University, Mississippi State, Mississippi39762, USA
| | - Jakson R. Martens
- Department of Biology, University of North Dakota, Starcher Hall, 10 Cornell Street Stop 9019, Grand Forks, North Dakota58202, USA
| | - Sara B. Weinstein
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah84112, USA
| | - Alan Fecchio
- Programa de Pós-graduação em Ecologia e Conservação da Biodiversidade, Universidade Federal de Mato Grosso, Cuiabá, Mato Grosso78060900, Brazil
| | - Chris T. McAllister
- Science and Mathematics Division, Eastern Oklahoma State College, Idabel, Oklahoma74745, USA
| | | | - Vasyl V. Tkach
- Department of Biology, University of North Dakota, Starcher Hall, 10 Cornell Street Stop 9019, Grand Forks, North Dakota58202, USA
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Cracco ADF, Scorsim B, Oliveira AVD, Takemoto RM. Morphological and molecular characterization of Austrodiplostomum compactum metacercariae in the eyes and brains of fishes from the Ivaí River, Brazil. REVISTA BRASILEIRA DE PARASITOLOGIA VETERINARIA = BRAZILIAN JOURNAL OF VETERINARY PARASITOLOGY : ORGAO OFICIAL DO COLEGIO BRASILEIRO DE PARASITOLOGIA VETERINARIA 2022; 31:e021421. [PMID: 35476009 PMCID: PMC9901856 DOI: 10.1590/s1984-29612022021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2021] [Accepted: 03/10/2022] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Austrodiplostomum spp. (Platyhelminthes: Digenea) are endoparasites with a broad geographic distribution in South America. During the larval stage, they parasitize the eyes, brains, muscles, gill, kidneys and swim bladder of a wide variety of fishes. The metacercariae of Austrodiplostomum spp. have several morphological characteristics during development, but are very similar among species, which makes it necessary to use molecular tools to contribute to the elucidation during the larval stage. The objective of this study was to perform morphological and molecular analyses of Austrodiplostomum sp. found in specimens of Hypostomus sourced from the Ivaí River in the state of Paraná, Brazil. Of the 93 analyzed specimens (H. hermanni [n = 50], H. albopunctatus [n = 9], Hypostomus sp. 1 [n = 24], and Hypostomus sp. 2 [n = 10]), 60 were parasitized. A total of 577 Austrodiplostomum sp. metacercariae was collected from the infected hosts; DNA from seven of these samples was extracted, amplified, and sequenced. The morphological data associated with the genetic distance values and the relationships observed in the COI gene tree, indicate that all metacercariae were A. compactum. This is the first record of A. compactum parasitizing H. hermanni, H. albopunctatus, Hypostomus sp. 1, and Hypostomus sp. 2 in the Ivaí River.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aparecida de Fátima Cracco
- Programa de Pós-graduação em Biologia Comparada, Centro de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Estadual de Maringá - UEM, Maringá, PR, Brasil.,Laboratório de Ictioparasitologia, Núcleo de Pesquisas em Limnologia, Ictiologia e Aquicultura - NUPÉLIA, Centro de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Estadual de Maringá - UEM, Maringá, PR, Brasil
| | - Bárbara Scorsim
- Programa de pós-graduação em Ecologia de Ambientes Aquáticos Continentais, Centro de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Estadual de Maringá - UEM, Maringá, PR, Brasil
| | - Alessandra Valéria de Oliveira
- Departamento de Biotecnologia, Genética e Biologia Celular, Núcleo de Pesquisas em Limnologia, Ictiologia e Aquicultura - NUPÉLIA, Programa de Pós-graduação em Ecologia de Ambientes Aquáticos Continentais, Centro de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Estadual de Maringá - UEM, Maringá, PR, Brasil
| | - Ricardo Massato Takemoto
- Programa de Pós-graduação em Biologia Comparada, Centro de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Estadual de Maringá - UEM, Maringá, PR, Brasil.,Laboratório de Ictioparasitologia, Núcleo de Pesquisas em Limnologia, Ictiologia e Aquicultura - NUPÉLIA, Centro de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Estadual de Maringá - UEM, Maringá, PR, Brasil.,Programa de pós-graduação em Ecologia de Ambientes Aquáticos Continentais, Centro de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Estadual de Maringá - UEM, Maringá, PR, Brasil
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Abstract
The round goby (Neogobius melanostomus) is a successful invader of the Great Lakes-St Lawrence River basin that harbours a number of local parasites. The most common are metacercariae of the genus Diplostomum. Species of Diplostomum are morphologically difficult to distinguish but can be separated using molecular techniques. While a few species have been sequenced from invasive round gobies in this study system, their relative abundance has not been documented. The purpose of this study was to determine the species composition of Diplostomum spp. and their relative abundance in round gobies in the St Lawrence River by sequencing the barcode region of cytochrome c oxidase I. In 2007-2011, Diplostomum huronense (=Diplostomum sp. 1) was the most common, followed in order by Diplostomum indistinctum (=Diplostomum sp. 4) and Diplostomum indistinctum sensu Galazzo, Dayanandan, Marcogliese & McLaughlin (2002). In 2012, the most common species infecting the round goby in the St Lawrence River was D. huronense, followed by D. indistinctum and Diplostomum gavium (=Diplostomum sp. 3). The invasion of the round goby in the St Lawrence River was followed by a decline of Diplostomum spp. in native fishes to low levels, leading to the previously published hypothesis that the presence of the round goby has led to a dilution effect. Herein, it is suggested that despite the low infection levels in the round goby, infections still may lead to spillback, helping to maintain Diplostomum spp. in native fishes, albeit at low levels.
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25
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Achatz TJ, Chermak TP, Martens JR, Pulis EE, Fecchio A, Bell JA, Greiman SE, Cromwell KJ, Brant SV, Kent ML, Tkach VV. Unravelling the diversity of the Crassiphialinae (Digenea: Diplostomidae) with molecular phylogeny and descriptions of five new species. CURRENT RESEARCH IN PARASITOLOGY & VECTOR-BORNE DISEASES 2021; 1:100051. [PMID: 35284861 PMCID: PMC8906103 DOI: 10.1016/j.crpvbd.2021.100051] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2021] [Revised: 09/05/2021] [Accepted: 09/18/2021] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Crassiphialinae Sudarikov, 1960 is a large subfamily of the Diplostomidae Poirier, 1886 with a complex taxonomic history. It includes a diversity of species parasitic in the intestines of avian and mammalian definitive hosts worldwide. Posthodiplostomum Dubois, 1936 is a large and broadly distributed crassiphialine genus notorious for its association with diseases in their fish second intermediate hosts. In this study, we generated partial 28S rDNA and cytochrome c oxidase subunit 1 (cox1) mtDNA gene sequences of digeneans belonging to seven crassiphialine genera. The 28S sequences were used to study the interrelationships among crassiphialines and their placement among other major diplostomoidean lineages. Our molecular phylogenetic analysis and review of morphology does not support subfamilies currently recognized in the Diplostomidae; therefore, we abandon the current subfamily system of the Diplostomidae. Molecular phylogenetic analyses suggest the synonymy of Posthodiplostomum, Ornithodiplostomum Dubois, 1936 and Mesoophorodiplostomum Dubois, 1936; morphological study of our well-fixed adult specimens and review of literature revealed lack of consistent differences among the three genera. Thus, we synonymize Ornithodiplostomum and Mesoophorodiplostomum with Posthodiplostomum. Our phylogenetic analyses suggest an Old World origin of Posthodiplostomum followed by multiple dispersal events among biogeographic realms. Furthermore, our analyses indicate that the ancestors of these digeneans likely parasitized ardeid definitive hosts. Four new species of Posthodiplostomum collected from birds in the New World as well as one new species of Posthodiplostomoides Williams, 1969 from Uganda are described.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tyler J. Achatz
- Department of Biology, University of North Dakota, Starcher Hall, 10 Cornell Street Stop 9019, Grand Forks, ND 58202, USA
- Department of Natural Sciences, Middle Georgia State University, Macon, GA 31206, USA
| | - Taylor P. Chermak
- Department of Biology, University of North Dakota, Starcher Hall, 10 Cornell Street Stop 9019, Grand Forks, ND 58202, USA
| | - Jakson R. Martens
- Department of Biology, University of North Dakota, Starcher Hall, 10 Cornell Street Stop 9019, Grand Forks, ND 58202, USA
| | - Eric E. Pulis
- Department of Science and Mathematics, Northern State University, Aberdeen, SD 57401, USA
| | - Alan Fecchio
- Programa de Pós-graduação em Ecologia e Conservação da Biodiversidade, Universidade Federal de Mato Grosso, Cuiabá 78060900, Mato Grosso, Brazil
| | - Jeffrey A. Bell
- Department of Biology, University of North Dakota, Starcher Hall, 10 Cornell Street Stop 9019, Grand Forks, ND 58202, USA
| | - Stephen E. Greiman
- Department of Biology, Georgia Southern University, Statesboro, GA 30460, USA
| | - Kara J. Cromwell
- Division of Biological Sciences, University of Montana, Missoula, MT 59812, USA
- Confluence Ecology, Missoula, MT 59802, USA
| | - Sara V. Brant
- Museum of Southwestern Biology, Division of Parasites, Department of Biology, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, NM 87131, USA
| | - Michael L. Kent
- Department of Microbiology, Oregon State University, 220 Nash Hall, Corvallis, OR 97331, USA
| | - Vasyl V. Tkach
- Department of Biology, University of North Dakota, Starcher Hall, 10 Cornell Street Stop 9019, Grand Forks, ND 58202, USA
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