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Lehun AL, Muniz CM, Silva JOS, Cavalcanti LD, Takemoto RM. The functional traits of host fish can act as good predictors for parasite composition in a neotropical floodplain. J Fish Biol 2024; 104:206-215. [PMID: 37807892 DOI: 10.1111/jfb.15576] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2023] [Revised: 09/14/2023] [Accepted: 10/02/2023] [Indexed: 10/10/2023]
Abstract
Parasite diversity can be influenced by the interaction of environmental factors and host traits, but understanding which traits can be decisive for the establishment of the parasite may provide subsidies for a better understanding of the host-parasite relationship. In this study, we investigated whether functional traits, diet, and host phylogeny can predict the similarity of the endoparasite composition of a fish assemblage in a Brazilian floodplain. Of the three evaluated components, the host's diet was the factor that showed the greatest influence on the composition and similarity of endoparasites, demonstrating the highest value of the explanation. The functional traits and phylogeny, despite presenting significant values (unique effect and global effect), showed low explainability in the composition of the endoparasites. When analyzing the joint effects, all components showed significant influence. Hosts that live in the same environment that are phylogenetically related and have a similar ecology have a certain degree of homogeneity in their parasite assemblages and, because they are endoparasites (which are acquired trophically along the chain), diet is the main driver of parasite richness and similarity. Overall, host traits can be one of the main determinants of parasite composition, so studies that address the functional traits of the host provide a representation of local diversity and define the possible patterns of these parasite communities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Atsler Luana Lehun
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ecologia de Ambientes Aquáticos Continentais, Universidade Estadual de Maringá, Maringá, Brazil
| | - Carolina Mendes Muniz
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ecologia de Ambientes Aquáticos Continentais, Universidade Estadual de Maringá, Maringá, Brazil
| | - João Otávio Santos Silva
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ecologia de Ambientes Aquáticos Continentais, Universidade Estadual de Maringá, Maringá, Brazil
| | - Lidiany Doreto Cavalcanti
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ecologia de Ambientes Aquáticos Continentais, Universidade Estadual de Maringá, Maringá, Brazil
| | - Ricardo Massato Takemoto
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ecologia de Ambientes Aquáticos Continentais, Universidade Estadual de Maringá, Maringá, Brazil
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Casali GP, Santos Silva JO, Lehun AL, Doreto Cavalcanti L, Michelan G, Capparros EM, Massato Takemoto R. Infection pattern of Echinorhynchus salobrensis (Acanthocephala) in congeneric species of piranha from a Neotropical floodplain region. Folia Parasitol (Praha) 2023; 70:2023.022. [PMID: 38168032 DOI: 10.14411/fp.2023.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2023] [Accepted: 11/05/2023] [Indexed: 01/05/2024]
Abstract
Acanthocephalans are obligate endoparasites characterised by the presence of a proboscis with hooks, which are used to adhere and perforate the intestinal wall of their hosts. Individuals of Echinorhynchus salobrensis Machado Filho, 1948 have been reported parasitising the piranhas Serrasalmus maculatus Kner and Serrasalmus marginatus Valenciennes in the upper Paraná River floodplain. Serrasalmus marginatus is considered non-native at this site, and its establishment occurred after the closure of the Itaipu Hydroelectric, which flooded a natural geographic barrier that separated two ecoregions in the Paraná River. Since they are phylogenetically close and have similar biological and ecological characteristics competition for resources caused the non-native species to become dominant over the native one. Considering the specificity of species of Echinorhynchus Zoega, 1776 in serrasalmids, we evaluated the distribution of E. salobrensis along the gastrointestinal tract of S. maculatus and S. marginatus from the upper Paraná River floodplain. All parasites indices of E. salobrensis were higher in the invasive host S. marginatus when compared to the native S. maculatus. There were no significant interaction effects between host species and sex, and host species and/or sex in the presence of the parasite. When we evaluated the effect of E. salobrensis parasitism on the different gut regions and accessory organs, total abundance was significant in the stomach and caecum organs, and in the first and second regions of the intestine. None of the analytical approaches tested showed an effect of the sex of the host or the sex of the parasite on the presence and abundance of the parasite in the gastrointestinal tract. Studies on acanthocephalan parasitism in fish in Brazil focus on fish farm. The fact that two species of selvage carnivorous fish present high rates of acanthocephalan parasitism, added to the fact that most studies with this group are on farmed fish fed with feed, only emphasise the need for continuity in studies of acanthocephalans in the parasitology of aquatic organisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guilherme Pomaro Casali
- Programa de Pos-graduacao em Biologia Comparada, Laboratorio de Ictioparasitologia, Universidade Estadual de Maringa - UEM, Maringa, Parana, Brazil
| | - Joao Otavio Santos Silva
- Programa de Pos-graduacao em Ecologia de Ambientes Aquaticos Continentais, Laboratorio de Ictioparasitologia, Universidade Estadual de Maringa - UEM, Maringa, Parana, Brazil
| | - Atsler Luana Lehun
- Programa de Pos-graduacao em Ecologia de Ambientes Aquaticos Continentais, Laboratorio de Ictioparasitologia, Universidade Estadual de Maringa - UEM, Maringa, Parana, Brazil
| | - Lidiany Doreto Cavalcanti
- Programa de Pos-graduacao em Ecologia de Ambientes Aquaticos Continentais, Laboratorio de Ictioparasitologia, Universidade Estadual de Maringa - UEM, Maringa, Parana, Brazil
| | - Gabriela Michelan
- Programa de Pos-graduacao em Biologia Comparada, Laboratorio de Ictioparasitologia, Universidade Estadual de Maringa - UEM, Maringa, Parana, Brazil
| | - Eloiza Muniz Capparros
- Programa de Pos-graduacao em Ecologia de Ambientes Aquaticos Continentais, Laboratorio de Ictioparasitologia, Universidade Estadual de Maringa - UEM, Maringa, Parana, Brazil
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Lehun AL, Duarte GSC, Takemoto RM. Nematodes as indicators of environmental changes in a river with different levels of anthropogenic impact. AN ACAD BRAS CIENC 2023; 95:e20200307. [PMID: 37729299 DOI: 10.1590/0001-3765202320200307] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2020] [Accepted: 08/02/2020] [Indexed: 09/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Considering that changes in the biodiversity of parasite communities can be used as indicators of ecosystem health, the aim of this study was to investigate the potential use of Geophagus brasiliensis parasites as bioindicators of environmental changes. We established three sample points in the Iguaçu River, each presenting different degrees of environmental impact. Out of the 69 G. brasiliensis specimens analyzed, 32 (46.3%) were parasitized by at least one parasite. We collected a total of 56 specimens of endoparasites belonging to the phylum Nematoda. Fishes collected in point 3 presented a significantly higher abundance of nematode species (moderately degraded) (Kruskal-Wallis2;69 = 8.62; p = 0.01) and species compositions between points were significantly different (F = 6.95, p = 0.002). No significant difference in relative condition factor (Kn) among the points (F2;66 = 2.54; p = 0.08) or correlation in Kn and abundance of nematodes (rs = 0.1; p = 0.4) were indicated. The results presented in this study indicate that the parasitic community of G. brasiliensis is characterized by low diversity in polluted locations, which explains the absence of certain parasite species and the occurrence of nematode species with varied responses to the pollution gradient.
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Affiliation(s)
- Atsler Luana Lehun
- Universidade Estadual de Maringá, Programa de Pós-graduação em Ecologia de Ambientes Aquáticos Continentais, Av. Colombo, 5790, Jardim Universitário, 87020-900 Maringá, PR, Brazil
| | - Gisele S C Duarte
- Universidade Estadual de Maringá, Programa de Pós-Graduação em Biologia Comparada, Av. Colombo, 5790, Jardim Universitário, 87020-900 Maringá, PR, Brazil
| | - Ricardo M Takemoto
- Universidade Estadual de Maringá, Programa de Pós-graduação em Ecologia de Ambientes Aquáticos Continentais, Av. Colombo, 5790, Jardim Universitário, 87020-900 Maringá, PR, Brazil
- Universidade Estadual de Maringá, Programa de Pós-Graduação em Biologia Comparada, Av. Colombo, 5790, Jardim Universitário, 87020-900 Maringá, PR, Brazil
- Universidade Estadual de Maringá, Núcleo de Pesquisas em Limnologia, Ictiologia e Aquicultura (Nupélia), Av. Colombo, 5790, Jardim Universitário, 87020-900 Maringá, PR, Brazil
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Michelan G, Hasuike WT, Cavalcanti LD, Lehun AL, Silva JOS, Takemoto RM. First record of two Copepoda species parasitizing Colomesus tocantinensis (Tetraodontiformes: Tetraodontidae) in the Tocantins-Araguaia basin, Brazil. Rev Bras Parasitol Vet 2023; 32:e006523. [PMID: 37255181 DOI: 10.1590/s1984-29612023030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2023] [Accepted: 05/03/2023] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
Considering the lack of studies on freshwater fishes of the genus Colomesus, we conducted a survey the parasite fauna of Colomesus tocantinensis collected from the Tocantins River, Brazil. We first recorded the presence of the ectoparasites Ergasilus colomesus and Lernaea sp. where 96.77% of the fish were parasitized.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gabriela Michelan
- Programa de Pós-graduação em Biologia Comparada - PGB, Universidade Estadual de Maringá - UEM, Maringá, PR, Brasil
- Núcleo de Pesquisa em Limnologia, Ictiologia e Aquicultura - NUPELIA, Universidade Estadual de Maringá - UEM, Maringá, PR, Brasil
| | - Wagner Toshio Hasuike
- Programa de Pós-graduação em Biologia Comparada - PGB, Universidade Estadual de Maringá - UEM, Maringá, PR, Brasil
- Núcleo de Pesquisa em Limnologia, Ictiologia e Aquicultura - NUPELIA, Universidade Estadual de Maringá - UEM, Maringá, PR, Brasil
| | - Lidiany Doreto Cavalcanti
- Núcleo de Pesquisa em Limnologia, Ictiologia e Aquicultura - NUPELIA, Universidade Estadual de Maringá - UEM, Maringá, PR, Brasil
- Programa de Pós-graduação em Ecologia de Ambientes Aquáticos Continentais - PEA, Universidade Estadual de Maringá - UEM, Maringá, PR, Brasil
| | - Atsler Luana Lehun
- Núcleo de Pesquisa em Limnologia, Ictiologia e Aquicultura - NUPELIA, Universidade Estadual de Maringá - UEM, Maringá, PR, Brasil
- Programa de Pós-graduação em Ecologia de Ambientes Aquáticos Continentais - PEA, Universidade Estadual de Maringá - UEM, Maringá, PR, Brasil
| | - João Otávio Santos Silva
- Núcleo de Pesquisa em Limnologia, Ictiologia e Aquicultura - NUPELIA, Universidade Estadual de Maringá - UEM, Maringá, PR, Brasil
- Programa de Pós-graduação em Ecologia de Ambientes Aquáticos Continentais - PEA, Universidade Estadual de Maringá - UEM, Maringá, PR, Brasil
| | - Ricardo Massato Takemoto
- Programa de Pós-graduação em Biologia Comparada - PGB, Universidade Estadual de Maringá - UEM, Maringá, PR, Brasil
- Núcleo de Pesquisa em Limnologia, Ictiologia e Aquicultura - NUPELIA, Universidade Estadual de Maringá - UEM, Maringá, PR, Brasil
- Programa de Pós-graduação em Ecologia de Ambientes Aquáticos Continentais - PEA, Universidade Estadual de Maringá - UEM, Maringá, PR, Brasil
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de Fátima Cracco A, Lehun AL, Takemoto RM. Composition and structure of the parasitic fauna of Hypostomus spp. (Loricariidae: Hypostominae) from a Neotropical river in Brazil. Parasitol Res 2022; 121:2253-2262. [PMID: 35624383 DOI: 10.1007/s00436-022-07551-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2021] [Accepted: 05/13/2022] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Hypostomus are abundant in Brazilian rivers and streams. In the Ivaí River, the loricariids represent 20.3% of the total species of the basin. Of these 13 species belong to Hypostomus. However, to date, there are no studies on these fish parasitic fauna. Thus, this research aimed to analyze the distribution of the parasitic infracommunity of six species of Hypostomus from the Ivaí River and investigate how the infracommunity is structured in these hosts. One hundred and twenty-eight fish were analyzed, belonging to six sympatric species of Hypostomus (Hypostomus hermanni, H. cochliodon, H. albopunctatus, H. regani, Hypostomus sp.1, and Hypostomus sp.2); of these, 92.9% were parasitized with at least one taxon, totaling 1478 specimens of parasites. The parasitic fauna was composed of the ectoparasites Trinigyrus anthus, T. carvalhoi, Unilatus unilatus (monogeneans), and Placobdella spp. (hirudinea), and the endoparasites Austrodiplostomum compactum (digenean) and Procamallanus annipetterae (nematode). The parasites exhibited similar patterns of infection in all hosts, including a low number of species, low diversity, and numerical dominance of a group of parasites. However, permutational multivariate analysis of variance (PERMANOVA) showed different parasite species compositions among the hosts. Hypostomus cochliodon and H. regani had the highest parasite richness, while Hypostomus sp.1 and Hypostomus sp.2 showed low abundance and intensity of parasitic infections. However, Hypostomus sp.1 showed the highest values of evenness, although the parasite composition in both species did not differ. The results presented herein contribute to increasing the knowledge about the parasitic fauna of Hypostomus spp. from the Ivaí River by presenting new hosts and locality records.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aparecida de Fátima Cracco
- Programa de Pós-Graduação Em Biologia Comparada, Universidade Estadual de Maringá, Maringá, Paraná, Brazil.
| | - Atsler Luana Lehun
- Programa Em Ecologia de Ambientes Aquáticos Continentais, Universidade Estadual de Maringá, Maringá, Paraná, Brazil
| | - Ricardo Massato Takemoto
- Programa de Pós-Graduação Em Biologia Comparada, Universidade Estadual de Maringá, Maringá, Paraná, Brazil.,Programa Em Ecologia de Ambientes Aquáticos Continentais, Universidade Estadual de Maringá, Maringá, Paraná, Brazil.,Núcleo de Pesquisas Em Limnologia, Ictiologia E Aquicultura, NUPELIA, Universidade Estadual de Maringá, Maringá, Paraná, Brazil
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Lehun AL, Mendes AB, Takemoto RM, Bueno Krawczyk ACDD. Genotoxic effects of urban pollution in the Iguaçu River on two fish populations. J Environ Sci Health A Tox Hazard Subst Environ Eng 2021; 56:984-991. [PMID: 34319218 DOI: 10.1080/10934529.2021.1956229] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2021] [Revised: 06/28/2021] [Accepted: 07/05/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Environmental impacts on water resources and discharges of pollutants are some of the main problems of aquatic ecosystems. Currently, the Iguaçu River is considered the second most polluted river in Brazil, therefore, given the importance of understanding the effects of water pollution on living organisms, this study aimed to analyze the possible genotoxic effects in Astyanax bifasciatus (Characiformes; Characidae) and Geophagus brasiliensis (Perciformes: Cichlidae) in response to the water quality of the Iguaçu River. Four sampling points were determined on the Iguaçu River, with different levels of environmental impact. The micronuclei and nuclear abnormalities were quantified by counting 2000 erythrocytes from each specimen. There was a statistical difference in the frequency of nuclear abnormalities both for A. bifasciatus (Kruskal-Wallis 3;30 = 10.9; p = 0.01) and for G. brasiliensis (Kruskal-Wallis 3;26 = 12.27; p = 0.006), with point 1 (critically degraded) showing a higher frequency of nuclear abnormalities and point 4 (moderately degraded) showing a lower frequency of nuclear abnormalities for both species, showing genotoxic potential in fish erythrocytes. This result demonstrates the need for further discussion on the conservation of the Iguaçu River as well as broadening the discussion on its potability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Atsler Luana Lehun
- Programa de Pós-graduação em Ecologia de Ambientes Aquáticos Continentais, Universidade Estadual de Maringá, Maringá, PR, Brasil
| | - Amanda Brixner Mendes
- Colegiado de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Estadual do Paraná, Centro, PR, Brazil
| | - Ricardo Massato Takemoto
- Núcleo de Pesquisas em Limnologia, Ictiologia e Aquicultura (Nupélia), Universidade Estadual de Maringá, Maringá, PR, Brasil
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Duarte GSC, Lehun AL, Leite LAR, Consolin-Filho N, Bellay S, Takemoto RM. Acanthocephalans parasites of two Characiformes fishes as bioindicators of cadmium contamination in two neotropical rivers in Brazil. Sci Total Environ 2020; 738:140339. [PMID: 32806342 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2020.140339] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2020] [Revised: 06/16/2020] [Accepted: 06/16/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Studies have demonstrated the role of acanthocephalan as environmental bioindicators. The dynamics in the parasite-host relationship that define the patterns of distribution of trace metals in parasites and, in its host, are extremely variable. In addition, the neotropical region, which is a major maintainer of the biodiversity of fish and parasites, remains little explored in this subject. Therefore, our objective was to analyze and compare the concentration of Cadmium (Cd) in the tissues of Prochilodus lineatus and Serrasalmus marginatus collected from Baía and Paraná rivers, as well as to assess the use of acanthocephalan as environmental bioindicators of pollution and their Cd bioaccumulation capacity. We collected 53 fish, 20 specimens of Prochilodus lineatus from Paraná River and 17 from Baía River, in addition to 16 specimens of Serrasalmus marginatus from Baía River, in September 2017 and March 2018. Tissues of the fish along with their parasites were subjected a Cd concentration analysis by Atomic Absorption Spectroscopy. The results revealed that the parasites had higher concentrations than all the tissues of S. marginatus, P. lineatus from Baía River and Paraná River. The high Cd concentrations in these parasites derived from their bioaccumulation capacity, because of the absorption of nutrients directly from the intestinal content of the fish through the tegument, as well as for the presence of Cd on the surface waters of Praná River floodplain. Besides that, the Coefficient of Spearman Rank Correlation showed that the infrapopulation size seems to affect Cd bioaccumulation in the parasites, smaller infrapopulations demonstrate a higher accumulation capacity compared to the larger ones. With that, we concluded that the two acanthocephalans species analyzed in this study have a good capacity for Cd accumulation, and can be used as accumulation indicators of trace-metal pollution. Accumulation indicators provide important information on the biological availability of pollutants.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Atsler Luana Lehun
- Graduate Program of Professional Mastering in Ecology of Continental Aquatic Environments, Maringá State University, Paraná, Brazil
| | | | - Nelson Consolin-Filho
- Graduate Program of Professional Mastering in Management and Regulation of Water Resources (Profwater), Federal Technological University of Paraná (UTFPR), Campus of Campo Mourão, Paraná, Brazil
| | - Sybelle Bellay
- Research Center in Limnology, Ichthyology, and Aquaculture (Nupélia), Maringá State University, Paraná, Brazil
| | - Ricardo Massato Takemoto
- Research Center in Limnology, Ichthyology, and Aquaculture (Nupélia), Maringá State University, Paraná, Brazil
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Lehun AL, Hasuike WT, Silva JOS, Ciccheto JRM, Michelan G, Rodrigues ADFC, Nicola DN, Lima LDD, Correia AN, Takemoto RM. Checklist of parasites in fish from the upper Paraná River floodplain: An update. Rev Bras Parasitol Vet 2020; 29:e008720. [PMID: 32935771 DOI: 10.1590/s1984-29612020066] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2020] [Accepted: 06/19/2020] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
This study provides an updated list of parasite species and their respective hosts in the upper Paraná River floodplain. The list of parasites is structured by phylum, class, order and family, followed by a record of each host species. A total of 315 taxa of parasites were reported, of which 201 were identified at the species level. These 201 species comprise 3 Flagellata, 3 Myxozoa, 50 Monogenea, 43 Digenea, 40 Cestoda, 41 Nematoda, 8 Acanthocephala, 6 Copepoda, 5 Branchiura and 2 Pentastomida, arranged in 84 host fish species. This work carried out in the floodplain of the upper Paraná River contributes to the listing of parasite species and host interactions of the local ichthyofauna. Little is known about these communities and its riches are underestimated due to the high density of fish found in this region, highlighting the importance of conducting studies on the local fauna.
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Affiliation(s)
- Atsler Luana Lehun
- Programa de Pós-graduação em Ecologia de Ambientes Aquáticos Continentais, Universidade Estadual de Maringá - UEM, Maringá, PR, Brasil
| | - Wagner Toshio Hasuike
- Programa de Pós-graduação em Biologia Comparada, Universidade Estadual de Maringá - UEM, Maringá, PR, Brasil
| | - João Otávio Santos Silva
- Programa de Pós-graduação em Ecologia de Ambientes Aquáticos Continentais, Universidade Estadual de Maringá - UEM, Maringá, PR, Brasil
| | - Juliana Rosa Matias Ciccheto
- Programa de Pós-graduação em Ecologia e Conservação, Universidade Federal do Paraná - UFPR, Curitiba, PR, Brasil
| | - Gabriela Michelan
- Programa de Pós-graduação em Ecologia de Ambientes Aquáticos Continentais, Universidade Estadual de Maringá - UEM, Maringá, PR, Brasil
| | | | - Danilo Nunes Nicola
- Programa de Pós-graduação em Biologia Comparada, Universidade Estadual de Maringá - UEM, Maringá, PR, Brasil
| | - Lucas Duarte de Lima
- Programa de Pós-graduação em Biologia Comparada, Universidade Estadual de Maringá - UEM, Maringá, PR, Brasil
| | - Amanda Nardi Correia
- Programa de Pós-graduação em Biologia Comparada, Universidade Estadual de Maringá - UEM, Maringá, PR, Brasil
| | - Ricardo Massato Takemoto
- Programa de Pós-graduação em Ecologia de Ambientes Aquáticos Continentais, Universidade Estadual de Maringá - UEM, Maringá, PR, Brasil.,Programa de Pós-graduação em Biologia Comparada, Universidade Estadual de Maringá - UEM, Maringá, PR, Brasil.,Núcleo de Pesquisas em Limnologia, Ictiologia e Aquicultura - Nupélia, Universidade Estadual de Maringá - UEM, Maringá, PR, Brasil
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