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Rodríguez-Mallon A, Encinosa Guzmán PE, Bello Y, Domingos A, Antunes S, Kopacek P, Santos AS, Velez R, Perner J, Ledesma Bravo FL, Frantova H, Erhart J, Rodríguez R, Fuentes A, Diago D, Joglar M, Méndez L, Estrada MP. Efficacy of the Vaccine Candidate Based on the P0 Peptide against Dermacentor nitens and Ixodes ricinus Ticks. Pathogens 2023; 12:1365. [PMID: 38003829 PMCID: PMC10675505 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens12111365] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2023] [Revised: 11/14/2023] [Accepted: 11/15/2023] [Indexed: 11/26/2023] Open
Abstract
The control of ticks through vaccination offers a sustainable alternative to the use of chemicals that cause contamination and the selection of resistant tick strains. However, only a limited number of anti-tick vaccines have reached commercial realization. In this sense, an antigen effective against different tick species is a desirable target for developing such vaccines. A peptide derived from the tick P0 protein (pP0) conjugated to a carrier protein has been demonstrated to be effective against the Rhipicephalus microplus, Rhipicephalus sanguineus, and Amblyomma mixtum tick species. The aim of this work was to assess the efficacy of this peptide when conjugated to the Bm86 protein against Dermacentor nitens and Ixodes ricinus ticks. An RNAi experiment using P0 dsRNA from I. ricinus showed a dramatic reduction in the feeding of injected female ticks on guinea pigs. In the follow-up vaccination experiments, rabbits were immunized with the pP0-Bm86 conjugate and challenged simultaneously with larvae, nymphs, and the adults of I. ricinus ticks. In the same way, horses were immunized with the pP0-Bm86 conjugate and challenged with D. nitens larva. The pP0-Bm86 conjugate showed efficacies of 63% and 55% against I. ricinus and D. nitens ticks, respectively. These results, combined with previous reports of efficacy for this conjugate, show the promising potential for its development as a broad-spectrum anti-tick vaccine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alina Rodríguez-Mallon
- Center for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology (CIGB), 31st Avenue and 190, Havana 10600, Cuba; (P.E.E.G.); (F.L.L.B.); (D.D.); (M.J.); (M.P.E.)
| | - Pedro E. Encinosa Guzmán
- Center for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology (CIGB), 31st Avenue and 190, Havana 10600, Cuba; (P.E.E.G.); (F.L.L.B.); (D.D.); (M.J.); (M.P.E.)
| | - Yamil Bello
- Center for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology (CIGB), 31st Avenue and 190, Havana 10600, Cuba; (P.E.E.G.); (F.L.L.B.); (D.D.); (M.J.); (M.P.E.)
| | - Ana Domingos
- Global Health and Tropical Medicine, GHTM, Associate Laboratory in Translation and Innovation towards Global Health, LA-REAL, Instituto de Higiene e Medicina Tropical, IHMT, Universidade Nova de Lisboa, UNL, Rua da Junqueira 100, 1349-008 Lisboa, Portugal; (A.D.); (S.A.)
| | - Sandra Antunes
- Global Health and Tropical Medicine, GHTM, Associate Laboratory in Translation and Innovation towards Global Health, LA-REAL, Instituto de Higiene e Medicina Tropical, IHMT, Universidade Nova de Lisboa, UNL, Rua da Junqueira 100, 1349-008 Lisboa, Portugal; (A.D.); (S.A.)
| | - Petr Kopacek
- Institute of Parasitology, Biology Centre, Czech Academy of Sciences, 37005 České Budějovice, Czech Republic; (P.K.); (J.P.); (H.F.)
| | - Ana Sofia Santos
- Centro de Estudos de Vetores e Doenças Infeciosas Dr. Francisco Cambournac, Instituto Nacional de Saúde Doutor Ricardo Jorge (CEVDI-INSA), 2965-575 Águas de Moura, Portugal; (A.S.S.); (R.V.)
- Instituto de Saúde Ambiental, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de Lisboa, 1649-004 Lisboa, Portugal
| | - Rita Velez
- Centro de Estudos de Vetores e Doenças Infeciosas Dr. Francisco Cambournac, Instituto Nacional de Saúde Doutor Ricardo Jorge (CEVDI-INSA), 2965-575 Águas de Moura, Portugal; (A.S.S.); (R.V.)
| | - Jan Perner
- Institute of Parasitology, Biology Centre, Czech Academy of Sciences, 37005 České Budějovice, Czech Republic; (P.K.); (J.P.); (H.F.)
| | - Frank L. Ledesma Bravo
- Center for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology (CIGB), 31st Avenue and 190, Havana 10600, Cuba; (P.E.E.G.); (F.L.L.B.); (D.D.); (M.J.); (M.P.E.)
| | - Helena Frantova
- Institute of Parasitology, Biology Centre, Czech Academy of Sciences, 37005 České Budějovice, Czech Republic; (P.K.); (J.P.); (H.F.)
| | - Jan Erhart
- Institute of Parasitology, Biology Centre, Czech Academy of Sciences, 37005 České Budějovice, Czech Republic; (P.K.); (J.P.); (H.F.)
| | - Rafmary Rodríguez
- National Laboratory of Parasitology, Avenue San Antonio-Rincón, Km 1 1/2, Artemisa 32500, Cuba; (R.R.); (A.F.)
| | - Alier Fuentes
- National Laboratory of Parasitology, Avenue San Antonio-Rincón, Km 1 1/2, Artemisa 32500, Cuba; (R.R.); (A.F.)
| | - David Diago
- Center for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology (CIGB), 31st Avenue and 190, Havana 10600, Cuba; (P.E.E.G.); (F.L.L.B.); (D.D.); (M.J.); (M.P.E.)
| | - Marisdania Joglar
- Center for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology (CIGB), 31st Avenue and 190, Havana 10600, Cuba; (P.E.E.G.); (F.L.L.B.); (D.D.); (M.J.); (M.P.E.)
| | - Luis Méndez
- National Laboratory of Parasitology, Avenue San Antonio-Rincón, Km 1 1/2, Artemisa 32500, Cuba; (R.R.); (A.F.)
| | - Mario Pablo Estrada
- Center for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology (CIGB), 31st Avenue and 190, Havana 10600, Cuba; (P.E.E.G.); (F.L.L.B.); (D.D.); (M.J.); (M.P.E.)
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Obaid MK, Almutairi MM, Alouffi A, Safi SZ, Tanaka T, Ali A. Assessment of cypermethrin and amitraz resistance and molecular profiling of voltage-gated sodium channel and octopamine tyramine genes of Rhipicephalus microplus. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2023; 13:1176013. [PMID: 37305408 PMCID: PMC10248163 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2023.1176013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2023] [Accepted: 04/14/2023] [Indexed: 06/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Control of ticks and tick-borne pathogens is a priority for human and animal health. Livestock-holders extensively rely on acaricide applications for tick control. Different groups of acaricides including cypermethrin and amitraz have been consistently used in Pakistan. There has been a gap in understanding the susceptibility or resistance of Rhipicephalus microplus, the most prevalent tick in Pakistan, to acaricides. The present study aimed to molecularly characterize cypermethrin and amitraz targeted genes such as voltage-gated sodium channel (VGSC) and octopamine tyramine (OCT/Tyr) of R. microplus ticks in Khyber Pakhtunkhwa (KP), Pakistan to monitor the acaricides resistance. Tick specimens were collected from cattle and buffaloes in northern (Chitral, Shangla, Swat, Dir, and Buner), central (Peshawar, Mardan, Charsadda, Swabi, and Nowshera), and southern districts (Kohat, Karak, Lakki Marwat, Tank, and Dera Ismail Khan) of KP, Pakistan. Different concentrations of commercially available cypermethrin (10%) and amitraz (12.5%) were prepared for in vitro larval immersion tests (LIT). In LIT, the average mortality rate of immersed larvae was recorded that was increased gradually with an increase in the concentration of specific acaricide. The larvae's highest mortality rates (94.5% and 79.5%) were observed at 100-ppm of cypermethrin and amitraz, respectively. A subset of 82 R. microplus ticks was subjected to extract genomic DNA, followed by PCR to amplify partial fragments of VGSC (domain-II) and OCT/Tyr genes. The BLAST results of the consensus sequence of VGSC gene (domain-II) showed 100% identity with the acaricides susceptible tick sequence from the United States (reference sequence). Obtained identical sequences of OCT/Tyr genes showed maximum identity (94-100%) with the identical sequences reported from Australia (reference sequence), India, Brazil, Philippines, USA, South Africa, and China. Thirteen single nucleotide polymorphisms (10 synonymous and three non-synonymous) were observed at various positions of partial OCT/Tyr gene fragments. The SNP at position A-22-C (T-8-P) in OCT/Tyr gene has been linked to amitraz resistance in R. microplus ticks. Molecular analysis and LIT bioassay's findings indicate the availability of resistant R. microplus ticks in the KP region. To our understanding, this is the first preliminary study to monitor cypermethrin and amitraz resistance via molecular profiling of cypermethrin and amitraz targeted genes (VGSC and OCT/Tyr) in combination with in vitro bioassays (LIT) in R. microplus ticks from Pakistan.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Mashal M. Almutairi
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, College of Pharmacy, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Abdulaziz Alouffi
- King Abdulaziz City for Science and Technology, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Sher Zaman Safi
- Faculty of Medicine, Bioscience and Nursing, MAHSA University, Jenjarom, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Tetsuya Tanaka
- Laboratory of Infectious Diseases, Joint Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Kagoshima University, Kagoshima, Japan
| | - Abid Ali
- Department of Zoology, Abdul Wali Khan University Mardan, Mardan, Pakistan
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Oliva Chávez AS, Guzman Valencia S, Lynn GE, Rosario CA, Thomas DB, Johnson TL. Evaluation of the in vitro acaricidal effect of five organic compounds on the cattle fever tick Rhipicephalus (Boophilus) microplus (Acari: Ixodidae). EXPERIMENTAL & APPLIED ACAROLOGY 2023; 89:447-460. [PMID: 37052726 PMCID: PMC10167096 DOI: 10.1007/s10493-023-00780-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2022] [Accepted: 02/18/2023] [Indexed: 05/09/2023]
Abstract
The cattle fever tick, Rhipicephalus (Boophilus) microplus, is the most economically important tick worldwide. Infestations with this tick can lead to direct damage and cattle mortality due to the transmission of potentially deadly pathogens. Management of this tick species has been focused on the use of synthetical acaricides; however, the emergence of acaricide resistance to single or multiple active ingredients has resulted in a need for novel acaricide compounds. Among potential avenues for the discovery of novel acaricides are plant-derived compounds. The efficacy of five organic compounds (nootkatone, Stop the Bites®, BioUD®, lavender oil, and cedarwood oil) was evaluated using larval immersion tests (LITs), repellency assays, and adult immersion tests (AITs). The results from the LITs indicate that three of the organic compounds (NootkaShield™, Stop the Bites, BioUD) led to significant mortalities at low concentrations (0.2, 0.02, and 0.08%, respectively). By comparison, lavender and cedar oil led to around 90% mortality at 10 and 1% concentrations, respectively. Similarly, NootkaShield, Stop the Bites, and BioUD had strong repellent properties with over 90% repellency at the two highest concentrations tested. Using the FAO 2004 guidelines, we evaluated the effectiveness of these organic compounds at reducing the fecundity of R. (B.) microplus and show that Nootkatone, Stop the Bites, and BioUD may significantly decrease tick populations (Drummond's index > 90% at concentrations of 5%), highlighting their potential as alternatives to synthetic acaricides for the control of cattle fever ticks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adela S Oliva Chávez
- Department of Entomology, Texas A&M University, 77845, College Station, TX, USA.
| | | | | | - Charluz Arocho Rosario
- Department of Entomology, Texas A&M University, 77845, College Station, TX, USA
- Cattle Fever Tick Research Laboratory, USDA-ARS, 78541, Edinburg, TX, USA
| | - Donald B Thomas
- Cattle Fever Tick Research Laboratory, USDA-ARS, 78541, Edinburg, TX, USA
| | - Tammi L Johnson
- Texas A&M AgriLife Research, 78801, Uvalde, TX, USA.
- Department of Rangeland, Wildlife and Fisheries Management, Texas A&M University, 78801, Uvalde, TX, USA.
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de Souza Santos DR, do Carmo CN, de Filippis I. High-Resolution Melting (HRM) for rapid MLST analysis of Neisseria meningitidis. METHODS IN MICROBIOLOGY 2022; 200:106557. [PMID: 35964773 DOI: 10.1016/j.mimet.2022.106557] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2022] [Revised: 08/08/2022] [Accepted: 08/08/2022] [Indexed: 10/15/2022]
Abstract
The genetic characterization of meningococcal isolates is extremely important for the epidemiological monitoring of meningococcal disease, through the identification of circulating epidemic clones, with the purpose of supporting specific actions of Health Surveillance to contain outbreaks. The objective of this work is to determine a strategy for the epidemiological control of Neisseria meningitidis (Nm) through the detection of genetic signatures of Multilocus Sequence Typing (MLST) genes, by the method of high-resolution DNA melting analysis (qPCR-HRM), to identify the main hypervirulent clones circulating in the country. We analyzed 65 cc103 strains, 19 cc11, 38 cc32 and 8 cc41/44 and 17 were not associated to a specific cc. For the abcZ gene a total of 112 strains were tested, 79 for adk and gdh genes, 87 for aroE, 27 for fumC and 70 strains for pdhC gene. The results obtained were compared and validated with nucleotide sequencing. The percentage of correct allele detection for each clonal complex ranged between 77% and 100%. After an active search in PubMLST, it was found that by inserting results from at least 4 alleles in the MLST database, it is possible to determine the clonal complex of 99% to 100% of the deposited samples. The results obtained in this study suggest that it is possible to identify Nm clonal complexes by a combination analysis of melting curves (TM) of four constitutional genes included in the MLST scheme by qPCR-HRM.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Cleber Nascimento do Carmo
- Departamento de Epidemiologia e Métodos Quantitativos em Saúde, Escola Nacional de Saúde Pública, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil
| | - Ivano de Filippis
- Instituto Nacional de Controle de Qualidade em Saúde, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil
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Obaid MK, Islam N, Alouffi A, Khan AZ, da Silva Vaz I, Tanaka T, Ali A. Acaricides Resistance in Ticks: Selection, Diagnosis, Mechanisms, and Mitigation. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2022; 12:941831. [PMID: 35873149 PMCID: PMC9299439 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2022.941831] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2022] [Accepted: 06/02/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Ticks are blood-feeding ecto-parasites that have a cosmopolitan distribution in tropical and subtropical regions of the world. Ticks cause economic losses in the form of reduced blood, meat and dairy products, as well as pathogen transmission. Different acaricides such as organochlorines, organophosphates, formamidines (e.g. amitraz), synthetic pyrethroids, macrocyclic lactones, fipronil, and fluazuron are currently used sequentially or simultaneously to control tick infestations. Most acaricide treatments now face increasingly high chances of failure, due to the resistance selection in different tick populations against these drugs. Acaricide resistance in ticks can be developed in different ways, including amino acid substitutions that result in morphological changes in the acaricide target, metabolic detoxification, and reduced acaricide entry through the outer layer of the tick body. The current literature brings a plethora of information regarding the use of different acaricides for tick control, resistance selection, analysis of mutations in target sites, and resistance mitigation. Alternatives such as synergistic use of different acaricides, plant-derived phytochemicals, fungi as biological control agents, and anti-tick vaccines have been recommended to avoid and mitigate acaricide resistance. The purpose of this review was to summarize and discuss different acaricides applied for tick control, their mechanisms of action and resistance selection, genetic polymorphisms in their target molecules, as well as the approaches used for diagnosis and mitigation of acaricide resistance, specifically in Rhipicephalus microplus ticks.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Nabila Islam
- Department of Chemistry, Abdul Wali Khan University Mardan, Mardan, Pakistan
| | - Abdulaziz Alouffi
- King Abdulaziz City for Science and Technology, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Alam Zeb Khan
- Department of Pediatrics, Yale School of Medicine Yale University, New Haven, CT, United States
| | - Itabajara da Silva Vaz
- Centro de Biotecnologia and Faculdade de Veterinária, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Brazil
| | - Tetsuya Tanaka
- Laboratory of Infectious Diseases, Joint Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Kagoshima University, Kagoshima, Japan
| | - Abid Ali
- Department of Zoology, Abdul Wali Khan University Mardan, Mardan, Pakistan
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Tang B, Xu K, Liu Y, Zhou Z, Karthi S, Yang H, Li C. A review of physiological resistance to insecticide stress in Nilaparvata lugens. 3 Biotech 2022; 12:84. [PMID: 35251886 PMCID: PMC8882538 DOI: 10.1007/s13205-022-03137-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2021] [Accepted: 02/02/2022] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Insecticides are widely used in agriculture as effective means to control pests. However, pests have not been completely mitigated with the increased use of insecticides. Instead, many side effects have arisen, especially the '3Rs' (resistance, resurgence, and residue). The brown planthopper, Nilaparvata lugens, is one of the most threatening rice pests. The main insecticides for controlling N. lugens belong to organochlorine, organophosphorus, carbamate, neonicotinoid and pyrethroid groups. However, metabolic enzymes, including cytochrome P450s, esterases, glutathione-S-transferases, and ATP-binding cassette transporters, effectively promote the detoxification of insecticides. Besides, mutations of neurological target sites, such as acetylcholinesterase, nicotinic acetylcholine, γ-aminobutyric acid receptor, and ryanodine receptor, result in insensitivity to insecticides. Here, we review the physiological metabolic resistance in N. lugens under insecticide stress to provide a theoretical basis for identifying and developing more effective and harmless insecticides.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bin Tang
- Guizhou Provincial Key Laboratory for Rare Animal and Economic Insect of the Mountainous Region, Department of Biology and Engineering of Environment, Guiyang University, Guiyang, 550005 People’s Republic of China ,College of Life and Environmental Sciences, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou, 311121 Zhejiang People’s Republic of China
| | - Kangkang Xu
- Guizhou Provincial Key Laboratory for Rare Animal and Economic Insect of the Mountainous Region, Department of Biology and Engineering of Environment, Guiyang University, Guiyang, 550005 People’s Republic of China ,Institute of Entomology, Provincial Key Laboratory for Agricultural Pest Management of Mountainous Regions, Guizhou University, Guiyang, 550025 People’s Republic of China
| | - Yongkang Liu
- College of Life and Environmental Sciences, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou, 311121 Zhejiang People’s Republic of China
| | - Zhongshi Zhou
- Guizhou Provincial Key Laboratory for Rare Animal and Economic Insect of the Mountainous Region, Department of Biology and Engineering of Environment, Guiyang University, Guiyang, 550005 People’s Republic of China
| | - Sengodan Karthi
- Division of Biopesticides and Environmental Toxicology, Sri Paramakalyani Centre for Excellence in Environmental Sciences, Manonmaniam Sundaranar University, Alwarkurichi, Tirunelveli, Tamil Nadu 627 412 India
| | - Hong Yang
- Institute of Entomology, Provincial Key Laboratory for Agricultural Pest Management of Mountainous Regions, Guizhou University, Guiyang, 550025 People’s Republic of China
| | - Can Li
- Guizhou Provincial Key Laboratory for Rare Animal and Economic Insect of the Mountainous Region, Department of Biology and Engineering of Environment, Guiyang University, Guiyang, 550005 People’s Republic of China
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Rodriguez-Vivas RI, España ER, Blanco IL, Ojeda-Chi MM, Trinidad-Martinez I, Islas JAT, Bhushan C. Monitoring the resistance of Rhipicephalus microplus to amitraz, flumethrin, coumaphos, and ivermectin on cattle farms in Mexico. Vet Parasitol Reg Stud Reports 2021; 26:100644. [PMID: 34879955 DOI: 10.1016/j.vprsr.2021.100644] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2021] [Revised: 09/06/2021] [Accepted: 09/17/2021] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
The prevalence, resistance ratios and factor associated with Rhipicephalu microplus populations resistant to amitraz, flumethrin, coumaphos, and ivermectina (IVM) in Mexico were studied. Field tick populations were collected from 54 farms in 15 different states of Mexico. The dose-response bioassays were carried out using the larval immersion test (amitraz and IVM) and the modified larval packet test (flumethrin and coumaphos) against R. microplus. Mortality data were subjected to probit analysis to calculate lethal concentrations at 50%. A logistic regression model was used to evaluate the relation between resistance and possible associated factors. The phenotype was defined as high resistant (HR), low resistant (LR) or susceptible (S). The overall prevalence of cattle farms with R. microplus resistant to coumaphos, amitraz, flumethrin and IVM were 25.9, 46.2, 31.5 and 68.5%, respectively. For coumaphos, 74.1, 22.2, and 3.7% were classified as S, LR, and HR, respectively, whereas, for amitraz, 53.7, 24.1, and 22.2% of phenotypes were S, LR, and HR, respectively, for flumethrin 68.5, 14.8, and 16.7% were S, LR and HR respectively, and for IVM, 31.5, 46.3, and 22.2% were S, LR, and HR, respectively. We identified that cattle farms without acaricide rotation program (OR: 7.66, CL95%: 1.70-34.47, P: 0.008) had a higher probability of developing R. microplus resistant to amitraz. We concluded that amitraz and IVM resistance in R. microplus is frequent, but mainly at a low level in cattle farms of Mexico. Cattle farms without acaricide rotation program had higher probability of developing R. microplus resistant to amitraz.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roger I Rodriguez-Vivas
- Facultad de Medicina Veterinaria y Zootecnia, Campus de Ciencias Biológicas y Agropecuarias, Universidad Autónoma de Yucatán, km. 15.5 Carretera Mérida-Xmatkuil, Código 97000, Mérida, Mexico.
| | - Eduardo Ramirez España
- Elanco Salud Animal SA de CV, Boulevard Puerta de Hierro 5153, piso 18, Col. Puerta de Hierro CP, 45116 Zapopan, Jalisco, Mexico
| | - Ivan Lozano Blanco
- Elanco Salud Animal SA de CV, Boulevard Puerta de Hierro 5153, piso 18, Col. Puerta de Hierro CP, 45116 Zapopan, Jalisco, Mexico
| | - Melina M Ojeda-Chi
- Facultad de Medicina Veterinaria y Zootecnia, Campus de Ciencias Biológicas y Agropecuarias, Universidad Autónoma de Yucatán, km. 15.5 Carretera Mérida-Xmatkuil, Código 97000, Mérida, Mexico
| | - Iris Trinidad-Martinez
- Facultad de Medicina Veterinaria y Zootecnia, Campus de Ciencias Biológicas y Agropecuarias, Universidad Autónoma de Yucatán, km. 15.5 Carretera Mérida-Xmatkuil, Código 97000, Mérida, Mexico
| | - Juan Agustin Torres Islas
- Elanco Salud Animal SA de CV, Boulevard Puerta de Hierro 5153, piso 18, Col. Puerta de Hierro CP, 45116 Zapopan, Jalisco, Mexico
| | - Chandra Bhushan
- Elanco Animal Health, Alfred-Nobel Str. 50, 40789 Monheim, Germany
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Amrutha A, Bindu L, Siju J, Aravindakshan TV. Genotyping of Deltamethrin Resistance in Rhipicephalus (Boophilus) microplus Population in Kerala, South India. Acta Parasitol 2021; 66:1031-1038. [PMID: 33811625 DOI: 10.1007/s11686-021-00378-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2020] [Accepted: 03/15/2021] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Genotyping of Rhipicephalus (Boophilus) microplus for polymorphisms in deltamethrin-resistant loci of sodium channel gene by allele-specific PCR (AS-PCR). METHODS Adult R. (B.) microplus ticks were collected from naturally infested cattle in Kerala. The larval packet test (LPT) was performed with deltamethrin and dose response data were analysed by probit method. Adult and larval tick DNA were amplified by PCR and later sequenced to identify mutations, if any, in the domain II S4-5 linker and domain III S6 regions in para voltage-gated sodium channel gene, at loci that were previously documented to be associated with deltamethrin resistance. Allele-specific PCR was performed for the amplification of target gene locus (C190A and T2134C) to genotype 1000 larvae each, at these loci. Genotype frequency was statistically analysed by Chi-square test. RESULTS Bioassay using LPT revealed that LC50 and LC95 values of all the R. (B.) microplus isolates in this study were more than double the reported values of reference susceptible strain. Sequence analysis of the PCR amplicons of domain II S4-5 linker of voltage-gated sodium channel gene revealed C190A mutation, A271G mutation as well as A-G mutation at 217th position. AS-PCR done to genotype C190A mutations revealed a frequency of 6%, 15% and 64%, respectively for homozygous-susceptible (SS), heterozygous (RS) and homozygous-resistant (RR) genotypes. In domain III S6 region of the gene, C2121T and A2102T mutations were observed. AS-PCR to genotype the previously reported T2134C mutation revealed 100% SS genotype in R. (B.) microplus isolates of Kerala. CONCLUSIONS Genotyping of R. (B.) microplus isolates of Kerala for target site mutations reportedly associated with deltamethrin resistance revealed a significantly high frequency of resistant genotypes at II S4-5 linker of voltage-gated sodium channel gene. This study forms the first report of such mutations in Kerala, south India and demands serious attention in the light of increased prevalence of tick-borne haemoparasitic infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anand Amrutha
- School of Applied Animal Production and Biotechnology, College of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Kerala Veterinary and Animal Sciences University, Mannuthy, Thrissur, Kerala, 680651, India
| | - Lakshmanan Bindu
- Department of Veterinary Parasitology, College of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Kerala Veterinary and Animal Sciences University, Mannuthy, Thrissur, Kerala, 680651, India.
| | - J Siju
- Department of Veterinary Microbiology, College of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Kerala Veterinary and Animal Sciences University, Mannuthy, Thrissur, Kerala, 680651, India
| | - T V Aravindakshan
- School of Applied Animal Production and Biotechnology, College of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Kerala Veterinary and Animal Sciences University, Mannuthy, Thrissur, Kerala, 680651, India
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Amrutha A, Bindu L, Kajal TA, Siju J, Aravindakshan TV. Deltamethrin resistant alleles predominate in Rhipicephalus sanguineus sensu lato in South India. EXPERIMENTAL & APPLIED ACAROLOGY 2021; 84:485-496. [PMID: 34047876 DOI: 10.1007/s10493-021-00627-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2020] [Accepted: 05/22/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Brown dog tick, Rhipicephalus sanguineus sensu lato, an important ectoparasite transmitting several pathogens, is the most common tick species infesting dogs. Control of ticks being central to the control of fatal tick-borne diseases, this study attempted to assess the susceptibility/resistance of brown dog ticks to synthetic pyrethroids, the commonly used acaricides against ticks. Larval packet assay revealed 60% of isolates tested to be resistant and tolerant to deltamethrin as per the resistance factor that ranged from 1 to 53.7. Sequence analysis of the PCR amplified product of domain II S4-5 linker of sodium channel gene in R. sanguineus revealed novel polymorphisms, viz., C190A, G215T and T270C. In domain III S6 region of the gene, a T2134C mutation was observed. Genotyping with allele-specific PCR targeting domain II S4-5 linker region using single larvae revealed that most R. sanguineus larvae in the study population were homozygous resistant (RR) genotypes, followed by heterozygous (RS) and homozygous susceptible (SS) genotypes. A higher proportion of RS genotypes was also observed in domain III S6 region. This first report of genotyping of Indian R. sanguineus to analyse synthetic pyrethroid resistance highlights the need to devise alternate control strategies to reduce the brown dog tick population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anand Amrutha
- School of Applied Animal Production and Biotechnology, College of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Mannuthy, Thrissur, Kerala, 680651, India
| | - Lakshmanan Bindu
- Department of Veterinary Parasitology, College of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Mannuthy, Thrissur, Kerala, 680651, India.
| | - T A Kajal
- Department of Veterinary Parasitology, College of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Mannuthy, Thrissur, Kerala, 680651, India
| | - J Siju
- Department of Veterinary Microbiology, College of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Kerala Veterinary and Animal Sciences University, Mannuthy, Thrissur, Kerala, 680651, India
| | - T V Aravindakshan
- School of Applied Animal Production and Biotechnology, College of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Mannuthy, Thrissur, Kerala, 680651, India
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10
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Janer EC, Díaz A, Fontes F, Baraibar F, Saporiti T, Olhagaray ME. Molecular survey of pyrethroid and fipronil resistance in isolates of Rhipicephalus microplus in the north of Uruguay. Ticks Tick Borne Dis 2021; 12:101747. [PMID: 34102575 DOI: 10.1016/j.ttbdis.2021.101747] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2020] [Revised: 03/29/2021] [Accepted: 04/06/2021] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
The resistance of Rhipicephalus microplus to acaricides is a serious control problem, so its early diagnosis by a molecular technique is important. This study aims to develop a multiplex allele-specific polymerase chain reaction (PCR) for single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in the para-sodium channel gene and in the GABA-Cl gene, associated with pyrethroids (cypermethrin and flumethrin) and fipronil resistance, respectively. We used 22 tick field isolates from farms with tick control problems (sampling convenience). These farms are located in departments of northern Uruguay. Three mutations in the sodium channel gene (Domain II S4-5: C190A and G215T; domain III S6: T2134A) and one in the GABA-Cl gene (A286S/L: CG856CC/TG) were studied. Mutations G215T and T213A were not detected. In all field isolates, the resistant allele (R) for C190A mutation (knockdown resistance, kdr) was detected, mainly in heterozygous individuals (SR) (11.1% to 86.7%). The highest incidence of the kdr mutant allele occurred in the Tacuarembó tick field isolates, where on 7 out of 10 farms >30% of individuals were SR and on one farm > 30% of individuals were RR. The next highest was Artigas (half of farms had>30% SR individuals and a quarter had >30% RR individuals). The resistance to dieldrin locus (rdl) mutation (CG856CC/TG) was absent in five field isolates. The highest incidenceof the mutant allele was observed in ticks from farms in Rivera (all farms had SR in >30% of individuals and two farms had RR in >12.5 and >16.7% of individuals) followed by farms in Tacuarembó (3 of 10 farms had >30% SR and 2 with >30% RR). Less than half of the farms had rdl in homozygous individuals. No significant association was observed between phenotypic bioassays and the rdl resistance allele. Several field isolates were phenotypically susceptible to the presence of the rdl allele. Several causes are possible (bioassay sensitivity, discriminating concentration). Individuals with simultaneous kdr and rdl mutations were present in 17 field isolates, and their frequency varied between 0.06% and 60%. Genotypic analysis shows that tick resistance to both acaricides, especially pyrethroids, is a serious problem. It is important to monitor the resistance using molecular techniques to plan efficient control measures. This is the first report describing kdr and rdl detection in R. microplus in Uruguay.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eleonor Castro Janer
- Departamento de Patobiología, Unidad de Enfermedades Parasitarias, Facultad de Veterinaria, UDELAR. Av. Lasplaces 1620, CP 11600 Montevideo, Uruguay.
| | - André Díaz
- Departamento de Patobiología, Unidad de Enfermedades Parasitarias, Facultad de Veterinaria, UDELAR. Av. Lasplaces 1620, CP 11600 Montevideo, Uruguay
| | - Florencia Fontes
- Departamento de Patobiología, Unidad de Enfermedades Parasitarias, Facultad de Veterinaria, UDELAR. Av. Lasplaces 1620, CP 11600 Montevideo, Uruguay
| | - Florencia Baraibar
- Departamento de Patobiología, Unidad de Enfermedades Parasitarias, Facultad de Veterinaria, UDELAR. Av. Lasplaces 1620, CP 11600 Montevideo, Uruguay
| | - Tatiana Saporiti
- Departamento de Parasitología. Plataforma de Salud Animal. Instituto Nacional de Investigación Agropecuaria. Ruta 5km 386, Tacuarembó, Uruguay
| | - María Ernestina Olhagaray
- Departamento de Patobiología, Unidad de Enfermedades Parasitarias, Facultad de Veterinaria, UDELAR. Av. Lasplaces 1620, CP 11600 Montevideo, Uruguay
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11
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Tungphatthong C, Urumarudappa SKJ, Awachai S, Sooksawate T, Sukrong S. Differentiation of Mitragyna speciosa, a narcotic plant, from allied Mitragyna species using DNA barcoding-high-resolution melting (Bar-HRM) analysis. Sci Rep 2021; 11:6738. [PMID: 33762644 PMCID: PMC7990970 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-86228-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2020] [Accepted: 03/12/2021] [Indexed: 11/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Mitragyna speciosa (Korth.) Havil. [MS], or “kratom” in Thai, is the only narcotic species among the four species of Mitragyna in Thailand, which also include Mitragyna diversifolia (Wall. ex G. Don) Havil. [MD], Mitragyna hirsuta Havil. [MH], and Mitragyna rotundifolia (Roxb.) O. Kuntze [MR]. M. speciosa is a tropical tree belonging to the Rubiaceae family and has been prohibited by law in Thailand. However, it has been extensively covered in national and international news, as its abuse has become more popular. M. speciosa is a narcotic plant and has been used as an opium substitute and traditionally used for the treatment of chronic pain and various illnesses. Due to morphological disparities in the genus, the identification of plants in various forms, including fresh leaves, dried leaf powder, and finished products, is difficult. In this study, DNA barcoding combined with high-resolution melting (Bar-HRM) analysis was performed to differentiate M. speciosa from allied Mitragyna and to assess the capability of Bar-HRM assays to identify M. speciosa in suspected kratom or M. speciosa-containing samples. Bar-HRM analysis of PCR amplicons was based on the ITS2, rbcL, trnH-psbA, and matK DNA barcode regions. The melting profiles of ITS2 amplicons were clearly distinct, which enabled the authentication and differentiation of Mitragyna species from allied species. This study reveals that DNA barcoding coupled with HRM is an efficient tool with which to identify M. speciosa and M. speciosa-containing samples and ensure the safety and quality of traditional Thai herbal medicines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chayapol Tungphatthong
- Research Unit of DNA Barcoding of Thai Medicinal Plants, Department of Pharmacognosy and Pharmaceutical Botany, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, 10330, Thailand
| | - Santhosh Kumar J Urumarudappa
- Research Unit of DNA Barcoding of Thai Medicinal Plants, Department of Pharmacognosy and Pharmaceutical Botany, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, 10330, Thailand
| | - Supita Awachai
- Research Unit of DNA Barcoding of Thai Medicinal Plants, Department of Pharmacognosy and Pharmaceutical Botany, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, 10330, Thailand
| | - Thongchai Sooksawate
- Department of Pharmacology and Physiology, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, 10330, Thailand
| | - Suchada Sukrong
- Research Unit of DNA Barcoding of Thai Medicinal Plants, Department of Pharmacognosy and Pharmaceutical Botany, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, 10330, Thailand.
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12
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Castro-Janer EA, Klafke GM, Díaz A, Fontes F, Baraibar F. Multiplex allele-specific polymerase chain reaction to detect kdr and rdl mutations in the cattle tick Rhipicephalus microplus (Acari: Ixodidae). Vet Parasitol 2021; 292:109397. [PMID: 33691265 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetpar.2021.109397] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2020] [Revised: 02/23/2021] [Accepted: 02/24/2021] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
The resistance of Rhipicephalus microplus to pyrethroids is widely dispersed worldwide and has been associated with several nucleotide substitutions in its target site, the para-sodium ion channel (Na-channel) gene. The resistance of the tick to fipronil has been increasing in South America, and mutations in the GABA-gated chloride channel (GABA-Cl) have been described in fipronil-resistant tick strains. We developed a multiplex allele-specific PCR (mAS-PCR) to screen for single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) associated with the resistance to pyrethroids (knockdown resistance or kdr) and fipronil (resistance to dieldrin or rdl) in susceptible tick populations from Uruguay (n = 11) and the Rio Grande do Sul state in Southern Brazil (n = 15). Toxicological in vitro assays with larvae and adults were used to confirm the resistance to cypermethrin, flumethrin, and fipronil. Three SNPs in the Na-channel gene were investigated (C190A, G215 T, and T2134A), and the mAS-PCR included the detection of an SNP (G858 T) coding a non-synonymous mutation in the GABA-Cl gene. C190A was present in all pyrethroid-resistant populations from Uruguay and Brazil, most frequently homozygous. The SNPs G215 T and T2134A were not found. Of the seventeen fipronil-resistant populations, fourteen presented at least one mutant GABA-Cl gene allele, more frequently in heterozygosis. Other mechanisms apart from target site insensitivity may be involved in fipronil resistance since in some resistant populations, the SNP G858 T was not detected. Sixteen (61,5%) of the populations presented individuals with simultaneous mutations in the Na-channel and GABA-Cl genes. This could be a significant problem for the future control of R. microplus. This study shows the wide dispersion of a pyrethroid resistance-associated SNP in high frequency in the region. Fipronil resistance mutations are also dispersed across the region and increasing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eleonor A Castro-Janer
- Departamento de Patobiología, Unidad Enfermedades Parasitarias, Facultad de Veterinaria, UDELAR- Av. Lasplaces 1620, CP.11600, Montevideo, Uruguay.
| | - Guilherme M Klafke
- Departamento de Diagnóstico e Pesquisa Agropecuária, Secretaria da Agricultura, Pecuária e Desenvolvimento Rural, Centro de Pesquisa em Saúde Animal(IPVDF). Estrada Do Conde 6000, Eldorado do Sul, RS, 92990-000, Brazil
| | - André Díaz
- Departamento de Patobiología, Unidad Enfermedades Parasitarias, Facultad de Veterinaria, UDELAR- Av. Lasplaces 1620, CP.11600, Montevideo, Uruguay
| | - Florencia Fontes
- Departamento de Patobiología, Unidad Enfermedades Parasitarias, Facultad de Veterinaria, UDELAR- Av. Lasplaces 1620, CP.11600, Montevideo, Uruguay
| | - Florencia Baraibar
- Departamento de Patobiología, Unidad Enfermedades Parasitarias, Facultad de Veterinaria, UDELAR- Av. Lasplaces 1620, CP.11600, Montevideo, Uruguay
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13
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Pictorial dissection guide and internal anatomy of the cattle tick, Rhipicephalus (Boophilus) microplus (Canestrini). Ticks Tick Borne Dis 2021; 12:101685. [PMID: 33611153 DOI: 10.1016/j.ttbdis.2021.101685] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2020] [Revised: 12/24/2020] [Accepted: 01/23/2021] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Ticks are pests and vectors of diseases that are of public health and veterinary importance. The cattle tick, Rhipicephalus microplus (Canestrini, 1888), is one of the most studied tick species because of its impact on livestock health and production in the tropical and subtropical parts of the world, costing the cattle industry billions annually. Control methods have evolved throughout the years but so has R. microplus. Reliance upon chemical control has created a consistent need to develop new technologies to overcome the pesticide resistance that occurs as the ticks adapt. In order to utilize the more advanced tools such as RNAi or Crispr/Cas9 systems, tick tissues need to be isolated and manipulated. Unfortunately, there are a limited number of dissection guides available providing a detailed view of tick internal anatomy. This manual includes photomicrographs to guide the dissection of R. microplus adults, male and female. Topography and anatomical differences between the internal organs of unfed and gravid adult females are described. We were able to locate the crucial tissues for cattle tick physiology and lay out spatial and temporal guidelines for their identification and dissection. Examples of how this information can be used at the nexus between organismal and molecular research to innovate tick control technologies is discussed.
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14
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Effect of polyphenols extracted from Punica granatum and Acacia saligna plants on glutathione S-transferase of the cattle tick Rhipicephalus ( Boophilus) annulatus (Acari: Ixodidae). J Parasit Dis 2021; 45:524-538. [PMID: 34295051 DOI: 10.1007/s12639-020-01323-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2020] [Accepted: 11/17/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Ticks are hematophageal ectoparasites that transport major pathogens around the world. Glutathione S-transferases (GST) are involved in resistance to acaricide and redox balancing during the life cycle of the tick. The inhibition of tick GST enzymes by certain phenolic compounds, such as phenolic acids and tannins, can be a promising approach to tick control. The objective of this study was to evaluate the effects of Punica granatum red peel and Acacia saligna leaf extracts on Rhipicephalus (Boophilus) annulatus GST activity in order to reduce the resistance of cattle to acaricide. The results showed that P. granatum ethanol extract (70%) contained the highest total phenol content (350 ± 1.2 μM GAE g-1), the highest condensed tannin content (270 ± 1.3 μM CE g-1) and the highest hydrolysable tannin content (70 ± 5.0 μM TAE g-1). Adult immersion test with a dosage of 100 mg ml-1 of A. saligna ethanol extracts had a significant mortality of 50% and 75% after 24 h and 96 h, respectively (p < 0.01). A simple and reproducible procedure was established to purify the whole R. annulatus GST (wRaGST) while a full-length cDNA of GST was cloned from a cDNA library of the local Egyptian cattle tick R. (B.) annulatus (rRaGST). Aqueous extracts of P. granatum inhibited both wRaGST and rRaGST with values of IC50 = 0.114 and 0.07 µg ml-1, respectively, compared to A. saligna extracts (IC50 values = 2.08 and 1.35 µg ml, respectively). These inhibitory effects were attributed to the presence of a high tannin concentration (≥ 80%). HPLC analysis indicated the presence of gallic acid and catechin in both extracts, in addition to the rutin, which was only observed in A. saligna extracts. The addition of a tannin inhibitor, polyethylene glycol, suggested the existence of other phenolic compounds in combination with catechins responsible for inhibiting the activity of these extracts. Non-competitive behaviour of catechins may be helpful in preventing, or at least delaying, the development of chemical acaricide resistance in R. annulatus.
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15
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Van der Heyden H, Fortier AM, Savage J. A HRM Assay for Rapid Identification of Members of the Seedcorn Maggot Complex (Delia florilega and D. platura) (Diptera: Anthomyiidae) and Evidence of Variation in Temporal Patterns of Larval Occurrence. JOURNAL OF ECONOMIC ENTOMOLOGY 2020; 113:2920-2930. [PMID: 33080027 DOI: 10.1093/jee/toaa230] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
The seedcorn maggot Delia platura (Meigen), and the bean seed maggot Delia florilega (Zetterstedt) can cause considerable feeding damage to a wide range of cultivated crops. The recent discovery of two distinct genetic lines of D. platura, each with a unique distribution pattern overlapping only in eastern Canada, suggests the presence of a new cryptic species for the group. The reliable identification of the three species/lines in the seedcorn maggot complex is crucial to our understanding of their distribution, phenology, and respective contribution to crop damage as well as to the development of specific integrated pest management approaches. As these taxa are morphologically indistinguishable in the immature stages, we developed a high-resolution melting PCR (HRM) assay using primers amplifying a variable 96-bp PCR product in the CO1 mitochondrial gene for rapid and economical identification of specimens. The three species/lines exhibited distinguishable melting profiles based on their different Tm values (between 0.4 and 0.9°C) and identification results based on HRM and DNA sequencing were congruent for all specimens in the validation data set (n = 100). We then used the new, highly sensitive HRM assay to identify survey specimens from the seedcorn maggot complex collected in Quebec, Canada, between 2017 and 2019. Progress curves developed to document the temporal occurrence patterns of each species/lines indicate differences between taxa, with the N-line (BOLD:AAA3453) of D. platura appearing approximately 17 d before D. florilega (BOLD:ACR4394) and the H-line (BOLD:AAG2511) of D. platura.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Jade Savage
- Department of Biological Sciences, Bishop's University, Sherbrooke, QC, Canada
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16
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Esteve-Gasent MD, Rodríguez-Vivas RI, Medina RF, Ellis D, Schwartz A, Cortés Garcia B, Hunt C, Tietjen M, Bonilla D, Thomas D, Logan LL, Hasel H, Alvarez Martínez JA, Hernández-Escareño JJ, Mosqueda Gualito J, Alonso Díaz MA, Rosario-Cruz R, Soberanes Céspedes N, Merino Charrez O, Howard T, Chávez Niño VM, Pérez de León AA. Research on Integrated Management for Cattle Fever Ticks and Bovine Babesiosis in the United States and Mexico: Current Status and Opportunities for Binational Coordination. Pathogens 2020; 9:pathogens9110871. [PMID: 33114005 PMCID: PMC7690670 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens9110871] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2020] [Revised: 09/30/2020] [Accepted: 10/02/2020] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Bovine babesiosis is a reportable transboundary animal disease caused by Babesia bovis and Babesiabigemina in the Americas where these apicomplexan protozoa are transmitted by the invasive cattle fever ticks Rhipicephalus (Boophilus) microplus and Rhipicephalus(Boophilus) annulatus. In countries like Mexico where cattle fever ticks remain endemic, bovine babesiosis is detrimental to cattle health and results in a significant economic cost to the livestock industry. These cattle disease vectors continue to threaten the U.S. cattle industry despite their elimination through efforts of the Cattle Fever Tick Eradication Program. Mexico and the U.S. share a common interest in managing cattle fever ticks through their economically important binational cattle trade. Here, we report the outcomes of a meeting where stakeholders from Mexico and the U.S. representing the livestock and pharmaceutical industry, regulatory agencies, and research institutions gathered to discuss research and knowledge gaps requiring attention to advance progressive management strategies for bovine babesiosis and cattle fever ticks. Research recommendations and other actionable activities reflect commitment among meeting participants to seize opportunities for collaborative efforts. Addressing these research gaps is expected to yield scientific knowledge benefitting the interdependent livestock industries of Mexico and the U.S. through its translation into enhanced biosecurity against the economic and animal health impacts of bovine babesiosis and cattle fever ticks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria D. Esteve-Gasent
- Department of Veterinary Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77843, USA;
| | - Roger I. Rodríguez-Vivas
- Campus de Ciencias Biológicas y Agropecuarias, FMVZ, Universidad Autónoma de Yucatán, km. 15.5 Carretera Mérida-Xmatkuil, Mérida, Yucatán 97000, Mexico
- Correspondence:
| | - Raúl F. Medina
- Department of Entomology, College of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77843, USA;
| | - Dee Ellis
- Institute for Infectious Animal Diseases, Texas A&M AgriLife Research, College Station, TX 77843, USA; (D.E.); (C.H.)
| | - Andy Schwartz
- Texas Animal Health Commission, Austin, TX 78758, USA;
| | - Baltazar Cortés Garcia
- Departamento de Rabia Paralítica y Garrapata, Dirección de Campañas Zoosanitarias, Servicio Nacional de Sanidad, Inocuidad y Calidad Agroalimentaria (SENASICA), Avenida Insurgentes Sur N° 489 Piso 9, Colonia Hipódromo, Alcaldía Cuauhtémoc, Ciudad de Mexico 06100, Mexico;
| | - Carrie Hunt
- Institute for Infectious Animal Diseases, Texas A&M AgriLife Research, College Station, TX 77843, USA; (D.E.); (C.H.)
| | - Mackenzie Tietjen
- United States Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service (USDA–ARS), Knipling–Bushland U.S. Livestock Insects Research Laboratory and Veterinary Pest Genomics Center, Kerrville, TX 78028, USA; (M.T.); (A.A.P.d.L.)
| | - Denise Bonilla
- Veterinary Services, Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service International Services, United States Department of Agriculture (USDA-APHIS), Fort Collins, CO 80526, USA;
| | - Don Thomas
- United States Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service (USDA-ARS), Cattel Fever Tick Research Laboratory, Moore Air Base, Edinburg, TX 78541, USA;
| | - Linda L. Logan
- College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77843, USA;
| | - Hallie Hasel
- United States Department of Agriculture, Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service, Veterinary Services, (USDA-APHIS-VS), Austin, TX 78701, USA;
| | - Jesús A. Alvarez Martínez
- CENID-SAI, Instituto Nacional de Investigaciones Forestales Agricolas y Pecuarias, Carr. Fed. Cuernavaca-Cuautla No. 8534, Col. Progreso. Jiutepec, Morelos 62390, Mexico;
| | - Jesús J. Hernández-Escareño
- Facultad de Medicina Veterinaria y Zootecnia, Universidad Autónoma de Nuevo León, General Francisco Villa S/N, Hacienda del Canada, Ciudad General Escobedo, Nuevo León 66054, Mexico;
| | - Juan Mosqueda Gualito
- Immunology and Vaccines Laboratory, C. A. Facultad de Ciencias Naturales, Universidad Autónoma de Querétaro, Carretera a Chichimequillas, Ejido Bolaños, Queretaro Queretaro 76140, Mexico;
| | - Miguel A. Alonso Díaz
- Centro de Enseñanza, Investigación y Extensión en Ganadería Tropical, Facultad de Medicina Veterinaria y Zootecnia, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Km. 5.5 Carretera Federal Tlapacoyan-Martínez de la Torre, Martínez de la Torre, Veracruz 93600, Mexico;
| | - Rodrigo Rosario-Cruz
- BioSA Research Lab., Natural Sciences College, Campus el ‘Shalako’ Las Petaquillas, Autonomous Guerrero State University, Chilpancingo, Guerrero 62105, Mexico;
| | - Noé Soberanes Céspedes
- Lapisa S.A. de C.V. Carretera La Piedad-Guadalajara Km 5.5, Col. Camelinas, La Piedad, Michoacán 59375, Mexico;
| | - Octavio Merino Charrez
- Facultad de Medicina Veterinaria y Zootecnia, Universidad Autónoma de Tamaulipas, Km. 5 Carretera Victoria-Mante, Ciudad Victoria, Tamaulipas 87000, Mexico;
| | - Tami Howard
- United States Department of Agriculture, Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service, Veterinary Services, (USDA-APHIS-VS), Field Operations, Southern Border Ports, Albuquerque, NM 87109, USA;
| | - Victoria M. Chávez Niño
- United States Department of Agriculture, Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service, International Services, (USDA-APHIS-IS), Mexico, Sierra Nevada 115, Col. Lomas de Chapultepec, Mexico City 11000, Mexico;
| | - Adalberto A. Pérez de León
- United States Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service (USDA–ARS), Knipling–Bushland U.S. Livestock Insects Research Laboratory and Veterinary Pest Genomics Center, Kerrville, TX 78028, USA; (M.T.); (A.A.P.d.L.)
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17
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Arafa WM, Klafke GM, Tidwell JP, de León AAP, Esteve-Gassent M. Detection of single nucleotide polymorphism in the para-sodium channel gene of Rhipicephalus annulatus populations from Egypt resistant to deltamethrin. Ticks Tick Borne Dis 2020; 11:101488. [PMID: 32723654 DOI: 10.1016/j.ttbdis.2020.101488] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2019] [Revised: 05/25/2020] [Accepted: 06/01/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Rhipicephalus annulatus field populations collected from small cattle farms in Beni-Suef province in Egypt were evaluated for deltamethrin resistance by toxicological in vitro bioassays (adult immersion test-AIT and larval packet test-LPT). Moreover, a quantitative PCR high resolution melting (PCR-HRM) technique was used to detect nucleotide substitutions in the voltage-gated sodium channel (Na-channel) gene. By the in vitro bioassays, the examined ticks were phenotypically categorized as deltamethrin susceptible (populations El-Wasta - A, and El-Hakamna - C) or resistant (populations El-Wasta - B, El-Hakamna - D, EL-Halabia - E, and Kom-abokhalad - F). Based on LPT findings, the phenotypic resistant populations were found to have a resistance ratio between 6.5 - 10.8. The PCR-HRM genotyping of the ticks showed variable melting curves among the populations in domain II of the Na-channel gene. Analysis of the curves showed the presence of wild type, mutant homozygous, and mutant heterozygous tick individuals. By sequencing the PCR amplified fragments, the C190A mutation was the only detected nucleotide polymorphism of domain II among the phenotypically resistant populations, which was present in 39.5 % (34/86) of the ticks tested. On the other hand, the phenotypically susceptible populations A and C did not show C190A mutant homozygous (RR) individuals. Meanwhile, in domain III all of the examined populations revealed melting curves like the wild type. Furthermore, the sequence analysis of these populations confirmed the absence of SNPs in domain III. The C190A single point mutation was detected for the first time in domain II of the Na-channel gene of deltamethrin-resistant R. annulatus in Egypt using PCR-HRM. Screening for efficacy of chemical compounds used by farmers to control ticks on cattle should be considered as part of animal health programs to manage the emerging resistance to acaricides in R. annulatus populations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Waleed M Arafa
- Department of Parasitology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Beni-Suef University, Beni-Suef, 62512, Egypt.
| | - Guilherme M Klafke
- United States Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, Cattle Fever Tick Research Laboratory, 22675 North Moorefield Rd. MAB 6419, Edinburg, TX, 78541, USA; Centro de Pesquisa em Saúde Animal - IPVDF, Secretaria da Agricultura, Pecuária e Desenvolvimento Rural, Estrada do Conde, 6000, Eldorado do Sul, RS, 92990-000, Brazil
| | - Jason P Tidwell
- United States Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, Cattle Fever Tick Research Laboratory, 22675 North Moorefield Rd. MAB 6419, Edinburg, TX, 78541, USA
| | - Adalberto A Pérez de León
- United States Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, Knipling-Bushland U.S. Livestock Insects Research Laboratory and Veterinary Pest Genomics Center, 2700 Fredericksburg Road, Kerrville, TX, 78028, USA
| | - Maria Esteve-Gassent
- Department of Veterinary Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, 77843-4467, USA
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Villar D, Klafke GM, Rodríguez-Durán A, Bossio F, Miller R, Pérez de León AA, Cortés-Vecino JA, Chaparro-Gutiérrez JJ. Resistance profile and molecular characterization of pyrethroid resistance in a Rhipicephalus microplus strain from Colombia. MEDICAL AND VETERINARY ENTOMOLOGY 2020; 34:105-115. [PMID: 31743471 DOI: 10.1111/mve.12418] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2019] [Revised: 09/16/2019] [Accepted: 10/14/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Intensive use of chemical acaricides for the control of cattle ticks (Rhipicephalus microplus) has led to the development of multiple acaricide resistance in Colombia. The present study aimed to characterize, using toxicological bioassays and molecular biology techniques, the resistance profile of a tick strain isolated from the Arauca state, Northeast Colombia. Commercial acaricides were used in adult immersion tests to determine its in vitro efficacies. Deltamethrin showed very low activity (4-7.3%), a mixture of cypermethrin and chlorpyrifos had intermediate efficacy (64-75.2%), and ethion presented the highest activity (88.5-100%). A colony (Arauquita strain) was established and larval immersion tests confirmed high resistance level to deltamethrin (241-fold) and susceptibility to ivermectin. A quantitative polymerase chain reaction-high resolution melt technique was used to identify single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in the para-sodium channel gene. All of the genotyped individuals were mutant, presenting one (n = 7), two (n = 7) or three (n = 9) SNPs previously associated with pyrethroid resistance. Sequencing revealed a novel mutation (F712L), that was found for the first time in R. microplus ticks from South America. This is the first description of mutations associated with pyrethroid resistance in R. microplus from Colombia. The acaricide resistance pattern found in the Arauquita strain is similar to other parts of Colombia.
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Affiliation(s)
- D Villar
- CIBAV Research Group, School of Veterinary Medicine, Faculty of Agrarian Science, Universidad de Antioquia, Medellín, Colombia
| | - G M Klafke
- USDA-ARS Cattle Fever Tick Research Laboratory and Veterinary Pest Genomics Center, Edinburg, TX, U.S.A
- Centro de Pesquisa em Saúde Animal (IPVDF), SEAPDR, Eldorado do Sul, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil
| | - A Rodríguez-Durán
- Grupo de Investigación Parasitología Veterinaria, Departamento de Salud Animal, Facultad de Medicina Veterinaria y de Zootecnia, Universidad Nacional de Colombia, Sede Bogotá D.C., Colombia
| | - F Bossio
- CIBAV Research Group, School of Veterinary Medicine, Faculty of Agrarian Science, Universidad de Antioquia, Medellín, Colombia
| | - R Miller
- USDA-ARS Cattle Fever Tick Research Laboratory and Veterinary Pest Genomics Center, Edinburg, TX, U.S.A
| | - A A Pérez de León
- USDA-ARS Knipling-Bushland US Livestock Insects Research Laboratory and Veterinary Pest Genomics Center, Kerrville, TX, U.S.A
| | - J A Cortés-Vecino
- Grupo de Investigación Parasitología Veterinaria, Departamento de Salud Animal, Facultad de Medicina Veterinaria y de Zootecnia, Universidad Nacional de Colombia, Sede Bogotá D.C., Colombia
| | - J J Chaparro-Gutiérrez
- CIBAV Research Group, School of Veterinary Medicine, Faculty of Agrarian Science, Universidad de Antioquia, Medellín, Colombia
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Kumar R, Klafke GM, Miller RJ. Voltage-gated sodium channel gene mutations and pyrethroid resistance in Rhipicephalus microplus. Ticks Tick Borne Dis 2020; 11:101404. [PMID: 32035899 DOI: 10.1016/j.ttbdis.2020.101404] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2020] [Accepted: 01/28/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Pyrethroid pesticides are extensively used to manage animal and human disease vectors including the southern cattle tick Rhipicephalus microplus (Canestrini). The indiscriminate and incorrect use of pyrethroids has led to the almost ubiquitous development of resistance to this pesticide class for this tick species. Voltage-gated sodium channels (Na-channels) are the primary target-site of pyrethroids and several studies on the involvement of mutations in the coding gene among pyrethroid-resistant R. microplus populations from different parts of the world have shown that there are various single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) that are associated with resistance to pyrethroids. Identification of the exact location of the mutations in the protein coding regions of the targeted gene facilitates the design of various molecular tools for genotyping the resistant populations and thus promotes the rapid detection of resistance. This review aims to provide an update on the identification of pyrethroid resistance-associated Na-channel mutations from R. microplus.The database of diverse mutations from different regions of the world helped us to develop the molecular markers for resistance monitoring in a rapid and efficient manner. Their role and the development of different forms of molecular tools for genotyping ticks for mutations in the Na-channel gene are also discussed. In this review, the word mutation is used interchangeably with SNP.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rinesh Kumar
- Department of Veterinary Parasitology, College of Veterinary Science and Animal Husbandry, Rewa, 486001, Madhya Pradesh, India.
| | - Guilherme M Klafke
- Centro de Pesquisa em Saúde Animal (IPVDF), Secretaria da Agricultura, Pecuária e Desenvolvimento Rural, Estrada do Conde, 6000, Eldorado do Sul, RS, Brazil; Instituto Nacional de Ciência e Tecnologia em Entomologia Molecular, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Robert J Miller
- USDA-ARS, Cattle Fever Tick Research Laboratory, 22675 North Moorefield Rd., MAB 6419, Edinburg, TX, USA
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Klafke GM, Moreno HC, Tidwell JP, Miller RJ, Thomas DB, Feria-Arroyo TP, Pérez de León AA. Partial characterization of the voltage-gated sodium channel gene and molecular detection of permethrin resistance in Rhipicephalus annulatus (Say, 1821). Ticks Tick Borne Dis 2019; 11:101368. [PMID: 31917128 DOI: 10.1016/j.ttbdis.2019.101368] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2019] [Revised: 12/17/2019] [Accepted: 12/23/2019] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
The cattle tick, Rhipicephalus annulatus (Say) is a vector of bovine babesiosis and responsible for direct and indirect losses to cattle producing areas located in temperate and subtropical dry regions. Resistance against pyrethroids has been reported for this species in Asia and Africa, but never before in North America. An outbreak strain, Rio Lado, collected close to the border between Mexico and the United States, in Maverick County, Texas, showed low level of resistance to permethrin, a pyrethroid pesticide. We used genomic material from different strains of cattle ticks collected within the Permanent Quarantine Zone (Rio Lado, Vega and Klein Grass strains) to partially characterize the coding gene of the voltage-gated sodium channel (Na-channel), target-site of pyrethroid pesticides, and search for putative mutations associated with resistance using quantitative PCR high resolution melt (HRM) analysis. The two amplified fragments, corresponding to domains II and III of the Na-channel, were 100 % identical to its ortholog in Rhipicephalus microplus (Canestrini). No nucleotide polymorphisms in the Na-channel gene were observed in the pyrethroid-resistant Rio Lado strain, when compared to the susceptible strains Klein Grass and Vega. This study reports the first case of pyrethroid resistance in R. annulatus collected in the United States. Also, we provide new genomic data for this species of tick that allows for the development of a new method to screen for mutations associated with pyrethroid resistance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guilherme M Klafke
- United States Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, Cattle Fever Tick Research Laboratory, 22675 North Moorefield Rd. MAB 6419, Edinburg, TX, 78541, USA; Centro de Pesquisa em Saúde Animal - IPVDF, Secretaria da Agricultura, Pecuária e Desenvolvimento Rural, Estrada do Conde, 6000. Eldorado do Sul, RS, 92990-000, Brazil.
| | - Hannah C Moreno
- Department of Biology, The University of Texas Rio Grande Valley, 1201 W. University Dr. Science Building 4.635, Edinburg, TX, 78539, USA
| | - Jason P Tidwell
- United States Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, Cattle Fever Tick Research Laboratory, 22675 North Moorefield Rd. MAB 6419, Edinburg, TX, 78541, USA
| | - Robert J Miller
- United States Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, Cattle Fever Tick Research Laboratory, 22675 North Moorefield Rd. MAB 6419, Edinburg, TX, 78541, USA
| | - Donald B Thomas
- United States Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, Cattle Fever Tick Research Laboratory, 22675 North Moorefield Rd. MAB 6419, Edinburg, TX, 78541, USA
| | - Teresa P Feria-Arroyo
- Department of Biology, The University of Texas Rio Grande Valley, 1201 W. University Dr. Science Building 4.635, Edinburg, TX, 78539, USA
| | - Adalberto A Pérez de León
- United States Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, Knipling-Bushland U.S. Livestock Insects Research Laboratory and Veterinary Pest Genomics Center, 2700 Fredericksburg Road, Kerrville, TX, 78028, USA.
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21
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Kumar R, Sharma AK, Ghosh S. Menace of acaricide resistance in cattle tick, Rhipicephalus microplus in India: Status and possible mitigation strategies. Vet Parasitol 2019; 278:108993. [PMID: 31954273 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetpar.2019.108993] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2019] [Revised: 11/16/2019] [Accepted: 11/18/2019] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
Livestock in general and dairy sector in particular plays a vital role in the Indian economy and in the socio-economic development of millions of people. Rhipicephalus microplus, a one-host and the most prevalent cattle tick in various agro climatic zones of India. This tick species is responsible for severe economic losses to livestock owners both through the direct effects of blood sucking, injection of toxins and indirectly by transmitting pathogens. Due to inadvertent and indiscriminate use of chemicals to kill ticks, field tick population has developed resistance to almost all chemicals that are used to manage them. The intention of this review is to provide the current status of resistance in ticks, the possible mechanisms of resistance operating in the tick population, factors contributing to the development of resistance and the managemental strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rinesh Kumar
- Division of Parasitology, ICAR-Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Izatnagar, Bareilly, 243122, UP, India
| | - Anil Kumar Sharma
- Division of Parasitology, ICAR-Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Izatnagar, Bareilly, 243122, UP, India
| | - Srikant Ghosh
- Division of Parasitology, ICAR-Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Izatnagar, Bareilly, 243122, UP, India.
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Batiha GE, El-Far AH, El-Mleeh AA, Alsenosy AA, Abdelsamei EK, Abdel-Daim MM, El-Sayed YS, Shaheen HM. In vitro study of ivermectin efficiency against the cattle tick, Rhipicephalus ( Boophilus) annulatus, among cattle herds in El-Beheira, Egypt. Vet World 2019; 12:1319-1326. [PMID: 31641314 PMCID: PMC6755390 DOI: 10.14202/vetworld.2019.1319-1326] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2019] [Accepted: 07/08/2019] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIM Ivermectin (IVM) has been used in veterinary practice to control different parasitic infestations over the past two decades. This study aimed to re-assess the acaricidal effects of IVM, as well as to evaluate its efficacy against Rhipicephalus (Boophilus) annulatus by determining the mortality rate, γ-aminobutyric acid (GABA) level, and oxidative/antioxidative homeostasis (malondialdehyde [MDA] levels and glutathione S-transferase [GST] activities). MATERIALS AND METHODS Adult female Rhipicephalus (Boophilus) annulatus were picked from cattle farms in El-Beheira Governorate, Egypt. Ticks were equally allocated to seven experimental groups to assess the acaricidal potential of IVM chemotherapeutics in controlling R. (B.) annulatus. IVM was prepared at three concentrations (11.43, 17.14, and 34.28 µM of IVM). RESULTS Mortality rate was calculated among the treated ticks. In addition, GABA, GST, and MDA biomarker levels were monitored. The data revealed a noticeable change in GST activity, a detoxification enzyme found in R. (B.) annulatus, through a critical elevation in mortality percentage. CONCLUSION IVM-induced potent acaricidal effects against R. (B.) annulatus by repressing GST activity for the initial 24 h after treatment. Collectively, this paper reports the efficacy of IVM in a field population of R. (B.) annulatus in Egypt.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gaber E. Batiha
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Damanhour University, Egypt
| | - Ali H. El-Far
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Damanhour University, Egypt
| | - Amany A. El-Mleeh
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Menoufia University, Egypt
| | | | - Eman K. Abdelsamei
- Department of Parasitology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Menoufia University, Egypt
| | - Mohamed M. Abdel-Daim
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Suez Canal University, Ismailia 41522, Egypt
| | - Yasser S. El-Sayed
- Department of Veterinary Forensic Medicine and Toxicology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Damanhour University, Egypt
| | - Hazem M. Shaheen
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Damanhour University, Egypt
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