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Williams SC, Linske MA. Late fall synthetic acaricide application is effective at reducing host-seeking adult and nymphal Ixodes scapularis (Ixodida: Ixodidae) abundances the following spring. J Med Entomol 2024:tjae044. [PMID: 38635041 DOI: 10.1093/jme/tjae044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2023] [Revised: 02/15/2024] [Accepted: 03/20/2024] [Indexed: 04/19/2024]
Abstract
Based on increases in reported cases of tick-borne illnesses, expanding ranges of native ticks, and repeated documentation of arrivals of nonnative tick species, there is a clear need for their effective management in the United States. Synthetic acaricides have proven efficacious in tick management, but real/perceived negative impacts to the environment and nontarget, beneficial insects must be addressed. We sought to determine whether late fall synthetic acaricide application, when most susceptible beneficial insects are presumably dormant or have migrated, could effectively manage host-seeking spring Ixodes scapularis Say abundances as compared to traditional spring application. We compared results of delivery of Demand CS (lambda-cyhalothrin) via truck-mounted high-pressure spray and powered backpack blower as well as delivery of granular Demand G to experimental control (water) in peridomestic habitats in fall 2021, spring 2022, and combined fall 2021/spring 2022. High-pressure fall delivery of Demand CS and backpack delivery of Demand G significantly reduced host-seeking adult I. scapularis abundances within-season and the following spring combined by 100% and 94%, respectively. No host-seeking nymphal I. scapularis were documented in spring after fall only, spring only, or fall and spring combined delivery of Demand CS via high-pressure or powered backpack blower. No adult I. scapularis were documented at any time posttreatment on locations that received high-pressure delivery of Demand CS. We conclude that high-pressure delivery of Demand CS in late fall successfully eliminated multiple stages of host-seeking I. scapularis through the following spring while likely limiting exposure of beneficial insects to synthetic pyrethroids.
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Affiliation(s)
- Scott C Williams
- Department of Environmental Science and Forestry, The Connecticut Agricultural Experiment Station, 123 Huntington Street, New Haven, CT 06511, USA
- Center for Vector Biology & Zoonotic Diseases, The Connecticut Agricultural Experiment Station, 123 Huntington Street, New Haven, CT 06511, USA
| | - Megan A Linske
- Center for Vector Biology & Zoonotic Diseases, The Connecticut Agricultural Experiment Station, 123 Huntington Street, New Haven, CT 06511, USA
- Department of Entomology, The Connecticut Agricultural Experiment Station, 123 Huntington Street, New Haven, CT 06511, USA
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Insyari’ati T, Hamid PH, Rahayu ET, Sugar DL, Rahma NN, Kusumarini S, Kurnianto H, Wardhana AH. Ectoparasites Infestation to Small Ruminants and Practical Attitudes among Farmers toward Acaricides Treatment in Central Region of Java, Indonesia. Vet Sci 2024; 11:162. [PMID: 38668429 PMCID: PMC11053668 DOI: 10.3390/vetsci11040162] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2024] [Revised: 03/26/2024] [Accepted: 03/29/2024] [Indexed: 04/29/2024] Open
Abstract
Ectoparasite infestations are one of the major problems affecting goat and sheep farming. Disease resulting from these infestations can cause changes in physical appearance, such as severe lesions on the skin, and economic consequences in the form of significantly reduced selling prices. This study aimed to determine the prevalence of ectoparasites in the Boyolali district, Central Java, Indonesia. A total of 651 sheep and goats were surveyed in this study. The parasites were collected via skin scraping, twister, or manually from clinically infected goats and sheep in traditional farms. All of the ectoparasites collected were successfully identified. The prevalence of ectoparasites in ruminants in Boyolali was 97.8% (637/651). The species make-up was as follows: Bovicola caprae 97.8% (637/651), Linognathus africanus 39% (254/651), Haemaphysalis bispinosa 3.5% (23/651), Ctenocephalides spp. 0.2% (1/651), and Sarcoptes scabiei 5.2% (34/651). The predilection sites were in the face, ear, and leg areas, and in the axillary, dorsal, abdomen, and scrotum regions of the surveyed animals. An evaluation of farmers' attitudes to ectoparasites was performed using a questionnaire. The findings of this study imply that animals in the investigated area are highly exposed to ectoparasite infestations. Given the importance of ectoparasites in both livestock and human communities, specifically in the health domain, more research into appropriate control strategies is necessary.
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Affiliation(s)
- Titis Insyari’ati
- Department of Animal Science, Sebelas Maret University, Kota Surakarta 57126, Indonesia; (T.I.); (E.T.R.); (D.L.S.); (N.N.R.)
| | - Penny Humaidah Hamid
- Department of Animal Science, Sebelas Maret University, Kota Surakarta 57126, Indonesia; (T.I.); (E.T.R.); (D.L.S.); (N.N.R.)
| | - Endang Tri Rahayu
- Department of Animal Science, Sebelas Maret University, Kota Surakarta 57126, Indonesia; (T.I.); (E.T.R.); (D.L.S.); (N.N.R.)
| | - Diah Lutfiah Sugar
- Department of Animal Science, Sebelas Maret University, Kota Surakarta 57126, Indonesia; (T.I.); (E.T.R.); (D.L.S.); (N.N.R.)
| | - Nadya Nurvita Rahma
- Department of Animal Science, Sebelas Maret University, Kota Surakarta 57126, Indonesia; (T.I.); (E.T.R.); (D.L.S.); (N.N.R.)
| | - Shelly Kusumarini
- Department of Parasitology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Brawijaya University, Kota Malang 65151, Indonesia;
| | - Heri Kurnianto
- National Research and Innovation Agency, Bogor 16122, Indonesia; (H.K.); (A.H.W.)
| | - April Hari Wardhana
- National Research and Innovation Agency, Bogor 16122, Indonesia; (H.K.); (A.H.W.)
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Perdoncini G, Soares NM, Tucci EC, Della Matta Junior R, Verza SP, Almeida TW, Roh HJ. Assessing the efficacy and zootechnical performance in laying hens after administration of a 1% aqueous solution of fluralaner (Exzolt) for treating natural infestation by Menacanthus cornutus. Poult Sci 2024; 103:103151. [PMID: 37939583 PMCID: PMC10665927 DOI: 10.1016/j.psj.2023.103151] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2023] [Revised: 09/20/2023] [Accepted: 09/22/2023] [Indexed: 11/10/2023] Open
Abstract
A brood of laying hens infested with the lice Menacanthus cornutus (Phthiraptera: Menoponidae) evidenced itching, irritation, and damage to their zootechnical performance. A study was conducted to evaluate the zootechnical performance and infestation control using a 1% solution of fluralaner in a brood of white laying hens infested naturally with lice. The experiment was carried out using 10,560 naturally infested chickens divided into 2 groups: a treatment group of animals that received a 1% solution of fluralaner in drinking water, at a dose of 0.05 mL/kg of body weight, in 2 administrations, 7 d apart; and a control group of infested and untreated chickens. The groups of chickens were followed for 120 d to evaluate the score of infestation and zootechnical performance. It was observed that birds in the treatment group became free of lice infestation 7 d after the administration of the first dose of a 1% solution of fluralaner. For up to 120 d after the experiment was initiated, there was no evidence of subsequent lice infestation, while continued infestation with all life stages of lice (adults, young, or eggs) was evident in the untreated control group, remaining stable during all evaluations performed. The birds in the treatment group showed improved zootechnical performance when compared to a 9.94% egg production decrease in the control group. The feed conversion and egg mass data showed statistically significant differences between the 2 groups. This study allows us to conclude that treatment with a 1% solution of fluralaner effectively controlled Menacanthus cornutus lice infestation and promoted recovery of egg production in a brood of laying hens treated with the test formulation.
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Siegel EL, Xu G, Li AY, Pearson P, D’hers S, Elman N, Mather TN, Rich SM. Ixodes scapularis Is the Most Susceptible of the Three Canonical Human-Biting Tick Species of North America to Repellent and Acaricidal Effects of the Natural Sesquiterpene, (+)-Nootkatone. Insects 2023; 15:8. [PMID: 38249014 PMCID: PMC10816182 DOI: 10.3390/insects15010008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2023] [Revised: 12/18/2023] [Accepted: 12/20/2023] [Indexed: 01/23/2024]
Abstract
Ticks are vectors of many human and animal zoonotic disease-causing agents causing significant global health and economic strain. Repellents and acaricides are integral to the human capacity for personal protection from tick bites. Nootkatone, a naturally occurring sesquiterpene found in the Alaskan cedar tree, grapefruit, and other sources, has been documented to be a potent acaricide. Research has also noted repellent effects against some tick species. In this study, our aim was to investigate the effect of synthetic, high-purity (+)-nootkatone on adult Ixodes scapularis, Dermacentor variabilis, and Amblyomma americanum ticks in an in vitro, vertical filter paper bioassay. (+)-nootkatone showed compelling tick repellency, but median effective concentrations (EC50) significantly differed among species. Ixodes scapularis were repelled at very low concentrations (EC50 = 0.87 ± 0.05 µg/cm2). Higher concentrations were required to repel D. variabilis (EC50 = 252 ± 12 µg/cm2) and A. americanum (EC50 = 2313 ± 179 µg/cm2). Significant post-exposure mortality, assessed 24 h after repellency trials, was also observed in I. scapularis but was absent entirely in D. variabilis and A. americanum. These tests demonstrate that nootkatone has a promising dual-action personal protection capacity against adult I. scapularis ticks, warranting further investigation in more natural environments and in the presence of host cues.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eric L. Siegel
- Laboratory of Medical Zoology, Department of Microbiology, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, MA 01003, USA; (E.L.S.); (P.P.)
| | - Guang Xu
- Laboratory of Medical Zoology, Department of Microbiology, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, MA 01003, USA; (E.L.S.); (P.P.)
| | - Andrew Y. Li
- United States Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, Invasive Insect Biocontrol and Behavior Laboratory, Beltsville, MD 20704, USA;
| | - Patrick Pearson
- Laboratory of Medical Zoology, Department of Microbiology, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, MA 01003, USA; (E.L.S.); (P.P.)
| | - Sebastián D’hers
- Computational Mechanics Center, Instituto Tecnológico de Buenos Aires (ITBA), Ciudad Autónoma de Buenos Aires C1106ACD, Argentina;
| | - Noel Elman
- GearJump Technologies, Limited Liability Company, Brookline, MA 02446, USA;
| | - Thomas N. Mather
- Center for Vector-Borne Disease, University of Rhode Island, Kingston, RI 02881, USA;
| | - Stephen M. Rich
- Laboratory of Medical Zoology, Department of Microbiology, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, MA 01003, USA; (E.L.S.); (P.P.)
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Chen H, Li T, Bilal M, Cao C, Zhao P, Zhou X, Yu L, Huang Q, Cao L. Multifunctional Borax Cross-Linked Hydroxypropyl Guar Gum Hydrogels with Crop Nutritional Function as Carriers for Dual-Responsive Acaricide Release. J Agric Food Chem 2023; 71:16521-16532. [PMID: 37877155 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.3c05241] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2023]
Abstract
Hydrogels with porous networks have received considerable attention in smart pesticide delivery due to their inherent versatility. In this study, acaricide cyetpyrafen (CPF)-loaded borax (BO) cross-linked hydroxypropyl guar gum (HPG) (CPF@BO-co-HPG, CBG) hydrogels were prepared by cross-linking and pesticide loading simultaneously. The flowable CBG hydrogels with 3D porous network structures had better wetting and spreading ability on Citrus reticulata Blanco leaves and a hydrophobic interface. The nonflowable CBG hydrogels had pH- and temperature-responsive release properties. Meanwhile, the acaricidal efficacy of CBG against Panonychus citri (McGregor) at both 24 and 48 h was significantly higher than those of CPF-loaded BO-free HPG hydrogels. Furthermore, CBG had a nutritional function for cotton growth and environmental safety for zebrafish. This research developed a BO cross-linked HPG hydrogel as a smart pesticide delivery vehicle and crop nutrient replenishment, which can be widely applied in sustainable agriculture.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huiping Chen
- State Key Laboratory for Biology of Plant Diseases and Insect Pests, Institute of Plant Protection, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100193, P. R. China
| | - Tengjiao Li
- Beijing Tiandun Advanced Materials Technology Co., Ltd., Beijing 100094, P. R. China
| | - Muhammad Bilal
- National Agricultural Research Center (NARC), Islamabad 44000, Pakistan
| | - Chong Cao
- State Key Laboratory for Biology of Plant Diseases and Insect Pests, Institute of Plant Protection, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100193, P. R. China
| | - Pengyue Zhao
- State Key Laboratory for Biology of Plant Diseases and Insect Pests, Institute of Plant Protection, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100193, P. R. China
| | - Xiaomao Zhou
- Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory of Pesticide Biology and Precise Use Technology, Changsha 410125, P. R. China
| | - Lu Yu
- College of Plant Protection, Shenyang Agricultural University, Shenyang 110866, P. R. China
| | - Qiliang Huang
- State Key Laboratory for Biology of Plant Diseases and Insect Pests, Institute of Plant Protection, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100193, P. R. China
| | - Lidong Cao
- State Key Laboratory for Biology of Plant Diseases and Insect Pests, Institute of Plant Protection, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100193, P. R. China
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Bickerton M, González J, Egizi A, Toledo A. Baseline susceptibility of Haemaphysalis longicornis to organophosphate, carbamate, and pyrethroid acaricides. Pest Manag Sci 2023; 79:4328-4334. [PMID: 37366176 DOI: 10.1002/ps.7631] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2023] [Revised: 06/22/2023] [Accepted: 06/27/2023] [Indexed: 06/28/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The Asian longhorned tick, Haemaphysalis longicornis, continues to expand its range in North America, and synthetic acaricides are likely to play an increasing role in managing this species. Acaricide resistance is common in some tick species that infest livestock. However, baseline acaricide susceptibility has not previously been examined in this invasive tick. RESULTS We used a standard larval packet test to evaluate the susceptibility of the Asian longhorned tick to acaricides currently or formerly used in tick control: propoxur, carbaryl, bifenthrin, permethrin, and coumaphos. Discriminating concentrations were estimated at 6.5, 27.9, 988, 2242, and 808 ppm, respectively. The half-maximal lethal concentration (LC50 ) values for propoxur, carbaryl, permethrin and coumaphos were compared with data available for other tick species and showed that H. longicornis was more susceptible to propoxur, carbaryl and coumaphos, and had a similar susceptibility to permethrin. CONCLUSIONS The results indicate that resistance to these acaricides is not currently a concern for H. longicornis in the United States. However, responsible integrated management and early detection of resistance can help ensure the long-term efficacy of products used for controlling this tick species. © 2023 The Authors. Pest Management Science published by John Wiley & Sons Ltd on behalf of Society of Chemical Industry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew Bickerton
- Department of Entomology, Rutgers University, Newark, NJ, USA
- Center for Vector Biology, Rutgers University, Newark, NJ, USA
- Bergen County Department of Health Services, Hackensack, NJ, USA
| | - Julia González
- Department of Entomology, Rutgers University, Newark, NJ, USA
- Center for Vector Biology, Rutgers University, Newark, NJ, USA
| | - Andrea Egizi
- Center for Vector Biology, Rutgers University, Newark, NJ, USA
- Monmouth County Mosquito Control Division, Tinton Falls, NJ, USA
| | - Alvaro Toledo
- Department of Entomology, Rutgers University, Newark, NJ, USA
- Center for Vector Biology, Rutgers University, Newark, NJ, USA
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Fuente-Ballesteros A, Brugnerotto P, Nguyen VD, Costa ACO, Bernal J, Ares AM. Contamination of Honeybee ( Apis mellifera L.) Royal Jelly by Pesticides and Sample Preparation Methods for Its Determination: A Critical Appraisal. Foods 2023; 12:3612. [PMID: 37835264 PMCID: PMC10572548 DOI: 10.3390/foods12193612] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2023] [Revised: 09/25/2023] [Accepted: 09/26/2023] [Indexed: 10/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Pesticides can easily enter the food chain, harming bee populations and ecosystems. Exposure of beehive products to various contaminants has been identified as one of the factors contributing to the decline in bee populations, and multiple food alerts have been reported. Despite this fact, royal jelly, a valuable bee product with nutritional and functional properties, has received less attention in this context. Pesticide residues of different chemical class can contaminate royal jelly when foraging bees collect pollen or nectar from pesticide-treated flowers, or in some cases, due to its frequent and inappropriate use in the treatment of mites in beehives. To monitor this issue and also make it more reliable, it is crucial to develop effective sample preparation methods for extracting pesticides from royal jelly for subsequent analysis. In this context, this review provides information about sample preparation methods (solid-phase extraction, solvent extraction, and QuEChERS-quick, easy, cheap, effective, rugged and safe) and analytical methods that have been validated or improved to extract and analyze pesticides, respectively, in royal jelly samples of different origins. Finally, future perspectives are discussed. With this background, we aim to provide data that can guide future research related to this topic.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adrián Fuente-Ballesteros
- Analytical Chemistry Group (TESEA), I.U. CINQUIMA, Faculty of Sciences, University of Valladolid, 47011 Valladolid, Spain; (A.F.-B.); (J.B.)
| | - Patricia Brugnerotto
- Laboratory of Food Chemistry, Department of Food Science and Technology, Federal University of Santa Catarina, Florianópolis 88034-001, SC, Brazil; (P.B.); (A.C.O.C.)
| | - Vinh Dinh Nguyen
- Faculty of Chemistry, TNU-University of Sciences, Tan Thinh Ward, Thai Nguyen City 25000, Vietnam;
| | - Ana C. O. Costa
- Laboratory of Food Chemistry, Department of Food Science and Technology, Federal University of Santa Catarina, Florianópolis 88034-001, SC, Brazil; (P.B.); (A.C.O.C.)
| | - José Bernal
- Analytical Chemistry Group (TESEA), I.U. CINQUIMA, Faculty of Sciences, University of Valladolid, 47011 Valladolid, Spain; (A.F.-B.); (J.B.)
| | - Ana M. Ares
- Analytical Chemistry Group (TESEA), I.U. CINQUIMA, Faculty of Sciences, University of Valladolid, 47011 Valladolid, Spain; (A.F.-B.); (J.B.)
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Álvarez F, Arena M, Auteri D, Batista Leite S, Binaglia M, Castoldi AF, Chiusolo A, Colagiorgi A, Colas M, Crivellente F, De Lentdecker C, De Magistris I, Egsmose M, Fait G, Ferilli F, Gouliarmou V, Halling K, Nogareda LH, Ippolito A, Istace F, Jarrah S, Kardassi D, Kienzler A, Lanzoni A, Lava R, Leuschner R, Linguadoca A, Louisse J, Lythgo C, Magrans O, Mangas I, Miron I, Molnar T, Padovani L, Panzarea M, Parra Morte JM, Rizzuto S, Romac A, Rortais A, Serafimova R, Sharp R, Szentes C, Terron A, Theobald A, Tiramani M, Vianello G, Villamar‐Bouza L. Peer review of the pesticide risk assessment of the active substance milbemectin. EFSA J 2023; 21:e08126. [PMID: 37502009 PMCID: PMC10369232 DOI: 10.2903/j.efsa.2023.8126] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/29/2023] Open
Abstract
The conclusions of the European Food Safety Authority (EFSA) following the peer review of the initial risk assessment carried out by the competent authorities of the rapporteur Member State, Germany, and co-rapporteur Member State, the Netherlands, for the pesticide active substance milbemectin are reported. The context of the peer review was that required by Commission Implementing Regulation (EU) No 844/2012, as amended by Commission Implementing Regulation (EU) No 2018/1659. The conclusions were reached on the basis of the evaluation of the representative uses of milbemectin as an acaricide and insecticide in strawberry (field and greenhouse), berries and black and white currant (field and greenhouse), apple, pear, cherry and plum (field) and ornamentals (field and greenhouse). The reliable end points, appropriate for use in regulatory risk assessment, are presented. Missing information identified as being required by the regulatory framework is listed. Concerns are reported where identified.
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Dzemo WD, Vudriko P, Ramatla T, Thekisoe O. Acaricide Resistance Development in Rhipicephalus (Boophilus) microplus (Acari: Ixodidae) Populations against Amitraz and Deltamethrin on Communal Farms of the King Sabata Dalindyebo Municipality, South Africa. Pathogens 2023; 12:875. [PMID: 37513722 PMCID: PMC10383965 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens12070875] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2023] [Revised: 06/08/2023] [Accepted: 06/23/2023] [Indexed: 07/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Chemical acaricides are widely used to control ticks and tick-borne pathogens in cattle. However, prolonged and indiscriminate use of these chemicals inevitably leads to the selection of resistant ticks. In-vitro bioassays (adult and larval immersion tests) were conducted to assess amitraz and deltamethrin resistance in Rhipicephalus (Boophilus) microplus populations from communal farms of the King Sabata Dalindyebo municipality of South Africa. Data generated on percentage inhibition of oviposition (%IO) revealed that all the tick populations assessed showed resistance (%IO ≤ 95%) to at least one of the acaricides. All six tick populations assessed for efficacy (%IO ≥ 95%) at the DD) with deltamethrin were resistant (%IO ≤ 95%) and only one of the six tick populations assessed for efficacy with amitraz was susceptible. Based on the resistance ratios (RR), the adult immersion test detected amitraz and deltamethrin resistance in three (RR ranging from 2.30 to 3.21) and five (RR ranging from 4.10 to 14.59) of the six tick populations, respectively. With the larval immersion test, deltamethrin and amitraz resistance (larval mortality < 90% at the DD) was detected in all four and three of four R. (B.) microplus populations assessed, respectively. These data are critical for the design of an effective and sustainable tick control strategy on the communal farms.
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Affiliation(s)
- William Diymba Dzemo
- Department of Biological and Environmental Sciences, Faculty of Natural Sciences, Walter Sisulu University, Mthatha 5117, South Africa
- Unit for Environmental Sciences and Management, North-West University, Potchefstroom 2531, South Africa
| | - Patrick Vudriko
- Research Center for Tropical Diseases and Vector Control, Department of Veterinary Pharmacy, Clinics and Comparative Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Animal Resources and Biosecurity, Makerere University, Kampala P.O. Box 7062, Uganda
| | - Tsepo Ramatla
- Unit for Environmental Sciences and Management, North-West University, Potchefstroom 2531, South Africa
| | - Oriel Thekisoe
- Unit for Environmental Sciences and Management, North-West University, Potchefstroom 2531, South Africa
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Obaid MK, Almutairi MM, Alouffi A, Safi SZ, Tanaka T, Ali A. Assessment of cypermethrin and amitraz resistance and molecular profiling of voltage-gated sodium channel and octopamine tyramine genes of Rhipicephalus microplus. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2023; 13:1176013. [PMID: 37305408 PMCID: PMC10248163 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2023.1176013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2023] [Accepted: 04/14/2023] [Indexed: 06/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Control of ticks and tick-borne pathogens is a priority for human and animal health. Livestock-holders extensively rely on acaricide applications for tick control. Different groups of acaricides including cypermethrin and amitraz have been consistently used in Pakistan. There has been a gap in understanding the susceptibility or resistance of Rhipicephalus microplus, the most prevalent tick in Pakistan, to acaricides. The present study aimed to molecularly characterize cypermethrin and amitraz targeted genes such as voltage-gated sodium channel (VGSC) and octopamine tyramine (OCT/Tyr) of R. microplus ticks in Khyber Pakhtunkhwa (KP), Pakistan to monitor the acaricides resistance. Tick specimens were collected from cattle and buffaloes in northern (Chitral, Shangla, Swat, Dir, and Buner), central (Peshawar, Mardan, Charsadda, Swabi, and Nowshera), and southern districts (Kohat, Karak, Lakki Marwat, Tank, and Dera Ismail Khan) of KP, Pakistan. Different concentrations of commercially available cypermethrin (10%) and amitraz (12.5%) were prepared for in vitro larval immersion tests (LIT). In LIT, the average mortality rate of immersed larvae was recorded that was increased gradually with an increase in the concentration of specific acaricide. The larvae's highest mortality rates (94.5% and 79.5%) were observed at 100-ppm of cypermethrin and amitraz, respectively. A subset of 82 R. microplus ticks was subjected to extract genomic DNA, followed by PCR to amplify partial fragments of VGSC (domain-II) and OCT/Tyr genes. The BLAST results of the consensus sequence of VGSC gene (domain-II) showed 100% identity with the acaricides susceptible tick sequence from the United States (reference sequence). Obtained identical sequences of OCT/Tyr genes showed maximum identity (94-100%) with the identical sequences reported from Australia (reference sequence), India, Brazil, Philippines, USA, South Africa, and China. Thirteen single nucleotide polymorphisms (10 synonymous and three non-synonymous) were observed at various positions of partial OCT/Tyr gene fragments. The SNP at position A-22-C (T-8-P) in OCT/Tyr gene has been linked to amitraz resistance in R. microplus ticks. Molecular analysis and LIT bioassay's findings indicate the availability of resistant R. microplus ticks in the KP region. To our understanding, this is the first preliminary study to monitor cypermethrin and amitraz resistance via molecular profiling of cypermethrin and amitraz targeted genes (VGSC and OCT/Tyr) in combination with in vitro bioassays (LIT) in R. microplus ticks from Pakistan.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Mashal M. Almutairi
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, College of Pharmacy, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Abdulaziz Alouffi
- King Abdulaziz City for Science and Technology, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Sher Zaman Safi
- Faculty of Medicine, Bioscience and Nursing, MAHSA University, Jenjarom, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Tetsuya Tanaka
- Laboratory of Infectious Diseases, Joint Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Kagoshima University, Kagoshima, Japan
| | - Abid Ali
- Department of Zoology, Abdul Wali Khan University Mardan, Mardan, Pakistan
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Williams SC, Linske MA, DeNicola AJ, DeNicola VL, Boulanger JR. Experimental oral delivery of the systemic acaricide moxidectin to free-ranging white-tailed deer (Artiodactyla: Cervidae) parasitized by Amblyomma americanum (Ixodida: Ixodidae). J Med Entomol 2023:7174277. [PMID: 37208791 DOI: 10.1093/jme/tjad056] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2022] [Revised: 04/20/2023] [Accepted: 05/03/2023] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
Orally delivered, host-targeted, systemic acaricide treatment has potential to be an effective areawide tick abatement strategy. Past efforts using ivermectin for livestock were reported effective at controlling both Amblyomma americanum (L.) and Ixodes scapularis Say on Odocoileus virginianus (Zimmermann). However, the labeled 48-day withdrawal period for human consumption largely prevented utilization of this strategy targeting I. scapularis in autumn, when peak adult host-seeking activity coincides with regulated white-tailed deer hunting seasons. The modern-day compound moxidectin is the active ingredient in the pour-on formulation Cydectin (5 mg moxidectin/ml; Bayer Healthcare LLC), with a labeled 0-day withdrawal period for human consumption of treated cattle. We sought to re-examine the systemic acaricide approach for tick management by determining if we could successfully deliver Cydectin to free-ranging white-tailed deer. Over 2 yr in late spring/early summer, coinciding with adult and nymphal A. americanum activity, we fed Cydectin-coated corn to free-ranging white-tailed deer in coastal Connecticut. Through serum analysis, we documented moxidectin levels at or above those previously reported effective for control of ectoparasites (5-8 ppb for moxidectin and ivermectin) in 24 of 29 white-tailed deer captured (83%) while exposed to treated corn. While we did not document differences in burdens of parasitizing A. americanum based on moxidectin sera levels, we did document fewer engorged specimens on deer with increased sera levels. The systemic use of moxidectin for tick management in critical reproductive hosts has the potential to be effective in an areawide capacity while also permitting human consumption of treated venison.
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Affiliation(s)
- Scott C Williams
- Center for Vector Biology & Zoonotic Diseases, The Connecticut Agricultural Experiment Station, 123 Huntington Street, New Haven, CT 06511, USA
- Department of Environmental Science and Forestry, The Connecticut Agricultural Experiment Station, 123 Huntington Street, New Haven, CT 06511, USA
| | - Megan A Linske
- Center for Vector Biology & Zoonotic Diseases, The Connecticut Agricultural Experiment Station, 123 Huntington Street, New Haven, CT 06511, USA
- Department of Entomology, The Connecticut Agricultural Experiment Station, 123 Huntington Street, New Haven, CT 06511, USA
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12
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Jeanguenat A, Lamberth C. Sulfur-based functional groups in agrochemistry. Pest Manag Sci 2023. [PMID: 37194139 DOI: 10.1002/ps.7553] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2023] [Revised: 05/08/2023] [Accepted: 05/12/2023] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
The element of sulfur plays an outstanding role in crop protection chemistry, as it is used in elemental form as a multisite fungicide but is also part of agrochemicals in form of aromatic or aliphatic sulfur-containing rings or sulfur-based functional groups. This review article will give an exhaustive overview over the latter category. Several fundamental agrochemical compound classes are named after a sulfur-based functionality, such as the dithiocarbamate fungicides and the sulfonylurea herbicides. Altogether sixteen different sulfur-based functional groups are presented with their typical synthesis approaches and most important representatives in crop protection. This article is protected by copyright. All rights reserved.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andre Jeanguenat
- Syngenta Crop Protection AG, Research Chemistry, Schaffhauserstrasse 101, CH-4332, Stein, Switzerland
| | - Clemens Lamberth
- Syngenta Crop Protection AG, Research Chemistry, Schaffhauserstrasse 101, CH-4332, Stein, Switzerland
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13
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Ostfeld RS, Keesing F. Does Experimental Reduction of Blacklegged Tick ( Ixodes scapularis) Abundance Reduce Lyme Disease Incidence? Pathogens 2023; 12:pathogens12050714. [PMID: 37242384 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens12050714] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2023] [Revised: 05/05/2023] [Accepted: 05/08/2023] [Indexed: 05/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Controlling the abundance of blacklegged ticks is considered the foundation for the prevention of human exposure to pathogens transmitted by these vectors in eastern North America. The use of broadcast or host-targeted acaricides is generally found to be effective at reducing the local abundance of ticks. However, studies that incorporate randomization, placebo controls, and masking, i.e., "blinding", generally find lower efficacy. The few studies that include measurements of human-tick encounters and cases of tickborne disease have not shown impacts of acaricidal treatments. We compile literature on relevant studies from northeastern North America to address possible causes for discrepancies in study outcomes and suggest possible mechanisms that could underlie the diminished efficacy of tick control in reducing cases of tickborne disease in people.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Felicia Keesing
- Department of Biology, Bard College, Annandale-on-Hudson, NY 12504, USA
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14
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Strydom T, Lavan RP, Torres S, Heaney K. The Economic Impact of Parasitism from Nematodes, Trematodes and Ticks on Beef Cattle Production. Animals (Basel) 2023; 13:1599. [PMID: 37238028 PMCID: PMC10215612 DOI: 10.3390/ani13101599] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2023] [Revised: 05/01/2023] [Accepted: 05/08/2023] [Indexed: 05/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Global human population growth requires the consumption of more meat such as beef to meet human needs for protein intake. Cattle parasites are a constant and serious threat to the development of the beef cattle industry. Studies have shown that parasites not only reduce the performance of beef cattle, but also negatively affect the profitability of beef agriculture and have many other impacts, including contributing to the production of greenhouse gases. In addition, some zoonotic parasitic diseases may also threaten human health. Therefore, ongoing cattle parasite research is crucial for continual parasite control and the development of the beef cattle industry. Parasitism challenges profitable beef production by reducing feed efficiency, immune function, reproductive efficiency, liveweight, milk yield, calf yield and carcass weight, and leads to liver condemnations and disease transmission. Globally, beef cattle producers incur billions (US$) in losses due to parasitism annually, with gastrointestinal nematodes (GIN) and cattle ticks causing the greatest economic impact. The enormity of losses justifies parasitic control measures to protect profits and improve animal welfare. Geographical differences in production environment, management practices, climate, cattle age and genotype, parasite epidemiology and susceptibility to chemotherapies necessitate control methods customized for each farm. Appropriate use of anthelmintics, endectocides and acaricides have widely been shown to result in net positive return on investment. Implementing strategic parasite control measures, with thorough knowledge of parasite risk, prevalence, parasiticide resistance profiles and prices can result in positive economic returns for beef cattle farmers in all sectors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tom Strydom
- MSD Animal Health, 20 Spartan Road, Isando, Kempton Park 1619, South Africa;
| | - Robert P. Lavan
- Merck & Co., Inc., 126 E. Lincoln Avenue, Rahway, NJ 07065, USA
| | - Siddhartha Torres
- Merck Animal Health, 2 Giralda Farms, Madison, NJ 07940, USA; (S.T.); (K.H.)
| | - Kathleen Heaney
- Merck Animal Health, 2 Giralda Farms, Madison, NJ 07940, USA; (S.T.); (K.H.)
- Heaney Veterinary Consulting, 303 Fletcher Lake Avenue, Bradley Beach, NJ 07720, USA
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15
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Showler AT, Harlien JL. Lethal Effects of Imergard WP, a Perlite-based Dust, on Amblyomma americanum (Ixodida: Ixodidae) Larvae and Nymphs. J Med Entomol 2023; 60:326-332. [PMID: 36545899 DOI: 10.1093/jme/tjac183] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
As resistance in economically and medically important ixodids (hard ticks, Ixodida: Ixodidae) to conventional synthetic toxin-based acaricides has become increasingly widespread, research efforts to identify alternative control tactics have intensified. Laboratory bioassays on the lone star tick, Amblyomma americanum (L.), as a model for other ixodid species, were conducted to assess the efficiency of Imergard WP perlite-based dust versus CimeXa, a silica gel-based insecticidal product that is highly effective against ixodid larvae and nymphs. Each of the two inert desiccant dusts immobilized A. americanum larvae and nymphs within 4-6 h, and killed 100% of the ixodids by 24 h after contact by brief immersion in dry dusts, and after they crawled ≈7.3 cm across a filter paper disc treated with the dusts. Contact by crawling on a dried aqueous film of the dusts, however, did not immobilize and kill the ixodids by 24 h. Similar to silica gel-based desiccant dust, dry perlite-based Imergard WP dust might prophylactically protect cattle and other animals from medically and agriculturally important ixodid pests. Perlite can potentially be stored indefinitely, it can retain its lethal properties for as long as adequate amounts remain on a substrate, and it might be acceptable for limited application in environmentally sensitive habitats.
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Affiliation(s)
- Allan T Showler
- USDA-ARS, Knipling-Bushland U.S. Livestock Insects Research Laboratory, Kerrville, TX 78028, USA
| | - Jessica L Harlien
- USDA-ARS, Knipling-Bushland U.S. Livestock Insects Research Laboratory, Kerrville, TX 78028, USA
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16
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Kolics B, Mátyás K, Solti I, Bacsi Z, Kovács S, Specziár A, Taller J, Kolics É. Efficacy of In Vitro Lithium Chloride Treatments on Dermacentor reticulatus. Insects 2023; 14:110. [PMID: 36835679 PMCID: PMC9960498 DOI: 10.3390/insects14020110] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2022] [Revised: 01/10/2023] [Accepted: 01/11/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
Dermacentor reticulatus (Fabr., 1794) (Acari: Ixodidae) is parasite that spreads many diseases which are dangerous to humans and animals. Microelement lithium was found to have promising potential against the detrimental bee pest Varroa destructor. Furthermore, its effectiveness was confirmed against Dermanyssus gallinae, a major parasite of poultry, in vitro. In the present study, we investigated whether the efficacy of lithium chloride extends to other parasitic species, such as D. reticulatus. Our results revealed, for the first time, that the effectiveness of lithium chloride extends to D. reticulatus, confirmed to have 100% mortality at a relatively high minimum concentration of 1.38 M in vitro. The 24 h and 48 h median lethal concentration (LC50) values proved to be 0.654 M and 0.481 M, respectively, for this species. Our pilot study may contribute to a better understanding of the properties of lithium ion. Furthermore, it may elicit further studies aiming to reveal whether the different environmental mineral conditions may influence the D. reticulatus population. Further studies might reveal whether lithium has any possible veterinary relevance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Balázs Kolics
- Festetics Bioinnovation Group, Department of Microbiology and Applied Biotechnology, Institute of Genetics and Biotechnology, Georgikon Campus, Hungarian University of Agriculture and Life Sciences, H-8360 Keszthely, Hungary
| | - Kinga Mátyás
- Festetics Bioinnovation Group, Department of Microbiology and Applied Biotechnology, Institute of Genetics and Biotechnology, Georgikon Campus, Hungarian University of Agriculture and Life Sciences, H-8360 Keszthely, Hungary
| | - Izabella Solti
- Festetics Bioinnovation Group, Department of Microbiology and Applied Biotechnology, Institute of Genetics and Biotechnology, Georgikon Campus, Hungarian University of Agriculture and Life Sciences, H-8360 Keszthely, Hungary
| | - Zsuzsanna Bacsi
- Department of Agricultural Economics and Policy, Institute of Agricultural and Food Economics, Georgikon Campus, Hungarian University of Agriculture and Life Sciences, H-8360 Keszthely, Hungary
| | - Szilvia Kovács
- Department of Wildlife Biology and Management, Institute for Wildlife Management and Nature Conservation, Georgikon Campus, Hungarian University of Agriculture and Life Sciences, H-8360 Keszthely, Hungary
| | - András Specziár
- Balaton Limnological Research Institute, H-8237 Tihany, Hungary
| | - János Taller
- Festetics Bioinnovation Group, Department of Microbiology and Applied Biotechnology, Institute of Genetics and Biotechnology, Georgikon Campus, Hungarian University of Agriculture and Life Sciences, H-8360 Keszthely, Hungary
| | - Éva Kolics
- Festetics Bioinnovation Group, Department of Microbiology and Applied Biotechnology, Institute of Genetics and Biotechnology, Georgikon Campus, Hungarian University of Agriculture and Life Sciences, H-8360 Keszthely, Hungary
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17
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Parmagnani AS, Mannino G, Brillada C, Novero M, Dall'Osto L, Maffei ME. Biology of Two-Spotted Spider Mite (Tetranychus urticae): Ultrastructure, Photosynthesis, Guanine Transcriptomics, Carotenoids and Chlorophylls Metabolism, and Decoyinine as a Potential Acaricide. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24. [PMID: 36675229 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24021715] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2022] [Revised: 01/13/2023] [Accepted: 01/13/2023] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Two-Spotted Spider Mites (TSSMs, Tetranychus urticae Koch 1836 (Acari: Tetranychidae)) is one of the most important pests in many crop plants, and their feeding activity is based on sucking leaf cell contents. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the interaction between TSSMs and their host Lima bean (Phaseolus lunatus) by analyzing the metabolomics of leaf pigments and the transcriptomics of TSSM guanine production. We also used epifluorescence, confocal laser scanning, and transmission electron microscopies to study the morphology and structure of TSSMs and their excreta. Finally, we evaluated the potential photosynthetic ability of TSSMs and the activity and content of Ribulose-1,5-bisphosphate Carboxylase/Oxigenase (RubisCO). We found that TSSMs express several genes involved in guanine production, including Guanosine Monophosphate Synthetase (GMPS) and decoyinine (DCY), a potential inhibitor of GMPS, was found to reduce TSSMs proliferation in infested Lima bean leaves. Despite the presence of intact chloroplasts and chlorophyll in TSSMs, we demonstrate that TSSMs do not retain any photosynthetic activity. Our results show for the first time the transcriptomics of guanine production in TSSMs and provide new insight into the catabolic activity of TSSMs on leaf chlorophyll and carotenoids. Finally, we preliminary demonstrate that DCY has an acaricidal potential against TSSMs.
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18
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Saman S, Chen CC, Malak N, Khan A, Nasreen N, Khan A, Niaz S, Rehman G, Rodriguez-Vivas RI, Cossío-Bayúgar R. Ethanolic Extracts of Datura innoxia Have Promising Acaricidal Activity against Rhipicephalus microplus as It Blocks the Glutathione S-Transferase Activity of the Target Tick. Genes (Basel) 2022; 14:genes14010118. [PMID: 36672859 PMCID: PMC9859338 DOI: 10.3390/genes14010118] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2022] [Revised: 12/14/2022] [Accepted: 12/27/2022] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Rhipicephalus microplus is a major bovine ectoparasite that negatively impacts the cattle industry. The acaricidal activity of Datura innoxia ethanolic plant extract against R. microplus, compared with trichlorfon, was examined using the adult immersion test (AIT), and larval packet test (LPT). In vitro acaricidal activity of the selected plant extract against R. microplus engorged females was evaluated at different concentrations (2.5, 5, 10, 20, and 40 mg/mL), and was the same for AIT and LPT. It was further supported by in silico molecular docking of D. innoxia's 21 phytochemicals against the R. microplus Glutathione S-transferases (RmGST) protein's three-dimensional (3D) structure predicted by the trRosetta server. The modeled 3D structure was then evaluated and confirmed with PROCHECK, ERRAT, and Verify3D online servers. To predict the binding mechanisms of these compounds, molecular docking was performed using Auto dock Vina software, and molecular dynamic (MD) simulations were used to investigate the protein atom's dynamic motion. D. innoxia has a relatively higher inhibitory effect on oviposition (from 9.81% to 45.37%) and total larval mortality (42.33% at 24 h and 93.67% at 48 h) at 40 mg/mL. Moreover, the docking results showed that the chemicals norapoatropine and 7-Hydroxyhyoscyamine have strong interactions with active site residues of the target protein, with a docking score of -7.3 and -7.0 Kcal/mol, respectively. The current work also provided a computational basis for the inhibitors of Glutathione S-transferases that were studied in this research work, and this new knowledge should aid in creating new and effective acaricidal chemicals. Furthermore, this plant extract's acaricide activity and its effect on oviposition and larval mortality were established in this work for the first time, indicating the possible use of this extract in the management of ticks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Saman Saman
- Department of Zoology, Abdul Wali Khan University Mardan, Mardan 23200, Pakistan
| | - Chien-Chin Chen
- Department of Biotechnology and Bioindustry Sciences, College of Bioscience and Biotechnology, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan 701, Taiwan
- Department of Pathology, Ditmanson Medical Foundation Chia-Yi Christian Hospital, Chiayi 600, Taiwan
- Department of Cosmetic Science, Chia Nan University of Pharmacy and Science, Tainan 717, Taiwan
| | - Nosheen Malak
- Department of Zoology, Abdul Wali Khan University Mardan, Mardan 23200, Pakistan
| | - Afshan Khan
- Department of Zoology, Abdul Wali Khan University Mardan, Mardan 23200, Pakistan
| | - Nasreen Nasreen
- Department of Zoology, Abdul Wali Khan University Mardan, Mardan 23200, Pakistan
| | - Adil Khan
- Department of Zoology, Bacha Khan University Charsadda, Charsadda 24631, Pakistan
- Correspondence:
| | - Sadaf Niaz
- Department of Zoology, Abdul Wali Khan University Mardan, Mardan 23200, Pakistan
| | - Gauhar Rehman
- Department of Zoology, Abdul Wali Khan University Mardan, Mardan 23200, Pakistan
| | - Roger I. Rodriguez-Vivas
- Departamento de Salud Animal y Medicina Preventiva, Facultad de Medicina Veterinaria y Zootecnia, Universidad Autónoma de Yucatán, Merida 97000, Yucatán, Mexico
| | - Raquel Cossío-Bayúgar
- Departamento de Artropodología, Centro Nacional de Investigaciones Disciplinarias en Salud Animal e Inocuidad, Instituto Nacional de Investigaciones Forestales Agrícolas y Pecuarias (INIFAP), Boulevard Cuauhnahuac No. 8534, Jiutepec 62574, Morelos, Mexico
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19
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Lamberth C. The power of cross-indication testing: agrochemicals originally stemming from a different indication. Pest Manag Sci 2022; 78:4438-4445. [PMID: 35906817 DOI: 10.1002/ps.7100] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2022] [Revised: 07/19/2022] [Accepted: 07/30/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Cross-indication testing is the assaying of final compounds, but also their intermediates or side products, from one agrochemical indication against target species of other product lines. This approach has proven to be a highly successful source of lead compounds, which led to several important crop protection products. This review article describes, which herbicides came from fungicides and insecticides, how fungicides have been obtained from herbicide and insecticide leads and which insecticides have their roots in herbicide and fungicide chemistry. © 2022 Society of Chemical Industry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Clemens Lamberth
- Syngenta Crop Protection AG, Research Chemistry, Stein, Switzerland
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20
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Lee J, Kim YH, Kim K, Kim D, Lee SH, Kim S. Selection of stable reference genes for quantitative real-time PCR in the Varroa mite, Varroa destructor. Arch Insect Biochem Physiol 2022; 110:e21905. [PMID: 35393698 DOI: 10.1002/arch.21905] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2022] [Revised: 03/23/2022] [Accepted: 03/28/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
To investigate the acaricide toxicity and resistance mechanisms in the Varroa mite, it is essential to understand the genetic responses of Varroa mites to acaricides, which are usually evaluated by transcriptional profiling based on quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction (qPCR). In this study, to select reference genes showing consistent expression patterns regardless of the acaricide treatment or the type of tissue, Varroa mites treated with each of the three representative acaricides (coumaphos, fluvalinate, and amitraz) were processed for transcriptomic analysis, from which eight genes (NADH dehydrogenase [NADHD], glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase [GAPDH], eukaryotic translation elongation factor 1 α 1 [eEF1A1], eukaryotic translation elongation factor 2 [eEF2], ribosomal protein L5 [RpL5], Actin, tubulin α-1D chain [α-tubulin], and Rab1) were selected as candidates. The transcription profiles of these genes, depending on the treatment of the three acaricides or across different tissues (cuticle, legs, gut/fat bodies, and synganglion), were analyzed using qPCR with four validation programs, BestKeeper, geNorm, NormFinder, and RefFinder. Following acaricide treatment, eEF1A1 and NADHD showed the least variation in their expression levels, whereas the expression levels of α-tubulin and RpL5 were the most stable across different tissue groups. Rab1/GAPDH and Actin/eEF2 showed the least stable expression patterns following acaricide treatments and across different tissues, respectively, requiring precautions for use. When vitellogenin gene expression was analyzed by different reference genes, its expression profiles varied significantly depending on the reference genes, highlighting the importance of proper reference gene use. Thus, it is recommended using eEF1A1 and NADHD as reference genes for the comparison of the effects of acaricide on the whole body, whereas α-tubulin and RpL5 are recommended for investigating the tissue-specific expression profiles of target genes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joonhee Lee
- Entomology Program, Department of Agricultural Biotechnology, Seoul National University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Young Ho Kim
- Department of Applied Biology, Kyungpook National University, Sangju, Gyeongbuk, Republic of Korea
- Department of Ecological Science, Kyungpook National University, Sangju, Gyeongbuk, Republic of Korea
| | - Kyungmun Kim
- Division of Apiculture, Department of Agricultural Biology, National Institute of Agricultural Science, RDA, Wanju, Republic of Korea
| | - Dongwon Kim
- Division of Apiculture, Department of Agricultural Biology, National Institute of Agricultural Science, RDA, Wanju, Republic of Korea
| | - Si Hyeock Lee
- Entomology Program, Department of Agricultural Biotechnology, Seoul National University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
- Research Institute of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Seoul National University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Sanghyeon Kim
- Research Institute of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Seoul National University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
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21
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Zhang Y, Zhang Z, Ren M, Liu X, Zhou X, Yang J. Selection of Reference Genes for RT-qPCR Analysis in the Hawthorn Spider Mite, Amphitetranychus viennensis (Acarina: Tetranychidae), Under Acaricide Treatments. J Econ Entomol 2022; 115:662-670. [PMID: 35297479 DOI: 10.1093/jee/toac019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2021] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
Hawthorn spider mite, Amphitetranychus viennensis Zacher, one of the most damaging arthropod pests for Rosaceaous fruit trees and ornamentals, has developed resistance to most of the commercially available acaricides. To understand the molecular basis of acaricide resistance, a standardized protocol for real-time quantitative reverse transcription PCR (RT-qPCR) following the MIQE (minimum information for publication of quantitative real time PCR experiments) guidelines is needed. In this study, we screened for the internal references in A. viennensis to study in acaricide resistance. In total, 10 candidate reference genes, including EF1A, 28S rRNA, 18S rRNA, α-tubulin, Actin3, RPS9, GAPDH, V-ATPase B, RPL13, and V-ATPase A, were assessed under the treatments of four commonly used acaricides with distinct mode-of-actions (MOAs). Based on the Insecticide Resistance Action Committee MOA classification, avermectin, bifenazate, spirodiclofen, and fenpropathrin belong to group 6, 20D, 23, and 3A, respectively. The expression profiles of these candidate genes were evaluated using geNorm, Normfinder, BestKeeper, and ∆Ct methods, respectively. Eventually, different sets of reference genes were recommended for each acaricide according to RefFinder, a comprehensive platform integrating all four above-mentioned algorithms. Specifically, the top three recommendations were 1) 28S, V-ATPase A, and Actin 3 for avermectin, 2) GAPDH, RPS9, and 28S for bifenazate, 3) Actin 3, V-ATPase B, and α-tubulin for spirodiclofen, and 4) Actin 3, α-tubulin, and V-ATPase A for fenpropathrin. Although unique sets of genes are proposed for each acaricide, α-tubulin, EF1A, and GAPDH are the most consistently stably expressed reference genes when A. viennensis was challenged chemically. Our findings lay the foundation for the study of acaricide resistance in the phytophagous mites in general, and in the hawthorn spider mite, A. viennensis, in particular.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuying Zhang
- College of Plant Protection, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha, China
| | - Zhonghuan Zhang
- College of Plant Protection, Shanxi Agricultural University, Taiyuan, China
| | - Meifeng Ren
- College of Plant Protection, Shanxi Agricultural University, Taiyuan, China
| | - Xiangying Liu
- College of Plant Protection, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha, China
| | - Xuguo Zhou
- Department of Entomology, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY,USA
| | - Jing Yang
- College of Plant Protection, Shanxi Agricultural University, Taiyuan, China
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22
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Paucar V, Pérez-Otáñez X, Rodríguez-Hidalgo R, Perez C, Cepeda-Bastidas D, Grijalva J, Enríquez S, Arciniegas-Ortega S, Vanwambeke SO, Ron-Garrido L, Saegerman C. The Associated Decision and Management Factors on Cattle Tick Level of Infestation in Two Tropical Areas of Ecuador. Pathogens 2022; 11:pathogens11040403. [PMID: 35456078 PMCID: PMC9028859 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens11040403] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2022] [Revised: 03/20/2022] [Accepted: 03/23/2022] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Decision-making on tick control practices is linked to the level of knowledge about livestock farming and to the social context in which individuals practice them. Tick infestation is one of the main problems in tropical livestock production. The objective of this study was to characterize tick-control related practices in two tropical livestock areas and their potential association with the level of tick infestation. A total of 139 farms were included in this survey. To determine this association, a multivariate logistic regression model was used. A stepwise model selection procedure was used and model validation was tested. Cattle husbandry as a main activity, the use of external paddocks, the use of amitraz, and the lack of mechanization on the farm were related with high tick infestation. On the other hand, owner involvement in the preparation of acaricide solution was identified as a protective factor against high tick infestation. At animal level, age (old), body condition status (thin), and lactation were also associated with high tick infestations, while Bos primigenius indicus cattle and their crosses reduced the probability of high tick infestations. The factors studied, such as herd size, education level of the owners, and veterinary guidance, varied from farm to farm. Nonetheless, these differences did not generate changes in the level of tick infestation. According to the area under the receiver operating characteristic curve (AUC-ROC), the model at farm level predicts a high level of infestation, with an accuracy of 72.00% and high sensitivity. In addition, at animal level, crossbreeding with indicus cattle and breeding selection for host resistance will be useful against high tick infestation. Likewise, the implementation of programs of capacitation and research on tick control for farmers, cowboys, and vets in these areas is necessary.
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Affiliation(s)
- Valeria Paucar
- Instituto de Investigación en Zoonosis (CIZ), Universidad Central del Ecuador, Quito 170521, Ecuador; (V.P.); (X.P.-O.); (R.R.-H.); (S.E.); (L.R.-G.)
- Research Unit of Epidemiology and Risk Analysis Applied to Veterinary Sciences (UREAR-ULiège), Fundamental and Applied Research for Animals & Health (FARAH) Center, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Liege, 4000 Liège, Belgium;
| | - Ximena Pérez-Otáñez
- Instituto de Investigación en Zoonosis (CIZ), Universidad Central del Ecuador, Quito 170521, Ecuador; (V.P.); (X.P.-O.); (R.R.-H.); (S.E.); (L.R.-G.)
- Georges Lemaitre Centre for Earth and Climate Research, UCLouvain, 1348 Louvain-la-Neuve, Belgium
| | - Richar Rodríguez-Hidalgo
- Instituto de Investigación en Zoonosis (CIZ), Universidad Central del Ecuador, Quito 170521, Ecuador; (V.P.); (X.P.-O.); (R.R.-H.); (S.E.); (L.R.-G.)
- Facultad de Medicina Veterinaria y Zootecnia, Universidad Central del Ecuador, Quito 170521, Ecuador; (C.P.); (J.G.)
| | - Cecilia Perez
- Facultad de Medicina Veterinaria y Zootecnia, Universidad Central del Ecuador, Quito 170521, Ecuador; (C.P.); (J.G.)
| | - Darío Cepeda-Bastidas
- Facultad de Ciencias Agrícolas, Universidad Central del Ecuador, Quito 170521, Ecuador;
| | - Jorge Grijalva
- Facultad de Medicina Veterinaria y Zootecnia, Universidad Central del Ecuador, Quito 170521, Ecuador; (C.P.); (J.G.)
| | - Sandra Enríquez
- Instituto de Investigación en Zoonosis (CIZ), Universidad Central del Ecuador, Quito 170521, Ecuador; (V.P.); (X.P.-O.); (R.R.-H.); (S.E.); (L.R.-G.)
| | | | - Sophie O. Vanwambeke
- Research Unit of Epidemiology and Risk Analysis Applied to Veterinary Sciences (UREAR-ULiège), Fundamental and Applied Research for Animals & Health (FARAH) Center, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Liege, 4000 Liège, Belgium;
| | - Lenin Ron-Garrido
- Instituto de Investigación en Zoonosis (CIZ), Universidad Central del Ecuador, Quito 170521, Ecuador; (V.P.); (X.P.-O.); (R.R.-H.); (S.E.); (L.R.-G.)
- Facultad de Medicina Veterinaria y Zootecnia, Universidad Central del Ecuador, Quito 170521, Ecuador; (C.P.); (J.G.)
| | - Claude Saegerman
- Research Unit of Epidemiology and Risk Analysis Applied to Veterinary Sciences (UREAR-ULiège), Fundamental and Applied Research for Animals & Health (FARAH) Center, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Liege, 4000 Liège, Belgium;
- Correspondence:
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Nagami H, Suenaga T. [Dermatitis in Greenhouse Farmers Caused by Acaricide Cyflumetofen - An Interview Study]. J UOEH 2022; 44:101-5. [PMID: 35249935 DOI: 10.7888/juoeh.44.101] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Pesticides are essentially toxic to living things, and, as they are used openly, it is necessary to monitor them and to prevent their adverse effects. A self-administered questionnaire survey given to a group of the greenhouse farmers told us that some of them developed dermatitis from acaricide cyflumetofen, so we conducted an interview study on dermatitis caused by cyflumetofen. The participants were affiliated with a strawberry producing group, and were interviewed at their annual health checkups in the spring of 2016 and 2017. The questions covered the status of spraying, dermatitis from cyflumetofen, and visitations to clinics/hospitals. Of 108 farmers interviewed, 20 had subjective symptoms of dermatitis from cyflumetofen. Seven of them had visited clinics/hospitals. The most affected body part was the face, especially around the eyes, followed by the hands and forearms. The subjective symptoms varied from slight (rubor and itching) to serious (swelling with aching around the eyes). Three male farmers had visited clinics/hospitals for 3-4 weeks, and had stopped using cyflumetofen. We advised them to continue avoiding the use of cyflumetofen, considering the results of an animal test: a "pesticide abstract" stated that cyflumetofen had caused skin sensitization in guinea pigs. It is necessary, therefore, to mention this skin sensitization in the safety datasheet of cyflumetofen.
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Butler RA, Chandler JG, Vail KM, Holderman CJ, Trout Fryxell RT. Spray and Pour-On Acaricides Killed Tennessee (United States) Field-Collected Haemaphysalis longicornis Nymphs (Acari: Ixodidae) in Laboratory Bioassays. J Med Entomol 2021; 58:2514-2518. [PMID: 34197609 DOI: 10.1093/jme/tjab115] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Haemaphysalis longicornis Neumann (Asian longhorned tick) is an exotic and invasive tick species presenting a health and economic threat to the United States (U.S.) cattle industry due to its ability to transmit pathogens and infest hosts in large numbers. The objective of this study was to evaluate available products at causing H. longicornis mortality in a laboratory bioassay. The efficacy of products was evaluated at label rates using H. longicornis nymphs collected from a cattle farm in eastern Tennessee in two different bioassays (spray or dip) against untreated controls. After exposure, ticks were transferred to clean petri dishes and checked for mortality at 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 21, 24, and 48 h post exposure. No mortality occurred in the untreated controls, whereas all treated ticks were dead within 24 h of exposure (P < 0.0001). These findings support the hypothesis that currently available spray and pour-on products are effective at causing H. longicornis mortality. We conclude that these acaricides can be used as a component to prevent H. longicornis dispersal and for control in the U.S.
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Affiliation(s)
- R A Butler
- Department of Entomology and Plant Pathology, The University of Tennessee, Knoxville, TN, USA
| | - J G Chandler
- Department of Entomology and Plant Pathology, The University of Tennessee, Knoxville, TN, USA
| | - K M Vail
- Department of Entomology and Plant Pathology, The University of Tennessee, Knoxville, TN, USA
| | | | - R T Trout Fryxell
- Department of Entomology and Plant Pathology, The University of Tennessee, Knoxville, TN, USA
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Bellisai G, Bernasconi G, Brancato A, Carrasco Cabrera L, Ferreira L, Giner G, Greco L, Jarrah S, Kazocina A, Leuschner R, Magrans JO, Miron I, Nave S, Pedersen R, Reich H, Ruocco S, Santos M, Scarlato AP, Theobald A, Vagenende B, Verani A. Review of the existing maximum residue levels for spirodiclofen according to Article 12 of Regulation (EC) No 396/2005. EFSA J 2021; 19:e06908. [PMID: 34795797 PMCID: PMC8580046 DOI: 10.2903/j.efsa.2021.6908] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
According to Article 12 of Regulation (EC) No 396/2005, EFSA has reviewed the maximum residue levels (MRLs) currently established at European level for the pesticide active substance spirodiclofen. Although this active substance is no longer authorised within the European Union, MRLs were established by the Codex Alimentarius Commission (codex maximum residue limits; CXLs) and import tolerances were reported by Member States (including the supporting residues data). Based on the assessment of the available data, EFSA assessed the CXLs and import tolerances requested, and a consumer risk assessment was carried out. Although no apparent risk to consumers was identified, as spirodiclofen is classified as carcinogenic 1B with threshold, all MRL proposals derived by EFSA still require further consideration by risk managers.
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Lu Z, Gao Y, Zhang C, Bao Z, Wang W, Lin J, Du F. Surface properties of Tetranychus urticae Koch (Acari: Tetranychidae) and the effect of their infestation on the surface properties of kidney bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) hosts. Pest Manag Sci 2021; 77:5120-5128. [PMID: 34240529 DOI: 10.1002/ps.6551] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2021] [Accepted: 07/08/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The wettability of the target surfaces affects the wetting and deposition of pesticides on them. The properties of leaf surfaces change after infestation by Tetranychus urticae Koch. Studying the surface wettability of T. urticae and the changes in leaf wettability after infestation is important to guide the use of acaricides. RESULTS The body surface of T. urticae is an ellipsoidal crown covered with dense cuticle striations and hairs arranged in different directions, which makes the surface of T. urticae rough and hydrophobic. The abaxial surfaces of the leaves are rougher and more hydrophobic than the adaxial surfaces. After infestation by T. urticae, the faded spots were sunken on the adaxial surface and raised on the abaxial surface, where they had formed new wide peaks and valleys. The adaxial surface became obviously rougher and more hydrophobic, while the roughness of the abaxial surface became slightly larger, and the change in hydrophobicity was not obvious. The contact angles of the studied commercial acaricide on these surfaces were greater than 65° and were affected by the infestation. Reducing the surface tension can allow for better wetting of these surfaces and eliminate changes in leaf wettability. CONCLUSION The surfaces of kidney bean leaves became more hydrophobic after infestation by T. urticae with hydrophobic surface. The wettability of the acaricide solution should be adjusted according to the changes in leaf wettability. This study has important theoretical guiding significance for improving effective deposition of acaricide.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhongli Lu
- Department of Applied Chemistry, College of Science, China Agricultural University, Beijing, P. R. China
| | - Yuxia Gao
- Department of Applied Chemistry, College of Science, China Agricultural University, Beijing, P. R. China
| | - Chenhui Zhang
- Department of Applied Chemistry, College of Science, China Agricultural University, Beijing, P. R. China
| | - Zhenping Bao
- Department of Applied Chemistry, College of Science, China Agricultural University, Beijing, P. R. China
| | - Wenzhong Wang
- Fujian Sino-dashing Bio-Tech Co., Ltd, Fuzhou, P. R. China
| | - Jianbin Lin
- Fujian Sino-dashing Bio-Tech Co., Ltd, Fuzhou, P. R. China
| | - Fengpei Du
- Department of Applied Chemistry, College of Science, China Agricultural University, Beijing, P. R. China
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Colagiorgi A, Colas M, De Lentdecker C, Egsmose M, Fait G, Gouliarmou V, Kardassi D, Lava R, Lythgo C, Molnar T, Padovani L, Tiramani M. Peer review of the efficacy as a fungicide of the active substances paraffin oils (CAS 64742-46-7 chain lengths C 11-C 25, CAS 72623-86-0 chain lengths C 15-C 30 and CAS 97862-82-3 chain lengths C 11-C 30). EFSA J 2021; 19:e06876. [PMID: 34703503 PMCID: PMC8521545 DOI: 10.2903/j.efsa.2021.6876] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
The conclusions of EFSA following the peer review of the initial efficacy assessment and consideration of the effects of water treatment used for the production of drinking water on any residues that might be in raw water carried out by the competent authority of the rapporteur Member State Greece for the pesticide active substances paraffin oils (CAS 64742-46-7, 72623-86-0 and 97862-82-3) are reported. The context of the peer review was that required by Regulation (EC) No 1107/2009 of the European Parliament and of the Council for an amendment in approval conditions. The conclusions were reached on the basis of the evaluation of the efficacy of paraffin oils (CAS 64742-46-7, 72623-86-0 and 97862-82-3) as a fungicide. The reliable endpoints are presented.
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Kifle T, Mathewos M, Fesseha H, Abate A, Wolde A. Study on Prevalence of Ixodid Ticks of Goats and Acaricide Utilization Practices of Herd Owners in Benatsemay District, South Omo Zone, South-Western Ethiopia. Vet Med (Auckl) 2021; 12:225-233. [PMID: 34557393 PMCID: PMC8453172 DOI: 10.2147/vmrr.s324484] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2021] [Accepted: 09/07/2021] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Introduction Ticks are major health problems of goats that contribute to a significant economic loss in Ethiopia. Methods A cross-sectional study using a systematic random sampling technique was conducted to determine the prevalence, potential risk factors of hard ticks (Acarina: Ixodidae) of goats, and the acaricide utilization practice of herd owners in the Benatsemay district. Results Out of 285 examined goats, 85.26% of goats were found infested by Rhipicephalus and Amblyomma tick genera. The body condition score of goats was the only factor that was significantly (p < 0.05) associated with tick infestations. The frequently identified tick species were Rhipicephalus pulchellus (14.38%), Rh. decoloratus (11.22%), A. cohaerens (5.26%) and A. variegatum (4.21%), and mixed infestation (38.59%). Herd owner’s questionnaire survey revealed that 100% of interviewees responded that tick infestations were frequently encountered throughout the year and prevailed on aged goats (90%) and dry season (60%). Concurrent usage of ethnomedicinal plants and conventional acaricides were dominant practices to control tick infestation as responded by 60% of interviewees. Among the conventional acaricides, Diazinon and Ivermectin were the most practiced acaricides as replied by 90% of the respondents. Moreover, community animal health workers (CAHWs) (43.33%) and owners themselves (33.33%) were primarily responsible for acaricide application to tick-infested animals. About 66.67% of the livestock owner’s responses also disclosed that diazinon was the most effective acaricide followed by ivermectin (16.67%) and amitraz (6.67%). Finally, 56.57% of the respondents replied that acaricidal drugs from private veterinary drug shops were overpriced than the same acaricides from government veterinary clinics. Conclusion In this study, there was a high prevalence of hard ticks in goats, and irrational application of acaricides was noted in the Benatsemay district; thus, appropriate tick control measures should be taken to minimize tick burden through using acaricides.
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Affiliation(s)
- Temesgen Kifle
- School of Veterinary Medicine, Wolaita Sodo University, Wolaita Sodo, Ethiopia
| | - Mesfin Mathewos
- School of Veterinary Medicine, Wolaita Sodo University, Wolaita Sodo, Ethiopia
| | - Haben Fesseha
- School of Veterinary Medicine, Wolaita Sodo University, Wolaita Sodo, Ethiopia
| | - Aschenaki Abate
- Jinka Agricultural Research Center, Animal Health Research, Jinka, Ethiopia
| | - Amanuel Wolde
- College of Agriculture, Department of Animal Health, Jinka University, Jinka, Ethiopia
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Bellisai G, Bernasconi G, Brancato A, Carrasco Cabrera L, Ferreira L, Giner G, Greco L, Jarrah S, Kazocina A, Leuschner R, Magrans JO, Miron I, Nave S, Pedersen R, Reich H, Ruocco S, Santos M, Scarlato AP, Theobald A, Vagenende B, Verani A. Review of the existing maximum residue levels for cyflumetofen according to Article 12 of Regulation (EC) No 396/2005. EFSA J 2021; 19:e06812. [PMID: 34484447 PMCID: PMC8392007 DOI: 10.2903/j.efsa.2021.6812] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
According to Article 12 of Regulation (EC) No 396/2005, EFSA has reviewed the maximum residue levels (MRLs) currently established at European level for the pesticide active substance cyflumetofen. To assess the occurrence of cyflumetofen residues in plants, processed commodities, rotational crops and livestock, EFSA considered the conclusions derived in the framework of Commission Regulation (EU) No 188/2011 and the MRLs established by the Codex Alimentarius Commission as well as European authorisations reported by Member States and the UK. Based on the assessment of the available data, MRL proposals were derived and a consumer risk assessment was carried out. Although no apparent risk to consumers was identified, some information required by the regulatory framework was missing. Hence, the consumer risk assessment is considered indicative only and some MRL proposals derived by EFSA still require further consideration by risk managers.
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Cuesta-Maté A, Renelies-Hamilton J, Kryger P, Jensen AB, Sinotte VM, Poulsen M. Resistance and Vulnerability of Honeybee ( Apis mellifera) Gut Bacteria to Commonly Used Pesticides. Front Microbiol 2021; 12:717990. [PMID: 34539609 PMCID: PMC8446526 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2021.717990] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2021] [Accepted: 07/30/2021] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Agricultural and apicultural practices expose honeybees to a range of pesticides that have the potential to negatively affect their physiology, neurobiology, and behavior. Accumulating evidence suggests that these effects extend to the honeybee gut microbiome, which serves important functions for honeybee health. Here we test the potential effects of the pesticides thiacloprid, acetamiprid, and oxalic acid on the gut microbiota of honeybees, first in direct in vitro inhibition assays and secondly in an in vivo caged bee experiment to test if exposure leads to gut microbiota community changes. We found that thiacloprid did not inhibit the honeybee core gut bacteria in vitro, nor did it affect overall community composition or richness in vivo. Acetamiprid did also not inhibit bacterial growth in vitro, but it did affect community structure within bees. The eight bacterial genera tested showed variable levels of susceptibility to oxalic acid in vitro. In vivo, treatment with this pesticide reduced amplicon sequence variant (ASV) richness and affected gut microbiome composition, with most marked impact on the common crop bacteria Lactobacillus kunkeei and the genus Bombella. We conducted network analyses which captured known associations between bacterial members and illustrated the sensitivity of the microbiome to environmental stressors. Our findings point to risks of honeybee exposure to oxalic acid, which has been deemed safe for use in treatment against Varroa mites in honeybee colonies, and we advocate for more extensive assessment of the long-term effects that it may have on honeybee health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana Cuesta-Maté
- Section for Ecology and Evolution, Department of Biology, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Justinn Renelies-Hamilton
- Section for Ecology and Evolution, Department of Biology, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Per Kryger
- Entomology and Plant Pathology, Department of Agroecology, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Annette Bruun Jensen
- Section for Organismal Biology, Department of Plant and Environmental Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Veronica M. Sinotte
- Section for Ecology and Evolution, Department of Biology, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Michael Poulsen
- Section for Ecology and Evolution, Department of Biology, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
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Kast C, Kilchenmann V, Charrière J. Long-term monitoring of lipophilic acaricide residues in commercial Swiss beeswax. Pest Manag Sci 2021; 77:4026-4033. [PMID: 33896103 PMCID: PMC8453734 DOI: 10.1002/ps.6427] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2021] [Revised: 04/06/2021] [Accepted: 04/25/2021] [Indexed: 05/06/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND A national survey on pesticides in recycled beeswax originating from beekeeping has been conducted in Switzerland for almost three decades. It allowed obtaining a good overview of the lipophilic products used for beekeeping within the last 30 years. RESULTS The use of the veterinary drugs containing bromopropylate or tau-fluvalinate two decades ago led to substantial residues in commercial beeswax. These contaminants are still detectable although in Switzerland the corresponding products have been out of use for many years. The level of coumaphos substantially increased in 2015 up to an annual value of 3.25 mg·kg-1 , suggesting that at least a few beekeepers used coumaphos-containing products. Consequently, an information campaign was launched, and the annual value decreased again. Maximal levels of thymol up to an annual value of 87.5 mg·kg-1 were measured in 2009. Since that time, a steady decrease of thymol residues suggests that beekeepers less frequently use thymol-containing products. Twenty-five years ago, 1,4-dichlorobenzene (PDCB) was widely used for the control of the wax moth, resulting in residues in beeswax up to an annual value of 10.9 mg·kg-1 whereas nowadays, PDCB residues are rarely detected in Swiss beeswax. CONCLUSIONS Our survey illustrates that several beekeeping-associated pesticides persist in recycled beeswax for many years. Most recent analyses show lower residue levels in Swiss beeswax as compared to previous years. Nowadays Swiss beekeepers mostly use hydrophilic substances for treatment against the Varroa destructor that do not accumulate in beeswax, thus reducing exposure of the honey bees to lipophilic contaminants.
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Bellisai G, Bernasconi G, Brancato A, Carrasco Cabrera L, Ferreira L, Giner G, Greco L, Jarrah S, Kazocina A, Leuschner R, Magrans JO, Miron I, Nave S, Pedersen R, Reich H, Ruocco S, Santos M, Scarlato AP, Theobald A, Vagenende B, Verani A. Review of the existing maximum residue levels for Beta-cyfluthrin and Cyfluthrin according to Article 12 of Regulation (EC) No 396/2005. EFSA J 2021; 19:e06837. [PMID: 34589156 PMCID: PMC8459643 DOI: 10.2903/j.efsa.2021.6837] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
According to Article 12 of Regulation (EC) No 396/2005, EFSA has reviewed the maximum residue levels (MRLs) currently established at European level for the pesticide active substances Beta-cyfluthrin and Cyfluthrin. Although these active substances are no longer authorised for use on edible crops within the European Union, MRLs were established by the Codex Alimentarius Commission (codex maximum residue limits (CXLs)) and import tolerances were reported by Member States (including the supporting residues data). Based on the assessment of the available data, EFSA assessed the CXLs and import tolerances requested, and a consumer risk assessment was carried out. All CXLs were found to be sufficiently supported by data, whereas some import tolerances were not supported by adequate data. Hence, the consumer risk assessment is considered indicative only and further consideration by risk managers is needed. Apart from a possible acute risk to consumers for a CXL higher than the existing MRL, no risk to consumers was identified.
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Alvarez F, Arena M, Auteri D, Borroto J, Brancato A, Carrasco Cabrera L, Castoldi AF, Chiusolo A, Colagiorgi A, Colas M, Crivellente F, De Lentdecker C, Egsmose M, Fait G, Gouliarmou V, Ferilli F, Greco L, Ippolito A, Istace F, Jarrah S, Kardassi D, Kienzler A, Leuschner R, Lava R, Linguadoca A, Lythgo C, Magrans O, Mangas I, Miron I, Molnar T, Padovani L, Parra Morte JM, Pedersen R, Reich H, Santos M, Sharp R, Szentes C, Terron A, Tiramani M, Vagenende B, Villamar‐Bouza L. Peer review of the pesticide risk assessment of the active substance clofentezine. EFSA J 2021; 19:e06817. [PMID: 34471431 PMCID: PMC8387969 DOI: 10.2903/j.efsa.2021.6817] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022] Open
Abstract
The conclusions of the EFSA following the peer review of the initial risk assessments carried out by the competent authorities of the rapporteur Member State, Spain, and co-rapporteur Member State, the Netherlands, for the pesticide active substance clofentezine and the assessment of applications for maximum residue levels (MRLs) are reported. The context of the peer review was that required by Commission Implementing Regulation (EU) No 844/2012, as amended by Commission Implementing Regulation (EU) No 2018/1659. The conclusions were reached on the basis of the evaluation of the representative use of clofentezine as an acaricide on citrus, pome fruits, strawberry, tomatoes and aubergine. The peer review also provided considerations on whether exposure to humans and the environment from the representative uses of clofentezine can be considered negligible, taking into account the European Commission's draft guidance on this topic. The reliable end points, appropriate for use in regulatory risk assessment, are presented. Missing information identified as being required by the regulatory framework is listed. Concerns are identified. An evaluation of data concerning the necessity of clofentezine as acaricide to control a serious danger to plant health which cannot be contained by other available means, including non-chemical methods is also presented.
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Alvarez F, Arena M, Auteri D, Borroto J, Brancato A, Carrasco Cabrera L, Castoldi AF, Chiusolo A, Colagiorgi A, Colas M, Crivellente F, De Lentdecker C, Egsmose M, Fait G, Gouliarmou V, Ferilli F, Greco L, Ippolito A, Istace F, Jarrah S, Kardassi D, Kienzler A, Leuschner R, Lava R, Linguadoca A, Lythgo C, Magrans O, Mangas I, Miron I, Molnar T, Padovani L, Parra Morte JM, Pedersen R, Reich H, Santos M, Sharp R, Szentes C, Terron A, Tiramani M, Vagenende B, Villamar‐Bouza L. Updated peer review of the pesticide risk assessment of the active substance bifenazate. EFSA J 2021; 19:e06818. [PMID: 34484448 PMCID: PMC8404099 DOI: 10.2903/j.efsa.2021.6818] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
The conclusions of the EFSA following the peer review of the initial risk assessments carried out by the competent authorities of the rapporteur Member State, Sweden, and co-rapporteur Member State, Italy, for the pesticide active substance bifenazate are reported. The context of the peer review was that required by Commission Implementing Regulation (EU) No 844/2012. The conclusions were reached on the basis of the evaluation of the representative uses of bifenazate as an acaricide on strawberry, fruiting vegetables (tomatoes, peppers, aubergines, cucumbers, courgettes, melons, watermelons), flowering and ornamental plants and nursery ornamentals and updated following the request to peer review the exposure and risk assessments for bifenazate. The reliable end points, appropriate for use in regulatory risk assessment, are presented. Missing information identified as being required by the regulatory framework is listed. Concerns are identified.
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Burtis JC, Poggi JD, Payne B, Campbell SR, Harrington LC. Susceptibility of Ixodes scapularis (Acari: Ixodidae) to Permethrin Under a Long-Term 4-Poster Deer Treatment Area on Shelter Island, NY. J Med Entomol 2021; 58:1966-1969. [PMID: 33822135 PMCID: PMC10601398 DOI: 10.1093/jme/tjab054] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Pesticide resistance in medically significant disease vectors can negatively impact the efficacy of control efforts. Resistance research on ticks has focused primarily on species of veterinary significance that experience relatively high degrees of control pressure. Resistance in tick vectors of medical significance has received little attention, in part because area-wide pesticide applications are not used to control these generalist tick species. One of the few effective methods currently used for area-wide control of medically important ticks, including Ixodes scapularis Say (Acari: Ixodidae), is deployment of 4-poster devices. Deer self-apply a topical acaricide (permethrin) while feeding on corn from the devices. A 4-poster program using permethrin has been deployed on Shelter Island, NY to control I. scapularis populations since 2008. We collected engorged female ticks from deer in this management area and a location in the Mid-Hudson River Valley, NY without area-wide tick control. Larvae were reared from egg masses and their susceptibility to permethrin was tested. Larvae originating from a long-term laboratory colony were used as a susceptible baseline for comparison. Compared against the laboratory colony, resistance ratios at LC-50 for Shelter Island and Hudson Valley I. scapularis were 1.87 and 1.51, respectively. The susceptibilities of the field populations to permethrin were significantly lower than that of the colony ticks. We provide the first data using the larval packet test to establish baseline susceptibility for I. scapularis to permethrin along with information relevant to understanding resistance emergence in tick populations under sustained control pressure from 4-poster devices.
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Affiliation(s)
- James C. Burtis
- Department of Entomology, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853, USA
- Division of Vector-Borne Disease, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Fort Collins, CO 80521, USA
| | - Joseph D. Poggi
- Department of Entomology, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853, USA
| | - Beau Payne
- Shelter Island Police Department, Shelter Island, NY 11964, USA
| | - Scott R. Campbell
- Suffolk County Department of Health Services, Yaphank, NY 11980, USA
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Alvarez F, Anastassiadou M, Arena M, Auteri D, Brancato A, Bura L, Carrasco Cabrera L, Castoldi AF, Chaideftou E, Chiusolo A, Colagiorgi A, Colas M, Crivellente F, De Lentdecker C, Egsmose M, Fait G, Greco L, Ippolito A, Istace F, Jarrah S, Kardassi D, Kienzler A, Leuschner R, Lava R, Alberto L, Lythgo C, Magrans O, Mangas I, Miron I, Molnar T, Padovani L, Parra Morte JM, Pedersen R, Reich H, Santos M, Sharp R, Szentes C, Terron A, Tiramani M, Vagenende B, Villamar‐Bouza L. Peer review of the pesticide risk assessment of the active substance carbon dioxide. EFSA J 2021; 19:e06605. [PMID: 34093784 PMCID: PMC8167733 DOI: 10.2903/j.efsa.2021.6605] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The conclusions of the European Food Safety Authority (EFSA) following the peer review of the initial risk assessments carried out by the competent authorities of the rapporteur Member State, France, and co-rapporteur Member State, Austria, for the pesticide active substance carbon dioxide and the considerations as regards the inclusion of the substance in Annex IV of Regulation (EC) No 396/2005 are reported. The context of the peer review was that required by Commission Implementing Regulation (EU) No 844/2012, as amended by Commission Implementing Regulation (EU) No 2018/1659. The conclusions were reached on the basis of the evaluation of the representative uses of carbon dioxide as an insecticide and acaricide on stored cereal grains, oilseeds, medicinal plants, cereal products, spices, tobacco, tea, dried fruits and other stored plant products (except semolina and oilseed meal) (all indoor uses). The reliable end points, appropriate for use in regulatory risk assessment, are presented.
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Hinds LA, Grice D, Watson DM, Jacob J. Efficacy of a combined insecticide-rodenticide product on ectoparasite and commensal rodent mortality. Pest Manag Sci 2021; 77:1160-1168. [PMID: 33201557 DOI: 10.1002/ps.6179] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2020] [Revised: 11/10/2020] [Accepted: 11/17/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Ectoparasites may transfer zoonotic pathogens from rodents to humans or livestock when rodents are managed with rodenticides. This could be minimized using a product combining a rodenticide with a delayed action and a systemic insecticide/acaricide that rapidly kills ectoparasites. Such a combination was tested in commensal pest rodent species to assess efficacy and timing of responses in rodents, and fleas and ticks feeding on them. Ticks or fleas attached to rats (Rattus norvegicus) and house mice (Mus musculus domesticus) were exposed to a product containing brodifacoum (50 ppm) and fipronil (40 ppm) for three days. RESULTS 98-100% of fleas on treated rodents died within one to two days after first exposure, whereas >90% fleas survived on control rodents. The effect persisted for four or more days after bait uptake. Ticks started to succumb to the effect of the combination product within one day (mice) and within four days (rats) of first exposure, with all ticks dying by Day (D)8. Tick survival in control rodents was 90-100%. Rodent mortality began at D3 (rats) and D4 (mice) after first consumption of product and all were dead by D9 (rats) and D7 (mice). CONCLUSION This product effectively killed ectoparasites and rodents. Flea mortality was swift and complete, generally within one day of exposure, whereas it took ticks up to four days to die, but before the rats and house mice died. The combination product might help to prevent ectoparasites migrating from dying rodents to another host. Field trials are warranted. © 2020 Society of Chemical Industry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lyn A Hinds
- CSIRO Health and Biosecurity, Canberra, Australia
| | - David Grice
- CSIRO Health and Biosecurity, Canberra, Australia
| | | | - Jens Jacob
- Federal Research Centre for Cultivated Plants, Julius Kühn Institute (JKI), Institute for Plant Protection in Horticulture and Forests, Vertebrate Research, Münster, Germany
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Anastassiadou M, Bernasconi G, Brancato A, Carrasco Cabrera L, Ferreira L, Greco L, Jarrah S, Kazocina A, Leuschner R, Magrans JO, Miron I, Nave S, Pedersen R, Reich H, Rojas A, Sacchi A, Santos M, Scarlato AP, Theobald A, Vagenende B, Verani A. Modification of the existing maximum residue levels for cyflumetofen in various crops. EFSA J 2021; 19:e06373. [PMID: 33664844 PMCID: PMC7903988 DOI: 10.2903/j.efsa.2021.6373] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
In accordance with Article 6 of Regulation (EC) No 396/2005, the applicants BASF Agro B.V. (represented by OAT Agrio Co. Ltd.) and Certis Europe B.V. submitted separate requests to the competent national authority in the Netherlands to modify the existing maximum residue levels (MRLs) for the active substance cyflumetofen in various crops. The data submitted in support of the requests were found to be sufficient to derive MRL proposals for citrus fruits, apricots, peaches, tomatoes, aubergines, cucumbers and hops. Adequate analytical methods for enforcement are available to control the residues of cyflumetofen on the fruit commodities under consideration at the validated limit of quantification (LOQ) of 0.01 mg/kg and on hops at the LOQ of 0.1 mg/kg. Based on the risk assessment results, EFSA concluded that the long-term intake of residues resulting from the use of cyflumetofen according to the reported agricultural practices is unlikely to present a risk to consumer health.
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Papapostolou KM, Riga M, Charamis J, Skoufa E, Souchlas V, Ilias A, Dermauw W, Ioannidis P, Van Leeuwen T, Vontas J. Identification and characterization of striking multiple-insecticide resistance in a Tetranychus urticae field population from Greece. Pest Manag Sci 2021; 77:666-676. [PMID: 33051974 DOI: 10.1002/ps.6136] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2020] [Revised: 09/18/2020] [Accepted: 10/13/2020] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Tetranychus urticae is a notorious crop pest with a worldwide distribution that has developed resistance to a wide range of acaricides. Here, we investigated the resistance levels of a T. urticae population collected from an ornamental greenhouse in Peloponnese, Greece, and analyzed its resistance mechanisms at the molecular level. RESULTS Toxicological assays showed resistance against compounds with different modes of action, with resistance ratios of: 89-fold for abamectin; > 1000-fold for clofentezine; > 5000-fold for etoxazole; 27-fold for fenpyroximate and pyridaben; 20- and 36-fold for spirodiclofen and spirotetramat, respectively; and 116- and > 500-fold for cyenopyrafen and cyflumetofen, respectively. Bioassays with synergists indicated the involvement of detoxification enzymes in resistance to abamectin, but not to cyflumetofen and spirodiclofen. RNA sequencing (RNA-seq) analysis showed significant over-expression of several genes encoding detoxification enzymes such as cytochrome P450 monooxygenases and UDP-glycosyltransferases, which have been previously associated with acaricide resistance. Known target-site resistance mutations were identified in acetyl-choline esterase, chitin synthase 1 and NDUFS7/psst, but putative novel resistance mutations were also discovered in targets such as glutamate-gated chloride channel subunit 3. Interestingly, target-site resistance mutations against pyrethroids or bifenazate were not identified, possibly indicating a recent reduced selection pressure in Greece, as well as a possible opportunity to rotate these chemistries. CONCLUSION We identified and characterized a striking case of multiple acaricide resistance in a field population of T. urticae. Exceptionally strong resistance phenotypes, with accumulation of multiple resistance mutations and over-expression of P450s and other detoxification genes in the same field population are reported.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kyriaki Maria Papapostolou
- Institute of Molecular Biology & Biotechnology, Foundation of Research & Technology Hellas, Heraklion, Greece
- Department of Biology, University of Crete, Heraklion, Greece
| | - Maria Riga
- Institute of Molecular Biology & Biotechnology, Foundation of Research & Technology Hellas, Heraklion, Greece
| | - Jason Charamis
- Institute of Molecular Biology & Biotechnology, Foundation of Research & Technology Hellas, Heraklion, Greece
- Department of Biology, University of Crete, Heraklion, Greece
| | - Evangelia Skoufa
- Institute of Molecular Biology & Biotechnology, Foundation of Research & Technology Hellas, Heraklion, Greece
- Department of Biology, University of Crete, Heraklion, Greece
| | - Vassilis Souchlas
- Laboratory of Pesticide Science, Department of Crop Science, Agricultural University of Athens, Athens, Greece
| | - Aris Ilias
- Institute of Molecular Biology & Biotechnology, Foundation of Research & Technology Hellas, Heraklion, Greece
| | - Wannes Dermauw
- Department of Plants and Crops, Faculty of Bioscience Engineering, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Panagiotis Ioannidis
- Institute of Molecular Biology & Biotechnology, Foundation of Research & Technology Hellas, Heraklion, Greece
| | - Thomas Van Leeuwen
- Department of Plants and Crops, Faculty of Bioscience Engineering, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
| | - John Vontas
- Institute of Molecular Biology & Biotechnology, Foundation of Research & Technology Hellas, Heraklion, Greece
- Laboratory of Pesticide Science, Department of Crop Science, Agricultural University of Athens, Athens, Greece
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Sabahi Q, Morfin N, Emsen B, Gashout HA, Kelly PG, Otto S, Merrill AR, Guzman-Novoa E. Evaluation of Dry and Wet Formulations of Oxalic Acid, Thymol, and Oregano Oil for Varroa Mite (Acari: Varroidae) Control in Honey Bee (Hymenoptera: Apidae) Colonies. J Econ Entomol 2020; 113:2588-2594. [PMID: 33001171 DOI: 10.1093/jee/toaa218] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
The efficacy and safety of dry and wet formulations of three nonsynthetic compounds, oxalic acid (OA), thymol (T), and oregano oil (OO), for the control of Varroa destructor Anderson and Trueman infestations in honey bee (Apis mellifera Linnaeus) colonies were determined. The treatments were OA in dust, OA diluted in glycerin solvent embedded in a towel, T in dust, T in glycerin solvent and towel, OO in dry microcapsules, OO in glycerin solvent and towel, and the control. The treatments were applied weekly for 4 wk during the fall season. The rates of acaricide efficacy, weekly mite fall, bee mortality, colony survivorship, and strength, were determined for each of the treatments. All formulations, with the exemption of OO microcapsules, were effective at controlling infestations of V. destructor. The most effective formulations were T dust (96.6%), T glycerin (92.4%), and OA glycerin (79%). More than 85% of the mites were killed during the first 2 wk of treatment with T formulations, compared to less than 30% for the OA glycerin formulation. The lowest efficacy rate was for OO microcapsules (21.3%), and the only treatment that significantly increased bee mortality was OA glycerin. The rates of winter colony survival and honey bee populations were related to the varroacidal efficacy of the formulations. The implications of these findings are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qodratollah Sabahi
- School of Environmental Sciences, University of Guelph, Guelph, Ontario, Canada
- Department of Plant Protection, College of Agriculture and Natural Resources, University of Tehran, Karaj, Iran
| | - Nuria Morfin
- School of Environmental Sciences, University of Guelph, Guelph, Ontario, Canada
| | - Berna Emsen
- School of Environmental Sciences, University of Guelph, Guelph, Ontario, Canada
- Department of Animal Science, Agricultural Faculty, Ataturk University, Erzurum, Turkey
| | - Hanan A Gashout
- School of Environmental Sciences, University of Guelph, Guelph, Ontario, Canada
- Plant Protection Department, Faculty of Agriculture, University of Tripoli, Tripoli, Libya
| | - Paul G Kelly
- School of Environmental Sciences, University of Guelph, Guelph, Ontario, Canada
| | - Stephanie Otto
- School of Environmental Sciences, University of Guelph, Guelph, Ontario, Canada
| | - A Rod Merrill
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, University of Guelph, Guelph, Ontario, Canada
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Showler AT, Garcia AR, Caesar RM. Lethal Effects of a Silica Gel + Pyrethrins (Drione) on Amblyomma americanum (Ixodida: Ixodidae) Larvae and Nymphs. J Med Entomol 2020; 57:1864-1871. [PMID: 32566948 DOI: 10.1093/jme/tjaa119] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Ixodids (hard ticks) ingest blood from host animals, and they can transmit pathogenic organisms that induce medical and veterinary diseases. As resistance to synthetic conventional acaricides becomes more common, alternative tactics are coming under heightened scrutiny. Laboratory bioassays were used to assess the efficacy of CimeXa, a commercially available silica gel desiccant dust product, and Drione, a commercial product containing silica gel + pyrethrins and a synergist, piperonyl butoxide, against lone star tick, Amblyomma americanum (L.) (Ixodida: Ixodidae), larvae and nymphs. Both life stages were completely killed by CimeXa by 24 h, and Drione caused total larval mortality within 1 h when they were briefly immersed in the dusts and when they crawled across dust-treated substrate; nymphs were completely killed by 4 h after the same kinds of exposure. Mortality of A. americanum larvae and nymphs occurred after the pests crawled across dried aqueous suspensions of the products, but this was not as efficient and fast-acting as when the immature life stages were exposed to dry dusts. Further, dried aqueous suspensions of Drione were not substantially more lethal than dried aqueous suspensions of CimeXa. CimeXa and Drione will provide prophylactic control on vegetation and animals for as long as the silica gel remains without being physically removed. Both of the dust-based products will likely also be effective against other problematic ixodid species. Advantages and disadvantages, and potential uses, of desiccant dust-based acaricides are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Allan T Showler
- USDA-ARS, Knipling-Bushland U.S. Livestock Insects Research Laboratory, Kerrville, TX
| | | | - Ryan M Caesar
- Department of Science, Schreiner University, Kerrville, TX
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Takata M, Misato S, Ozoe F, Ozoe Y. A point mutation in the β-adrenergic-like octopamine receptor: possible association with amitraz resistance. Pest Manag Sci 2020; 76:3720-3728. [PMID: 32431064 DOI: 10.1002/ps.5921] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2020] [Revised: 05/11/2020] [Accepted: 05/19/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Amitraz is a unique formamidine-class acaricide/insecticide that effectively controls ticks, mites, and insect pests. However, the recent emergence of amitraz-resistant cattle ticks is a serious problem that requires an urgent solution. A nonsynonymous single nucleotide polymorphism (A181T) leading to an amino acid substitution (I61F) in the β-adrenergic-like (β-AL) octopamine receptor (OAR) of amitraz-resistant southern cattle ticks (Rhipicephalus microplus) (RmβAOR) was proposed to be a cause of the amitraz resistance. However, it remains unclear whether this substitution exerts any functional effect on the action of amitraz. To make this clear, the functional role of this mutation was examined using an orthologous OAR (BmOAR2) from the silkworm (Bombyx mori). RESULTS Both amitraz and its metabolite N2 -(2,4-dimethylphenyl)-N1 -methyformamidine (DPMF) elevated intracellular cyclic AMP levels as orthosteric OAR agonists in HEK-293 cells stably expressing BmOAR2. The I45F mutant of BmOAR2 (equivalent to I61F in RmβAOR) was generated and tested for its sensitivity to amitraz and DPMF. The assay result showed that the I45F mutation reduces the potency of DPMF to a level similar to that of the endogenous agonist (R)-OA in wild-type BmOAR2. CONCLUSION The amino acid substitution found in the first transmembrane segment of RmβAOR most likely causes target-site insensitivity to DPMF, which might contribute to the resistance of R. microplus to amitraz. This needs to be further confirmed using RmβAOR. © 2020 Society of Chemical Industry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mizuki Takata
- Faculty of Life and Environmental Science, Shimane University, Matsue, Japan
| | - Seishi Misato
- Faculty of Life and Environmental Science, Shimane University, Matsue, Japan
| | - Fumiyo Ozoe
- Faculty of Life and Environmental Science, Shimane University, Matsue, Japan
| | - Yoshihisa Ozoe
- Faculty of Life and Environmental Science, Shimane University, Matsue, Japan
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Muehlebach M, Buchholz A, Zambach W, Schaetzer J, Daniels M, Hueter O, Kloer DP, Lind R, Maienfisch P, Pierce A, Pitterna T, Smejkal T, Stafford D, Wildsmith L. Spiro N-methoxy piperidine ring containing aryldiones for the control of sucking insects and mites: discovery of spiropidion. Pest Manag Sci 2020; 76:3440-3450. [PMID: 31943711 DOI: 10.1002/ps.5743] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2019] [Revised: 01/07/2020] [Accepted: 01/13/2020] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Crop protection solutions for the control of key economic sucking pests derive essentially from neuronal and muscular acting chemistries, wherein neonicotinoid uses largely dominated for the last two decades. Anticipating likely resistance development of some of those arthropod species to this particular class, we intensified research activities on a non-neuronal site of action targeting insect growth and development some 10 years ago. RESULTS Our innovation path featured reactivation of a scarcely used and simple building block from the 1960s, namely N-methoxy-4-piperidone 3. Its judicious incorporation into the 2-aryl-1,3-dione scaffold of IRAC group 23 inhibitors of fatty acid biosynthesis resulted in novel tetramic acid derivatives acting on acetyl-coenzyme A carboxylase (ACCase). The optimization campaign focused on modulation of the aryl substitution pattern and understanding substituent options at the lactam nitrogen position of those spiroheterocyclic pyrrolidine-dione derivatives towards an effective control of sucking insects and mites. This work gratifyingly culminated in the discovery of spiro N-methoxy piperidine containing proinsecticide spiropidion 1. Following in planta release, its insecticidally active dione metabolite 2 is translaminar and two-way systemic (both xylem and phloem mobile) for a full plant protection against arthropod pests. CONCLUSION Owing to such unique plant systemic properties, growing shoots and roots actually not directly exposed to spiropidion-based chemistry after foliar application nevertheless benefit from its long-lasting efficacy. Spiropidion is for use in field crops, speciality crops and vegetables controlling a broad range of sucking pests. In light of other performance and safety profiles of spiropidion, an IPM fit may be expected. © 2020 Society of Chemical Industry.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Anke Buchholz
- Syngenta Crop Protection AG, R&D, Stein, Switzerland
| | | | | | - Miriam Daniels
- Syngenta Jealott's Hill Int. Research Center, R&D, Berkshire, UK
| | - Ottmar Hueter
- Syngenta Crop Protection AG, R&D, Stein, Switzerland
| | - Daniel P Kloer
- Syngenta Jealott's Hill Int. Research Center, R&D, Berkshire, UK
| | - Rob Lind
- Syngenta Jealott's Hill Int. Research Center, R&D, Berkshire, UK
| | - Peter Maienfisch
- Syngenta Crop Protection AG, Research Portfolio, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Andy Pierce
- Syngenta Jealott's Hill Int. Research Center, R&D, Berkshire, UK
| | | | - Tomas Smejkal
- Syngenta Crop Protection AG, R&D, Stein, Switzerland
| | - David Stafford
- Syngenta Jealott's Hill Int. Research Center, R&D, Berkshire, UK
| | - Laura Wildsmith
- Syngenta Jealott's Hill Int. Research Center, R&D, Berkshire, UK
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Showler AT, Flores N, Caesar RM, Mitchel RD, Perez De León AA. Lethal Effects of a Commercial Diatomaceous Earth Dust Product on Amblyomma americanum (Ixodida: Ixodidae) Larvae and Nymphs. J Med Entomol 2020; 57:1575-1581. [PMID: 32333017 DOI: 10.1093/jme/tjaa082] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
With increasing development of resistance to conventional synthetic acaricides in economically and medically important ixodid species, interest in finding alternative control tactics has intensified. Laboratory bioassays were conducted, using the lone star tick, Amblyomma americanum (L.), as a model species, to assess the efficacy of a diatomaceous earth-based product, Deadzone, in comparison with a silica gel-based product, CimeXa. CimeXa is already known to be highly lethal against A. americanum larvae and nymphs. The two dust treatments were 100% effective against larvae and nymphs within 24 h after contact occurred by immersion in dry dusts and after crawling across a surface treated with the dry dusts. Contact by crawling on a dried aqueous film of the dusts, even at a concentration of 10%, was not as effective as exposure to the dusts in dry powder form. As has been demonstrated with CimeXa, it is likely that Deadzone will be capable of providing prophylactic protection of cattle from economically important one-host ixodids, such as the southern cattle fever tick, Rhipicephalus microplus (Canestrini), which vectors the causal agents of babesiosis. Diatomaceous earth can be stored indefinitely, will remain efficacious for as long as sufficient quantities remain on the substrate, it is a natural (organic) substance, and it might be amenable for limited use in environmentally protected habitats.
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Affiliation(s)
- Allan T Showler
- USDA-ARS, Knipling-Bushland U.S. Livestock Insects Research Laboratory, Kerrville, TX
| | - Nicole Flores
- Department of Science, Schreiner University, 2100 Memorial Blvd, Kerrville, TX
| | - Ryan M Caesar
- Department of Science, Schreiner University, 2100 Memorial Blvd, Kerrville, TX
| | - Robert D Mitchel
- Environmental Protection Agency, Office of Pesticide Programs, Registration Division, Invertebrate and Vertebrate Branch, Arlington, VA
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Showler AT, Dorsey BN, Caesar RM. Lethal Effects of a Silica Gel + Thyme Oil (EcoVia) Dust and Aqueous Suspensions on Amblyomma americanum (Ixodida: Ixodidae) Larvae and Nymphs. J Med Entomol 2020; 57:1516-1524. [PMID: 32208483 DOI: 10.1093/jme/tjaa054] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2020] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Ixodids suck blood from host animals and transmit pathogens that cause important medical and veterinary diseases. As synthetic conventional acaricide resistance becomes increasingly common, alternative tactics are likely to enhance control efforts. Laboratory bioassays assessed the lethality of CimeXa, a commercial silica gel desiccant dust, and EcoVia, a commercial product containing silica gel + thyme oil, against lone star tick, Amblyomma americanum (L.), larvae and nymphs. Both life stages were completely killed by CimeXa by 24 h, and EcoVia achieved total larval mortality within 1 h when they were initially immersed in the dusts and when they crawled across treated substrate. Larvae were killed faster than nymphs. Temporary immersion of A. americanum larvae and nymphs in aqueous suspensions of the dusts were less effective than exposure to the dusts applied dry. Larval and nymphal mortality associated with crawling on dried aqueous suspensions of the products was also not as strong as when the immature life stages crawled across substrate treated with dry dusts, and EcoVia was not more efficient than CimeXa. CimeXa and EcoVia can likely be used to protect cattle in a prophylactic context because silica gel does not degrade, and EcoVia might be effective at eliminating ticks that are feeding on cattle as well. We suggest that the two dust products be assessed for efficacy against other ixodid species, such as the southern cattle fever tick, Rhipicephalus microplus (Canestrini), which transmits the causal agents of babesiosis to cattle.
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Affiliation(s)
- Allan T Showler
- Knipling-Bushland U.S. Livestock Insects Research Laboratory, USDA-ARS, Kerrville, TX
| | | | - Ryan M Caesar
- Department of Science, Schreiner University, Kerrville, TX
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Anastassiadou M, Arena M, Auteri D, Brancato A, Bura L, Carrasco Cabrera L, Chaideftou E, Chiusolo A, Crivellente F, De Lentdecker C, Egsmose M, Fait G, Greco L, Ippolito A, Istace F, Jarrah S, Kardassi D, Leuschner R, Lostia A, Lythgo C, Magrans O, Mangas I, Miron I, Molnar T, Padovani L, Parra Morte JM, Pedersen R, Reich H, Santos M, Sharp R, Sturma J, Szentes C, Terron A, Tiramani M, Vagenende B, Villamar‐Bouza L. Peer review of the pesticide risk assessment of the active substance abamectin. EFSA J 2020; 18:e06227. [PMID: 32831947 PMCID: PMC7439425 DOI: 10.2903/j.efsa.2020.6227] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The conclusions of the European Food Safety Authority (EFSA) following the peer review of the initial risk assessments carried out by the competent authorities of the rapporteur Member State, Austria, and co-rapporteur Member State, Malta, for the pesticide active substance abamectin are reported. The context of the peer review was that required by Commission Implementing Regulation (EU) No 844/2012, as amended by Commission Implementing Regulation (EU) No 2018/1659. The conclusions were reached on the basis of the evaluation of the representative uses of abamectin as an insecticide and acaricide on tomato and strawberry. The reliable end points appropriate for use in regulatory risk assessment are presented. Missing information identified as being required by the regulatory framework is listed. Concerns are identified.
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Anastassiadou M, Bernasconi G, Brancato A, Carrasco Cabrera L, Ferreira L, Greco L, Jarrah S, Kazocina A, Leuschner R, Magrans JO, Miron I, Nave S, Pedersen R, Reich H, Rojas A, Sacchi A, Santos M, Stanek A, Theobald A, Vagenende B, Verani A. Modification of the existing maximum residue level for acrinathrin in lettuce. EFSA J 2020; 18:e06218. [PMID: 32742438 PMCID: PMC7388146 DOI: 10.2903/j.efsa.2020.6218] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
In accordance with Article 6 of Regulation (EC) No 396/2005, the applicant Cheminova A/S submitted a request to the competent national authority in Spain to modify the existing maximum residue level (MRL) for the active substance acrinathrin in lettuce. The data submitted in support of the request were found to be sufficient to derive an MRL proposal for lettuce. Adequate analytical methods for enforcement are available to control the residues of acrinathrin on the commodity under consideration at the validated limit of quantification (LOQ) of 0.01 mg/kg. Based on the risk assessment results, EFSA concluded that the short-term and long-term intake of residues resulting from the use of acrinathrin according to the reported agricultural practice and the current approval restrictions of acrinathrin is unlikely to present a risk to consumer health. However, uncertainties remain, particularly on the toxicological profile of the different isomers. Hence, the consumer risk assessment is considered tentative.
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Abstract
General trends and strategies for novel pesticides are summarized. Global pesticide sales and pesticide discovery research are also briefly reviewed. At least 105 chemical pesticides have been launched during the past decade or are under development: 43 fungicides, 34 insecticides/acaricides, 6 nematicides, 21 herbicides, and 1 herbicide safener. Most of them are safe to humans and environmentally friendly. The most developed fungicides are SDHI (succinate dehydrogenase inhibitors), DMI (demethylation inhibitors), QoI (quinone outside inhibitors), and QiI (quinone inside inhibitors). Due to the development of resistance to fungicides with existing modes of action, many fungicides possessing various novel modes of action have been launched or are under development. The trend of insecticide development is changing from organophosphorus, carbamate, and synthetic pyrethroids to nicotinic and diamide insecticides. During the past decade, compounds possessing a variety of novel modes of action have also been launched or are under development. Flupyradifurone and flupyrimin, exhibiting extremely low honeybee toxicity, have been developed and subjected to practical use. Herbicides possessing varied modes of action, such as acetolactate synthase, p-hydroxyphenylpyruvate dioxygenase, protoporphyrinogen oxidase, and very-long-chain fatty acid elongase inhibition, have been developed, but no herbicides possessing a novel mode action have commercialized in nearly 30 years. It is of interest that cyclopyrimorate, which was recently launched, and tetflupyrolimet, which is under development, have novel modes action: homogentisate solanesyltransferase (HST) and dihydroorotate dehydrogenase (DHODH) inhibition, respectively. The development of useful acaricides and nematicides is also progressing. Some natural product origin pesticides are getting attention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Noriharu Umetsu
- Kibi International University, Department of Agriculture
- To whom correspondence should be addressed. E-mail:
| | - Yuichi Shirai
- OAT Agrio Co., Ltd., Research and Development Division
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Al Khoury C, Nemer N, Nemer G, Kurban M, Bernigaud C, Fischer K, Guillot J. In Vitro Activity of Beauvericin against All Developmental Stages of Sarcoptes scabiei. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 2020; 64:e02118-19. [PMID: 32122897 DOI: 10.1128/AAC.02118-19] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2019] [Accepted: 02/23/2020] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Scabies is a frequent cutaneous infection caused by the mite Sarcoptes scabiei in a large number of mammals, including humans. As the resistance of S. scabiei against several chemical acaricides has been previously documented, the establishment of alternative and effective control molecules is required. In this study, the potential acaricidal activity of beauvericin was assessed against different life stages of S. scabiei var. suis and in comparison with dimpylate and ivermectin, two commercially available molecules used for the treatment of S. scabiei infection in animals and/or humans. The toxicity of beauvericin against cultured human fibroblast skin cells was evaluated using an MTT proliferation assay. In our in vitro model, developmental stages of S. scabiei were placed in petri dishes filled with Columbia agar supplemented with pig serum and different concentrations of the drugs. Cell sensitivity assays demonstrated low toxicity of beauvericin against primary human fibroblast skin cells. At 0.5 and 5 mM, beauvericin showed higher activity against adults and eggs of S. scabiei compared to dimpylate and ivermectin. These results revealed that the use of beauvericin is promising and might be considered for the treatment of S. scabiei infection.
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Pan D, Dou W, Yuan GR, Zhou QH, Wang JJ. Monitoring the Resistance of the Citrus Red Mite (Acari: Tetranychidae) to Four Acaricides in Different Citrus Orchards in China. J Econ Entomol 2020; 113:918-923. [PMID: 31819971 DOI: 10.1093/jee/toz335] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
The citrus red mite, Panonychus citri (McGregor), is an important spider mite pest in citrus producing areas. Owing to long-term acaricide exposure, resistance has evolved rapidly in recent years. To evaluate the extent of resistance, seven field mite populations sampled from various geographical locations in China during 2015-2018 were tested using the leaf-dip bioassay method to determine their susceptibilities to four acaricides. In comparison with the susceptible strain maintained in the laboratory, low or moderate levels of fenpropathrin resistance, while no resistance to abamectin or cyflumetofen, were found among populations sampled from Liangping, Wanzhou, Daying, and Anyue in Southwestern China during the test period. High levels (>1,000-fold, with LC50 values that were greater than the recommended concentration) of resistance to fenpropathrin had evolved in field populations from Southern China, including Guilin, Nanning, and Yuxi, when compared with that of the susceptible strain. Populations from Guilin and Nanning also evolved high resistance levels to abamectin (1,088-fold and 1,401-fold) and cyflumetofen (2,112-fold and 9,093-fold). All the populations sampled in 2018 showed a moderate or high resistance to bifenazate. Generally, field populations of citrus red mites from Southwestern China were more sensitive to the tested acaricides than those of Southern China. The data provide a foundation for developing acaricide resistance management strategies in these regions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Deng Pan
- Key Laboratory of Entomology and Pest Control Engineering, College of Plant Protection, Southwest University, Chongqing, P.R. China
- Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Southwest University, Chongqing, P.R. China
| | - Wei Dou
- Key Laboratory of Entomology and Pest Control Engineering, College of Plant Protection, Southwest University, Chongqing, P.R. China
- Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Southwest University, Chongqing, P.R. China
| | - Guo-Rui Yuan
- Key Laboratory of Entomology and Pest Control Engineering, College of Plant Protection, Southwest University, Chongqing, P.R. China
- Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Southwest University, Chongqing, P.R. China
| | - Qi-Hao Zhou
- Key Laboratory of Entomology and Pest Control Engineering, College of Plant Protection, Southwest University, Chongqing, P.R. China
- Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Southwest University, Chongqing, P.R. China
| | - Jin-Jun Wang
- Key Laboratory of Entomology and Pest Control Engineering, College of Plant Protection, Southwest University, Chongqing, P.R. China
- Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Southwest University, Chongqing, P.R. China
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