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Lu H, Rakhymzhanov A, Buttner U, Alsulaiman D. Making Healthcare Accessible: A Rapid Clean-Room-Free Fabrication Strategy for Microfluidics-Driven Biosensors Based on Coupling Stereolithography and Hot Embossing. ACS OMEGA 2024; 9:38096-38106. [PMID: 39281898 PMCID: PMC11391438 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.4c05196] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2024] [Revised: 08/01/2024] [Accepted: 08/16/2024] [Indexed: 09/18/2024]
Abstract
Microfluidics offers transformative potential in healthcare by enabling miniaturized, user-friendly, and cost-effective devices for disease diagnostics among other biomedical applications; however, their meaningful adoption is severely hindered, especially in developing countries and resource-limited settings, by the cost, time, and complexity of their fabrication. To overcome this barrier of access, this work develops a novel approach for highly efficient (<4 h), cost-effective, and clean-room-free fabrication of functional polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS)-based microfluidic devices based on coupling stereolithography three-dimensional (3D) printing with hot embossing. The strategy exhibits high fidelity between the digital design and final device, remarkable transfer accuracy between the 3D print and poly(methyl methacrylate) (PMMA) mold, in addition to highly smooth surfaces (R a < 1 μm). To establish the versatility of the approach and performance quality of the fabricated devices, three advanced microfluidics-driven biosensing platforms are developed: a microsphere droplet generator, a stop-flow lithography-based hydrogel microparticle synthesizer, and a hydrogel postembedded microfluidic device for multiplexed biomarker detection. As a proof-of-concept, the latter platform was applied to the multiplexed detection of microRNA, a highly promising class of liquid biopsy biomarkers for many diseases including cancer. Notably, the ability to demonstrate multiplexed sensing of disease biomarkers within devices made through a facile, rapid, and clean-room-free strategy demonstrates the immense potential of this fabrication approach to accelerate the adoption and advancement of biomedical microfluidic devices in practice and in resource-limited settings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haoliang Lu
- Division of Physical Science & Engineering, King Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST), Thuwal, Makkah Province 23955-6900, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
| | - Almas Rakhymzhanov
- Nanofabrication Core Lab, King Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST), Thuwal, Makkah Province 23955-6900, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
| | - Ulrich Buttner
- Nanofabrication Core Lab, King Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST), Thuwal, Makkah Province 23955-6900, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
| | - Dana Alsulaiman
- Division of Physical Science & Engineering, King Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST), Thuwal, Makkah Province 23955-6900, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
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2
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Buttitta G, Bonacorsi S, Barbarito C, Moliterno M, Pompei S, Saito G, Oddone I, Verdone G, Secci D, Raimondi S. Scalable microfluidic method for tunable liposomal production by a design of experiment approach. Int J Pharm 2024; 662:124460. [PMID: 39004291 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpharm.2024.124460] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2024] [Revised: 06/18/2024] [Accepted: 07/09/2024] [Indexed: 07/16/2024]
Abstract
Liposomes constitute a widespread drug delivery platform, gaining more and more attention from the pharmaceutical industry and process development scientists. Their large-scale production as medicinal products for human use is all but trivial, especially when parenteral administration is required. In this study an off-the-shelf microfluidic system and a methodological approach are presented for the optimization, validation and scale-up of highly monodisperse liposomes manufacturing. Starting from a Doxil®-like formulation (HSPC, MPEG-DSPE and cholesterol), a rational approach (Design of Experiments, DoE) was applied for the screening of the process parameters affecting the quality attributes of the product (mainly size and polydispersity). Additional DoEs were conducted to determine the effect of critical process parameters "CPPs" (cholesterol concentration, total flow rate "TFR" and flow rate ratio "FRR"), thus assessing the formulation and process robustness. A scale-up was then successfully accomplished. The procedure was applied to a Marqibo®-like formulation as well (sphingomyelin and cholesterol) to show the generality of the proposed formulation, process development and scale-up approach. The application of the system and method herein presented enables the large-scale manufacturing of liposomes, in compliance with the internationally recognized regulatory standards for pharmaceutical development (Quality by Design).
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Affiliation(s)
- Giorgio Buttitta
- Department of Drug Chemistry and Technologies, Sapienza University of Rome, P.le A. Moro 5, 00185 Rome, Italy
| | - Simone Bonacorsi
- Department of Drug Chemistry and Technologies, Sapienza University of Rome, P.le A. Moro 5, 00185 Rome, Italy; BSP Pharmaceuticals S.p.A., Via Appia Km. 65, 561, 04013 Latina Scalo, LT, Italy
| | - Chiara Barbarito
- BSP Pharmaceuticals S.p.A., Via Appia Km. 65, 561, 04013 Latina Scalo, LT, Italy
| | - Mauro Moliterno
- BSP Pharmaceuticals S.p.A., Via Appia Km. 65, 561, 04013 Latina Scalo, LT, Italy
| | - Simona Pompei
- BSP Pharmaceuticals S.p.A., Via Appia Km. 65, 561, 04013 Latina Scalo, LT, Italy
| | - Gabriele Saito
- BSP Pharmaceuticals S.p.A., Via Appia Km. 65, 561, 04013 Latina Scalo, LT, Italy
| | - Irene Oddone
- BSP Pharmaceuticals S.p.A., Via Appia Km. 65, 561, 04013 Latina Scalo, LT, Italy
| | - Giuliana Verdone
- BSP Pharmaceuticals S.p.A., Via Appia Km. 65, 561, 04013 Latina Scalo, LT, Italy
| | - Daniela Secci
- Department of Drug Chemistry and Technologies, Sapienza University of Rome, P.le A. Moro 5, 00185 Rome, Italy
| | - Sergio Raimondi
- BSP Pharmaceuticals S.p.A., Via Appia Km. 65, 561, 04013 Latina Scalo, LT, Italy.
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Alobaid AA, Skoda MWA, Harris LK, Campbell RA. Translational use of homing peptides: Tumor and placental targeting. J Colloid Interface Sci 2024; 662:1033-1043. [PMID: 38387365 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcis.2024.02.103] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2023] [Revised: 01/30/2024] [Accepted: 02/12/2024] [Indexed: 02/24/2024]
Abstract
HYPOTHESIS Tissue-specific homing peptides have been shown to improve chemotherapeutic efficacy due to their trophism for tumor cells. Other sequences that selectively home to the placenta are providing new and safer therapeutics to treat complications in pregnancy. Our hypothesis is that the placental homing peptide RSGVAKS (RSG) may have binding affinity to cancer cells, and that insight can be gained into the binding mechanisms of RSG and the tumor homing peptide CGKRK to model membranes that mimic the primary lipid compositions of the respective cells. EXPERIMENTS Following cell culture studies on the binding efficacy of the peptides on a breast cancer cell line, a systematic translational characterization is delivered using ellipsometry, Brewster angle microscopy and neutron reflectometry of the extents, structures, and dynamics of the interactions of the peptides with the model membranes on a Langmuir trough. FINDINGS We start by revealing that RSG does indeed have binding affinity to breast cancer cells. The peptide is then shown to exhibit stronger interactions and greater penetration than CGKRK into both model membranes, combined with greater disruption to the lipid component. RSG also forms aggregates bound to the model membranes, yet both peptides bind to a greater extent to the placental than cancer model membranes. The results demonstrate the potential for varying local reservoirs of peptide within cell membranes that may influence receptor binding. The innovative nature of our findings motivates the urgent need for more studies involving multifaceted experimental platforms to explore the use of specific peptide sequences to home to different cellular targets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abdulaziz A Alobaid
- Division of Pharmacy and Optometry, Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, The University of Manchester, Manchester M13 9PL, United Kingdom; Department of Pharmaceutics, Faculty of Pharmacy, Kuwait University, P.O. Box 24923, Safat 13110, Kuwait
| | - Maximilian W A Skoda
- ISIS Neutron & Muon Source, Rutherford Appleton Laboratory, Harwell Campus, Didcot OX11 0QX, United Kingdom
| | - Lynda K Harris
- Division of Pharmacy and Optometry, Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, The University of Manchester, Manchester M13 9PL, United Kingdom; Maternal and Fetal Health Research Centre, Division of Developmental Biology and Medicine, Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, The University of Manchester, Oxford Road, Manchester M13 9WL, United Kingdom; St Mary's Hospital, Manchester University NHS Foundation Trust, Manchester Academic Health Science Centre, Manchester M13 9WL, United Kingdom; Olson Center for Women's Health, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE 68198, United States.
| | - Richard A Campbell
- Division of Pharmacy and Optometry, Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, The University of Manchester, Manchester M13 9PL, United Kingdom.
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4
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Hajimolaali M, Dorkoosh FA, Antimisiaris SG. Review of recent preclinical and clinical research on ligand-targeted liposomes as delivery systems in triple negative breast cancer therapy. J Liposome Res 2024:1-26. [PMID: 38520185 DOI: 10.1080/08982104.2024.2325963] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2023] [Accepted: 02/27/2024] [Indexed: 03/25/2024]
Abstract
Triple-negative breast Cancer (TNBC) is one of the deadliest types, making up about 20% of all breast cancers. Chemotherapy is the traditional manner of progressed TNBC treatment; however, it has a short-term result with a high reversibility pace. The lack of targeted treatment limited and person-dependent treatment options for those suffering from TNBC cautions to be the worst type of cancer among breast cancer patients. Consequently, appropriate treatment for this disease is considered a major clinical challenge. Therefore, various treatment methods have been developed to treat TNBC, among which chemotherapy is the most common and well-known approach recently studied. Although effective methods are chemotherapies, they are often accompanied by critical limitations, especially the lack of specific functionality. These methods lead to systematic toxicity and, ultimately, the expansion of multidrug-resistant (MDR) cancer cells. Therefore, finding novel and efficient techniques to enhance the targeting of TNBC treatment is an essential requirement. Liposomes have demonstrated that they are an effective method for drug delivery; however, among a large number of liposome-based drug delivery systems annually developed, a small number have just received authorization for clinical application. The new approaches to using liposomes target their structure with various ligands to increase therapeutic efficiency and diminish undesired side effects on various body tissues. The current study describes the most recent strategies and research associated with functionalizing the liposomes' structure with different ligands as targeted drug carriers in treating TNBCs in preclinical and clinical stages.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohammad Hajimolaali
- Department of Pharmacy, Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Technology, University of Patras, Patras, Greece
| | - Farid Abedin Dorkoosh
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Faculty of Pharmacy, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
- Medical Biomaterial Research Center (MBRC), Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Sophia G Antimisiaris
- Department of Pharmacy, Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Technology, University of Patras, Patras, Greece
- Institute of Chemical Engineering, Foundation for Research and Technology Hellas, FORTH/ICEHT, Patras, Greece
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5
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Ashby G, Keng KE, Hayden CC, Stachowiak JC. A live cell imaging-based assay for tracking particle uptake by clathrin-mediated endocytosis. Methods Enzymol 2024; 700:413-454. [PMID: 38971609 DOI: 10.1016/bs.mie.2024.02.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/08/2024]
Abstract
A popular strategy for therapeutic delivery to cells and tissues is to encapsulate therapeutics inside particles that cells internalize via endocytosis. The efficacy of particle uptake by endocytosis is often studied in bulk using flow cytometry and Western blot analysis and confirmed using confocal microscopy. However, these techniques do not reveal the detailed dynamics of particle internalization and how the inherent heterogeneity of many types of particles may impact their endocytic uptake. Toward addressing these gaps, here we present a live-cell imaging-based method that utilizes total internal reflection fluorescence microscopy to track the uptake of a large ensemble of individual particles in parallel, as they interact with the cellular endocytic machinery. To analyze the resulting data, we employ an open-source tracking algorithm in combination with custom data filters. This analysis reveals the dynamic interactions between particles and endocytic structures, which determine the probability of particle uptake. In particular, our approach can be used to examine how variations in the physical properties of particles (size, targeting, rigidity), as well as heterogeneity within the particle population, impact endocytic uptake. These data impact the design of particles toward more selective and efficient delivery of therapeutics to cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Grant Ashby
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, The University of Texas at Austin
| | - Kayla E Keng
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, The University of Texas at Austin
| | - Carl C Hayden
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, The University of Texas at Austin
| | - Jeanne C Stachowiak
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, The University of Texas at Austin; Department of Chemical Engineering, The University of Texas at Austin.
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6
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Myat YY, Sahatsapan N, Rojanarata T, Ngawhirunpat T, Opanasopit P, Pornpitchanarong C, Patrojanasophon P. Antibody-decorated chitosan-iodoacetamide-coated nanocarriers for the potential delivery of doxorubicin to breast cancer cells. Int J Biol Macromol 2024; 258:128797. [PMID: 38104687 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2023.128797] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2023] [Revised: 12/08/2023] [Accepted: 12/12/2023] [Indexed: 12/19/2023]
Abstract
Using an active targeting approach of chemotherapeutics-loaded nanocarriers (NCs) with monoclonal antibodies is a potential strategy to improve the specificity of the delivery systems and reduce adverse reactions of chemotherapeutic drugs. Specific targeting of the human epidermal growth factor receptor-2 (HER-2), expressed excessively in HER-2-positive breast cancer cells, can be achieved by conjugating NCs with an anti-HER-2 monoclonal antibody. We constructed trastuzumab-conjugated chitosan iodoacetamide-coated NCs containing doxorubicin (Tras-Dox-CHI-IA-NCs) as a tumor-targeted drug delivery system, during the study. Chitosan-iodoacetamide (CHI-IA) was synthesized and utilized to prepare trastuzumab-conjugated NCs (Tras-NCs). The morphology, physicochemical properties, drug loading, drug release, and biological activities of the NCs were elucidated. The Tras-NCs were spherical, with a particle size of approximately 76 nm, and had a positive zeta potential; after incorporating the drug, the size of the Tras-NC increased. A prolonged, 24-h drug release from the NCs was achieved. The Tras-NCs exhibited high cellular accumulation and significantly higher antitumor activity against HER-2-positive breast cancer cells than the unconjugated NCs and the drug solution. Therefore, Tras-Dox-CHI-IA-NCs could be a promising nanocarrier for HER-2-positive breast cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yin Yin Myat
- Pharmaceutical Development of Green Innovations Group (PDGIG), Faculty of Pharmacy, Silpakorn University, Nakhon Pathom 73000, Thailand
| | - Nitjawan Sahatsapan
- Institute of Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Prague 160 00, Czech Republic
| | - Theerasak Rojanarata
- Pharmaceutical Development of Green Innovations Group (PDGIG), Faculty of Pharmacy, Silpakorn University, Nakhon Pathom 73000, Thailand
| | - Tanasait Ngawhirunpat
- Pharmaceutical Development of Green Innovations Group (PDGIG), Faculty of Pharmacy, Silpakorn University, Nakhon Pathom 73000, Thailand
| | - Praneet Opanasopit
- Pharmaceutical Development of Green Innovations Group (PDGIG), Faculty of Pharmacy, Silpakorn University, Nakhon Pathom 73000, Thailand
| | - Chaiyakarn Pornpitchanarong
- Pharmaceutical Development of Green Innovations Group (PDGIG), Faculty of Pharmacy, Silpakorn University, Nakhon Pathom 73000, Thailand
| | - Prasopchai Patrojanasophon
- Pharmaceutical Development of Green Innovations Group (PDGIG), Faculty of Pharmacy, Silpakorn University, Nakhon Pathom 73000, Thailand.
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7
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Rad ME, Soylukan C, Kulabhusan PK, Günaydın BN, Yüce M. Material and Design Toolkit for Drug Delivery: State of the Art, Trends, and Challenges. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2023; 15:55201-55231. [PMID: 37994836 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.3c10065] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2023]
Abstract
The nanomaterial and related toolkit have promising applications for improving human health and well-being. Nanobased drug delivery systems use nanoscale materials as carriers to deliver therapeutic agents in a targeted and controlled manner, and they have shown potential to address issues associated with conventional drug delivery systems. They offer benefits for treating various illnesses by encapsulating or conjugating biological agents, chemotherapeutic drugs, and immunotherapeutic agents. The potential applications of this technology are vast; however, significant challenges exist to overcome such as safety issues, toxicity, efficacy, and insufficient capacity. This article discusses the latest developments in drug delivery systems, including drug release mechanisms, material toolkits, related design molecules, and parameters. The concluding section examines the limitations and provides insights into future possibilities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Monireh Esmaeili Rad
- Faculty of Engineering and Natural Sciences, Sabanci University, Istanbul 34956, Turkey
| | - Caner Soylukan
- SUNUM Nanotechnology Research and Application Centre, Sabanci University, Istanbul 34956, Turkey
| | | | - Beyza Nur Günaydın
- Faculty of Engineering and Natural Sciences, Sabanci University, Istanbul 34956, Turkey
- SUNUM Nanotechnology Research and Application Centre, Sabanci University, Istanbul 34956, Turkey
| | - Meral Yüce
- SUNUM Nanotechnology Research and Application Centre, Sabanci University, Istanbul 34956, Turkey
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8
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Youssef M, Hitti C, Puppin Chaves Fulber J, Kamen AA. Enabling mRNA Therapeutics: Current Landscape and Challenges in Manufacturing. Biomolecules 2023; 13:1497. [PMID: 37892179 PMCID: PMC10604719 DOI: 10.3390/biom13101497] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2023] [Revised: 10/05/2023] [Accepted: 10/06/2023] [Indexed: 10/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Recent advances and discoveries in the structure and role of mRNA as well as novel lipid-based delivery modalities have enabled the advancement of mRNA therapeutics into the clinical trial space. The manufacturing of these products is relatively simple and eliminates many of the challenges associated with cell culture production of viral delivery systems for gene and cell therapy applications, allowing rapid production of mRNA for personalized treatments, cancer therapies, protein replacement and gene editing. The success of mRNA vaccines during the COVID-19 pandemic highlighted the immense potential of this technology as a vaccination platform, but there are still particular challenges to establish mRNA as a widespread therapeutic tool. Immunostimulatory byproducts can pose a barrier for chronic treatments and different production scales may need to be considered for these applications. Moreover, long-term storage of mRNA products is notoriously difficult. This review provides a detailed overview of the manufacturing steps for mRNA therapeutics, including sequence design, DNA template preparation, mRNA production and formulation, while identifying the challenges remaining in the dose requirements, long-term storage and immunotolerance of the product.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Amine A. Kamen
- Department of Bioengineering, McGill University, Montreal, QC H3A 0G4, Canada; (M.Y.); (C.H.); (J.P.C.F.)
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9
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Moholkar DN, Kandimalla R, Gupta RC, Aqil F. Advances in lipid-based carriers for cancer therapeutics: Liposomes, exosomes and hybrid exosomes. Cancer Lett 2023; 565:216220. [PMID: 37209944 PMCID: PMC10325927 DOI: 10.1016/j.canlet.2023.216220] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2023] [Revised: 04/18/2023] [Accepted: 05/06/2023] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
Cancer has recently surpassed heart disease as the leading cause of deaths worldwide for the age group 45-65 and has been the primary focus for biomedical researchers. Presently, the drugs involved in the first-line cancer therapy are raising concerns due to high toxicity and lack of selectivity to cancer cells. There has been a significant increase in research with innovative nano formulations to entrap the therapeutic payload to enhance efficacy and eliminate or minimize toxic effects. Lipid-based carriers stand out due to their unique structural properties and biocompatible nature. The two main leaders of lipid-based drug carriers: long known liposomes and comparatively new exosomes have been well-researched. The similarity between the two lipid-based carriers is the vesicular structure with the core's capability to carry the payload. While liposomes utilize chemically derived and altered phospholipid components, the exosomes are naturally occurring vesicles with inherent lipids, proteins, and nucleic acids. More recently, researchers have focused on developing hybrid exosomes by fusing liposomes and exosomes. Combining these two types of vesicles may offer some advantages such as high drug loading, targeted cellular uptake, biocompatibility, controlled release, stability in harsh conditions and low immunogenicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Disha N Moholkar
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY, 40202, USA
| | - Raghuram Kandimalla
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY, 40202, USA; Brown Cancer Center, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY, 40202, USA
| | - Ramesh C Gupta
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY, 40202, USA; Brown Cancer Center, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY, 40202, USA.
| | - Farrukh Aqil
- Brown Cancer Center, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY, 40202, USA; Department of Medicine, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY, 40202, USA.
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10
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Al-Samydai A, Al Qaraleh M, Al Azzam KM, Mayyas A, Nsairat H, Abu Hajleh MN, Al-Halaseh LK, Al-Karablieh N, Akour A, Alshaik F, Alshaer W. Formulating co-loaded nanoliposomes with gallic acid and quercetin for enhanced cancer therapy. Heliyon 2023; 9:e17267. [PMID: 37408902 PMCID: PMC10319229 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2023.e17267] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2023] [Revised: 06/08/2023] [Accepted: 06/13/2023] [Indexed: 07/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Cancer is considered one of the top global causes of death. Natural products have been used in oncology medicine either in crude form or by utilizing isolated secondary metabolites. Biologically active phytomolecules such as gallic acid and quercetin have confirmed antioxidant, anti-bacterial, and neoplastic properties. There is an agreement that microorganisms could mediate oncogenesis or alter the immune system. This research project aims to develop a novel formulation of co-loaded gallic acid and quercetin into nanoliposomes and investigate the efficacy of the free and combined agents against multiple cancerous cell lines and bacterial strains. Thin-film hydration technique was adopted to synthesize the nanocarriers. Particle characteristics were measured using a Zetasizer. The morphology of nanoliposomes was examined by scanning electron microscopy, Encapsulation efficiency and drug loading were evaluated using High-Performance Liquid Chromatography. Cytotoxicity was determined against Breast Cancer Cells MCF-7, Human Carcinoma Cells HT-29, and A549 Lung Cancer Cells. The antibacterial activities were evaluated against Acinetobacter baumannii, Escherichia coli, Proteus mirabilis, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, and Staphylococcus aureus. Therapeutic formulas were categorized into groups: free gallic acid, free quercetin, free-mix, and their nano-counterparts. Findings revealed that drug loading capacity was 0.204 for the mix formula compared to 0.092 and 0.68 for free gallic acid and quercetin, respectively. Regarding the Zeta potential, the mix formula showed more amphiphilic charge than the free quercetin and free gallic acid formulas (P-values 0.003 and 0.002 receptively). On the contrary, no significant difference in polydispersity indices was reported. Lung cancerous cells were the most affected by the treatments. The best estimated IC50 values were observed in breast and lung cancer lines for the nano-gallic acid and co-loaded particles. The nano-quercetin formula exhibited the least cytotoxicity with an IC50 value of ≥200 μg/mL in both breast (MCF-7) and colorectal adenocarcinoma cell lines (HT-29) with no activity against the lung. A remarkable improvement in the efficacy of quercetin was measured after mixing it with gallic acid against the breast and lungs. The tested therapeutic agents exhibited antimicrobial activity against gram-positive bacteria. Nano-liposomes can either enhance or reduce the cytotoxicity activity of active compounds depending on the physical and chemical properties of drug-loaded and type of cancer cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ali Al-Samydai
- Pharmacological and Diagnostic Research Centre (PDRC), Faculty of Pharmacy, Al-Ahliyya Amman University, Amman, 19328, Jordan
| | - Moath Al Qaraleh
- Pharmacological and Diagnostic Research Centre (PDRC), Faculty of Pharmacy, Al-Ahliyya Amman University, Amman, 19328, Jordan
| | - Khaldun M. Al Azzam
- Pharmacological and Diagnostic Research Centre (PDRC), Faculty of Pharmacy, Al-Ahliyya Amman University, Amman, 19328, Jordan
| | - Amal Mayyas
- Faculty of Health Sciences, Department of Pharmacy, American University of Madaba, 11821, Madaba, Jordan
| | - Hamdi Nsairat
- Pharmacological and Diagnostic Research Centre (PDRC), Faculty of Pharmacy, Al-Ahliyya Amman University, Amman, 19328, Jordan
| | - Maha N. Abu Hajleh
- Department of Cosmetic Science, Pharmacological and Diagnostic Research Centre, Faculty of Allied Medical Sciences, Al-Ahliyya Amman University, 19328, Amman, Jordan
| | - Lidia K. Al-Halaseh
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Mutah University, 61710, Al-Karak, Jordan
| | - Nehaya Al-Karablieh
- Department of Plant Protection, School of Agriculture, The University of Jordan, Amman, 11942, Jordan
- Hamdi Mango Center for Scientific Research, The University of Jordan, Amman, 11942, Jordan
| | - Amal Akour
- Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, United Arab Emirates University, United Arab Emirates
- Department of Biopharmaceutics and Clinical Pharmacy, School of Pharmacy, The University of Jordan, Jordan
| | - Fatima Alshaik
- Pharmacological and Diagnostic Research Centre (PDRC), Faculty of Pharmacy, Al-Ahliyya Amman University, Amman, 19328, Jordan
| | - Walhan Alshaer
- Cell Therapy Center, The University of Jordan, Amman, 11942, Jordan
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11
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Kumar P, Mangla B, Javed S, Ahsan W, Musyuni P, Sivadasan D, Alqahtani SS, Aggarwal G. A review of nanomaterials from synthetic and natural molecules for prospective breast cancer nanotherapy. Front Pharmacol 2023; 14:1149554. [PMID: 37274111 PMCID: PMC10237355 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2023.1149554] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2023] [Accepted: 05/10/2023] [Indexed: 06/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Breast cancer being one of the most frequent cancers in women accounts for almost a quarter of all cancer cases. Early and late-stage breast cancer outcomes have improved dramatically, with considerable gains in overall survival rate and disease-free state. However, the current therapy of breast cancer suffers from drug resistance leading to relapse and recurrence of the disease. Also, the currently used synthetic and natural agents have bioavailability issues which limit their use. Recently, nanocarriers-assisted delivery of synthetic and natural anticancer drugs has been introduced to the breast cancer therapy which alienates the limitations associated with the current therapy to a great extent. Significant progress has lately been made in the realm of nanotechnology, which proved to be vital in the fight against drug resistance. Nanotechnology has been successfully applied in the effective and improved therapy of different forms of breast cancer including invasive, non-invasive as well as triple negative breast cancer (TNBC), etc. This review presents a comprehensive overview of various nanoformulations prepared for the improved delivery of synthetic and natural anticancer drugs alone or in combination showing better efficacy and pharmacokinetics. In addition to this, various ongoing and completed clinical studies and patents granted on nanotechnology-based breast cancer drug delivery are also reviewed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pankaj Kumar
- Centre For Advanced Formulation and Technology, Delhi Pharmaceutical Sciences and Research University, New Delhi, India
| | - Bharti Mangla
- Centre For Advanced Formulation and Technology, Delhi Pharmaceutical Sciences and Research University, New Delhi, India
| | - Shamama Javed
- Department of Pharmaceutics, College of Pharmacy, Jazan University, Jazan, Saudi Arabia
| | - Waquar Ahsan
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, College of Pharmacy, Jazan University, Jazan, Saudi Arabia
| | - Pankaj Musyuni
- Centre For Advanced Formulation and Technology, Delhi Pharmaceutical Sciences and Research University, New Delhi, India
| | - Durgaramani Sivadasan
- Department of Pharmaceutics, College of Pharmacy, Jazan University, Jazan, Saudi Arabia
| | - Saad S. Alqahtani
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy, College of Pharmacy, Jazan University, Jazan, Saudi Arabia
| | - Geeta Aggarwal
- Centre For Advanced Formulation and Technology, Delhi Pharmaceutical Sciences and Research University, New Delhi, India
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12
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Vogelaar A, Marcotte S, Cheng J, Oluoch B, Zaro J. Use of Microfluidics to Prepare Lipid-Based Nanocarriers. Pharmaceutics 2023; 15:pharmaceutics15041053. [PMID: 37111539 PMCID: PMC10144662 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics15041053] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2023] [Revised: 03/18/2023] [Accepted: 03/21/2023] [Indexed: 04/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Lipid-based nanoparticles (LBNPs) are an important tool for the delivery of a diverse set of drug cargoes, including small molecules, oligonucleotides, and proteins and peptides. Despite their development over the past several decades, this technology is still hindered by issues with the manufacturing processes leading to high polydispersity, batch-to-batch and operator-dependent variability, and limits to the production volumes. To overcome these issues, the use of microfluidic techniques in the production of LBNPs has sharply increased over the past two years. Microfluidics overcomes many of the pitfalls seen with conventional production methods, leading to reproducible LBNPs at lower costs and higher yields. In this review, the use of microfluidics in the preparation of various types of LBNPs, including liposomes, lipid nanoparticles, and solid lipid nanoparticles for the delivery of small molecules, oligonucleotides, and peptide/protein drugs is summarized. Various microfluidic parameters, as well as their effects on the physicochemical properties of LBNPs, are also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alicia Vogelaar
- Department of Pharmacology and Pharmaceutical Sciences, USC Alfred E. Mann School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90089, USA
| | - Samantha Marcotte
- Department of Pharmacology and Pharmaceutical Sciences, USC Alfred E. Mann School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90089, USA
| | - Jiaqi Cheng
- Department of Pharmacology and Pharmaceutical Sciences, USC Alfred E. Mann School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90089, USA
| | - Benazir Oluoch
- Department of Pharmacology and Pharmaceutical Sciences, USC Alfred E. Mann School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90089, USA
| | - Jennica Zaro
- Department of Pharmacology and Pharmaceutical Sciences, USC Alfred E. Mann School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90089, USA
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13
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Microfluidic paclitaxel-loaded lipid nanoparticle formulations for chemotherapy. Int J Pharm 2022; 628:122320. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpharm.2022.122320] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2022] [Revised: 10/12/2022] [Accepted: 10/14/2022] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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14
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Bai X, Smith ZL, Wang Y, Butterworth S, Tirella A. Sustained Drug Release from Smart Nanoparticles in Cancer Therapy: A Comprehensive Review. MICROMACHINES 2022; 13:mi13101623. [PMID: 36295976 PMCID: PMC9611581 DOI: 10.3390/mi13101623] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2022] [Revised: 09/22/2022] [Accepted: 09/22/2022] [Indexed: 05/14/2023]
Abstract
Although nanomedicine has been highly investigated for cancer treatment over the past decades, only a few nanomedicines are currently approved and in the market; making this field poorly represented in clinical applications. Key research gaps that require optimization to successfully translate the use of nanomedicines have been identified, but not addressed; among these, the lack of control of the release pattern of therapeutics is the most important. To solve these issues with currently used nanomedicines (e.g., burst release, systemic release), different strategies for the design and manufacturing of nanomedicines allowing for better control over the therapeutic release, are currently being investigated. The inclusion of stimuli-responsive properties and prolonged drug release have been identified as effective approaches to include in nanomedicine, and are discussed in this paper. Recently, smart sustained release nanoparticles have been successfully designed to safely and efficiently deliver therapeutics with different kinetic profiles, making them promising for many drug delivery applications and in specific for cancer treatment. In this review, the state-of-the-art of smart sustained release nanoparticles is discussed, focusing on the design strategies and performances of polymeric nanotechnologies. A complete list of nanomedicines currently tested in clinical trials and approved nanomedicines for cancer treatment is presented, critically discussing advantages and limitations with respect to the newly developed nanotechnologies and manufacturing methods. By the presented discussion and the highlight of nanomedicine design criteria and current limitations, this review paper could be of high interest to identify key features for the design of release-controlled nanomedicine for cancer treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xue Bai
- Division of Pharmacy and Optometry, School of Health Science, Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, University of Manchester, Oxford Road, Manchester M13 9PT, UK
| | - Zara L. Smith
- Division of Pharmacy and Optometry, School of Health Science, Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, University of Manchester, Oxford Road, Manchester M13 9PT, UK
| | - Yuheng Wang
- Division of Pharmacy and Optometry, School of Health Science, Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, University of Manchester, Oxford Road, Manchester M13 9PT, UK
| | - Sam Butterworth
- Division of Pharmacy and Optometry, School of Health Science, Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, University of Manchester, Oxford Road, Manchester M13 9PT, UK
| | - Annalisa Tirella
- Division of Pharmacy and Optometry, School of Health Science, Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, University of Manchester, Oxford Road, Manchester M13 9PT, UK
- BIOtech-Center for Biomedical Technologies, Department of Industrial Engineering, University of Trento, Via delle Regole 101, 38123 Trento, Italy
- Correspondence:
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15
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Osouli-Bostanabad K, Puliga S, Serrano DR, Bucchi A, Halbert G, Lalatsa A. Microfluidic Manufacture of Lipid-Based Nanomedicines. Pharmaceutics 2022; 14:pharmaceutics14091940. [PMID: 36145688 PMCID: PMC9506151 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics14091940] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2022] [Revised: 09/02/2022] [Accepted: 09/02/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Nanoparticulate technologies have revolutionized drug delivery allowing for passive and active targeting, altered biodistribution, controlled drug release (temporospatial or triggered), enhanced stability, improved solubilization capacity, and a reduction in dose and adverse effects. However, their manufacture remains immature, and challenges exist on an industrial scale due to high batch-to-batch variability hindering their clinical translation. Lipid-based nanomedicines remain the most widely approved nanomedicines, and their current manufacturing methods remain discontinuous and face several problems such as high batch-to-batch variability affecting the critical quality attributes (CQAs) of the product, laborious multistep processes, need for an expert workforce, and not being easily amenable to industrial scale-up involving typically a complex process control. Several techniques have emerged in recent years for nanomedicine manufacture, but a paradigm shift occurred when microfluidic strategies able to mix fluids in channels with dimensions of tens of micrometers and small volumes of liquid reagents in a highly controlled manner to form nanoparticles with tunable and reproducible structure were employed. In this review, we summarize the recent advancements in the manufacturing of lipid-based nanomedicines using microfluidics with particular emphasis on the parameters that govern the control of CQAs of final nanomedicines. The impact of microfluidic environments on formation dynamics of nanomaterials, and the application of microdevices as platforms for nanomaterial screening are also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karim Osouli-Bostanabad
- Biomaterials, Bio-Engineering and Nanomedicine (BioN) Lab, Institute of Biomedical and Biomolecular Sciences, School of Pharmacy and Biomedical Sciences, University of Portsmouth, White Swan Road, Portsmouth PO1 2DT, UK
- School of Pharmacy and Biomedical Sciences, Robertson Wing, University of Strathclyde, 161, Cathedral Street, Glasgow G4 0RE, UK
| | - Sara Puliga
- Biomaterials, Bio-Engineering and Nanomedicine (BioN) Lab, Institute of Biomedical and Biomolecular Sciences, School of Pharmacy and Biomedical Sciences, University of Portsmouth, White Swan Road, Portsmouth PO1 2DT, UK
| | - Dolores R. Serrano
- Pharmaceutics and Food Technology Department, School of Pharmacy, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Plaza Ramón y Cajal s/n, 28040 Madrid, Spain
- Facultad de Farmacia, Instituto Universitario de Farmacia Industrial, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, 28040 Madrid, Spain
- Correspondence: (D.R.S.); (A.L.); Tel.: +44-141-548-2675 (A.L.)
| | - Andrea Bucchi
- School of Mechanical and Design Engineering, Faculty of Technology, University of Portsmouth, Portsmouth PO1 3DJ, UK
| | - Gavin Halbert
- CRUK Formulation Unit, School of Pharmacy and Biomedical Sciences, Robertson Wing, University of Strathclyde, 161, Cathedral Street, Glasgow G4 0RE, UK
| | - Aikaterini Lalatsa
- Biomaterials, Bio-Engineering and Nanomedicine (BioN) Lab, Institute of Biomedical and Biomolecular Sciences, School of Pharmacy and Biomedical Sciences, University of Portsmouth, White Swan Road, Portsmouth PO1 2DT, UK
- School of Pharmacy and Biomedical Sciences, Robertson Wing, University of Strathclyde, 161, Cathedral Street, Glasgow G4 0RE, UK
- CRUK Formulation Unit, School of Pharmacy and Biomedical Sciences, Robertson Wing, University of Strathclyde, 161, Cathedral Street, Glasgow G4 0RE, UK
- Correspondence: (D.R.S.); (A.L.); Tel.: +44-141-548-2675 (A.L.)
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16
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Fahr S, Peña-Benavides SA, Thiel L, Sengoba C, Karacasulu K, Ihling N, Sosa-Hernández JE, Gilleskie G, Woodley JM, Parra-Saldivar R, Mansouri SS, Roh K. Mobile On Demand COVID-19 Vaccine Production Units for Developing Countries. Ind Eng Chem Res 2022. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.iecr.2c01217] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Steffen Fahr
- Process Systems Engineering (AVT.SVT), RWTH Aachen University, 52074 Aachen, Germany
- Institute of Plant and Process Technology, Technical University of Munich, 85748 Garching, Germany
| | - Samantha Ayde Peña-Benavides
- Department of Chemical and Biochemical Engineering, Technical University of Denmark, DK-2800 Kongens Lyngby, Denmark
- Tecnologico de Monterrey, School of Engineering and Sciences, Monterrey 64849, Mexico
| | - Lukas Thiel
- Process Systems Engineering (AVT.SVT), RWTH Aachen University, 52074 Aachen, Germany
| | - Carl Sengoba
- Process Systems Engineering (AVT.SVT), RWTH Aachen University, 52074 Aachen, Germany
| | - Kaan Karacasulu
- Process Systems Engineering (AVT.SVT), RWTH Aachen University, 52074 Aachen, Germany
| | - Nina Ihling
- Biochemical Engineering (AVT.BioVT), RWTH Aachen University, 52074 Aachen, Germany
| | | | - Gary Gilleskie
- Golden LEAF Biomanufacturing Training and Education Center (BTEC), NC State University, Raleigh, North Carolina 27606, United States
| | - John M. Woodley
- Department of Chemical and Biochemical Engineering, Technical University of Denmark, DK-2800 Kongens Lyngby, Denmark
| | | | - Seyed Soheil Mansouri
- Department of Chemical and Biochemical Engineering, Technical University of Denmark, DK-2800 Kongens Lyngby, Denmark
| | - Kosan Roh
- Process Systems Engineering (AVT.SVT), RWTH Aachen University, 52074 Aachen, Germany
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Applied Chemistry, Chungnam National University, 34141 Daejeon, Republic of Korea
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17
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Gbian DL, Omri A. Lipid-Based Drug Delivery Systems for Diseases Managements. Biomedicines 2022; 10:2137. [PMID: 36140237 PMCID: PMC9495957 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines10092137] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2022] [Revised: 08/26/2022] [Accepted: 08/27/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Liposomes are tiny lipid-based vesicles composed of one or more lipid bilayers, which facilitate the encapsulation of hydrophilic, lipophilic, and amphiphilic biological active agents. The description of the physicochemical properties, formulation methods, characteristics, mechanisms of action, and large-scale manufacturing of liposomes as delivery systems are deeply discussed. The benefits, toxicity, and limitations of the use of liposomes in pharmacotherapeutics including in diagnostics, brain targeting, eye and cancer diseases, and in infections are provided. The experimental approaches that may reduce, or even bypass, the use of liposomal drug drawbacks is described. The application of liposomes in the treatment of numerous diseases is discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Abdelwahab Omri
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, The Novel Drug and Vaccine Delivery Systems Facility, Laurentian University, Sudbury, ON P3E 2C6, Canada
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18
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Banthia P, Gambhir L, Sharma A, Daga D, Kapoor N, Chaudhary R, Sharma G. Nano to rescue: repository of nanocarriers for targeted drug delivery to curb breast cancer. 3 Biotech 2022; 12:70. [PMID: 35223356 PMCID: PMC8841383 DOI: 10.1007/s13205-022-03121-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2021] [Accepted: 01/16/2022] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Breast cancer is a heterogeneous disease with different intrinsic subtypes. The conventional treatment of surgical resection, chemotherapy, immunotherapy and radiotherapy has not shown significant improvement in the survival rate of breast cancer patients. The therapeutics used cause bystander toxicities deteriorating healthy tissues. The breakthroughs of nanotechnology have been a promising feat in selective targeting of tumor site thus increasing the therapeutic gain. By the application of nanoenabled carriers, nanomedicines ensure targeted delivery, stability, enhanced cellular uptake, biocompatibility and higher apoptotic efficacy. The present review focuses on breakthrough of nanoscale intervention in targeted drug delivery as novel class of therapeutics. Nanoenabled carriers like polymeric and metallic nanoparticles, dendrimers, quantum dots, liposomes, solid lipid nanoparticles, carbon nanotubes, drug-antibody conjugates and exosomes revolutionized the targeted therapeutic delivery approach. These nanoassemblies have shown additional effect of improving the solubility of drugs such as paclitaxel, reducing the dose and toxicity. The present review provides an insight on the different drug conjugates employed/investigated to curb breast cancer using nanocarrier mediated targeted drug delivery. However, identification of appropriate biomarkers to target, clearer insight of the biological processes, batch uniformity, reproducibility, nanomaterial toxicity and stabilities are the hurdles faced by nanodrugs. The potential of nano-therapeutics delivery necessitates the agglomerated efforts of research community to bridge the route of nanodrugs for scale-up, commercialization and clinical applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Poonam Banthia
- School of Applied Sciences, Suresh Gyan Vihar University, Jaipur, Rajasthan India
| | - Lokesh Gambhir
- School of Applied Sciences, Suresh Gyan Vihar University, Jaipur, Rajasthan India
| | - Asha Sharma
- Department of Zoology, Swargiya P. N. K. S. Govt. PG College, Dausa, Rajasthan India
| | - Dhiraj Daga
- Department of Radiation Oncology, JLN Medical College, Ajmer, Rajasthan India
| | - Neha Kapoor
- School of Applied Sciences, Suresh Gyan Vihar University, Jaipur, Rajasthan India
| | - Rishabh Chaudhary
- Department of Emergency Medicine, Institute of Bioelectronic Medicine, Feinstein Institute of Medical Research, Northwell Health, New Hyde Park, NY USA
| | - Gaurav Sharma
- School of Applied Sciences, Suresh Gyan Vihar University, Jaipur, Rajasthan India
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19
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Li M, Li S, Li Y, Li X, Yang G, Li M, Xie Y, Su W, Wu J, Jia L, Li S, Ma W, Li H, Guo N, Yu P. Cationic liposomes co-deliver chemotherapeutics and siRNA for the treatment of breast cancer. Eur J Med Chem 2022; 233:114198. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2022.114198] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2022] [Revised: 02/09/2022] [Accepted: 02/10/2022] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
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20
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Khodaverdi H, Zeini MS, Moghaddam MM, Vazifedust S, Akbariqomi M, Tebyanian H. Lipid-Based Nanoparticles for Targeted Delivery of the Anti-Cancer Drugs: A Review. Curr Drug Deliv 2022; 19:1012-1033. [DOI: 10.2174/1567201819666220117102658] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2021] [Revised: 11/01/2021] [Accepted: 12/01/2021] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Abstract:
Cancer is one of the main reasons for mortality worldwide. Chemotherapeutic agents have been effectively designed to increase certain patients' survival rates, but ordinarily designed chemotherapeutic agents necessarily deliver toxic chemotherapeutic drugs to healthy tissues, resulting in serious side effects. Cancer cells can often acquire drug resistance after repeated dosing of current chemotherapeutic agents, restricting their efficacy. Given such obstacles, investigators have attempted to distribute chemotherapeutic agents using targeted drug delivery systems (DDSs), especially nanotechnology-based DDSs. Lipid-Based Nanoparticles (LBNPs) are a large and complex class of substances that have been utilized to manage a variety of diseases, mostly cancer. Liposomes seem to be the most frequently employed LBNPs, owing to their high biocompatibility, bioactivity, stability, and flexibility; howbeit Solid Lipid Nanoparticles (SLNs) and Non-structured Lipid Carriers (NLCs) have lately received a lot of interest. Besides that, there are several reports that concentrate on novel therapies via LBNPs to manage various forms of cancer. In the present research, the latest improvements in the application of LBNPs have been shown to deliver different therapeutic agents to cancerous cells and have been demonstrated LBNPs also can be a quite successful candidate in cancer therapy for subsequent use.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hamed Khodaverdi
- National Cell Bank of Iran, Pasteur Institute of Iran, Tehran, Iran
| | - Maryam Shokrian Zeini
- Experimental Medicine Research Center, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | | | | | - Mostafa Akbariqomi
- Applied Biotechnology Research Center, Baqiyatallah University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Hamid Tebyanian
- School of Dentistry, Baqiyatallah University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
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21
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Carvalho BG, Ceccato BT, Michelon M, Han SW, de la Torre LG. Advanced Microfluidic Technologies for Lipid Nano-Microsystems from Synthesis to Biological Application. Pharmaceutics 2022; 14:141. [PMID: 35057037 PMCID: PMC8781930 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics14010141] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2021] [Revised: 12/23/2021] [Accepted: 12/30/2021] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Microfluidics is an emerging technology that can be employed as a powerful tool for designing lipid nano-microsized structures for biological applications. Those lipid structures can be used as carrying vehicles for a wide range of drugs and genetic materials. Microfluidic technology also allows the design of sustainable processes with less financial demand, while it can be scaled up using parallelization to increase production. From this perspective, this article reviews the recent advances in the synthesis of lipid-based nanostructures through microfluidics (liposomes, lipoplexes, lipid nanoparticles, core-shell nanoparticles, and biomimetic nanovesicles). Besides that, this review describes the recent microfluidic approaches to produce lipid micro-sized structures as giant unilamellar vesicles. New strategies are also described for the controlled release of the lipid payloads using microgels and droplet-based microfluidics. To address the importance of microfluidics for lipid-nanoparticle screening, an overview of how microfluidic systems can be used to mimic the cellular environment is also presented. Future trends and perspectives in designing novel nano and micro scales are also discussed herein.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bruna G. Carvalho
- Department of Material and Bioprocess Engineering, School of Chemical Engineering, University of Campinas (UNICAMP), Campinas 13083-852, Brazil; (B.G.C.); (B.T.C.)
| | - Bruno T. Ceccato
- Department of Material and Bioprocess Engineering, School of Chemical Engineering, University of Campinas (UNICAMP), Campinas 13083-852, Brazil; (B.G.C.); (B.T.C.)
| | - Mariano Michelon
- School of Chemical and Food Engineering, Federal University of Rio Grande (FURG), Rio Grande 96203-900, Brazil;
| | - Sang W. Han
- Center for Cell Therapy and Molecular, Department of Biophysics, Federal University of São Paulo (UNIFESP), São Paulo 04044-010, Brazil;
| | - Lucimara G. de la Torre
- Department of Material and Bioprocess Engineering, School of Chemical Engineering, University of Campinas (UNICAMP), Campinas 13083-852, Brazil; (B.G.C.); (B.T.C.)
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22
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Kanugo A, Gautam RK, Kamal MA. Recent advances of nanotechnology in the diagnosis and therapy of triple-negative breast cancer (TNBC). Curr Pharm Biotechnol 2021; 23:1581-1595. [PMID: 34967294 DOI: 10.2174/1389201023666211230113658] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2021] [Revised: 11/03/2021] [Accepted: 11/19/2021] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The development of advanced treatment of triple-negative breast cancer (TNBC) is the utmost need of an era. TNBC is recognized as the most aggressive, metastatic cancer and the leading cause of mortality in females worldwide. The lack of expression of triple receptors namely, estrogen, progesterone, and human epidermal receptor2 defined TNBC. OBJECTIVE The current review introduced the novel biomarkers such as miRNA and family, PD1, EGFR, VEGF, TILs, P53, AR and PI3K, etc. contributed significantly to the prognosis and diagnosis of TNBC. Once diagnosed the utilization advanced approaches available for TNBC because of the limitations of chemotherapy. Novel approaches include lipid-based (liposomes, SLN, NLC, and SNEDDS), polymer-based (micelle, nanoparticles, dendrimers, and quantum dots), advanced nanocarriers such as (exosomes, antibody and peptide-drug conjugates), carbon-based nanocarriers (Carbon nanotubes, and graphene oxide). Lipid-based delivery is used for excellent carriers for hydrophobic drugs, biocompatibility, and lesser systemic toxicities than chemotherapeutic agents. Polymer-based approaches are preferred over lipids for providing longer circulation time, nanosize, high loading efficiency, high linking; avoiding the expulsion of drugs, targeted action, diagnostic and biosensing abilities. Advanced approaches like exosomes, conjugated moieties are preferred over polymeric for possessing potency, high penetrability, biomarkers, and avoiding the toxicity of tissues. Carbon-based gained wide applicability for their unique properties like a versatile carrier, prognostic, diagnostic, sensing, photodynamic, and photothermal characteristics. CONCLUSION The survival rate can be increased by utilizing several kinds of biomarkers. The advanced approaches can also be significantly useful in the prognosis and theranostic of triple-negative breast cancer. One of the biggest successes in treating with nanotechnology-based approaches is the marked reduction of systemic toxicity with high therapeutic effectiveness compared with chemotherapy, surgery, etc. The requirements such as prompt diagnosis, longer circulation time, high efficiency, and high potency, can be fulfilled with these nanocarriers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abhishek Kanugo
- Department of Pharmaceutics, SVKM NMIMS School of Pharmacy and Technology Management, Shirpur, Dhule, India
| | - Rupesh K Gautam
- Department of Pharmacology, MM School of Pharmacy, Maharishi Markandeshwar University, Sadopur-Ambala (Haryana) India
| | - Mohammad Amjad Kamal
- West China School of Nursing / Institutes for Systems Genetics, Frontiers Science Center for Disease-related Molecular Network, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, Sichuan, China
- King Fahd Medical Research Center, King Abdulaziz University, P. O. Box 80216, Jeddah 21589, Saudi Arabia
- Enzymoics, 7 Peterlee Place, Hebersham, NSW 2770; Novel Global Community Educational Foundation, Australia
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23
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Microfluidics Technology for the Design and Formulation of Nanomedicines. NANOMATERIALS 2021; 11:nano11123440. [PMID: 34947789 PMCID: PMC8707902 DOI: 10.3390/nano11123440] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2021] [Revised: 12/08/2021] [Accepted: 12/15/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
In conventional drug administration, drug molecules cross multiple biological barriers, distribute randomly in the tissues, and can release insufficient concentrations at the desired pathological site. Controlling the delivery of the molecules can increase the concentration of the drug in the desired location, leading to improved efficacy, and reducing the unwanted effects of the molecules under investigation. Nanoparticles (NPs), have shown a distinctive potential in targeting drugs due to their unique properties, such as large surface area and quantum properties. A variety of NPs have been used over the years for the encapsulation of different drugs and biologics, acting as drug carriers, including lipid-based and polymeric NPs. Applying NP platforms in medicines significantly improves the disease diagnosis and therapy. Several conventional methods have been used for the manufacturing of drug loaded NPs, with conventional manufacturing methods having several limitations, leading to multiple drawbacks, including NPs with large particle size and broad size distribution (high polydispersity index), besides the unreproducible formulation and high batch-to-batch variability. Therefore, new methods such as microfluidics (MFs) need to be investigated more thoroughly. MFs, is a novel manufacturing method that uses microchannels to produce a size-controlled and monodispersed NP formulation. In this review, different formulation methods of polymeric and lipid-based NPs will be discussed, emphasizing the different manufacturing methods and their advantages and limitations and how microfluidics has the capacity to overcome these limitations and improve the role of NPs as an effective drug delivery system.
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24
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Barbălată CI, Porfire AS, Sesarman A, Rauca VF, Banciu M, Muntean D, Știufiuc R, Moldovan A, Moldovan C, Tomuță I. A Screening Study for the Development of Simvastatin-Doxorubicin Liposomes, a Co-Formulation with Future Perspectives in Colon Cancer Therapy. Pharmaceutics 2021; 13:pharmaceutics13101526. [PMID: 34683821 PMCID: PMC8537800 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics13101526] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2021] [Revised: 09/08/2021] [Accepted: 09/15/2021] [Indexed: 01/25/2023] Open
Abstract
An increasing number of studies published so far have evidenced the benefits of Simvastatin (SIM) and Doxorubicin (DOX) co-treatment in colorectal cancer. In view of this, the current study aimed to investigate the pharmaceutical development of liposomes co-encapsulating SIM and DOX, by implementing the Quality by Design (QbD) concept, as a means to enhance the antiproliferative effect of the co-formulation on C26 murine colon cancer cells co-cultured with macrophages. It is known that the quality profile of liposomes is dependent on the critical quality attributes (CQAs) of liposomes (drug entrapped concentration, encapsulation efficiency, size, zeta potential, and drug release profile), which are, in turn, directly influenced by various formulation factors and processing parameters. By using the design of experiments, it was possible to outline the increased variability of CQAs in relation to formulation factors and identify by means of statistical analysis the material attributes that are critical (phospholipids, DOX and SIM concentration) for the quality of the co-formulation. The in vitro studies performed on a murine colon cancer cell line highlighted the importance of delivering the optimal drug ratio at the target site, since the balance antiproliferative vs. pro-proliferative effects can easily be shifted when the molar ratio between DOX and SIM changes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cristina Ioana Barbălată
- Pharmaceutical Technology and Biopharmaceutics, Faculty of Pharmacy, Iuliu Hațieganu University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 41 Victor Babes Street, 400012 Cluj-Napoca, Romania; (C.I.B.); (D.M.); (I.T.)
| | - Alina Silvia Porfire
- Pharmaceutical Technology and Biopharmaceutics, Faculty of Pharmacy, Iuliu Hațieganu University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 41 Victor Babes Street, 400012 Cluj-Napoca, Romania; (C.I.B.); (D.M.); (I.T.)
- Correspondence:
| | - Alina Sesarman
- Department of Molecular Biology and Biotechnology, Centre for Systems Biology, Biodiversity and Bioresources (3B), Faculty of Biology and Geology, Babes-Bolyai University, 5-7 Clinicilor Street, 400006 Cluj-Napoca, Romania; (A.S.); (V.-F.R.); (M.B.)
- Molecular Biology Center, Institute for Interdisciplinary Research in Bio-Nano-Sciences of Babes-Bolyai University, 42 Treboniu Laurian Street, 400271 Cluj-Napoca, Romania
| | - Valentin-Florian Rauca
- Department of Molecular Biology and Biotechnology, Centre for Systems Biology, Biodiversity and Bioresources (3B), Faculty of Biology and Geology, Babes-Bolyai University, 5-7 Clinicilor Street, 400006 Cluj-Napoca, Romania; (A.S.); (V.-F.R.); (M.B.)
- Molecular Biology Center, Institute for Interdisciplinary Research in Bio-Nano-Sciences of Babes-Bolyai University, 42 Treboniu Laurian Street, 400271 Cluj-Napoca, Romania
| | - Manuela Banciu
- Department of Molecular Biology and Biotechnology, Centre for Systems Biology, Biodiversity and Bioresources (3B), Faculty of Biology and Geology, Babes-Bolyai University, 5-7 Clinicilor Street, 400006 Cluj-Napoca, Romania; (A.S.); (V.-F.R.); (M.B.)
- Molecular Biology Center, Institute for Interdisciplinary Research in Bio-Nano-Sciences of Babes-Bolyai University, 42 Treboniu Laurian Street, 400271 Cluj-Napoca, Romania
| | - Dana Muntean
- Pharmaceutical Technology and Biopharmaceutics, Faculty of Pharmacy, Iuliu Hațieganu University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 41 Victor Babes Street, 400012 Cluj-Napoca, Romania; (C.I.B.); (D.M.); (I.T.)
| | - Rareș Știufiuc
- MedFuture Research Center for Advanced Medicine, Iuliu Hatieganu University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 4-6 Louis Pasteur Street, 400337 Cluj-Napoca, Romania; (R.Ș.); (A.M.); (C.M.)
| | - Alin Moldovan
- MedFuture Research Center for Advanced Medicine, Iuliu Hatieganu University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 4-6 Louis Pasteur Street, 400337 Cluj-Napoca, Romania; (R.Ș.); (A.M.); (C.M.)
| | - Cristian Moldovan
- MedFuture Research Center for Advanced Medicine, Iuliu Hatieganu University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 4-6 Louis Pasteur Street, 400337 Cluj-Napoca, Romania; (R.Ș.); (A.M.); (C.M.)
| | - Ioan Tomuță
- Pharmaceutical Technology and Biopharmaceutics, Faculty of Pharmacy, Iuliu Hațieganu University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 41 Victor Babes Street, 400012 Cluj-Napoca, Romania; (C.I.B.); (D.M.); (I.T.)
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Gkionis L, Aojula H, Harris LK, Tirella A. Microfluidic-assisted fabrication of phosphatidylcholine-based liposomes for controlled drug delivery of chemotherapeutics. Int J Pharm 2021; 604:120711. [PMID: 34015381 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpharm.2021.120711] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2021] [Revised: 05/11/2021] [Accepted: 05/12/2021] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
Microfluidic enables precise control over the continuous mixing of fluid phases at the micrometre scale, aiming to optimize the processing parameters and to facilitate scale-up feasibility. The optimization of parameters to obtain monodispersed drug-loaded liposomes however is challenging. In this work, two phosphatidylcholines (PC) differing in acyl chain length were selected, and used to control the release of the chemotherapeutic agent doxorubicin hydrochloride, an effective drug used to treat breast cancer. Microfluidics was used to rapidly screen manufacturing parameters and PC formulations to obtain monodispersed unilamellar liposomal formulations with a reproducible size (i.e. < 200 nm). Cholesterol was included in all liposomal formulations; some formulations also contained DMPC(1,2-dimyristoyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine) and/or DSPC(1,2-distearoyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine). Systematic variations in microfluidics total flow rate (TFR) settings were performed, while keeping a constant flow rate ratio (FRR). A total of six PC-based liposomes were fabricated using the optimal manufacturing parameters (TFR 500 μL/min, FRR 0.1) for the production of reproducible, stable liposome formulations with a narrow size distribution. Liposomes actively encapsulating doxorubicin exhibited high encapsulation efficiencies (>80%) for most of the six formulations, and sustained drug release profiles in vitro over 48 h. Drug release profiles varied as a function of the DMPC/DSPC mol content in the lipid bilayer, with DMPC-based liposomes exhibiting a sustained release of doxorubicin when compared to DSPC liposomes. The PC-based liposomes, with a slower release of doxorubicin, were tested in vitro, as to investigate their cytotoxic activity against three human breast cancer cell lines: the non-metastatic ER+/PR + MCF7 cells, the triple-negative aggressive MDA-MB 231 cells, and the metastatic HER2-overexpressing/PR + BT474 cells. Similar cytotoxicity levels to that of free doxorubicin were reported for DMPC5 and DMPC3 binary liposomes (IC50 ~ 1 μM), whereas liposomes composed of a single PC were less cytotoxic (IC50 ~ 3-4 μM). These results highlight that microfluidics is suitable for the manufacture of monodispersed and size-specific PC-based liposomes in a controlled single-step; furthermore, selected PC-based liposome represent promising nanomedicines for the prolonged release of chemotherapeutics, with the aim of improving outcomes for patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leonidas Gkionis
- Division of Pharmacy and Optometry, Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, University of Manchester, Manchester Academic Health Science Centre, Oxford Road, Manchester M13 9PL, United Kingdom
| | - Harmesh Aojula
- Division of Pharmacy and Optometry, Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, University of Manchester, Manchester Academic Health Science Centre, Oxford Road, Manchester M13 9PL, United Kingdom
| | - Lynda K Harris
- Division of Pharmacy and Optometry, Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, University of Manchester, Manchester Academic Health Science Centre, Oxford Road, Manchester M13 9PL, United Kingdom; Maternal and Fetal Health Research Centre, Division of Developmental Biology and Medicine, Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, University of Manchester, 5th floor (Research), St Mary's Hospital, Oxford Road, Manchester M13 9WL, UK; St Mary's Hospital, Manchester University NHS Foundation Trust, Manchester Academic Health Science Centre, Manchester M13 9WL, UK
| | - Annalisa Tirella
- Division of Pharmacy and Optometry, Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, University of Manchester, Manchester Academic Health Science Centre, Oxford Road, Manchester M13 9PL, United Kingdom.
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Cui T, Li S, Chen S, Liang Y, Sun H, Wang L. "Stealth" dendrimers with encapsulation of indocyanine green for photothermal and photodynamic therapy of cancer. Int J Pharm 2021; 600:120502. [PMID: 33746010 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpharm.2021.120502] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2020] [Revised: 03/06/2021] [Accepted: 03/13/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Poly(amido amine) dendrimers and indocyanine green have inevitable interaction with proteins and cells, which induces biological toxicity and reduces therapeutic efficacy in vivo. To overcome these shortcomings, a new drug delivery system G5MEK7C(n)-ICG with a "stealth" layer was prepared. The surface of G5MEK7C(n)-ICG was modified with double-layer super hydrophilic zwitterionic materials. In the "stealth" double-layer structure, the outer layer was consisted of zwitterionic Glu-Lys-Glu-Lys-Glu-Lys-Cys (EK7) peptide, and the inner layer was composed of amino and carboxyl groups with a ratio of 1:1. DLS results showed that the average hydrodynamic size of G5MEK7C(n)-ICG was about 25-30 nm, and the zeta potential was proven to undergo a slight charge reversal with the increasing pH values of solutions. Furthermore, G5MEK7C(n)-ICG exhibited excellent biocompatibility to red blood cells and proteins resistance. Photothermal and photodynamic experiments demonstrated that G5MEK7C(n)-ICG had a good photothermal conversion effect and generated singlet oxygen (1O2) under laser irradiation. The MTT and hemolysis results showed that the toxicity of G5 PAMAM was significantly reduced after modification double-layer structure. Cytotoxicity studies and flow cytometry showed G5MEK7C(70)-ICG under laser irradiation had a good effect on killing A549 cells. More importantly, the tumor inhibition rate of mice treated with G5MEK7C(70)-ICG (under laser irradiation) was 78.2% in vivo, which was higher than that of mice treated with free ICG. Compared with free ICG, G5MEK7C(70)-ICG caused less damage to the liver according to the enzyme activities of alanine aminotransferase (ALT) and aspartate aminotransferase (AST). Therefore, dendrimers modified with a zwitterionic double layer will be a promising candidate as a drug delivery system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tianming Cui
- Key Laboratory of Applied Chemistry, Hebei Key Laboratory of Heavy Metal Deep-remediation in Water and Resource Reuse, College of Environmental and Chemical Engineering, Yanshan University, Qinhuangdao 066004, China; State Key Laboratory of Metastable Materials Science and Technology, Yanshan University, Qinhuangdao 066004, China
| | - Shukai Li
- Key Laboratory of Applied Chemistry, Hebei Key Laboratory of Heavy Metal Deep-remediation in Water and Resource Reuse, College of Environmental and Chemical Engineering, Yanshan University, Qinhuangdao 066004, China
| | - Shengfu Chen
- Key Laboratory of Biomass Chemical Engineering of Ministry of Education, College of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310027, China
| | - Ying Liang
- Key Laboratory of Applied Chemistry, Hebei Key Laboratory of Heavy Metal Deep-remediation in Water and Resource Reuse, College of Environmental and Chemical Engineering, Yanshan University, Qinhuangdao 066004, China
| | - Haotian Sun
- Ocean Nano Tech, LLC, San Diego, CA 92126, USA
| | - Longgang Wang
- Key Laboratory of Applied Chemistry, Hebei Key Laboratory of Heavy Metal Deep-remediation in Water and Resource Reuse, College of Environmental and Chemical Engineering, Yanshan University, Qinhuangdao 066004, China; State Key Laboratory of Metastable Materials Science and Technology, Yanshan University, Qinhuangdao 066004, China.
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27
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Kesharwani P, Md S, Alhakamy NA, Hosny KM, Haque A. QbD Enabled Azacitidine Loaded Liposomal Nanoformulation and Its In Vitro Evaluation. Polymers (Basel) 2021; 13:250. [PMID: 33451016 PMCID: PMC7828524 DOI: 10.3390/polym13020250] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2020] [Revised: 12/23/2020] [Accepted: 12/29/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Azacitidine (AZA), an inhibitor of DNA methyltransferase, is a commonly recognized drug used in clinical treatment for myelodysplastic syndrome and breast cancer. Due to higher aqueous solubility and negative log P of AZA causes poor cancer cell permeation and controlled release. The objective of the present study was to formulate and optimize AZA-loaded liposome (AZA-LIPO) for breast cancer chemotherapy by using Box Behnken design (BBD) and in vitro evaluation using MCF-7 cells. AZA-LIPO were prepared using a thin film hydration technique and characterization study was performed by using FTIR and DSC. The prepared formulations were optimized using BBD and the optimized formulation was further subjected for particle size, surface charges, polydispersity index (PDI), drug loading, entrapment efficiency, TEM, XRD, in-vitro drug release and hemolytic toxicity. The mean particle size of optimized AZA-LIPO was 127 nm. Entrapment efficiency and drug loading of AZA-LIPO was found to be 85.2% ± 0.5 and 6.82 ± 1.6%, respectively. Further, in vitro drug release study showed preliminary burst release in 2 h followed by a sustained release for 36 h in phosphate buffer at different pH (4.0, 5.5, and 7.4) as compared to free drug. Drug release was found to be pH dependent, as the pH was increased, the drug release rate was found to be low. Time-dependent cell viability assay exhibited significant higher cell viability and higher internalization than free AZA in MCF-7 cells. AZA-LIPO were more effective than the free AZA in reducing Bcl2 expression, while increasing pro-apoptotic Bax and caspase-3 activity. The result showed that the formulated biocompatible AZA-LIPO nano-formulations may be used as an efficient anti-cancer drug delivery system for the treatment of breast cancer after establishing preclinical and clinical studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Prashant Kesharwani
- Department of Pharmaceutics, School of Pharmaceutical Education and Research, Jamia Hamdard, New Delhi 110062, India
| | - Shadab Md
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Faculty of Pharmacy, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah 21589, Saudi Arabia; (S.M.); (N.A.A.); (K.M.H.)
- Center of Excellence for Drug Research & Pharmaceutical Industries, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah 21589, Saudi Arabia
| | - Nabil A. Alhakamy
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Faculty of Pharmacy, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah 21589, Saudi Arabia; (S.M.); (N.A.A.); (K.M.H.)
- Center of Excellence for Drug Research & Pharmaceutical Industries, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah 21589, Saudi Arabia
| | - Khaled M. Hosny
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Faculty of Pharmacy, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah 21589, Saudi Arabia; (S.M.); (N.A.A.); (K.M.H.)
- Center of Excellence for Drug Research & Pharmaceutical Industries, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah 21589, Saudi Arabia
| | - Anzarul Haque
- Department of Pharmacognosy, College of Pharmacy, Prince Sattam bin Abdulaziz University, Al-kharj 16278, Saudi Arabia;
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