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Fabbrizi MR, Nickson CM, Hughes JR, Robinson EA, Vaidya K, Rubbi CP, Kacperek A, Bryant HE, Helleday T, Parsons JL. Targeting OGG1 and PARG radiosensitises head and neck cancer cells to high-LET protons through complex DNA damage persistence. Cell Death Dis 2024; 15:150. [PMID: 38368415 PMCID: PMC10874437 DOI: 10.1038/s41419-024-06541-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2023] [Revised: 02/02/2024] [Accepted: 02/06/2024] [Indexed: 02/19/2024]
Abstract
Complex DNA damage (CDD), containing two or more DNA lesions within one or two DNA helical turns, is a signature of ionising radiation (IR) and contributes significantly to the therapeutic effect through cell killing. The levels and complexity of CDD increases with linear energy transfer (LET), however, the specific cellular response to this type of DNA damage and the critical proteins essential for repair of CDD is currently unclear. We performed an siRNA screen of ~240 DNA damage response proteins to identify those specifically involved in controlling cell survival in response to high-LET protons at the Bragg peak, compared to low-LET entrance dose protons which differ in the amount of CDD produced. From this, we subsequently validated that depletion of 8-oxoguanine DNA glycosylase (OGG1) and poly(ADP-ribose) glycohydrolase (PARG) in HeLa and head and neck cancer cells leads to significantly increased cellular radiosensitivity specifically following high-LET protons, whilst no effect was observed after low-LET protons and X-rays. We subsequently confirmed that OGG1 and PARG are both required for efficient CDD repair post-irradiation with high-LET protons. Importantly, these results were also recapitulated using specific inhibitors for OGG1 (TH5487) and PARG (PDD00017273). Our results suggest OGG1 and PARG play a fundamental role in the cellular response to CDD and indicate that targeting these enzymes could represent a promising therapeutic strategy for the treatment of head and neck cancers following high-LET radiation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Rita Fabbrizi
- Institute of Cancer and Genomic Sciences, University of Birmingham, Edgbaston, Birmingham, B15 2TT, UK
| | - Catherine M Nickson
- Department of Molecular and Clinical Cancer Medicine, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, L7 8TX, UK
| | - Jonathan R Hughes
- Institute of Cancer and Genomic Sciences, University of Birmingham, Edgbaston, Birmingham, B15 2TT, UK
| | - Emily A Robinson
- Department of Molecular and Clinical Cancer Medicine, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, L7 8TX, UK
| | - Karthik Vaidya
- Institute of Cancer and Genomic Sciences, University of Birmingham, Edgbaston, Birmingham, B15 2TT, UK
| | - Carlos P Rubbi
- Medical School, Edge Hill University, St Helens Road, Ormskirk, L39 4QP, UK
| | - Andrzej Kacperek
- Clatterbridge Cancer Centre NHS Foundation Trust, Clatterbridge Road, Bebington, CH63 4JY, UK
| | - Helen E Bryant
- Sheffield Institute for Nucleic Acids (SInFoNiA), School of Medicine and Population Health, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, S10 2RX, UK
| | - Thomas Helleday
- Science for Life Laboratory, Department of Oncology and Pathology, Karolinska Institute, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Jason L Parsons
- Institute of Cancer and Genomic Sciences, University of Birmingham, Edgbaston, Birmingham, B15 2TT, UK.
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Saleh H, Liloglou T, Rigden DJ, Parsons JL, Grundy GJ. KH-like Domains in PARP9/DTX3L and PARP14 Coordinate Protein-Protein Interactions to Promote Cancer Cell Survival. J Mol Biol 2024; 436:168434. [PMID: 38182103 PMCID: PMC11080071 DOI: 10.1016/j.jmb.2023.168434] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2023] [Revised: 12/12/2023] [Accepted: 12/30/2023] [Indexed: 01/07/2024]
Abstract
Certain members of the ADP-ribosyltransferase superfamily (ARTD or PARP enzymes) catalyse ADP-ribosylation in response to cellular stress, DNA damage and viral infection and are upregulated in various tumours. PARP9, its binding partner DTX3L and PARP14 protein levels are significantly correlated in head and neck squamous cell carcinoma (HNSCC) and other tumour types though a mechanism where PARP9/DTX3L regulates PARP14 post-transcriptionally. Depleting PARP9, DTX3L or PARP14 expression in HNSCC or HeLa cell lines decreases cell survival through a reduction of proliferation and an increase in apoptosis. A partial rescue of survival was achieved by expressing a PARP14 truncation containing a predicted eukaryotic type I KH domain. KH-like domains were also found in PARP9 and in DTX3L and contributed to protein-protein interactions between PARP9-DTX3L and PARP14-DTX3L. Homodimerization of DTX3L was also coordinated by a KH-like domain and was disrupted by site-specific mutation. Although, cell survival promoted by PARP14 did not require ADP-ribosyltransferase activity, interaction of DTX3L in vitro suppressed PARP14 auto-ADP-ribosylation and promoted trans-ADP-ribosylation of PARP9 and DTX3L. In summary, we characterised PARP9-DTX3L-PARP14 interactions important to pro-survival signalling in HNSCC cells, albeit in PARP14 catalytically independent fashion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hadil Saleh
- University of Liverpool, Department of Molecular and Clinical Cancer Medicine, 6 West Derby St, Liverpool L7 8TX, UK
| | - Triantafillos Liloglou
- Edge Hill University, Faculty of Health, Social Care & Medicine, St Helens Road, Ormskirk, Lancashire L39 4QP, UK
| | - Daniel J Rigden
- University of Liverpool, Department of Biochemistry, Cell and Systems Biology, Liverpool L69 7ZB, UK
| | - Jason L Parsons
- University of Birmingham, Institute of Cancer and Genomic Sciences, IBR West, Birmingham B15 2TT, UK
| | - Gabrielle J Grundy
- University of Liverpool, Department of Molecular and Clinical Cancer Medicine, 6 West Derby St, Liverpool L7 8TX, UK.
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3
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Guerra Liberal FDC, Parsons JL, McMahon SJ. Most DNA repair defects do not modify the relationship between relative biological effectiveness and linear energy transfer in CRISPR-edited cells. Med Phys 2024; 51:591-600. [PMID: 37753877 DOI: 10.1002/mp.16764] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2023] [Revised: 09/15/2023] [Accepted: 09/15/2023] [Indexed: 09/28/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Cancer is a highly heterogeneous disease, driven by frequent genetic alterations which have significant effects on radiosensitivity. However, radiotherapy for a given cancer type is typically given with a standard dose determined from population-level trials. As a result, a proportion of patients are under- or over-dosed, reducing the clinical benefit of radiotherapy. Biological optimization would not only allow individual dose prescription but also a more efficient allocation of limited resources, such as proton and carbon ion therapy. Proton and ion radiotherapy offer an advantage over photons due to their elevated Relative Biological Effectiveness (RBE) resulting from their elevated Linear Energy Transfer (LET). Despite significant interest in optimizing LET by tailoring radiotherapy plans, RBE's genetic dependence remains unclear. PURPOSE The aim of this study is to better define the RBE/LET relationship in a panel of cell lines with different defects in DSB repair pathways, but otherwise identical biological features and genetic background to isolate these effects. METHODS Normal human cells (RPE1), genetically modified to introduce defects in DNA double-strand break (DSB) repair genes, ATM, BRCA1, DCLRE1C, LIG4, PRKDC and TP53, were used to map the RBE-LET relationship. Cell survival was measured with clonogenic assays after exposure to photons, protons (LET 1 and 12 keV/µm) and alpha particles (129 keV/µm). Gene knockout sensitizer enhancement ratio (SER) values were calculated as the ratio of the mean inactivation dose (MID) of wild-type cells to repair-deficient cells, and RBE values were calculated as the ratio of the MID of X-ray and particle irradiated cells. 53BP1 foci were used to quantify radiation-induced DSBs and their repair following irradiation. RESULTS Deletion of NHEJ genes had the greatest impact on photon sensitivity (ATM-/- SER = 2.0 and Lig4-/- SER = 1.8), with genes associated with HR having smaller effects (BRCA1-/- SER = 1.2). Wild-type cells showed RBEs of 1.1, 1.3, 5.0 for low- and high-LET protons and alpha particles respectively. SERs for different genes were independent of LET, apart from NHEJ knockouts which proved to be markedly hypersensitive across all tested LETs. Due to this hypersensitivity, the impact of high LET was reduced in cell models lacking the NHEJ repair pathway. HR-defective cells had moderately increased sensitivity across all tested LETs, but, notably, the contribution of HR pathway to survival appeared independent of LET. Analysis of 53BP1 foci shows that NHEJ-defective cells had the least DSB repair capacity after low LET exposure, and no visible repair after high LET exposure. HR-defective cells also had slower repair kinetics, but the impact of HR defects is not as severe as NHEJ defects. CONCLUSIONS DSB repair defects, particularly in NHEJ, conferred significant radiosensitivity across all LETs. This sensitization appeared independent of LET, suggesting that the contribution of different DNA repair pathways to survival does not depend on radiation quality.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Jason L Parsons
- Institute of Cancer and Genomic Sciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK
| | - Stephen J McMahon
- The Patrick G Johnston Centre for Cancer Research, Queen's University Belfast, Belfast, UK
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Robeska E, Lalanne K, Vianna F, Sutcu HH, Khobta A, Busso D, Radicella JP, Campalans A, Baldeyron C. Targeted nuclear irradiation with a proton microbeam induces oxidative DNA base damage and triggers the recruitment of DNA glycosylases OGG1 and NTH1. DNA Repair (Amst) 2024; 133:103610. [PMID: 38101146 DOI: 10.1016/j.dnarep.2023.103610] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2023] [Revised: 11/10/2023] [Accepted: 11/30/2023] [Indexed: 12/17/2023]
Abstract
DNA is the major target of radiation therapy of malignant tumors. Ionizing radiation (IR) induces a variety of DNA lesions, including chemically modified bases and strand breaks. The use of proton beam therapy for cancer treatment is ramping up, as it is expected to reduce normal tissue damage. Thus, it is important to understand the molecular mechanisms of recognition, signaling, and repair of DNA damage induced by protons in the perspective of assessing not only the risk associated with human exposure to IR but also the possibility to improve the efficacy of therapy. Here, we used targeted irradiation of nuclear regions of living cells with controlled number of protons at a high spatio-temporal resolution to detect the induced base lesions and characterize the recruitment kinetics of the specific DNA glycosylases to DNA damage sites. We show that localized irradiation with 4 MeV protons induces, in addition to DNA double strand breaks (DSBs), the oxidized bases 7,8-dihydro-8-oxoguanine (8-oxoG) and thymine glycol (TG) at the site of irradiation. Consistently, the DNA glycosylases OGG1 and NTH1, capable of excising 8-oxoG and TG, respectively, and initiating the base excision repair (BER) pathway, are recruited to the site of damage. To our knowledge, this is the first direct evidence indicating that proton microbeams induce oxidative base damage, and thus implicating BER in the repair of DNA lesions induced by protons.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elena Robeska
- Université Paris-Saclay, iRCM/IBFJ, CEA, Genetic Stability, Stem Cells and Radiation, F-92260 Fontenay-aux-Roses, France; Université Paris Cité, iRCM/IBFJ, CEA, Genetic Stability, Stem Cells and Radiation, F-92260 Fontenay-aux-Roses, France
| | - Kévin Lalanne
- Institut de Radioprotection et de Sûreté Nucléaire (IRSN), PSE-SANTE/SDOS/LMDN, Cadarache, F-13115 Saint-Paul-Lez-Durance, France
| | - François Vianna
- Institut de Radioprotection et de Sûreté Nucléaire (IRSN), PSE-SANTE/SDOS/LMDN, Cadarache, F-13115 Saint-Paul-Lez-Durance, France
| | - Haser Hasan Sutcu
- Institut de Radioprotection et de Sûreté Nucléaire (IRSN), PSE-SANTE/SERAMED/LRAcc, F-92262 Fontenay aux Roses, France
| | - Andriy Khobta
- Institute of Nutritional Sciences, Friedrich Schiller University Jena, 07743 Jena, Germany
| | - Didier Busso
- Université Paris Cité et Université Paris-Saclay, INSERM, CEA, iRCM/IBFJ, Genetic Stability, Stem Cells and Radiation, F-92260 Fontenay-aux-Roses, France
| | - J Pablo Radicella
- Université Paris-Saclay, iRCM/IBFJ, CEA, Genetic Stability, Stem Cells and Radiation, F-92260 Fontenay-aux-Roses, France; Université Paris Cité, iRCM/IBFJ, CEA, Genetic Stability, Stem Cells and Radiation, F-92260 Fontenay-aux-Roses, France
| | - Anna Campalans
- Université Paris-Saclay, iRCM/IBFJ, CEA, Genetic Stability, Stem Cells and Radiation, F-92260 Fontenay-aux-Roses, France; Université Paris Cité, iRCM/IBFJ, CEA, Genetic Stability, Stem Cells and Radiation, F-92260 Fontenay-aux-Roses, France.
| | - Céline Baldeyron
- Institut de Radioprotection et de Sûreté Nucléaire (IRSN), PSE-SANTE/SERAMED/LRAcc, F-92262 Fontenay aux Roses, France.
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Xu BY, Yu XL, Gao WX, Gao TT, Hu HY, Wu TT, Shen C, Huang XY, Zheng B, Wu YB. RNF187 governs the maintenance of mouse GC-2 cell development by facilitating histone H3 ubiquitination at K57/80. Asian J Androl 2023:00129336-990000000-00147. [PMID: 38156805 DOI: 10.4103/aja202368] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2023] [Accepted: 10/19/2023] [Indexed: 01/03/2024] Open
Abstract
RING finger 187 (RNF187), a ubiquitin-ligating (E3) enzyme, plays a crucial role in the proliferation of cancer cells. However, it remains unclear whether RNF187 exhibits comparable functionality in the development of germline cells. To investigate the potential involvement of RNF187 in germ cell development, we conducted interference and overexpression assays using GC-2 cells, a mouse spermatocyte-derived cell line. Our findings reveal that the interaction between RNF187 and histone H3 increases the viability, proliferation, and migratory capacity of GC-2 cells. Moreover, we provide evidence demonstrating that RNF187 interacts with H3 and mediates the ubiquitination of H3 at lysine 57 (K57) or lysine 80 (K80), directly or indirectly resulting in increased cellular transcription. This is a study to report the role of RNF187 in maintaining the development of GC-2 cells by mediating histone H3 ubiquitination, thus highlighting the involvement of the K57 and K80 residues of H3 in the epistatic regulation of gene transcription. These discoveries provide a new theoretical foundation for further comprehensive investigations into the function of RNF187 in the reproductive system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bing-Ya Xu
- Human Reproductive and Genetic Center, Affiliated Hospital of Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, China
| | - Xiang-Ling Yu
- Human Reproductive and Genetic Center, Affiliated Hospital of Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, China
| | - Wen-Xin Gao
- State Key Laboratory of Reproductive Medicine, Department of Histology and Embryology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing 211166, China
| | - Ting-Ting Gao
- Changzhou Maternal and Child Health Care Hospital, Changzhou Medical Center, Nanjing Medical University, Changzhou 213000, China
| | - Hao-Yue Hu
- Human Reproductive and Genetic Center, Affiliated Hospital of Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, China
| | - Tian-Tian Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Reproductive Medicine, Department of Histology and Embryology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing 211166, China
| | - Cong Shen
- State Key Laboratory of Reproductive Medicine, Center for Reproduction and Genetics, Suzhou Municipal Hospital, The Affiliated Suzhou Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Gusu School, Nanjing Medical University, Suzhou 215002, China
| | - Xiao-Yan Huang
- State Key Laboratory of Reproductive Medicine, Department of Histology and Embryology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing 211166, China
| | - Bo Zheng
- State Key Laboratory of Reproductive Medicine, Center for Reproduction and Genetics, Suzhou Municipal Hospital, The Affiliated Suzhou Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Gusu School, Nanjing Medical University, Suzhou 215002, China
| | - Yi-Bo Wu
- Human Reproductive and Genetic Center, Affiliated Hospital of Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, China
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Khazaei Monfared Y, Heidari P, Klempner SJ, Mahmood U, Parikh AR, Hong TS, Strickland MR, Esfahani SA. DNA Damage by Radiopharmaceuticals and Mechanisms of Cellular Repair. Pharmaceutics 2023; 15:2761. [PMID: 38140100 PMCID: PMC10748326 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics15122761] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2023] [Revised: 12/05/2023] [Accepted: 12/08/2023] [Indexed: 12/24/2023] Open
Abstract
DNA is an organic molecule that is highly vulnerable to chemical alterations and breaks caused by both internal and external factors. Cells possess complex and advanced mechanisms, including DNA repair, damage tolerance, cell cycle checkpoints, and cell death pathways, which together minimize the potentially harmful effects of DNA damage. However, in cancer cells, the normal DNA damage tolerance and response processes are disrupted or deregulated. This results in increased mutagenesis and genomic instability within the cancer cells, a known driver of cancer progression and therapeutic resistance. On the other hand, the inherent instability of the genome in rapidly dividing cancer cells can be exploited as a tool to kill by imposing DNA damage with radiopharmaceuticals. As the field of targeted radiopharmaceutical therapy (RPT) is rapidly growing in oncology, it is crucial to have a deep understanding of the impact of systemic radiation delivery by radiopharmaceuticals on the DNA of tumors and healthy tissues. The distribution and activation of DNA damage and repair pathways caused by RPT can be different based on the characteristics of the radioisotope and molecular target. Here we provide a comprehensive discussion of the biological effects of RPTs, with the main focus on the role of varying radioisotopes in inducing direct and indirect DNA damage and activating DNA repair pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yousef Khazaei Monfared
- Division of Nuclear Medicine and Molecular Imaging, Department of Radiology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02114, USA; (Y.K.M.); (P.H.); (U.M.)
| | - Pedram Heidari
- Division of Nuclear Medicine and Molecular Imaging, Department of Radiology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02114, USA; (Y.K.M.); (P.H.); (U.M.)
| | - Samuel J. Klempner
- Division of Hematology-Oncology, Department of Medicine, Mass General Cancer Center, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02114, USA; (S.J.K.); (A.R.P.); (M.R.S.)
| | - Umar Mahmood
- Division of Nuclear Medicine and Molecular Imaging, Department of Radiology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02114, USA; (Y.K.M.); (P.H.); (U.M.)
| | - Aparna R. Parikh
- Division of Hematology-Oncology, Department of Medicine, Mass General Cancer Center, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02114, USA; (S.J.K.); (A.R.P.); (M.R.S.)
| | - Theodore S. Hong
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02114, USA;
| | - Matthew R. Strickland
- Division of Hematology-Oncology, Department of Medicine, Mass General Cancer Center, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02114, USA; (S.J.K.); (A.R.P.); (M.R.S.)
| | - Shadi A. Esfahani
- Division of Nuclear Medicine and Molecular Imaging, Department of Radiology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02114, USA; (Y.K.M.); (P.H.); (U.M.)
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Juvkam IS, Zlygosteva O, Sitarz M, Thiede B, Sørensen BS, Malinen E, Edin NJ, Søland TM, Galtung HK. Proton Compared to X-Irradiation Induces Different Protein Profiles in Oral Cancer Cells and Their Derived Extracellular Vesicles. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:16983. [PMID: 38069306 PMCID: PMC10707519 DOI: 10.3390/ijms242316983] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2023] [Revised: 11/27/2023] [Accepted: 11/28/2023] [Indexed: 12/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Extracellular vesicles (EVs) are membrane-bound particles released from cells, and their cargo can alter the function of recipient cells. EVs from X-irradiated cells have been shown to play a likely role in non-targeted effects. However, EVs derived from proton irradiated cells have not yet been studied. We aimed to investigate the proteome of EVs and their cell of origin after proton or X-irradiation. The EVs were derived from a human oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC) cell line exposed to 0, 4, or 8 Gy from either protons or X-rays. The EVs and irradiated OSCC cells underwent liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry for protein identification. Interestingly, we found different protein profiles both in the EVs and in the OSCC cells after proton irradiation compared to X-irradiation. In the EVs, we found that protons cause a downregulation of proteins involved in cell growth and DNA damage response compared to X-rays. In the OSCC cells, proton and X-irradiation induced dissimilar cell death pathways and distinct DNA damage repair systems. These results are of potential importance for understanding how non-targeted effects in normal tissue can be limited and for future implementation of proton therapy in the clinic.
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Affiliation(s)
- Inga Solgård Juvkam
- Institute of Oral Biology, Faculty of Dentistry, University of Oslo, 0372 Oslo, Norway; (I.S.J.); (T.M.S.)
- Department of Radiation Biology, Institute for Cancer Research, Oslo University Hospital, 0379 Oslo, Norway;
| | - Olga Zlygosteva
- Department of Physics, Faculty of Mathematics and Natural Sciences, University of Oslo, 0371 Oslo, Norway; (O.Z.); (N.J.E.)
| | - Mateusz Sitarz
- Danish Centre for Particle Therapy, Aarhus University Hospital, 8200 Aarhus, Denmark; (M.S.); (B.S.S.)
| | - Bernd Thiede
- Department of Biosciences, Faculty of Mathematics and Natural Sciences, University of Oslo, 0371 Oslo, Norway;
| | - Brita Singers Sørensen
- Danish Centre for Particle Therapy, Aarhus University Hospital, 8200 Aarhus, Denmark; (M.S.); (B.S.S.)
- Department of Experimental Clinical Oncology, Aarhus University Hospital, 8200 Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Eirik Malinen
- Department of Radiation Biology, Institute for Cancer Research, Oslo University Hospital, 0379 Oslo, Norway;
- Department of Physics, Faculty of Mathematics and Natural Sciences, University of Oslo, 0371 Oslo, Norway; (O.Z.); (N.J.E.)
| | - Nina Jeppesen Edin
- Department of Physics, Faculty of Mathematics and Natural Sciences, University of Oslo, 0371 Oslo, Norway; (O.Z.); (N.J.E.)
| | - Tine Merete Søland
- Institute of Oral Biology, Faculty of Dentistry, University of Oslo, 0372 Oslo, Norway; (I.S.J.); (T.M.S.)
- Department of Pathology, Oslo University Hospital, 0372 Oslo, Norway
| | - Hilde Kanli Galtung
- Institute of Oral Biology, Faculty of Dentistry, University of Oslo, 0372 Oslo, Norway; (I.S.J.); (T.M.S.)
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Najafi A, Keykhaee M, Kazemi MH, Karimi MY, Khorramdelazad H, Aghamohamadi N, Bolouri MR, Ghaffari-Nazari H, Mirsharif ES, Karimi M, Dehghan Manshadi HR, Mahdavi SR, Safari E, Jalali SA, Falak R, Khoobi M. Catalase-gold nanoaggregates manipulate the tumor microenvironment and enhance the effect of low-dose radiation therapy by reducing hypoxia. Biomed Pharmacother 2023; 167:115557. [PMID: 37757491 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2023.115557] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2023] [Revised: 09/08/2023] [Accepted: 09/19/2023] [Indexed: 09/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Radiotherapy as a standard method for cancer treatment faces tumor recurrence and antitumoral unresponsiveness. Suppressive tumor microenvironment (TME) and hypoxia are significant challenges affecting efficacy of radiotherapy. Herein, a versatile method is introduced for the preparation of pH-sensitive catalase-gold cross-linked nanoaggregate (Au@CAT) having acceptable stability and selective activity in tumor microenvironment. Combining Au@CAT with low-dose radiotherapy enhanced radiotherapy effects via polarizing protumoral immune cells to the antitumoral landscape. This therapeutic approach also attenuated hypoxia, confirmed by downregulating hypoxia hallmarks, such as hypoxia-inducible factor α-subunits (HIF-α), vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF), and EGF. Catalase stability against protease digestion was improved significantly in Au@CAT compared to the free catalase. Moreover, minimal toxicity of Au@CAT on normal cells and increased reactive oxygen species (ROS) were confirmed in vitro compared with radiotherapy. Using the nanoaggregates combined with radiotherapy led to a significant reduction of immunosuppressive infiltrating cells such as myeloid-derived suppressor cells (MDSCs) and regulatory T cells (T-regs) compared to the other groups. While, this combined therapy could significantly increase the frequency of CD8+ cells as well as M1 to M2 macrophages (MQs) ratio. The combination therapy also reduced the tumor size and increased survival rate in mice models of colorectal cancer (CRC). Our results indicate that this innovative nanocomposite could be an excellent system for catalase delivery, manipulating the TME and providing a potential therapeutic strategy for treating CRC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alireza Najafi
- Immunology Research Center, Institute of Immunology and Infectious Diseases, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran; Department of Immunology, School of Medicine, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Maryam Keykhaee
- Department of Pharmaceutical Biomaterials and Medical Biomaterial Research Center (MBRC), Faculty of Pharmacy, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mohammad Hossein Kazemi
- Immunology Research Center, Institute of Immunology and Infectious Diseases, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran; Department of Immunology, School of Medicine, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | | | - Hossein Khorramdelazad
- Immunology Research Center, Institute of Immunology and Infectious Diseases, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran; Department of Immunology, School of Medicine, Rafsanjan University of Medical Sciences, Rafsanjan, Iran
| | - Nazanin Aghamohamadi
- Immunology Research Center, Institute of Immunology and Infectious Diseases, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran; Department of Immunology, School of Medicine, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mohammad-Reza Bolouri
- Immunology Research Center, Institute of Immunology and Infectious Diseases, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran; Department of Immunology, School of Medicine, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Haniyeh Ghaffari-Nazari
- Department of Immunology, School of Medicine, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
| | | | - Milad Karimi
- Immunology Research Center, Institute of Immunology and Infectious Diseases, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran; Department of Immunology, School of Medicine, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | | | - Seied Rabi Mahdavi
- Radiation Biology Research Center& Department of Medical Physics, School of Medicine, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Elahe Safari
- Immunology Research Center, Institute of Immunology and Infectious Diseases, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran; Department of Immunology, School of Medicine, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Seyed Amir Jalali
- Immunology Department, School of Medicine, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Reza Falak
- Immunology Research Center, Institute of Immunology and Infectious Diseases, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran; Department of Immunology, School of Medicine, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.
| | - Mehdi Khoobi
- Department of Radiopharmacy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran; Drug Design and Development Research Center, The Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.
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Sioen S, Vanhove O, Vanderstraeten B, De Wagter C, Engelbrecht M, Vandevoorde C, De Kock E, Van Goethem MJ, Vral A, Baeyens A. Impact of proton therapy on the DNA damage induction and repair in hematopoietic stem and progenitor cells. Sci Rep 2023; 13:16995. [PMID: 37813904 PMCID: PMC10562436 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-023-42362-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2023] [Accepted: 09/08/2023] [Indexed: 10/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Proton therapy is of great interest to pediatric cancer patients because of its optimal depth dose distribution. In view of healthy tissue damage and the increased risk of secondary cancers, we investigated DNA damage induction and repair of radiosensitive hematopoietic stem and progenitor cells (HSPCs) exposed to therapeutic proton and photon irradiation due to their role in radiation-induced leukemia. Human CD34+ HSPCs were exposed to 6 MV X-rays, mid- and distal spread-out Bragg peak (SOBP) protons at doses ranging from 0.5 to 2 Gy. Persistent chromosomal damage was assessed with the micronucleus assay, while DNA damage induction and repair were analyzed with the γ-H2AX foci assay. No differences were found in induction and disappearance of γ-H2AX foci between 6 MV X-rays, mid- and distal SOBP protons at 1 Gy. A significantly higher number of micronuclei was found for distal SOBP protons compared to 6 MV X-rays and mid- SOBP protons at 0.5 and 1 Gy, while no significant differences in micronuclei were found at 2 Gy. In HSPCs, mid-SOBP protons are as damaging as conventional X-rays. Distal SOBP protons showed a higher number of micronuclei in HSPCs depending on the radiation dose, indicating possible changes of the in vivo biological response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simon Sioen
- Radiobiology, Department of Human Structure and Repair, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Ghent University, Corneel Heymanslaan 10, 9000, Ghent, Belgium.
| | - Oniecha Vanhove
- Radiobiology, Department of Human Structure and Repair, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Ghent University, Corneel Heymanslaan 10, 9000, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Barbara Vanderstraeten
- Medical Physics, Department of Human Structure and Repair, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Ghent, Belgium
- Department of Radiotherapy-Oncology, Ghent University Hospital, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Carlos De Wagter
- Medical Physics, Department of Human Structure and Repair, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Ghent, Belgium
- Department of Radiotherapy-Oncology, Ghent University Hospital, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Monique Engelbrecht
- Separated Sector Cyclotron Laboratory, Radiation Biophysics Division, iThemba LABS (NRF), Cape Town, 7131, South Africa
| | - Charlot Vandevoorde
- Separated Sector Cyclotron Laboratory, Radiation Biophysics Division, iThemba LABS (NRF), Cape Town, 7131, South Africa
- Biophysics Department, GSI Helmholtzzentrum für Schwerionenforschung, Darmstadt, Germany
| | - Evan De Kock
- Separated Sector Cyclotron Laboratory, Radiation Biophysics Division, iThemba LABS (NRF), Cape Town, 7131, South Africa
| | - Marc-Jan Van Goethem
- Department of Radiation Oncology and Particle Therapy Research Center, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Anne Vral
- Radiobiology, Department of Human Structure and Repair, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Ghent University, Corneel Heymanslaan 10, 9000, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Ans Baeyens
- Radiobiology, Department of Human Structure and Repair, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Ghent University, Corneel Heymanslaan 10, 9000, Ghent, Belgium
- Cancer Research Institute Ghent (CRIG), Ghent, Belgium
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10
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Akuwudike P, López-Riego M, Ginter J, Cheng L, Wieczorek A, Życieńska K, Łysek-Gładysińska M, Wojcik A, Brzozowska B, Lundholm L. Mechanistic insights from high resolution DNA damage analysis to understand mixed radiation exposure. DNA Repair (Amst) 2023; 130:103554. [PMID: 37595330 DOI: 10.1016/j.dnarep.2023.103554] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2023] [Revised: 07/31/2023] [Accepted: 08/07/2023] [Indexed: 08/20/2023]
Abstract
Cells exposed to densely ionising high and scattered low linear energy transfer (LET) radiation (50 % dose of each) react more strongly than to the same dose of each separately. The relationship between DNA double strand break location inside the nucleus and chromatin structure was evaluated, using high-resolution transmission electron microscopy (TEM) in breast cancer MDA-MB-231 cells at 30 min post 5 Gy. Additionally, response to high and/or low LET radiation was assessed using single (1 ×1.5 Gy) versus fractionated dose delivery (5 ×0.3 Gy). By TEM analysis, the highest total number of γH2AX nanobeads were found in cells irradiated with alpha radiation just prior to gamma radiation (called mixed beam), followed by alpha, then gamma radiation. γH2AX foci induced by mixed beam radiation tended to be surrounded by open chromatin (lighter TEM regions), yet foci containing the highest number of beads, i.e. larger foci representing complex damage, remained in the heterochromatic areas. The γH2AX large focus area was also greater in mixed beam-treated cells when analysed by immunofluorescence. Fractionated mixed beams given daily induced the strongest reduction in cell viability and colony formation in MDA-MB-231 and osteosarcoma U2OS cells compared to the other radiation qualities, as well as versus acute exposure. This may partially be explained by recurring low LET oxidative DNA damage by every fraction together with a delay in recompaction of chromatin after high LET, demonstrated by low levels of heterochromatin marker H3K9me3 at 2 h after the last mixed beam fraction in MDA-MB-231. In conclusion, early differences in response to complex DNA damage may lead to a stronger cell kill induced by fractionated exposure, which suggest a therapeutic potential of combined high and low LET irradiation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pamela Akuwudike
- Department of Molecular Biosciences, The Wenner-Gren Institute, Stockholm University, 106 91 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Milagrosa López-Riego
- Department of Molecular Biosciences, The Wenner-Gren Institute, Stockholm University, 106 91 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Józef Ginter
- Biomedical Physics Division, Faculty of Physics, University of Warsaw, 02-093 Warsaw, Poland
| | - Lei Cheng
- Department of Molecular Biosciences, The Wenner-Gren Institute, Stockholm University, 106 91 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Anna Wieczorek
- Division of Medical Biology, Institute of Biology, Jan Kochanowski University, 25-406 Kielce, Poland
| | - Katarzyna Życieńska
- Biomedical Physics Division, Faculty of Physics, University of Warsaw, 02-093 Warsaw, Poland
| | | | - Andrzej Wojcik
- Department of Molecular Biosciences, The Wenner-Gren Institute, Stockholm University, 106 91 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Beata Brzozowska
- Biomedical Physics Division, Faculty of Physics, University of Warsaw, 02-093 Warsaw, Poland
| | - Lovisa Lundholm
- Department of Molecular Biosciences, The Wenner-Gren Institute, Stockholm University, 106 91 Stockholm, Sweden.
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11
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Maier A, Bailey T, Hinrichs A, Lerchl S, Newman RT, Fournier C, Vandevoorde C. Experimental Setups for In Vitro Studies on Radon Exposure in Mammalian Cells-A Critical Overview. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2023; 20:ijerph20095670. [PMID: 37174189 PMCID: PMC10178159 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph20095670] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2023] [Revised: 04/20/2023] [Accepted: 04/24/2023] [Indexed: 05/15/2023]
Abstract
Naturally occurring radon and its short lived progeny are the second leading cause of lung cancer after smoking, and the main risk factor for non-smokers. The radon progeny, mainly Polonium-218 (218Po) and Polonium-214 (214Po), are responsible for the highest dose deposition in the bronchial epithelium via alpha-decay. These alpha-particles release a large amount of energy over a short penetration range, which results in severe and complex DNA damage. In order to unravel the underlying biological mechanisms which are triggered by this complex DNA damage and eventually give rise to carcinogenesis, in vitro radiobiology experiments on mammalian cells have been performed using radon exposure setups, or radon analogues, which mimic alpha-particle exposure. This review provides an overview of the different experimental setups, which have been developed and used over the past decades for in vitro radon experiments. In order to guarantee reliable results, the design and dosimetry of these setups require careful consideration, which will be emphasized in this work. Results of these in vitro experiments, particularly on bronchial epithelial cells, can provide valuable information on biomarkers, which can assist to identify exposures, as well as to study the effects of localized high dose depositions and the heterogeneous dose distribution of radon.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andreas Maier
- Biophysics Department, GSI Helmholtzzentrum für Schwerionenforschung GmbH, 64291 Darmstadt, Germany
| | - Tarryn Bailey
- Department of Physics, Stellenbosch University, Stellenbosch, Cape Town 7600, South Africa
- Radiation Biophysics Division, Separated Sector Cyclotron Laboratory, NRF-iThemba LABS, Cape Town 7129, South Africa
| | - Annika Hinrichs
- Biophysics Department, GSI Helmholtzzentrum für Schwerionenforschung GmbH, 64291 Darmstadt, Germany
- Physics Department, Goethe University Frankfurt am Main, 60438 Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Sylvie Lerchl
- Biophysics Department, GSI Helmholtzzentrum für Schwerionenforschung GmbH, 64291 Darmstadt, Germany
| | - Richard T Newman
- Department of Physics, Stellenbosch University, Stellenbosch, Cape Town 7600, South Africa
| | - Claudia Fournier
- Biophysics Department, GSI Helmholtzzentrum für Schwerionenforschung GmbH, 64291 Darmstadt, Germany
| | - Charlot Vandevoorde
- Biophysics Department, GSI Helmholtzzentrum für Schwerionenforschung GmbH, 64291 Darmstadt, Germany
- Radiation Biophysics Division, Separated Sector Cyclotron Laboratory, NRF-iThemba LABS, Cape Town 7129, South Africa
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12
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Haque M, Shakil MS, Mahmud KM. The Promise of Nanoparticles-Based Radiotherapy in Cancer Treatment. Cancers (Basel) 2023; 15:cancers15061892. [PMID: 36980778 PMCID: PMC10047050 DOI: 10.3390/cancers15061892] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2023] [Revised: 03/13/2023] [Accepted: 03/15/2023] [Indexed: 03/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Radiation has been utilized for a long time for the treatment of cancer patients. However, radiotherapy (RT) has many constraints, among which non-selectivity is the primary one. The implementation of nanoparticles (NPs) with RT not only localizes radiation in targeted tissue but also provides significant tumoricidal effect(s) compared to radiation alone. NPs can be functionalized with both biomolecules and therapeutic agents, and their combination significantly reduces the side effects of RT. NP-based RT destroys cancer cells through multiple mechanisms, including ROS generation, which in turn damages DNA and other cellular organelles, inhibiting of the DNA double-strand damage-repair system, obstructing of the cell cycle, regulating of the tumor microenvironment, and killing of cancer stem cells. Furthermore, such combined treatments overcome radioresistance and drug resistance to chemotherapy. Additionally, NP-based RT in combined treatments have shown synergistic therapeutic benefit(s) and enhanced the therapeutic window. Furthermore, a combination of phototherapy, i.e., photodynamic therapy and photothermal therapy with NP-based RT, not only reduces phototoxicity but also offers excellent therapeutic benefits. Moreover, using NPs with RT has shown promise in cancer treatment and shown excellent therapeutic outcomes in clinical trials. Therefore, extensive research in this field will pave the way toward improved RT in cancer treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Munima Haque
- Department of Mathematics and Natural Sciences, BRAC University, Dhaka 1212, Bangladesh
| | - Md Salman Shakil
- Department of Mathematics and Natural Sciences, BRAC University, Dhaka 1212, Bangladesh
| | - Kazi Mustafa Mahmud
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Jahangirnagar University, Savar, Dhaka 1342, Bangladesh
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13
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Georgieva M, Vassileva V. Stress Management in Plants: Examining Provisional and Unique Dose-Dependent Responses. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:ijms24065105. [PMID: 36982199 PMCID: PMC10049000 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24065105] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2023] [Revised: 03/05/2023] [Accepted: 03/06/2023] [Indexed: 03/11/2023] Open
Abstract
The purpose of this review is to critically evaluate the effects of different stress factors on higher plants, with particular attention given to the typical and unique dose-dependent responses that are essential for plant growth and development. Specifically, this review highlights the impact of stress on genome instability, including DNA damage and the molecular, physiological, and biochemical mechanisms that generate these effects. We provide an overview of the current understanding of predictable and unique dose-dependent trends in plant survival when exposed to low or high doses of stress. Understanding both the negative and positive impacts of stress responses, including genome instability, can provide insights into how plants react to different levels of stress, yielding more accurate predictions of their behavior in the natural environment. Applying the acquired knowledge can lead to improved crop productivity and potential development of more resilient plant varieties, ensuring a sustainable food source for the rapidly growing global population.
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14
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Wilkinson B, Hill MA, Parsons JL. The Cellular Response to Complex DNA Damage Induced by Ionising Radiation. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:4920. [PMID: 36902352 PMCID: PMC10003081 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24054920] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2023] [Revised: 02/24/2023] [Accepted: 03/01/2023] [Indexed: 03/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Radiotherapy (ionising radiation; IR) is utilised in the treatment of ~50% of all human cancers, and where the therapeutic effect is largely achieved through DNA damage induction. In particular, complex DNA damage (CDD) containing two or more lesions within one to two helical turns of the DNA is a signature of IR and contributes significantly to the cell killing effects due to the difficult nature of its repair by the cellular DNA repair machinery. The levels and complexity of CDD increase with increasing ionisation density (linear energy transfer, LET) of the IR, such that photon (X-ray) radiotherapy is deemed low-LET whereas some particle ions (such as carbon ions) are high-LET radiotherapy. Despite this knowledge, there are challenges in the detection and quantitative measurement of IR-induced CDD in cells and tissues. Furthermore, there are biological uncertainties with the specific DNA repair proteins and pathways, including components of DNA single and double strand break mechanisms, that are engaged in CDD repair, which very much depends on the radiation type and associated LET. However, there are promising signs that advancements are being made in these areas and which will enhance our understanding of the cellular response to CDD induced by IR. There is also evidence that targeting CDD repair, particularly through inhibitors against selected DNA repair enzymes, can exacerbate the impact of higher LET, which could be explored further in a translational context.
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Affiliation(s)
- Beth Wilkinson
- Department of Molecular and Clinical Cancer Medicine, University of Liverpool, 6 West Derby Street, Liverpool L7 8TX, UK
| | - Mark A. Hill
- MRC Oxford Institute for Radiation Oncology, University of Oxford, Old Road Campus Research Building, Roosevelt Drive, Oxford OX3 7DQ, UK
| | - Jason L. Parsons
- Institute of Cancer and Genomic Sciences, University of Birmingham, Edgbaston, Birmingham B15 2TT, UK
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15
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Du TQ, Liu R, Zhang Q, Luo H, Chen Y, Tan M, Wang Q, Wu X, Liu Z, Sun S, Yang K, Tian J, Wang X. Does particle radiation have superior radiobiological advantages for prostate cancer cells? A systematic review of in vitro studies. Eur J Med Res 2022; 27:306. [PMID: 36572945 PMCID: PMC9793637 DOI: 10.1186/s40001-022-00942-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2022] [Accepted: 12/07/2022] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Charged particle beams from protons to carbon ions provide many significant physical benefits in radiation therapy. However, preclinical studies of charged particle therapy for prostate cancer are extremely limited. The aim of this study was to comprehensively investigate the biological effects of charged particles on prostate cancer from the perspective of in vitro studies. METHODS We conducted a systematic review by searching EMBASE (OVID), Medline (OVID), and Web of Science databases to identify the publications assessing the radiobiological effects of charged particle irradiation on prostate cancer cells. The data of relative biological effectiveness (RBE), surviving fraction (SF), standard enhancement ratio (SER) and oxygen enhancement ratio (OER) were extracted. RESULTS We found 12 studies met the eligible criteria. The relative biological effectiveness values of proton and carbon ion irradiation ranged from 0.94 to 1.52, and 1.67 to 3.7, respectively. Surviving fraction of 2 Gy were 0.17 ± 0.12, 0.55 ± 0.20 and 0.53 ± 0.16 in carbon ion, proton, and photon irradiation, respectively. PNKP inhibitor and gold nanoparticles were favorable sensitizing agents, while it was presented poorer performance in GANT61. The oxygen enhancement ratio values of photon and carbon ion irradiation were 2.32 ± 0.04, and 1.77 ± 0.13, respectively. Charged particle irradiation induced more G0-/G1- or G2-/M-phase arrest, more expression of γ-H2AX, more apoptosis, and lower motility and/or migration ability than photon irradiation. CONCLUSIONS Both carbon ion and proton irradiation have advantages over photon irradiation in radiobiological effects on prostate cancer cell lines. Carbon ion irradiation seems to have further advantages over proton irradiation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tian-Qi Du
- grid.9227.e0000000119573309Institute of Modern Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 509 Nanchang Rd, Lanzhou, 730000 Gansu People’s Republic of China ,grid.32566.340000 0000 8571 0482The First School of Clinical Medicine, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, Gansu People’s Republic of China
| | - Ruifeng Liu
- grid.9227.e0000000119573309Institute of Modern Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 509 Nanchang Rd, Lanzhou, 730000 Gansu People’s Republic of China ,grid.410726.60000 0004 1797 8419Graduate School, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, People’s Republic of China ,Heavy Ion Therapy Center, Lanzhou Heavy Ion Hospital, Lanzhou, Gansu People’s Republic of China
| | - Qiuning Zhang
- grid.9227.e0000000119573309Institute of Modern Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 509 Nanchang Rd, Lanzhou, 730000 Gansu People’s Republic of China ,grid.410726.60000 0004 1797 8419Graduate School, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, People’s Republic of China ,Heavy Ion Therapy Center, Lanzhou Heavy Ion Hospital, Lanzhou, Gansu People’s Republic of China
| | - Hongtao Luo
- grid.9227.e0000000119573309Institute of Modern Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 509 Nanchang Rd, Lanzhou, 730000 Gansu People’s Republic of China ,grid.410726.60000 0004 1797 8419Graduate School, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, People’s Republic of China ,Heavy Ion Therapy Center, Lanzhou Heavy Ion Hospital, Lanzhou, Gansu People’s Republic of China
| | - Yanliang Chen
- grid.9227.e0000000119573309Institute of Modern Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 509 Nanchang Rd, Lanzhou, 730000 Gansu People’s Republic of China ,grid.32566.340000 0000 8571 0482The First School of Clinical Medicine, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, Gansu People’s Republic of China
| | - Mingyu Tan
- grid.9227.e0000000119573309Institute of Modern Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 509 Nanchang Rd, Lanzhou, 730000 Gansu People’s Republic of China ,grid.32566.340000 0000 8571 0482The First School of Clinical Medicine, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, Gansu People’s Republic of China
| | - Qian Wang
- grid.9227.e0000000119573309Institute of Modern Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 509 Nanchang Rd, Lanzhou, 730000 Gansu People’s Republic of China ,grid.32566.340000 0000 8571 0482The First School of Clinical Medicine, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, Gansu People’s Republic of China
| | - Xun Wu
- grid.9227.e0000000119573309Institute of Modern Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 509 Nanchang Rd, Lanzhou, 730000 Gansu People’s Republic of China ,grid.32566.340000 0000 8571 0482The First School of Clinical Medicine, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, Gansu People’s Republic of China
| | - Zhiqiang Liu
- grid.9227.e0000000119573309Institute of Modern Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 509 Nanchang Rd, Lanzhou, 730000 Gansu People’s Republic of China ,grid.410726.60000 0004 1797 8419Graduate School, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, People’s Republic of China ,Heavy Ion Therapy Center, Lanzhou Heavy Ion Hospital, Lanzhou, Gansu People’s Republic of China
| | - Shilong Sun
- grid.9227.e0000000119573309Institute of Modern Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 509 Nanchang Rd, Lanzhou, 730000 Gansu People’s Republic of China ,grid.410726.60000 0004 1797 8419Graduate School, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, People’s Republic of China ,Heavy Ion Therapy Center, Lanzhou Heavy Ion Hospital, Lanzhou, Gansu People’s Republic of China
| | - Kehu Yang
- grid.32566.340000 0000 8571 0482Evidence-Based Medicine Center, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, Gansu People’s Republic of China
| | - Jinhui Tian
- grid.32566.340000 0000 8571 0482Evidence-Based Medicine Center, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, Gansu People’s Republic of China
| | - Xiaohu Wang
- grid.9227.e0000000119573309Institute of Modern Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 509 Nanchang Rd, Lanzhou, 730000 Gansu People’s Republic of China ,grid.32566.340000 0000 8571 0482The First School of Clinical Medicine, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, Gansu People’s Republic of China ,grid.410726.60000 0004 1797 8419Graduate School, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, People’s Republic of China ,Heavy Ion Therapy Center, Lanzhou Heavy Ion Hospital, Lanzhou, Gansu People’s Republic of China
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16
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Photon- and Proton-Mediated Biological Effects: What Has Been Learned? LIFE (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2022; 13:life13010030. [PMID: 36675979 PMCID: PMC9866122 DOI: 10.3390/life13010030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2022] [Revised: 11/14/2022] [Accepted: 12/16/2022] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
The current understanding of the effects of radiation is gradually becoming broader. However, it still remains unclear why some patients respond to radiation with a pronounced positive response, while in some cases the disease progresses. This is the motivation for studying the effects of radiation therapy not only on tumor cells, but also on the tumor microenvironment, as well as studying the systemic effects of radiation. In this framework, we review the biological effects of two types of radiotherapy: photon and proton irradiations. Photon therapy is a commonly used type of radiation therapy due to its wide availability and long-term history, with understandable and predictable outcomes. Proton therapy is an emerging technology, already regarded as the method of choice for many cancers in adults and children, both dosimetrically and biologically. This review, written after the analysis of more than 100 relevant literary sources, describes the local effects of photon and proton therapy and shows the mechanisms of tumor cell damage, interaction with tumor microenvironment cells and effects on angiogenesis. After systematic analysis of the literature, we can conclude that proton therapy has potentially favorable toxicological profiles compared to photon irradiation, explained mainly by physical but also biological properties of protons. Despite the fact that radiobiological effects of protons and photons are generally similar, protons inflict reduced damage to healthy tissues surrounding the tumor and hence promote fewer adverse events, not only local, but also systemic.
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17
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Souli MP, Nikitaki Z, Puchalska M, Brabcová KP, Spyratou E, Kote P, Efstathopoulos EP, Hada M, Georgakilas AG, Sihver L. Clustered DNA Damage Patterns after Proton Therapy Beam Irradiation Using Plasmid DNA. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms232415606. [PMID: 36555249 PMCID: PMC9779025 DOI: 10.3390/ijms232415606] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2022] [Revised: 12/02/2022] [Accepted: 12/06/2022] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Modeling ionizing radiation interaction with biological matter is a major scientific challenge, especially for protons that are nowadays widely used in cancer treatment. That presupposes a sound understanding of the mechanisms that take place from the early events of the induction of DNA damage. Herein, we present results of irradiation-induced complex DNA damage measurements using plasmid pBR322 along a typical Proton Treatment Plan at the MedAustron proton and carbon beam therapy facility (energy 137-198 MeV and Linear Energy Transfer (LET) range 1-9 keV/μm), by means of Agarose Gel Electrophoresis and DNA fragmentation using Atomic Force Microscopy (AFM). The induction rate Mbp-1 Gy-1 for each type of damage, single strand breaks (SSBs), double-strand breaks (DSBs), base lesions and non-DSB clusters was measured after irradiations in solutions with varying scavenging capacity containing 2-amino-2-(hydroxymethyl)propane-1,3-diol (Tris) and coumarin-3-carboxylic acid (C3CA) as scavengers. Our combined results reveal the determining role of LET and Reactive Oxygen Species (ROS) in DNA fragmentation. Furthermore, AFM used to measure apparent DNA lengths provided us with insights into the role of increasing LET in the induction of highly complex DNA damage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria P Souli
- Atominstitut, Technische Universität Wien, 1020 Vienna, Austria
- DNA Damage Laboratory, Physics Department, School of Applied Mathematical and Physical Sciences, National Technical University of Athens, 15780 Athens, Greece
| | - Zacharenia Nikitaki
- Atominstitut, Technische Universität Wien, 1020 Vienna, Austria
- DNA Damage Laboratory, Physics Department, School of Applied Mathematical and Physical Sciences, National Technical University of Athens, 15780 Athens, Greece
| | | | | | - Ellas Spyratou
- 2nd Department of Radiology, Medical School, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, 11517 Athens, Greece
| | - Panagiotis Kote
- DNA Damage Laboratory, Physics Department, School of Applied Mathematical and Physical Sciences, National Technical University of Athens, 15780 Athens, Greece
| | - Efstathios P Efstathopoulos
- 2nd Department of Radiology, Medical School, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, 11517 Athens, Greece
| | - Megumi Hada
- Radiation Institute for Science & Engineering, Prairie View A&M University, Prairie View, TX 77446, USA
| | - Alexandros G Georgakilas
- DNA Damage Laboratory, Physics Department, School of Applied Mathematical and Physical Sciences, National Technical University of Athens, 15780 Athens, Greece
| | - Lembit Sihver
- Atominstitut, Technische Universität Wien, 1020 Vienna, Austria
- Nuclear Physics Institute, Czech Academy of Sciences, Na Truhlářce 39/64, 180 86 Prague, Czech Republic
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18
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Kiseleva V, Gordon K, Vishnyakova P, Gantsova E, Elchaninov A, Fatkhudinov T. Particle Therapy: Clinical Applications and Biological Effects. Life (Basel) 2022; 12:2071. [PMID: 36556436 PMCID: PMC9785772 DOI: 10.3390/life12122071] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2022] [Revised: 12/01/2022] [Accepted: 12/06/2022] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Particle therapy is a developing area of radiotherapy, mostly involving the use of protons, neutrons and carbon ions for cancer treatment. The reduction of side effects on healthy tissues in the peritumoral area is an important advantage of particle therapy. In this review, we analyze state-of-the-art particle therapy, as compared to conventional photon therapy, to identify clinical benefits and specify the mechanisms of action on tumor cells. Systematization of published data on particle therapy confirms its successful application in a wide range of cancers and reveals a variety of biological effects which manifest at the molecular level and produce the particle therapy-specific molecular signatures. Given the rapid progress in the field, the use of particle therapy holds great promise for the near future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Viktoriia Kiseleva
- National Medical Research Center for Obstetrics, Gynecology and Perinatology Named after Academician V.I. Kulakov of Ministry of Healthcare of Russian Federation, 117198 Moscow, Russia
| | - Konstantin Gordon
- Research Institute of Molecular and Cellular Medicine, Peoples’ Friendship University of Russia (RUDN University), 117198 Moscow, Russia
- A. Tsyb Medical Radiological Research Center, 249031 Obninsk, Russia
| | - Polina Vishnyakova
- National Medical Research Center for Obstetrics, Gynecology and Perinatology Named after Academician V.I. Kulakov of Ministry of Healthcare of Russian Federation, 117198 Moscow, Russia
- Research Institute of Molecular and Cellular Medicine, Peoples’ Friendship University of Russia (RUDN University), 117198 Moscow, Russia
| | - Elena Gantsova
- Research Institute of Molecular and Cellular Medicine, Peoples’ Friendship University of Russia (RUDN University), 117198 Moscow, Russia
| | - Andrey Elchaninov
- National Medical Research Center for Obstetrics, Gynecology and Perinatology Named after Academician V.I. Kulakov of Ministry of Healthcare of Russian Federation, 117198 Moscow, Russia
- Research Institute of Molecular and Cellular Medicine, Peoples’ Friendship University of Russia (RUDN University), 117198 Moscow, Russia
- A.P. Avtsyn Research Institute of Human Morphology of Federal State Budgetary Scientific Institution “Petrovsky National Research Centre of Surgery”, 117418 Moscow, Russia
| | - Timur Fatkhudinov
- Research Institute of Molecular and Cellular Medicine, Peoples’ Friendship University of Russia (RUDN University), 117198 Moscow, Russia
- A.P. Avtsyn Research Institute of Human Morphology of Federal State Budgetary Scientific Institution “Petrovsky National Research Centre of Surgery”, 117418 Moscow, Russia
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19
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Abramenkovs A, Hariri M, Spiegelberg D, Nilsson S, Stenerlöw B. Ra-223 induces clustered DNA damage and inhibits cell survival in several prostate cancer cell lines. Transl Oncol 2022; 26:101543. [PMID: 36126563 PMCID: PMC9489499 DOI: 10.1016/j.tranon.2022.101543] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2022] [Revised: 09/05/2022] [Accepted: 09/13/2022] [Indexed: 10/24/2022] Open
Abstract
The bone-seeking radiopharmaceutical Xofigo (Radium-223 dichloride) has demonstrated both extended survival and palliative effects in treatment of bone metastases in prostate cancer. The alpha-particle emitter Ra-223, targets regions undergoing active bone remodeling and strongly binds to bone hydroxyapatite (HAp). However, the toxicity mechanism and properties of Ra-223 binding to hydroxyapatite are not fully understood. By exposing 2D and 3D (spheroid) prostate cancer cell models to free and HAp-bound Ra-223 we here studied cell toxicity, apoptosis and formation and repair of DNA double-strand breaks (DSBs). The rapid binding with a high affinity of Ra-223 to bone-like HAp structures was evident (KD= 19.2 × 10-18 M) and almost no dissociation was detected within 24 h. Importantly, there was no significant uptake of Ra-223 in cells. The Ra-223 alpha-particle decay produced track-like distributions of the DNA damage response proteins 53BP1 and ɣH2AX induced high amounts of clustered DSBs in prostate cancer cells and activated DSB repair through non-homologous end-joining (NHEJ). Ra-223 inhibited growth of prostate cancer cells, independent of cell type, and induced high levels of apoptosis. In summary, we suggest the high cell killing efficacy of the Ra-223 was attributed to the clustered DNA damaged sites induced by α-particles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andris Abramenkovs
- Department of Immunology, Genetics and Pathology, Rudbeck Laboratory, Uppsala University, Uppsala SE-75185, Sweden
| | - Mehran Hariri
- Department of Immunology, Genetics and Pathology, Rudbeck Laboratory, Uppsala University, Uppsala SE-75185, Sweden.
| | - Diana Spiegelberg
- Department of Immunology, Genetics and Pathology, Rudbeck Laboratory, Uppsala University, Uppsala SE-75185, Sweden; Department of Surgical Sciences, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Sten Nilsson
- Department of Oncology-Pathology, Karolinska Institute, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Bo Stenerlöw
- Department of Immunology, Genetics and Pathology, Rudbeck Laboratory, Uppsala University, Uppsala SE-75185, Sweden.
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20
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Russ E, Davis CM, Slaven JE, Bradfield DT, Selwyn RG, Day RM. Comparison of the Medical Uses and Cellular Effects of High and Low Linear Energy Transfer Radiation. TOXICS 2022; 10:toxics10100628. [PMID: 36287908 PMCID: PMC9609561 DOI: 10.3390/toxics10100628] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2022] [Revised: 10/13/2022] [Accepted: 10/14/2022] [Indexed: 05/14/2023]
Abstract
Exposure to ionizing radiation can occur during medical treatments, from naturally occurring sources in the environment, or as the result of a nuclear accident or thermonuclear war. The severity of cellular damage from ionizing radiation exposure is dependent upon a number of factors including the absorbed radiation dose of the exposure (energy absorbed per unit mass of the exposure), dose rate, area and volume of tissue exposed, type of radiation (e.g., X-rays, high-energy gamma rays, protons, or neutrons) and linear energy transfer. While the dose, the dose rate, and dose distribution in tissue are aspects of a radiation exposure that can be varied experimentally or in medical treatments, the LET and eV are inherent characteristics of the type of radiation. High-LET radiation deposits a higher concentration of energy in a shorter distance when traversing tissue compared with low-LET radiation. The different biological effects of high and low LET with similar energies have been documented in vivo in animal models and in cultured cells. High-LET results in intense macromolecular damage and more cell death. Findings indicate that while both low- and high-LET radiation activate non-homologous end-joining DNA repair activity, efficient repair of high-LET radiation requires the homologous recombination repair pathway. Low- and high-LET radiation activate p53 transcription factor activity in most cells, but high LET activates NF-kB transcription factor at lower radiation doses than low-LET radiation. Here we review the development, uses, and current understanding of the cellular effects of low- and high-LET radiation exposure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eric Russ
- Graduate Program of Cellular and Molecular Biology, Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences, Bethesda, MD 20814, USA
| | - Catherine M. Davis
- Department of Pharmacology and Molecular Therapeutics, Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences, Bethesda, MD 20814, USA
| | - John E. Slaven
- Department of Pharmacology and Molecular Therapeutics, Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences, Bethesda, MD 20814, USA
| | - Dmitry T. Bradfield
- Department of Pharmacology and Molecular Therapeutics, Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences, Bethesda, MD 20814, USA
| | - Reed G. Selwyn
- Department of Radiology, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, NM 87131, USA
| | - Regina M. Day
- Department of Pharmacology and Molecular Therapeutics, Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences, Bethesda, MD 20814, USA
- Correspondence:
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21
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Nishri Y, Vatarescu M, Luz I, Epstein L, Dumančić M, Del Mare S, Shai A, Schmidt M, Deutsch L, Den RB, Kelson I, Keisari Y, Arazi L, Cooks T, Domankevich V. Diffusing alpha-emitters radiation therapy in combination with temozolomide or bevacizumab in human glioblastoma multiforme xenografts. Front Oncol 2022; 12:888100. [PMID: 36237307 PMCID: PMC9552201 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2022.888100] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2022] [Accepted: 09/02/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Glioblastoma multiforme (GBM) is at present an incurable disease with a 5-year survival rate of 5.5%, despite improvements in treatment modalities such as surgery, radiation therapy, chemotherapy [e.g., temozolomide (TMZ)], and targeted therapy [e.g., the antiangiogenic agent bevacizumab (BEV)]. Diffusing alpha-emitters radiation therapy (DaRT) is a new modality that employs radium-224-loaded seeds that disperse alpha-emitting atoms inside the tumor. This treatment was shown to be effective in mice bearing human-derived GBM tumors. Here, the effect of DaRT in combination with standard-of-care therapies such as TMZ or BEV was investigated. In a viability assay, the combination of alpha radiation with TMZ doubled the cytotoxic effect of each of the treatments alone in U87 cultured cells. A colony formation assay demonstrated that the surviving fraction of U87 cells treated by TMZ in combination with alpha irradiation was lower than was achieved by alpha- or x-ray irradiation as monotherapies, or by x-ray combined with TMZ. The treatment of U87-bearing mice with DaRT and TMZ delayed tumor development more than the monotherapies. Unlike other radiation types, alpha radiation did not increase VEGF secretion from U87 cells in culture. BEV treatment introduced several days after DaRT implantation improved tumor control, compared to BEV or DaRT as monotherapies. The combination was also shown to be superior when starting BEV administration prior to DaRT implantation in large tumors relative to the seed size. BEV induced a decrease in CD31 staining under DaRT treatment, increased the diffusive spread of 224Ra progeny atoms in the tumor tissue, and decreased their clearance from the tumor through the blood. Taken together, the combinations of DaRT with standard-of-care chemotherapy or antiangiogenic therapy are promising approaches, which may improve the treatment of GBM patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yossi Nishri
- Translational Research Laboratory, Alpha Tau Medical, Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Maayan Vatarescu
- Translational Research Laboratory, Alpha Tau Medical, Jerusalem, Israel
- The Shraga Segal Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Genetics, Faculty of Health Sciences, Ben-Gurion University, Beer-Sheva, Israel
| | - Ishai Luz
- Translational Research Laboratory, Alpha Tau Medical, Jerusalem, Israel
- The Shraga Segal Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Genetics, Faculty of Health Sciences, Ben-Gurion University, Beer-Sheva, Israel
| | - Lior Epstein
- Unit of Nuclear Engineering, Faculty of Engineering Sciences, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Beer-Sheva, Israel
- Radiation Protection Department, Soreq Nuclear Research Center, Yavne, Israel
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
| | - Mirta Dumančić
- Unit of Nuclear Engineering, Faculty of Engineering Sciences, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Beer-Sheva, Israel
| | - Sara Del Mare
- Translational Research Laboratory, Alpha Tau Medical, Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Amit Shai
- Translational Research Laboratory, Alpha Tau Medical, Jerusalem, Israel
| | | | - Lisa Deutsch
- Biostatistics Department, BioStats Statistical Consulting Ltd., Maccabim, Israel
| | - Robert B. Den
- Translational Research Laboratory, Alpha Tau Medical, Jerusalem, Israel
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Urology, and Cancer Biology, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA, United States
| | - Itzhak Kelson
- School of Physics and Astronomy, Raymond and Beverly Sackler Faculty of Exact Sciences, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
| | - Yona Keisari
- Department of Clinical Microbiology and Immunology, Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
| | - Lior Arazi
- Unit of Nuclear Engineering, Faculty of Engineering Sciences, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Beer-Sheva, Israel
- *Correspondence: Lior Arazi, ; Tomer Cooks, ; Vered Domankevich,
| | - Tomer Cooks
- The Shraga Segal Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Genetics, Faculty of Health Sciences, Ben-Gurion University, Beer-Sheva, Israel
- *Correspondence: Lior Arazi, ; Tomer Cooks, ; Vered Domankevich,
| | - Vered Domankevich
- Translational Research Laboratory, Alpha Tau Medical, Jerusalem, Israel
- *Correspondence: Lior Arazi, ; Tomer Cooks, ; Vered Domankevich,
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22
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Hageman E, Che PP, Dahele M, Slotman BJ, Sminia P. Radiobiological Aspects of FLASH Radiotherapy. Biomolecules 2022; 12:biom12101376. [PMID: 36291585 PMCID: PMC9599153 DOI: 10.3390/biom12101376] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2022] [Revised: 09/21/2022] [Accepted: 09/22/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Radiotherapy (RT) is one of the primary treatment modalities for cancer patients. The clinical use of RT requires a balance to be struck between tumor effect and the risk of toxicity. Sparing normal tissue is the cornerstone of reducing toxicity. Advances in physical targeting and dose-shaping technology have helped to achieve this. FLASH RT is a promising, novel treatment technique that seeks to exploit a potential normal tissue-sparing effect of ultra-high dose rate irradiation. A significant body of in vitro and in vivo data has highlighted a decrease in acute and late radiation toxicities, while preserving the radiation effect in tumor cells. The underlying biological mechanisms of FLASH RT, however, remain unclear. Three main mechanisms have been hypothesized to account for this differential FLASH RT effect between the tumor and healthy tissue: the oxygen depletion, the DNA damage, and the immune-mediated hypothesis. These hypotheses and molecular mechanisms have been evaluated both in vitro and in vivo. Furthermore, the effect of ultra-high dose rate radiation with extremely short delivery times on the dynamic tumor microenvironment involving circulating blood cells and immune cells in humans is essentially unknown. Therefore, while there is great interest in FLASH RT as a means of targeting tumors with the promise of an increased therapeutic ratio, evidence of a generalized FLASH effect in humans and data to show that FLASH in humans is safe and at least effective against tumors as standard photon RT is currently lacking. FLASH RT needs further preclinical investigation and well-designed in-human studies before it can be introduced into clinical practice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eline Hageman
- Amsterdam UMC Location Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Radiation Oncology, Boelelaan 1117, 1081 HV Amsterdam, The Netherlands
- Cancer Center Amsterdam, Cancer Biology and Immunology, 1081 HV Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Pei-Pei Che
- Amsterdam UMC Location Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Radiation Oncology, Boelelaan 1117, 1081 HV Amsterdam, The Netherlands
- Cancer Center Amsterdam, Cancer Biology and Immunology, 1081 HV Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Max Dahele
- Amsterdam UMC Location Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Radiation Oncology, Boelelaan 1117, 1081 HV Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Ben J. Slotman
- Amsterdam UMC Location Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Radiation Oncology, Boelelaan 1117, 1081 HV Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Peter Sminia
- Amsterdam UMC Location Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Radiation Oncology, Boelelaan 1117, 1081 HV Amsterdam, The Netherlands
- Cancer Center Amsterdam, Cancer Biology and Immunology, 1081 HV Amsterdam, The Netherlands
- Correspondence:
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23
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Modeling of DNA Damage Repair and Cell Response in Relation to p53 System Exposed to Ionizing Radiation. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms231911323. [PMID: 36232625 PMCID: PMC9569799 DOI: 10.3390/ijms231911323] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2022] [Revised: 09/12/2022] [Accepted: 09/22/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Repair of DNA damage induced by ionizing radiation plays an important role in the cell response to ionizing radiation. Radiation-induced DNA damage also activates the p53 system, which determines the fate of cells. The kinetics of repair, which is affected by the cell itself and the complexity of DNA damage, influences the cell response and fate via affecting the p53 system. To mechanistically study the influences of the cell response to different LET radiations, we introduce a new repair module and a p53 system model with NASIC, a Monte Carlo track structure code. The factors determining the kinetics of the double-strand break (DSB) repair are modeled, including the chromosome environment and complexity of DSB. The kinetics of DSB repair is modeled considering the resection-dependent and resection-independent compartments. The p53 system is modeled by simulating the interactions among genes and proteins. With this model, the cell responses to low- and high-LET irradiation are simulated, respectively. It is found that the kinetics of DSB repair greatly affects the cell fate and later biological effects. A large number of DSBs and a slow repair process lead to severe biological consequences. High-LET radiation induces more complex DSBs, which can be repaired by slow processes, subsequently resulting in a longer cycle arrest and, furthermore, apoptosis and more secreting of TGFβ. The Monte Carlo track structure simulation with a more realistic repair module and the p53 system model developed in this study can expand the functions of the NASIC code in simulating mechanical radiobiological effects.
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24
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Hill RM, Rocha S, Parsons JL. Overcoming the Impact of Hypoxia in Driving Radiotherapy Resistance in Head and Neck Squamous Cell Carcinoma. Cancers (Basel) 2022; 14:4130. [PMID: 36077667 PMCID: PMC9454974 DOI: 10.3390/cancers14174130] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2022] [Revised: 08/23/2022] [Accepted: 08/25/2022] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Hypoxia is very common in most solid tumours and is a driving force for malignant progression as well as radiotherapy and chemotherapy resistance. Incidences of head and neck squamous cell carcinoma (HNSCC) have increased in the last decade and radiotherapy is a major therapeutic technique utilised in the treatment of the tumours. However, effectiveness of radiotherapy is hindered by resistance mechanisms and most notably by hypoxia, leading to poor patient prognosis of HNSCC patients. The phenomenon of hypoxia-induced radioresistance was identified nearly half a century ago, yet despite this, little progress has been made in overcoming the physical lack of oxygen. Therefore, a more detailed understanding of the molecular mechanisms of hypoxia and the underpinning radiobiological response of tumours to this phenotype is much needed. In this review, we will provide an up-to-date overview of how hypoxia alters molecular and cellular processes contributing to radioresistance, particularly in the context of HNSCC, and what strategies have and could be explored to overcome hypoxia-induced radioresistance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rhianna M. Hill
- Department of Molecular and Clinical Cancer Medicine, University of Liverpool, Liverpool L7 8TX, UK
| | - Sonia Rocha
- Department of Molecular Physiology and Cell Signalling, University of Liverpool, Liverpool L69 7ZB, UK
| | - Jason L. Parsons
- Department of Molecular and Clinical Cancer Medicine, University of Liverpool, Liverpool L7 8TX, UK
- Clatterbridge Cancer Centre NHS Foundation Trust, Clatterbridge Road, Bebington CH63 4JY, UK
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25
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Zhou C, Fabbrizi MR, Hughes JR, Grundy GJ, Parsons JL. Effectiveness of PARP inhibition in enhancing the radiosensitivity of 3D spheroids of head and neck squamous cell carcinoma. Front Oncol 2022; 12:940377. [PMID: 36052247 PMCID: PMC9424551 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2022.940377] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2022] [Accepted: 07/20/2022] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
A critical risk factor for head and neck squamous cell carcinoma (HNSCC), particularly of the oropharynx, and the response to radiotherapy is human papillomavirus (HPV) type-16/18 infection. Specifically, HPV-positive HNSCC display increased radiosensitivity and improved outcomes, which has been linked with defective signalling and repair of DNA double-strand breaks (DSBs). This differential response to radiotherapy has been recapitulated in vitro using cell lines, although studies utilising appropriate 3D models that are more reflective of the original tumour are scarce. Furthermore, strategies to enhance the sensitivity of relatively radioresistant HPV-negative HNSCC to radiotherapy are still required. We have analysed the comparative response of in vitro 3D spheroid models of oropharyngeal squamous cell carcinoma to x-ray (photon) irradiation and provide further evidence that HPV-positive cells, in this case now grown as spheroids, show greater inherent radiosensitivity compared to HPV-negative spheroids due to defective DSB repair. We subsequently analysed these and an expanded number of spheroid models, with a particular focus on relatively radioresistant HPV-negative HNSCC, for impact of poly(ADP-ribose) polymerase (PARP) inhibitors (olaparib and talazoparib) in significantly inhibiting spheroid growth in response to photons but also proton beam therapy. We demonstrate that in general, PARP inhibition can further radiosensitise particularly HPV-negative HNSCC spheroids to photons and protons leading to significant growth suppression. The degree of enhanced radiosensitivity was observed to be dependent on the model and on the tumour site (oropharynx, larynx, salivary gland, or hypopharynx) from which the cells were derived. We also provide evidence suggesting that PARP inhibitor effectiveness relates to homologous recombination repair proficiency. Interestingly though, we observed significantly enhanced effectiveness of talazoparib versus olaparib specifically in response to proton irradiation. Nevertheless, our data generally support that PARP inhibition in combination with radiotherapy (photons and protons) should be considered further as an effective treatment for HNSCC, particularly for relatively radioresistant HPV-negative tumours.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chumin Zhou
- Department of Molecular and Clinical Cancer Medicine, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, United Kingdom
| | - Maria Rita Fabbrizi
- Department of Molecular and Clinical Cancer Medicine, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, United Kingdom
| | - Jonathan R. Hughes
- Department of Molecular and Clinical Cancer Medicine, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, United Kingdom
| | - Gabrielle J. Grundy
- Department of Molecular and Clinical Cancer Medicine, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, United Kingdom
| | - Jason L. Parsons
- Department of Molecular and Clinical Cancer Medicine, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, United Kingdom
- Clatterbridge Cancer Centre NHS Foundation Trust, Bebington, United Kingdom
- *Correspondence: Jason L. Parsons,
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26
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Danforth JM, Provencher L, Goodarzi AA. Chromatin and the Cellular Response to Particle Radiation-Induced Oxidative and Clustered DNA Damage. Front Cell Dev Biol 2022; 10:910440. [PMID: 35912116 PMCID: PMC9326100 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2022.910440] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2022] [Accepted: 06/21/2022] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Exposure to environmental ionizing radiation is prevalent, with greatest lifetime doses typically from high Linear Energy Transfer (high-LET) alpha particles via the radioactive decay of radon gas in indoor air. Particle radiation is highly genotoxic, inducing DNA damage including oxidative base lesions and DNA double strand breaks. Due to the ionization density of high-LET radiation, the consequent damage is highly clustered wherein ≥2 distinct DNA lesions occur within 1–2 helical turns of one another. These multiply-damaged sites are difficult for eukaryotic cells to resolve either quickly or accurately, resulting in the persistence of DNA damage and/or the accumulation of mutations at a greater rate per absorbed dose, relative to lower LET radiation types. The proximity of the same and different types of DNA lesions to one another is challenging for DNA repair processes, with diverse pathways often confounding or interplaying with one another in complex ways. In this context, understanding the state of the higher order chromatin compaction and arrangements is essential, as it influences the density of damage produced by high-LET radiation and regulates the recruitment and activity of DNA repair factors. This review will summarize the latest research exploring the processes by which clustered DNA damage sites are induced, detected, and repaired in the context of chromatin.
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27
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Abstract
In mammalian cells, genomic DNA is packaged with histone proteins and condensed into chromatin. To gain access to the DNA, chromatin remodelling is required that is enhanced through histone post-translational modifications, which subsequently stimulate processes including DNA repair and transcription. Histone acetylation is one of the most well understood modifications and is controlled by histone acetyltransferases (HATs) and histone deacetylases (HDACs). These enzymes play critical roles in normal cellular functioning, and the dysregulation of HDAC expression in particular has been linked with the development of a number of different cancer types. Conversely, tumour cell killing following radiotherapy is triggered through DNA damage and HDACs can help co-ordinate the cellular DNA damage response which promotes radioresistance. Consequently, HDAC inhibitors have been investigated as potential radiosensitizers in vitro and in vivo to improve the efficacy or radiotherapy in specific tumour types. In this review, we provide an up-to-date summary of HDACs and their cellular functions, including in DNA damage repair. We also review evidence demonstrating that HDAC inhibitors can effectively enhance tumour radiosensitisation, and which therefore show potential for translation into the clinic for cancer patient benefit.
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28
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DNA Damage Clustering after Ionizing Radiation and Consequences in the Processing of Chromatin Breaks. Molecules 2022; 27:molecules27051540. [PMID: 35268641 PMCID: PMC8911773 DOI: 10.3390/molecules27051540] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2022] [Revised: 02/21/2022] [Accepted: 02/22/2022] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Charged-particle radiotherapy (CPRT) utilizing low and high linear energy transfer (low-/high-LET) ionizing radiation (IR) is a promising cancer treatment modality having unique physical energy deposition properties. CPRT enables focused delivery of a desired dose to the tumor, thus achieving a better tumor control and reduced normal tissue toxicity. It increases the overall radiation tolerance and the chances of survival for the patient. Further improvements in CPRT are expected from a better understanding of the mechanisms governing the biological effects of IR and their dependence on LET. There is increasing evidence that high-LET IR induces more complex and even clustered DNA double-strand breaks (DSBs) that are extremely consequential to cellular homeostasis, and which represent a considerable threat to genomic integrity. However, from the perspective of cancer management, the same DSB characteristics underpin the expected therapeutic benefit and are central to the rationale guiding current efforts for increased implementation of heavy ions (HI) in radiotherapy. Here, we review the specific cellular DNA damage responses (DDR) elicited by high-LET IR and compare them to those of low-LET IR. We emphasize differences in the forms of DSBs induced and their impact on DDR. Moreover, we analyze how the distinct initial forms of DSBs modulate the interplay between DSB repair pathways through the activation of DNA end resection. We postulate that at complex DSBs and DSB clusters, increased DNA end resection orchestrates an increased engagement of resection-dependent repair pathways. Furthermore, we summarize evidence that after exposure to high-LET IR, error-prone processes outcompete high fidelity homologous recombination (HR) through mechanisms that remain to be elucidated. Finally, we review the high-LET dependence of specific DDR-related post-translational modifications and the induction of apoptosis in cancer cells. We believe that in-depth characterization of the biological effects that are specific to high-LET IR will help to establish predictive and prognostic signatures for use in future individualized therapeutic strategies, and will enhance the prospects for the development of effective countermeasures for improved radiation protection during space travel.
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29
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Cellular plasticity upon proton irradiation determines tumor cell radiosensitivity. Cell Rep 2022; 38:110422. [PMID: 35196495 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2022.110422] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2021] [Revised: 11/24/2021] [Accepted: 02/01/2022] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Proton radiotherapy has been implemented into the standard-of-care for cancer patients within recent years. However, experimental studies investigating cellular and molecular mechanisms are lacking, and prognostic biomarkers are needed. Cancer stem cell (CSC)-related biomarkers, such as aldehyde dehydrogenase (ALDH), are known to influence cellular radiosensitivity through inactivation of reactive oxygen species, DNA damage repair, and cell death. In a previous study, we found that ionizing radiation itself enriches for ALDH-positive CSCs. In this study, we analyze CSC marker dynamics in prostate cancer, head and neck cancer, and glioblastoma cells upon proton beam irradiation. We find that proton irradiation has a higher potential to target CSCs through induction of complex DNA damages, lower rates of cellular senescence, and minor alteration in histone methylation pattern compared with conventional photon irradiation. Mathematical modeling indicates differences in plasticity rates among ALDH-positive CSCs and ALDH-negative cancer cells between the two irradiation types.
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30
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Kiffer FC, Luitel K, Tran FH, Patel RA, Guzman CS, Soler I, Xiao R, Shay JW, Yun S, Eisch AJ. Effects of a 33-ion sequential beam galactic cosmic ray analog on male mouse behavior and evaluation of CDDO-EA as a radiation countermeasure. Behav Brain Res 2022; 419:113677. [PMID: 34818568 PMCID: PMC9755463 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbr.2021.113677] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2021] [Revised: 10/28/2021] [Accepted: 11/16/2021] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
In long-term spaceflight, astronauts will face unique cognitive loads and social challenges which will be complicated by communication delays with Earth. It is important to understand the central nervous system (CNS) effects of deep spaceflight and the associated unavoidable exposure to galactic cosmic radiation (GCR). Rodent studies show single- or simple-particle combination exposure alters CNS endpoints, including hippocampal-dependent behavior. An even better Earth-based simulation of GCR is now available, consisting of a 33-beam (33-GCR) exposure. However, the effect of whole-body 33-GCR exposure on rodent behavior is unknown, and no 33-GCR CNS countermeasures have been tested. Here astronaut-age-equivalent (6mo-old) C57BL/6J male mice were exposed to 33-GCR (75cGy, a Mars mission dose). Pre-/during/post-Sham or 33-GCR exposure, mice received a diet containing a 'vehicle' formulation alone or with the antioxidant/anti-inflammatory compound CDDO-EA as a potential countermeasure. Behavioral testing beginning 4mo post-irradiation suggested radiation and diet did not affect measures of exploration/anxiety-like behaviors (open field, elevated plus maze) or recognition of a novel object. However, in 3-Chamber Social Interaction (3-CSI), CDDO-EA/33-GCR mice failed to spend more time exploring a holder containing a novel mouse vs. a novel object (empty holder), suggesting sociability deficits. Also, Vehicle/33-GCR and CDDO-EA/Sham mice failed to discriminate between a novel stranger vs. familiarized stranger mouse, suggesting blunted preference for social novelty. CDDO-EA given pre-/during/post-irradiation did not attenuate the 33-GCR-induced blunting of preference for social novelty. Future elucidation of the mechanisms underlying 33-GCR-induced blunting of preference for social novelty will improve risk analysis for astronauts which may in-turn improve countermeasures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Frederico C Kiffer
- Department of Anesthesiology and Critical Care Medicine, The Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia (CHOP) Research Institute, Philadelphia, PA, USA, 19104
| | - Krishna Luitel
- Department of Cell Biology, University of Texas Southwestern (UTSW) Medical Center, Dallas, TX, USA, 75390
| | - Fionya H Tran
- Department of Anesthesiology and Critical Care Medicine, The Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia (CHOP) Research Institute, Philadelphia, PA, USA, 19104
| | - Riya A Patel
- Department of Anesthesiology and Critical Care Medicine, The Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia (CHOP) Research Institute, Philadelphia, PA, USA, 19104
| | - Catalina S Guzman
- Department of Anesthesiology and Critical Care Medicine, The Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia (CHOP) Research Institute, Philadelphia, PA, USA, 19104
| | - Ivan Soler
- Department of Anesthesiology and Critical Care Medicine, The Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia (CHOP) Research Institute, Philadelphia, PA, USA, 19104
| | - Rui Xiao
- Department of Pediatrics Division of Biostatistics, CHOP Research Institute, Philadelphia, PA, USA, 19104,Department of Biostatistics, Epidemiology & Informatics, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA, 19104
| | - Jerry W Shay
- Department of Cell Biology, University of Texas Southwestern (UTSW) Medical Center, Dallas, TX, USA, 75390
| | - Sanghee Yun
- Department of Anesthesiology and Critical Care Medicine, The Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia (CHOP) Research Institute, Philadelphia, PA, USA, 19104,Department of Neuroscience, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, USA, 19104
| | - Amelia J Eisch
- Department of Anesthesiology and Critical Care Medicine, The Children's Hospital of Philadelphia (CHOP) Research Institute, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA; Department of Neuroscience, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA.
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31
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Particle radiotherapy and molecular therapies: mechanisms and strategies towards clinical applications. Expert Rev Mol Med 2022; 24:e8. [PMID: 35101155 DOI: 10.1017/erm.2022.2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Immunotherapy and targeted therapy are now commonly used in clinical trials in combination with radiotherapy for several cancers. While results are promising and encouraging, the molecular mechanisms of the interaction between the drugs and radiation remain largely unknown. This is especially important when switching from conventional photon therapy to particle therapy using protons or heavier ions. Different dose deposition patterns and molecular radiobiology can in fact modify the interaction with drugs and their effectiveness. We will show here that whilst the main molecular players are the same after low and high linear energy transfer radiation exposure, significant differences are observed in post-exposure signalling pathways that may lead to different effects of the drugs. We will also emphasise that the problem of the timing between drug administration and radiation and the fractionation regime are critical issues that need to be addressed urgently to achieve optimal results in combined treatments with particle therapy.
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32
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Wang D, Liu R, Zhang Q, Luo H, Chen J, Dong M, Wang Y, Ou Y, Liu Z, Sun S, Yang K, Tian J, Li Z, Wang X. Charged Particle Irradiation for Pancreatic Cancer: A Systematic Review of In Vitro Studies. Front Oncol 2022; 11:775597. [PMID: 35059313 PMCID: PMC8764177 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2021.775597] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2021] [Accepted: 12/06/2021] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Purpose Given the higher precision accompanied by optimized sparing of normal tissue, charged particle therapy was thought of as a promising treatment for pancreatic cancer. However, systematic preclinical studies were scarce. We aimed to investigate the radiobiological effects of charged particle irradiation on pancreatic cancer cell lines. Methods A systematic literature search was performed in EMBASE (OVID), Medline (OVID), and Web of Science databases. Included studies were in vitro English publications that reported the radiobiological effects of charged particle irradiation on pancreatic cancer cells. Results Thirteen carbon ion irradiation and seven proton irradiation in vitro studies were included finally. Relative biological effectiveness (RBE) values of carbon ion irradiation and proton irradiation in different human pancreatic cancer cell lines ranged from 1.29 to 4.5, and 0.6 to 2.1, respectively. The mean of the surviving fraction of 2 Gy (SF2) of carbon ion, proton, and photon irradiation was 0.18 ± 0.11, 0.48 ± 0.11, and 0.57 ± 0.13, respectively. Carbon ion irradiation induced more G2/M arrest and a longer-lasting expression of γH2AX than photon irradiation. Combination therapies enhanced the therapeutic effects of pancreatic cell lines with a mean standard enhancement ratio (SER) of 1.66 ± 0.63 for carbon ion irradiation, 1.55 ± 0.27 for proton irradiation, and 1.52 ± 0.30 for photon irradiation. Carbon ion irradiation was more effective in suppressing the migration and invasion than photon irradiation, except for the PANC-1 cells. Conclusions Current in vitro evidence demonstrates that, compared with photon irradiation, carbon ion irradiation offers superior radiobiological effects in the treatment of pancreatic cancer. Mechanistically, high-LET irradiation may induce complex DNA damage and ultimately promote genomic instability and cell death. Both carbon ion irradiation and proton irradiation confer similar sensitization effects in comparison with photon irradiation when combined with chemotherapy or targeted therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dandan Wang
- Institute of Modern Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Lanzhou, China.,The First School of Clinical Medicine, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, China
| | - Ruifeng Liu
- Institute of Modern Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Lanzhou, China.,Department of Postgraduate, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China.,Heavy Ion Therapy Center, Lanzhou Heavy Ions Hospital, Lanzhou, China
| | - Qiuning Zhang
- Institute of Modern Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Lanzhou, China.,Department of Postgraduate, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China.,Heavy Ion Therapy Center, Lanzhou Heavy Ions Hospital, Lanzhou, China
| | - Hongtao Luo
- Institute of Modern Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Lanzhou, China.,Department of Postgraduate, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China.,Heavy Ion Therapy Center, Lanzhou Heavy Ions Hospital, Lanzhou, China
| | - Junru Chen
- Institute of Modern Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Lanzhou, China.,The First School of Clinical Medicine, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, China
| | - Meng Dong
- Institute of Modern Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Lanzhou, China.,The First School of Clinical Medicine, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, China
| | - Yuhang Wang
- Institute of Modern Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Lanzhou, China.,The First School of Clinical Medicine, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, China
| | - Yuhong Ou
- Institute of Modern Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Lanzhou, China.,The First School of Clinical Medicine, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, China
| | - Zhiqiang Liu
- Institute of Modern Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Lanzhou, China.,Department of Postgraduate, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China.,Heavy Ion Therapy Center, Lanzhou Heavy Ions Hospital, Lanzhou, China
| | - Shilong Sun
- Institute of Modern Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Lanzhou, China.,Department of Postgraduate, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China.,Heavy Ion Therapy Center, Lanzhou Heavy Ions Hospital, Lanzhou, China
| | - Kehu Yang
- Evidence-Based Medicine Center, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, China
| | - Jinhui Tian
- Evidence-Based Medicine Center, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, China
| | - Zheng Li
- Institute of Modern Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Lanzhou, China
| | - Xiaohu Wang
- Institute of Modern Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Lanzhou, China.,The First School of Clinical Medicine, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, China.,Department of Postgraduate, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China.,Heavy Ion Therapy Center, Lanzhou Heavy Ions Hospital, Lanzhou, China
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33
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Cell death mechanisms in head and neck cancer cells in response to low and high-LET radiation. Expert Rev Mol Med 2022. [DOI: 10.1017/erm.2021.31] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
AbstractHead and neck squamous cell carcinoma (HNSCC) is a common malignancy that develops in or around the throat, larynx, nose, sinuses and mouth, and is mostly treated with a combination of chemo- and radiotherapy (RT). The main goal of RT is to kill enough of the cancer cell population, whilst preserving the surrounding normal and healthy tissue. The mechanisms by which conventional photon RT achieves this have been extensively studied over several decades, but little is known about the cell death pathways that are activated in response to RT of increasing linear energy transfer (LET), including proton beam therapy and heavy ions. Here, we provide an up-to-date review on the observed radiobiological effects of low- versus high-LET RT in HNSCC cell models, particularly in the context of specific cell death mechanisms, including apoptosis, necrosis, autophagy, senescence and mitotic death. We also detail some of the current therapeutic strategies targeting cell death pathways that have been investigated to enhance the radiosensitivity of HNSCC cells in response to RT, including those that may present with clinical opportunities for eventual patient benefit.
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34
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Aiyappa-Maudsley R, Chalmers AJ, Parsons JL. Factors affecting the radiation response in glioblastoma. Neurooncol Adv 2022; 4:vdac156. [PMID: 36325371 PMCID: PMC9617255 DOI: 10.1093/noajnl/vdac156] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
Glioblastoma (GBM) is a highly invasive primary brain tumor in adults with a 5-year survival rate of less than 10%. Conventional radiotherapy with photons, along with concurrent and adjuvant temozolomide, is the mainstay for treatment of GBM although no significant improvement in survival rates has been observed over the last 20 years. Inherent factors such as tumor hypoxia, radioresistant GBM stem cells, and upregulated DNA damage response mechanisms are well established as contributing to treatment resistance and tumor recurrence. While it is understandable that efforts have focused on targeting these factors to overcome this phenotype, there have also been striking advances in precision radiotherapy techniques, including proton beam therapy and carbon ion radiotherapy (CIRT). These enable higher doses of radiation to be delivered precisely to the tumor, while minimizing doses to surrounding normal tissues and organs at risk. These alternative radiotherapy techniques also benefit from increased biological effectiveness, particularly in the case of CIRT. Although not researched extensively to date, combining these new radiation modalities with radio-enhancing agents may be particularly effective in improving outcomes for patients with GBM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Radhika Aiyappa-Maudsley
- Department of Molecular and Clinical Cancer Medicine, University of Liverpool, William Henry Duncan Building, Liverpool, L7 8TX, UK
| | - Anthony J Chalmers
- Institute of Cancer Sciences, College of Medical Veterinary and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK
| | - Jason L Parsons
- Department of Molecular and Clinical Cancer Medicine, University of Liverpool, William Henry Duncan Building, Liverpool, L7 8TX, UK
- Clatterbridge Cancer Centre NHS Foundation Trust, Clatterbridge Road, Bebington, CH63 4JY, UK
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35
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van de Kamp G, Heemskerk T, Kanaar R, Essers J. DNA Double Strand Break Repair Pathways in Response to Different Types of Ionizing Radiation. Front Genet 2021; 12:738230. [PMID: 34659358 PMCID: PMC8514742 DOI: 10.3389/fgene.2021.738230] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2021] [Accepted: 08/30/2021] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
The superior dose distribution of particle radiation compared to photon radiation makes it a promising therapy for the treatment of tumors. However, the cellular responses to particle therapy and especially the DNA damage response (DDR) is not well characterized. Compared to photons, particles are thought to induce more closely spaced DNA lesions instead of isolated lesions. How this different spatial configuration of the DNA damage directs DNA repair pathway usage, is subject of current investigations. In this review, we describe recent insights into induction of DNA damage by particle radiation and how this shapes DNA end processing and subsequent DNA repair mechanisms. Additionally, we give an overview of promising DDR targets to improve particle therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gerarda van de Kamp
- Department of Molecular Genetics, Erasmus MC Cancer Institute, Erasmus University Medical Center, Rotterdam, Netherlands.,Oncode Institute, Erasmus University Medical Center, Rotterdam, Netherlands
| | - Tim Heemskerk
- Department of Molecular Genetics, Erasmus MC Cancer Institute, Erasmus University Medical Center, Rotterdam, Netherlands.,Oncode Institute, Erasmus University Medical Center, Rotterdam, Netherlands
| | - Roland Kanaar
- Department of Molecular Genetics, Erasmus MC Cancer Institute, Erasmus University Medical Center, Rotterdam, Netherlands.,Oncode Institute, Erasmus University Medical Center, Rotterdam, Netherlands
| | - Jeroen Essers
- Department of Molecular Genetics, Erasmus MC Cancer Institute, Erasmus University Medical Center, Rotterdam, Netherlands.,Department of Vascular Surgery, Erasmus University Medical Center, Rotterdam, Netherlands.,Department of Radiation Oncology, Erasmus MC Cancer Institute, Erasmus University Medical Center, Rotterdam, Netherlands
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36
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Matsumoto Y, Fukumitsu N, Ishikawa H, Nakai K, Sakurai H. A Critical Review of Radiation Therapy: From Particle Beam Therapy (Proton, Carbon, and BNCT) to Beyond. J Pers Med 2021; 11:jpm11080825. [PMID: 34442469 PMCID: PMC8399040 DOI: 10.3390/jpm11080825] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2021] [Revised: 08/20/2021] [Accepted: 08/22/2021] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
In this paper, we discuss the role of particle therapy—a novel radiation therapy (RT) that has shown rapid progress and widespread use in recent years—in multidisciplinary treatment. Three types of particle therapies are currently used for cancer treatment: proton beam therapy (PBT), carbon-ion beam therapy (CIBT), and boron neutron capture therapy (BNCT). PBT and CIBT have been reported to have excellent therapeutic results owing to the physical characteristics of their Bragg peaks. Variable drug therapies, such as chemotherapy, hormone therapy, and immunotherapy, are combined in various treatment strategies, and treatment effects have been improved. BNCT has a high dose concentration for cancer in terms of nuclear reactions with boron. BNCT is a next-generation RT that can achieve cancer cell-selective therapeutic effects, and its effectiveness strongly depends on the selective 10B accumulation in cancer cells by concomitant boron preparation. Therefore, drug delivery research, including nanoparticles, is highly desirable. In this review, we introduce both clinical and basic aspects of particle beam therapy from the perspective of multidisciplinary treatment, which is expected to expand further in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yoshitaka Matsumoto
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Clinical Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba 305-8575, Japan; (K.N.); (H.S.)
- Proton Medical Research Center, University of Tsukuba Hospital, Tsukuba 305-8576, Japan
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +81-29-853-7100
| | | | - Hitoshi Ishikawa
- National Institute of Quantum and Radiological Science and Technology Hospital, Chiba 263-8555, Japan;
| | - Kei Nakai
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Clinical Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba 305-8575, Japan; (K.N.); (H.S.)
- Proton Medical Research Center, University of Tsukuba Hospital, Tsukuba 305-8576, Japan
| | - Hideyuki Sakurai
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Clinical Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba 305-8575, Japan; (K.N.); (H.S.)
- Proton Medical Research Center, University of Tsukuba Hospital, Tsukuba 305-8576, Japan
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37
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Berzsenyi I, Pantazi V, Borsos BN, Pankotai T. Systematic overview on the most widespread techniques for inducing and visualizing the DNA double-strand breaks. MUTATION RESEARCH. REVIEWS IN MUTATION RESEARCH 2021; 788:108397. [PMID: 34893162 DOI: 10.1016/j.mrrev.2021.108397] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2021] [Revised: 10/21/2021] [Accepted: 10/22/2021] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
DNA double-strand breaks (DSBs) are one of the most frequent causes of initiating cancerous malformations, therefore, to reduce the risk, cells have developed sophisticated DNA repair mechanisms. These pathways ensure proper cellular function and genome integrity. However, any alteration or malfunction during DNA repair can influence cellular homeostasis, as improper recognition of the DNA damage or dysregulation of the repair process can lead to genome instability. Several powerful methods have been established to extend our current knowledge in the field of DNA repair. For this reason, in this review, we focus on the methods used to study DSB repair, and we summarize the advantages and disadvantages of the most commonly used techniques currently available for the site-specific induction of DSBs and the subsequent tracking of the repair processes in human cells. We highlight methods that are suitable for site-specific DSB induction (by restriction endonucleases, CRISPR-mediated DSB induction and laser microirradiation) as well as approaches [e.g., fluorescence-, confocal- and super-resolution microscopy, chromatin immunoprecipitation (ChIP), DSB-labeling and sequencing techniques] to visualize and follow the kinetics of DSB repair.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ivett Berzsenyi
- Institute of Pathology, Albert Szent-Györgyi Medical School, University of Szeged, 1 Állomás Street H-6725, Szeged, Hungary.
| | - Vasiliki Pantazi
- Institute of Pathology, Albert Szent-Györgyi Medical School, University of Szeged, 1 Állomás Street H-6725, Szeged, Hungary.
| | - Barbara N Borsos
- Institute of Pathology, Albert Szent-Györgyi Medical School, University of Szeged, 1 Állomás Street H-6725, Szeged, Hungary.
| | - Tibor Pankotai
- Institute of Pathology, Albert Szent-Györgyi Medical School, University of Szeged, 1 Állomás Street H-6725, Szeged, Hungary.
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38
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Nickson CM, Fabbrizi MR, Carter RJ, Hughes JR, Kacperek A, Hill MA, Parsons JL. USP9X Is Required to Maintain Cell Survival in Response to High-LET Radiation. Front Oncol 2021; 11:671431. [PMID: 34277417 PMCID: PMC8281306 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2021.671431] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2021] [Accepted: 06/15/2021] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Ionizing radiation (IR) principally acts through induction of DNA damage that promotes cell death, although the biological effects of IR are more broad ranging. In fact, the impact of IR of higher-linear energy transfer (LET) on cell biology is generally not well understood. Critically, therefore, the cellular enzymes and mechanisms responsible for enhancing cell survival following high-LET IR are unclear. To this effect, we have recently performed siRNA screening to identify deubiquitylating enzymes that control cell survival specifically in response to high-LET α-particles and protons, in comparison to low-LET X-rays and protons. From this screening, we have now thoroughly validated that depletion of the ubiquitin-specific protease 9X (USP9X) in HeLa and oropharyngeal squamous cell carcinoma (UMSCC74A) cells using small interfering RNA (siRNA), leads to significantly decreased survival of cells after high-LET radiation. We consequently investigated the mechanism through which this occurs, and demonstrate that an absence of USP9X has no impact on DNA damage repair post-irradiation nor on apoptosis, autophagy, or senescence. We discovered that USP9X is required to stabilize key proteins (CEP55 and CEP131) involved in centrosome and cilia formation and plays an important role in controlling pericentrin-rich foci, particularly in response to high-LET protons. This was also confirmed directly by demonstrating that depletion of CEP55/CEP131 led to both enhanced radiosensitivity of cells to high-LET protons and amplification of pericentrin-rich foci. Our evidence supports the importance of USP9X in maintaining centrosome function and biogenesis and which is crucial particularly in the cellular response to high-LET radiation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Catherine M. Nickson
- Cancer Research Centre, Department of Molecular and Clinical Cancer Medicine, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, United Kingdom
| | - Maria Rita Fabbrizi
- Cancer Research Centre, Department of Molecular and Clinical Cancer Medicine, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, United Kingdom
| | - Rachel J. Carter
- Cancer Research Centre, Department of Molecular and Clinical Cancer Medicine, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, United Kingdom
| | - Jonathan R. Hughes
- Cancer Research Centre, Department of Molecular and Clinical Cancer Medicine, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, United Kingdom
| | - Andrzej Kacperek
- Clatterbridge Cancer Centre NHS Foundation Trust, Bebington, United Kingdom
| | - Mark A. Hill
- Department of Oncology, CRUK/MRC Oxford Institute for Radiation Oncology, University of Oxford, Gray Laboratories, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Jason L. Parsons
- Cancer Research Centre, Department of Molecular and Clinical Cancer Medicine, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, United Kingdom
- Clatterbridge Cancer Centre NHS Foundation Trust, Bebington, United Kingdom
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39
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Maliszewska-Olejniczak K, Kaniowski D, Araszkiewicz M, Tymińska K, Korgul A. Molecular Mechanisms of Specific Cellular DNA Damage Response and Repair Induced by the Mixed Radiation Field During Boron Neutron Capture Therapy. Front Oncol 2021; 11:676575. [PMID: 34094980 PMCID: PMC8170402 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2021.676575] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2021] [Accepted: 04/28/2021] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
The impact of a mixed neutron-gamma beam on the activation of DNA damage response (DDR) proteins and non-coding RNAs (ncRNAs) is poorly understood. Ionizing radiation is characterized by its biological effectiveness and is related to linear energy transfer (LET). Neutron-gamma mixed beam used in boron neutron capture therapy (BNCT) can induce another type of DNA damage such as clustered DNA or multiple damaged sites, as indicated for high LET particles, such as alpha particles, carbon ions, and protons. We speculate that after exposure to a mixed radiation field, the repair capacity might reduce, leading to unrepaired complex DNA damage for a long period and may promote genome instability and cell death. This review will focus on the poorly studied impact of neutron-gamma mixed beams with an emphasis on DNA damage and molecular mechanisms of repair. In case of BNCT, it is not clear which repair pathway is involved, and recent experimental work will be presented. Further understanding of BNCT-induced DDR mechanisms may lead to improved therapeutic efficiency against different tumors.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Damian Kaniowski
- Centre of Molecular and Macromolecular Studies, Polish Academy of Sciences, Lodz, Poland
| | - Martyna Araszkiewicz
- Faculty of Physics, University of Warsaw, Warsaw, Poland.,Nuclear Facilities Operations Department, National Centre for Nuclear Research, Otwock, Poland
| | - Katarzyna Tymińska
- Nuclear Facilities Operations Department, National Centre for Nuclear Research, Otwock, Poland
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40
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Qi Y, Warmenhoven JW, Henthorn NT, Ingram SP, Xu XG, Kirkby KJ, Merchant MJ. Mechanistic Modelling of Slow and Fast NHEJ DNA Repair Pathways Following Radiation for G0/G1 Normal Tissue Cells. Cancers (Basel) 2021; 13:2202. [PMID: 34063683 PMCID: PMC8124137 DOI: 10.3390/cancers13092202] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2021] [Revised: 04/23/2021] [Accepted: 04/29/2021] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Mechanistic in silico models can provide insight into biological mechanisms and highlight uncertainties for experimental investigation. Radiation-induced double-strand breaks (DSBs) are known to be toxic lesions if not repaired correctly. Non-homologous end joining (NHEJ) is the major DSB-repair pathway available throughout the cell cycle and, recently, has been hypothesised to consist of a fast and slow component in G0/G1. The slow component has been shown to be resection-dependent, requiring the nuclease Artemis to function. However, the pathway is not yet fully understood. This study compares two hypothesised models, simulating the action of individual repair proteins on DSB ends in a step-by-step manner, enabling the modelling of both wild-type and protein-deficient cell systems. Performance is benchmarked against experimental data from 21 cell lines and 18 radiation qualities. A model where resection-dependent and independent pathways are entirely separated can only reproduce experimental repair kinetics with additional restraints on end motion and protein recruitment. However, a model where the pathways are entwined was found to effectively fit without needing additional mechanisms. It has been shown that DaMaRiS is a useful tool when analysing the connections between resection-dependent and independent NHEJ repair pathways and robustly matches with experimental results from several sources.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yaping Qi
- School of Nuclear Science and Technology, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, China;
- Division of Cancer Sciences, Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, University of Manchester, Manchester M13 9PL, UK; (J.W.W.); (N.T.H.); (S.P.I.); (K.J.K.); (M.J.M.)
| | - John William Warmenhoven
- Division of Cancer Sciences, Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, University of Manchester, Manchester M13 9PL, UK; (J.W.W.); (N.T.H.); (S.P.I.); (K.J.K.); (M.J.M.)
- The Christie NHS Foundation Trust, Manchester Academic Health Science Centre, Manchester M13 9PL, UK
| | - Nicholas Thomas Henthorn
- Division of Cancer Sciences, Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, University of Manchester, Manchester M13 9PL, UK; (J.W.W.); (N.T.H.); (S.P.I.); (K.J.K.); (M.J.M.)
- The Christie NHS Foundation Trust, Manchester Academic Health Science Centre, Manchester M13 9PL, UK
| | - Samuel Peter Ingram
- Division of Cancer Sciences, Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, University of Manchester, Manchester M13 9PL, UK; (J.W.W.); (N.T.H.); (S.P.I.); (K.J.K.); (M.J.M.)
- Christie Medical Physics and Engineering, The Christie NHS Foundation Trust, Manchester M13 9PL, UK
| | - Xie George Xu
- School of Nuclear Science and Technology, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, China;
| | - Karen Joy Kirkby
- Division of Cancer Sciences, Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, University of Manchester, Manchester M13 9PL, UK; (J.W.W.); (N.T.H.); (S.P.I.); (K.J.K.); (M.J.M.)
- The Christie NHS Foundation Trust, Manchester Academic Health Science Centre, Manchester M13 9PL, UK
| | - Michael John Merchant
- Division of Cancer Sciences, Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, University of Manchester, Manchester M13 9PL, UK; (J.W.W.); (N.T.H.); (S.P.I.); (K.J.K.); (M.J.M.)
- The Christie NHS Foundation Trust, Manchester Academic Health Science Centre, Manchester M13 9PL, UK
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Cai TJ, Li S, Lu X, Zhang CF, Yuan JL, Zhang QZ, Tian XL, Lian DX, Li MS, Zhang Z, Liu G, Zhao H, Niu LM, Tian M, Hou CS, Liu QJ. Dose-effect relationships of 12C 6+ ions-induced dicentric plus ring chromosomes, micronucleus and nucleoplasmic bridges in human lymphocytes in vitro. Int J Radiat Biol 2021; 97:657-663. [PMID: 33704009 DOI: 10.1080/09553002.2021.1900945] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE The objective of this research was to explore the dose-effect relationships of dicentric plus ring (dic + r), micronucleus (MN) and nucleoplasmic bridges (NPB) induced by carbon ions in human lymphocytes. MATERIALS AND METHODS Venous blood samples were collected from three healthy donors. 12C6+ ions beam was used to irradiate the blood samples at the energy of 330 MeV and linear energy transfer (LET) of 50 keV/μm with a dose rate of 1 Gy/min in the spread-out Bragg peak. The irradiated doses were 0 (sham irradiation), 1, 2, 3, 4, 5 and 6 Gy. Dic + r chromosomes aberrations were scored in metaphases. The cytokinesis-block micronucleus cytome (CBMN) was conducted to analyze MN and NPB. The maximum low-dose relative biological effectiveness (RBEM) values of the induction of dic + r, MN and NPB in human lymphocytes for 12C6+ ions irradiation was calculated relative to 60Co γ-rays. RESULTS The frequencies of dic + r, MN and NPB showed significantly increases in a dose-depended manner after exposure to 12C6+ ions. The distributions of dic + r and MN exhibited overdispersion, while the distribution of NPB agreed with Poisson distribution at all doses. Linear-quadratic equations were established based on the frequencies of dic + r and MN. The dose-response curves of NPB frequencies followed a linear model. The derived RBEM values for dic + r, MN and NPB in human lymphocytes irradiated with 12C6+ ions were 8.07 ± 2.73, 2.69 ± 0.20 and 4.00 ± 2.69 in comparison with 60Co γ-rays. CONCLUSION The dose-response curves of carbon ions-induced dic + r, MN and NPB were constructed. These results could be helpful to improve radiation risk assessment and dose estimation after exposed to carbon ions irradiation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tian-Jing Cai
- China CDC Key Laboratory of Radiological Protection and Nuclear Emergency, National Institute for Radiological Protection, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, P. R. China
| | - Shuang Li
- China CDC Key Laboratory of Radiological Protection and Nuclear Emergency, National Institute for Radiological Protection, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, P. R. China
| | - Xue Lu
- China CDC Key Laboratory of Radiological Protection and Nuclear Emergency, National Institute for Radiological Protection, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, P. R. China
| | - Chun-Fei Zhang
- Central Medical District of PLA General Hospital, Beijing, P. R. China
| | - Ji-Long Yuan
- China CDC Key Laboratory of Radiological Protection and Nuclear Emergency, National Institute for Radiological Protection, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, P. R. China
| | - Qing-Zhao Zhang
- China CDC Key Laboratory of Radiological Protection and Nuclear Emergency, National Institute for Radiological Protection, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, P. R. China
| | - Xue-Lei Tian
- China CDC Key Laboratory of Radiological Protection and Nuclear Emergency, National Institute for Radiological Protection, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, P. R. China
| | - De-Xing Lian
- China CDC Key Laboratory of Radiological Protection and Nuclear Emergency, National Institute for Radiological Protection, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, P. R. China
| | - Ming-Sheng Li
- China CDC Key Laboratory of Radiological Protection and Nuclear Emergency, National Institute for Radiological Protection, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, P. R. China
| | - Zhen Zhang
- China CDC Key Laboratory of Radiological Protection and Nuclear Emergency, National Institute for Radiological Protection, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, P. R. China
| | - Gang Liu
- Gansu Province Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Lanzhou, Gansu, P. R. China
| | - Hua Zhao
- China CDC Key Laboratory of Radiological Protection and Nuclear Emergency, National Institute for Radiological Protection, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, P. R. China
| | - Li-Mei Niu
- Gansu Province Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Lanzhou, Gansu, P. R. China
| | - Mei Tian
- China CDC Key Laboratory of Radiological Protection and Nuclear Emergency, National Institute for Radiological Protection, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, P. R. China
| | - Chang-Song Hou
- China CDC Key Laboratory of Radiological Protection and Nuclear Emergency, National Institute for Radiological Protection, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, P. R. China
| | - Qing-Jie Liu
- China CDC Key Laboratory of Radiological Protection and Nuclear Emergency, National Institute for Radiological Protection, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, P. R. China
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Marcus D, Lieverse RIY, Klein C, Abdollahi A, Lambin P, Dubois LJ, Yaromina A. Charged Particle and Conventional Radiotherapy: Current Implications as Partner for Immunotherapy. Cancers (Basel) 2021; 13:1468. [PMID: 33806808 PMCID: PMC8005048 DOI: 10.3390/cancers13061468] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2021] [Revised: 03/16/2021] [Accepted: 03/18/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Radiotherapy (RT) has been shown to interfere with inflammatory signals and to enhance tumor immunogenicity via, e.g., immunogenic cell death, thereby potentially augmenting the therapeutic efficacy of immunotherapy. Conventional RT consists predominantly of high energy photon beams. Hypofractionated RT regimens administered, e.g., by stereotactic body radiation therapy (SBRT), are increasingly investigated in combination with cancer immunotherapy within clinical trials. Despite intensive preclinical studies, the optimal dose per fraction and dose schemes for elaboration of RT induced immunogenic potential remain inconclusive. Compared to the scenario of combined immune checkpoint inhibition (ICI) and RT, multimodal therapies utilizing other immunotherapy principles such as adoptive transfer of immune cells, vaccination strategies, targeted immune-cytokines and agonists are underrepresented in both preclinical and clinical settings. Despite the clinical success of ICI and RT combination, e.g., prolonging overall survival in locally advanced lung cancer, curative outcomes are still not achieved for most cancer entities studied. Charged particle RT (PRT) has gained interest as it may enhance tumor immunogenicity compared to conventional RT due to its unique biological and physical properties. However, whether PRT in combination with immune therapy will elicit superior antitumor effects both locally and systemically needs to be further investigated. In this review, the immunological effects of RT in the tumor microenvironment are summarized to understand their implications for immunotherapy combinations. Attention will be given to the various immunotherapeutic interventions that have been co-administered with RT so far. Furthermore, the theoretical basis and first evidences supporting a favorable immunogenicity profile of PRT will be examined.
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Affiliation(s)
- Damiënne Marcus
- The M-Lab, Department of Precision Medicine, GROW–School for Oncology and Developmental Biology, Maastricht University, Universiteitssingel 40, 6229 ER Maastricht, The Netherlands; (D.M.); (R.I.Y.L.); (P.L.); (L.J.D.)
| | - Relinde I. Y. Lieverse
- The M-Lab, Department of Precision Medicine, GROW–School for Oncology and Developmental Biology, Maastricht University, Universiteitssingel 40, 6229 ER Maastricht, The Netherlands; (D.M.); (R.I.Y.L.); (P.L.); (L.J.D.)
| | - Carmen Klein
- German Cancer Consortium (DKTK) Core-Center Heidelberg, National Center for Tumor Diseases (NCT), Clinical Cooperation Unit Translational Radiation Oncology, Heidelberg University Hospital (UKHD) and German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Im Neuenheimer Feld 460, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany; (C.K.); (A.A.)
- Heidelberg Ion-Beam Therapy Center (HIT), Division of Molecular and Translational Radiation Oncology, Heidelberg Faculty of Medicine (MFHD) and Heidelberg University Hospital (UKHD), Im Neuenheimer Feld 450, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
- National Center for Radiation Oncology (NCRO), Heidelberg Institute of Radiation Oncology (HIRO), Heidelberg University and German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Im Neuenheimer Feld 222, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Amir Abdollahi
- German Cancer Consortium (DKTK) Core-Center Heidelberg, National Center for Tumor Diseases (NCT), Clinical Cooperation Unit Translational Radiation Oncology, Heidelberg University Hospital (UKHD) and German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Im Neuenheimer Feld 460, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany; (C.K.); (A.A.)
- Heidelberg Ion-Beam Therapy Center (HIT), Division of Molecular and Translational Radiation Oncology, Heidelberg Faculty of Medicine (MFHD) and Heidelberg University Hospital (UKHD), Im Neuenheimer Feld 450, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
- National Center for Radiation Oncology (NCRO), Heidelberg Institute of Radiation Oncology (HIRO), Heidelberg University and German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Im Neuenheimer Feld 222, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Philippe Lambin
- The M-Lab, Department of Precision Medicine, GROW–School for Oncology and Developmental Biology, Maastricht University, Universiteitssingel 40, 6229 ER Maastricht, The Netherlands; (D.M.); (R.I.Y.L.); (P.L.); (L.J.D.)
| | - Ludwig J. Dubois
- The M-Lab, Department of Precision Medicine, GROW–School for Oncology and Developmental Biology, Maastricht University, Universiteitssingel 40, 6229 ER Maastricht, The Netherlands; (D.M.); (R.I.Y.L.); (P.L.); (L.J.D.)
| | - Ala Yaromina
- The M-Lab, Department of Precision Medicine, GROW–School for Oncology and Developmental Biology, Maastricht University, Universiteitssingel 40, 6229 ER Maastricht, The Netherlands; (D.M.); (R.I.Y.L.); (P.L.); (L.J.D.)
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Zhou S, Cai Y, Liu X, Jin L, Wang X, Ma W, Zhang T. Role of H2B mono-ubiquitination in the initiation and progression of cancer. Bull Cancer 2021; 108:385-398. [PMID: 33685627 DOI: 10.1016/j.bulcan.2020.12.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2020] [Revised: 12/04/2020] [Accepted: 12/11/2020] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
Numerous epigenetic alterations are observed in cancer cells, and dysregulation of mono-ubiquitination of histone H2B (H2Bub1) has often been linked to tumorigenesis. H2Bub1 is a dynamic post-translational histone modification associated with transcriptional elongation and DNA damage response. Histone H2B monoubiquitination occurs in the site of lysine 120, written predominantly by E3 ubiquitin ligases RNF20/RNF40 and deubiquitinated by ubiquitin specific peptidase 22 (USP22). RNF20/40 is often altered in the primary tumors including colorectal cancer, breast cancer, ovarian cancer, prostate cancer, and lung cancer, and the loss of H2Bub1 is usually associated with poor prognosis in tumor patients. The purpose of this review is to summarize the current knowledge of H2Bub1 in transcription, DNA damage response and primary tumors. This review also provides novel options for exploiting the potential therapeutic target H2Bub1 in personalized cancer therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sa Zhou
- Tianjin University of Science and Technology, College of Biotechnology, Tianjin 300457, PR China
| | - Yuqiao Cai
- Tianjin University of Science and Technology, College of Biotechnology, Tianjin 300457, PR China
| | - Xinyi Liu
- Tianjin University of Science and Technology, College of Biotechnology, Tianjin 300457, PR China
| | - Lijun Jin
- Tianjin University of Science and Technology, College of Biotechnology, Tianjin 300457, PR China
| | - Xiaoqin Wang
- Beijing University of Agriculture, Key Laboratory of Urban Agriculture (North) of Ministry of Agriculture, Beijing 102206, PR China
| | - Wenjian Ma
- Tianjin University of Science and Technology, College of Biotechnology, Tianjin 300457, PR China; Qilu Institute of Technology, Shandong 250200, PR China.
| | - Tongcun Zhang
- Tianjin University of Science and Technology, College of Biotechnology, Tianjin 300457, PR China; Wuhan University of Science and Technology, Institute of Biology and Medicine, Wuhan 430081, PR China.
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Nikolova E, Tonev D, Zhelev N, Neychev V. Prospects for Radiopharmaceuticals as Effective and Safe Therapeutics in Oncology and Challenges of Tumor Resistance to Radiotherapy. Dose Response 2021; 19:1559325821993665. [PMID: 33716590 PMCID: PMC7923993 DOI: 10.1177/1559325821993665] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2020] [Revised: 01/15/2021] [Accepted: 01/17/2021] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
The rapid advances in nuclear medicine have resulted in significant advantages for the field of oncology. The focus is on the application of radiopharmaceuticals as therapeuticals. In addition, the latest developments in cell biology (the understanding of the cell structure, function, metabolism, genetics, signaling, transformation) have given a strong scientific boost to radiation oncology. In this regard, the article discusses what is soon going to be a new jump in radiation oncology based on the already accumulated considerable knowledge at the cellular level about the mechanisms of cell transformation and tumor progression, cell response to radiation, cell resistance to apoptosis and radiation and cell radio-sensitivity. The mechanisms of resistance of tumor cells to radiation and the genetically determined individual sensitivity to radiation in patients (which creates the risk of radiation-induced acute and late side effects) are the 2 major challenges to overcome in modern nuclear medicine. The paper focuses on these problems and makes a detailed summary of the significance of the differences in the ionizing properties of radiopharmaceuticals and the principle of their application in radiation oncology that will shed additional light on how to make the anti-cancer radiotherapies more efficient and safe, giving some ideas for optimizations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ekaterina Nikolova
- Institute for Nuclear Research and Nuclear Energy, Bulgarian Academy of Sciences, Sofia, Bulgaria
| | - Dimitar Tonev
- Institute for Nuclear Research and Nuclear Energy, Bulgarian Academy of Sciences, Sofia, Bulgaria
| | - Nikolai Zhelev
- School of Medicine, University of Dundee, Ninewells Hospital, Dundee, Scotland, United Kingdom.,Medical University of Plovdiv, Plovdiv, Bulgaria
| | - Vladimir Neychev
- University of Central Florida, College of Medicine, Orlando, FL, USA
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45
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The Enzyme-Modified Neutral Comet (EMNC) Assay for Complex DNA Damage Detection. Methods Protoc 2021; 4:mps4010014. [PMID: 33669320 PMCID: PMC7931015 DOI: 10.3390/mps4010014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2021] [Revised: 02/12/2021] [Accepted: 02/13/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
The comet assay is a versatile, simple, and sensitive gel electrophoresis-based method that can be used to measure and accurately quantify DNA damage, particularly single and double DNA strand breaks, in single cells. While generally this is used to measure variation in DNA strand break levels and repair capacity within a population of cells, the technique has more recently been adapted and evolved into more complex analysis and detection of specific DNA lesions, such as oxidized purines and pyrimidines, achieved through the utilization of damage-specific DNA repair enzymes following cell lysis. Here, we detail a version of the enzyme-modified neutral comet (EMNC) assay for the specific detection of complex DNA damage (CDD), defined as two or more DNA damage lesions within 1-2 helical turns of the DNA. CDD induction is specifically relevant to ionizing radiation (IR), particularly of increasing linear energy transfer (LET), and is known to contribute to the cell-killing effects of IR due to the difficult nature of its repair. Consequently, the EMNC assay reveals important details regarding the extent and complexity of DNA damage induced by IR, but also has potential for the study of other genotoxic agents that may induce CDD.
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46
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Investigation of DNA Damage and Cell-Cycle Distribution in Human Peripheral Blood Lymphocytes under Exposure to High Doses of Proton Radiotherapy. BIOLOGY 2021; 10:biology10020111. [PMID: 33546318 PMCID: PMC7913503 DOI: 10.3390/biology10020111] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2021] [Revised: 01/29/2021] [Accepted: 01/31/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
This study systematically investigates how a single high-dose therapeutic proton beam versus X-rays influences cell-cycle phase distribution and DNA damage in human peripheral blood lymphocytes (HPBLs). Blood samples from ten volunteers (both male and female) were irradiated with doses of 8.00, 13.64, 15.00, and 20.00 Gy of 250 kV X-rays or 60 MeV protons. The dose-effect relations were calculated and distributed by plotting the frequencies of DNA damage of excess Premature Chromosome Condensation (PCC) fragments and rings in the G2/M phase, obtained via chemical induction with calyculin A. The Papworth's u test was used to evaluate the distribution of DNA damage. The study shows that high doses of protons induce HPBL DNA damage in the G2/M phase differently than X-rays do. The results indicate a different distribution of DNA damage following high doses of irradiation with protons versus photons between donors, types of radiation, and doses. The proliferation index confirms the impact of high doses of mitosis and the influence of radiotherapy type on the different HPBL response. The results illuminate the cellular and molecular mechanisms that underlie differences in the distribution of DNA damage and cell-cycle phases; these findings may yield an improvement in the efficacy of the radiotherapies used.
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47
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Clinical Progress in Proton Radiotherapy: Biological Unknowns. Cancers (Basel) 2021; 13:cancers13040604. [PMID: 33546432 PMCID: PMC7913745 DOI: 10.3390/cancers13040604] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2020] [Revised: 01/27/2021] [Accepted: 02/01/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary Proton radiation therapy is a more recent type of radiotherapy that uses proton beams instead of classical photon or X-rays beams. The clinical benefit of proton therapy is that it allows to treat tumors more precisely. As a result, proton radiotherapy induces less toxicity to healthy tissue near the tumor site. Despite the experience in the clinical use of protons, the response of cells to proton radiation, the radiobiology, is less understood. In this review, we describe the current knowledge about proton radiobiology. Abstract Clinical use of proton radiation has massively increased over the past years. The main reason for this is the beneficial depth-dose distribution of protons that allows to reduce toxicity to normal tissues surrounding the tumor. Despite the experience in the clinical use of protons, the radiobiology after proton irradiation compared to photon irradiation remains to be completely elucidated. Proton radiation may lead to differential damages and activation of biological processes. Here, we will review the current knowledge of proton radiobiology in terms of induction of reactive oxygen species, hypoxia, DNA damage response, as well as cell death after proton irradiation and radioresistance.
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48
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Radiosensitizing Pancreatic Cancer with PARP Inhibitor and Gemcitabine: An In Vivo and a Whole-Transcriptome Analysis after Proton or Photon Irradiation. Cancers (Basel) 2021; 13:cancers13030527. [PMID: 33573176 PMCID: PMC7866541 DOI: 10.3390/cancers13030527] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2020] [Revised: 01/26/2021] [Accepted: 01/27/2021] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary Pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma is a devastating disease. Using modern technique of radiotherapy, such as proton therapy, may simultaneously enhance dose to the tumor and decrease dose to surrounding organ, thus limiting toxicity. Moreover, associating drugs to radiotherapy also increases its effectiveness on tumor. The aim of our study was to show the benefit of proton therapy compared to standard radiotherapy with photon, and the benefit of associating different drugs with those particles in vivo. Thus, our results displayed a higher effectiveness of associating proton therapy, gemcitabine and olaparib. Finally, we pointed out that treatment induced significant transcriptomic alterations. Abstract Over the past few years, studies have focused on the development of targeted radiosensitizers such as poly(ADP-ribose) polymerase inhibitors. We performed an in vivo study and a whole-transcriptome analysis to determine whether PARP inhibition enhanced gemcitabine-based chemoradiosensitization of pancreatic cancer xenografts, combined with either proton or photon irradiation. NMRI mice bearing MIA PaCa-2 xenografts were treated with olaparib and/or gemcitabine and irradiated with 10 Gy photon or proton. First, a significant growth inhibition was obtained after 10 Gy proton irradiation compared to 10 Gy photon irradiation (p = 0.046). Moreover, the combination of olaparib, gemcitabine and proton therapy significantly sensitized tumor xenografts, compared to gemcitabine (p = 0.05), olaparib (p = 0.034) or proton therapy (p < 0.0001) alone or to the association of olaparib, gemcitabine and radiotherapy (p = 0.024). Simultaneously, whole RNA sequencing profiling showed differentially expressed genes implicated in categories such as DNA repair, type I interferon signaling and cell cycle. Moreover, a large amount of lncRNA was dysregulated after proton therapy, gemcitabine and olaparib. This is the first study showing that addition of olaparib to gemcitabine-based chemoradiotherapy improved significantly local control in vivo, especially after proton therapy. RNA sequencing profiling analysis presented dynamic alteration of transcriptome after chemoradiation and identified a classifier of gemcitabine response.
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Wang L, Fossati P, Paganetti H, Ma L, Gillison M, Myers JN, Hug E, Frank SJ. The Biological Basis for Enhanced Effects of Proton Radiation Therapy Relative to Photon Radiation Therapy for Head and Neck Squamous Cell Carcinoma. Int J Part Ther 2021; 8:3-13. [PMID: 34285931 PMCID: PMC8270087 DOI: 10.14338/ijpt-20-00070.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2020] [Accepted: 02/09/2021] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Head and neck squamous cell carcinomas (HNSCCs) often present as local-regionally advanced disease at diagnosis, for which a current standard of care is x-ray-based radiation therapy, with or without chemotherapy. This approach provides effective local regional tumor control, but at the cost of acute and late toxicity that can worsen quality of life and contribute to mortality. For patients with human papillomavirus (HPV)-associated oropharyngeal squamous cell carcinoma (SCC) in particular, for whom the prognosis is generally favorable, de-escalation of the radiation dose to surrounding normal tissues without diminishing the radiation dose to tumors is desired to mitigate radiation-related toxic effects. Proton radiation therapy (PRT) may be an excellent de-escalation strategy because of its physical properties (that eliminate unnecessary radiation to surrounding tissues) and because of its biological properties (including tumor-specific variations in relative biological effectiveness [RBE] and linear energy transfer [LET]), in combination with concurrent systemic therapy. Early clinical evidence has shown that compared with x-ray-based radiation therapy, PRT offers comparable disease control with fewer and less severe treatment-related toxicities that can worsen the quality of life for patients with HNSCC. Herein, we review aspects of the biological basis of enhanced HNSCC cell response to proton versus x-ray irradiation in terms of radiation-induced gene and protein expression, DNA damage and repair, cell death, tumor immune responses, and radiosensitization of tumors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Li Wang
- Department of Experimental Radiation Oncology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Piero Fossati
- Department of Radiation Oncology, MedAustron Ion Therapy Center, Wiener Neustadt, Austria
| | - Harald Paganetti
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Li Ma
- Department of Experimental Radiation Oncology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Maura Gillison
- Department of Thoracic-Head & Neck Med Oncology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Jeffrey N. Myers
- Department of Head & Neck Surgery, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Eugen Hug
- Department of Radiation Oncology, MedAustron Ion Therapy Center, Wiener Neustadt, Austria
| | - Steven J. Frank
- Department of Radiation Oncology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA
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Clifford RE, Govindarajah N, Bowden D, Sutton P, Glenn M, Darvish-Damavandi M, Buczacki S, McDermott U, Szulc Z, Ogretmen B, Parsons JL, Vimalachandran D. Targeting Acid Ceramidase to Improve the Radiosensitivity of Rectal Cancer. Cells 2020; 9:E2693. [PMID: 33334013 PMCID: PMC7765421 DOI: 10.3390/cells9122693] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2020] [Revised: 12/12/2020] [Accepted: 12/14/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Previous work utilizing proteomic and immunohistochemical analyses has identified that high levels of acid ceramidase (AC) expression confers a poorer response to neoadjuvant treatment in locally advanced rectal cancer. We aimed to assess the radiosensitising effect of biological and pharmacological manipulation of AC and elucidate the underlying mechanism. AC manipulation in three colorectal cancer cell lines (HT29, HCT116 and LIM1215) was achieved using siRNA and plasmid overexpression. Carmofur and a novel small molecular inhibitor (LCL521) were used as pharmacological AC inhibitors. Using clonogenic assays, we demonstrate that an siRNA knockdown of AC enhanced X-ray radiosensitivity across all colorectal cancer cell lines compared to a non-targeting control siRNA, and conversely, AC protein overexpression increased radioresistance. Using CRISPR gene editing, we also generated AC knockout HCT116 cells that were significantly more radiosensitive compared to AC-expressing cells. Similarly, two patient-derived organoid models containing relatively low AC expression were found to be comparatively more radiosensitive than three other models containing higher levels of AC. Additionally, AC inhibition using carmofur and LCL521 in three colorectal cancer cell lines increased cellular radiosensitivity. Decreased AC protein led to significant poly-ADP ribose polymerase-1 (PARP-1) cleavage and apoptosis post-irradiation, which was shown to be executed through a p53-dependent process. Our study demonstrates that expression of AC within colorectal cancer cell lines modulates the cellular response to radiation, and particularly that AC inhibition leads to significantly enhanced radiosensitivity through an elevation in apoptosis. This work further solidifies AC as a target for improving radiotherapy treatment of locally advanced rectal cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rachael E. Clifford
- Cancer Research Centre, Department of Molecular and Clinical Cancer Medicine, University of Liverpool, 200 London Road, Liverpool L3 9TA, UK; (N.G.); (D.B.); (P.S.); (M.G.); (J.L.P.)
| | - Naren Govindarajah
- Cancer Research Centre, Department of Molecular and Clinical Cancer Medicine, University of Liverpool, 200 London Road, Liverpool L3 9TA, UK; (N.G.); (D.B.); (P.S.); (M.G.); (J.L.P.)
| | - David Bowden
- Cancer Research Centre, Department of Molecular and Clinical Cancer Medicine, University of Liverpool, 200 London Road, Liverpool L3 9TA, UK; (N.G.); (D.B.); (P.S.); (M.G.); (J.L.P.)
| | - Paul Sutton
- Cancer Research Centre, Department of Molecular and Clinical Cancer Medicine, University of Liverpool, 200 London Road, Liverpool L3 9TA, UK; (N.G.); (D.B.); (P.S.); (M.G.); (J.L.P.)
| | - Mark Glenn
- Cancer Research Centre, Department of Molecular and Clinical Cancer Medicine, University of Liverpool, 200 London Road, Liverpool L3 9TA, UK; (N.G.); (D.B.); (P.S.); (M.G.); (J.L.P.)
| | - Mahnaz Darvish-Damavandi
- Nuffield Department of Surgical Science, University of Oxford, Oxford OX3 7DQ, UK; (M.D.-D.); (S.B.)
- Wellcome-MRC Cambridge Stem Cell Institute, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 0AW, UK
| | - Simon Buczacki
- Nuffield Department of Surgical Science, University of Oxford, Oxford OX3 7DQ, UK; (M.D.-D.); (S.B.)
- Wellcome-MRC Cambridge Stem Cell Institute, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 0AW, UK
| | | | - Zdzislaw Szulc
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC 29425, USA; (Z.S.); (B.O.)
| | - Besim Ogretmen
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC 29425, USA; (Z.S.); (B.O.)
| | - Jason L. Parsons
- Cancer Research Centre, Department of Molecular and Clinical Cancer Medicine, University of Liverpool, 200 London Road, Liverpool L3 9TA, UK; (N.G.); (D.B.); (P.S.); (M.G.); (J.L.P.)
- Clatterbridge Cancer Centre NHS Foundation Trust, Clatterbridge Road, Bebington CH63 4JY, UK
| | - Dale Vimalachandran
- Cancer Research Centre, Department of Molecular and Clinical Cancer Medicine, University of Liverpool, 200 London Road, Liverpool L3 9TA, UK; (N.G.); (D.B.); (P.S.); (M.G.); (J.L.P.)
- The Countess of Chester Hospital, Liverpool Road, Chester CH2 1UL, UK
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